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(11) | EP 0 261 909 A2 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
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| (54) | Casing hanger systems |
| (57) A casing hanger system, particularly for mudline hangers in offshore wells. An inner
casing string (24) which includes a running hanger body (20) is suspended by a split
ring hanger (40) from an outer casing (44) which includes a receiving hanger (52).
The receiving hanger (52) and split ring hanger (40) have complementary profiles (58,60)
which lock together when the split ring (40) expands. The split ring (40) is carried
down through the outer casing (44) contracted into an annular recess (28) in the running
hanger body (20), and temporarily restrained to the lower end of the recess (28).
When the running hanger body (20) reaches the receiving hanger (52), the split ring
(40) expands so that the complementary profiles (58,60) engage and suspend the ring
from the receiving hanger (52). The temporary restraint is released, and the running
hanger body (20) descends a further short distance until the upper end (30) of the
annular recess lands on the ring (40) to suspend the inner casing string (24) on the
ring (40). Two annular arms (48,46) on the recess (28) apply positive locking to the
split ring hanger (40) in this position. With dual positive locking, the split ring
hanger regains hoop strength. |
[0001] This invention relates to casing hanger systems, and more particularly, but not exclusively, to mudline hanger systems for strings of relatively small diameter (for example, 9 5/8 inches or approximately 245 millimetres).
[0002] The term "casings" refers to the tubes or pipes which extend more or less vertically underground in oil and gas wells, and the term "strings" refers to the extended end-to-end assembles of such tubes or pipes. The term "mudline" refers to the sea bottom, i.e. the interface between the geological materials (usually sediments) and the sea water.
[0003] In the offshore oil and gas industry, jack-up drilling systems use casing hangers which can suspend a coaxial series of casing strings such that their combined weight is suspended at the mudline. This allows the drilling rig to operate in deeper than normal waters, and provides for disconnection and removal of equipment above the mudline when the drilling rig moves from one drilling location to another drilling location.
[0004] Casing strings of larger diameter (for example, 20 inches (508 millimetres) and 30 inches (762 millimetres)) have sufficient annular space to allow the use of solid hangers, normally in the form of a metal annulus which is suspended on an internal shoulder on the outer casing and in turn suspends the inner casing via an external shoulder on the inner casing. Casing strings of smaller diameter may make use of a split ring hanger to suspend the innermost string. (A "split ring hanger" may also be referred to as a "split landing ring".) However, it has been discovered that split ring hangers have certain disadvantages, such as a reduced hoop strength when in their expanded operating condition.
[0005] It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a casing hanger system employing a split hanger ring, and which has improved mechanical functional properties.
[0006] According to the present invention, there is provided a casing hanger system for coaxially suspending an inner casing string from an outer casing, said casing hanger system including a running hanger body, a receiving hanger, and a split landing ring, the running hanger body being adapted to form part of said inner casing string, the receiving hanger being adapted to form part of said outer casing, the split landing ring being generally tubular in overall shape and having at least one generally axial division, said ring being biassed to a circumferentially expanded condition while being capable of being forced against said bias to a circumferentially contracted condition, the outer surface of said split landing ring and the inner surface of said receiving hanger having complementary groove and shoulder profiles capable of mutual engagement to prevent downward movement of the split landing ring relative to the receiving hanger when said profiles are mutually engaged, means on said running hanger body to limit axial movement of said split landing ring in its circumferentially contracted condition relative to the running hanger body while the running hanger body carrying the split landing ring is descending towards the receiving hanger through an outer casing, the running hanger body having first and second axially spaced cam surfaces which are located to engage the inner surface of the split landing ring when said groove and shoulder profiles are in mutual engagement on circumferential expansion of the split landing ring, said cam surfaces and their axial spacing then resulting in positive retention being applied to the split landing ring at at least two axially separated positions on the split landing ring in its circumferentially expanded condition and with said complementary profiles in mutual engagement whereby positively to prevent circumferential contraction of the split landing ring.
[0007] Said complementary groove and shoulder profiles preferably consist of at least one circumferential groove on the inner surface of the receiving hanger and an equal number of circumferential grooves on the outer surface of the split landing ring.
[0008] The temporary restraint may be a setting ring in the form of a split ring naturally biassed into a circumferentially contracted condition but capable of being forced against said natural bias to a circumferentially expanded condition. The setting ring may be initially mounted between the lower edge of one of the cam surfaces on the running hanger body and the upper edge of an annular ledge formed on the inner surface of the split landing ring.
[0009] The temporary restraint may alternatively be a shear ring initially secured around the lower edge of the upper cam surface by at least one shear pin to present an obstruction to upward movement of the split landing ring relative to the running hanger body and hence to provide said temporary restraint, initiation of a downward movement of the running hanger body relative to the split landing ring when said profiles are engaged causing the or each shear pin to shear by upward pressure of the split landing ring against the shear ring to allow said downward movement to proceed.
[0010] The upper end termination of the annular recess in the running hanger body is preferably a discrete load ring initially formed as an annular component separate from the remainder of the running hanger body and subsequently secured thereto, preferably by a screw threaded connection.
[0011] The lower end termination of the annular recess in the running hanger body is preferably a discrete retainer gland initially formed as an annular component separate from the remainder of the running hanger body and subsequently secured thereto, preferably by a screw-threaded connection.
[0012] The split landing ring requires to be brought into its circumferentially contracted condition against its natural bias for insertion into the outer casing of which the receiving hanger forms part. If the trailing end of the split landing ring (the upper end which last enters the casing) circumferentially contracts less than the leading end of the ring (the lower end which first enters the casing), the ring is liable to be damaged in the process of being inserted into the casing. This problem is avoided in accordance with a subsidiary feature of the present invention by providing one or more ramps on the outer circumference of the split landing ring, these ramps being inclined relative to the central axis of the ring such that they wedge against the rim of the outer casing on insertion of the ring and so apply to the ring radially inwardly directed forces which cause the ring to contract against its natural bias. The ramps are dsposed on the ring such that the radial plane through the points on the ramps which first make contact with the rim of the outer casing is not below the radial plane through the sectional neutral axis of the ring.
[0013] The phrase "sectional neutral axis" is used herein to define the axial position along the ring at which an applied radial force will contract the ring circumferentially to an equal extent above and below that position. Thus if a radial force is applied to the ring above the radial plane through the sectional neutral axis the upper part of the ring will contract to a greater extent than the lower part.
[0014] Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example, with reference to the accompaning drawings wherein:
Figs. 1, 2 and 3 are three successive stages in suspending a running hanger body on a receiving hanger in a first embodiment of the invention;
Figs. 4, 5 and 6 are three successive stages in suspending a running hanger body on a receiving hanger in a second embodiment of the invention;
Figs. 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 are five successive stages in the insertion of a split landing ring (assembled on a running hanger body) into an outer casing and the subsequent suspension of the running hanger body on a receiving hanger in a third embodiment of the invention; and
Fig. 12 shows a fourth embodiment of the invention employed in a casing hanger system having four concentric casing strings.
[0015] Referring first to Figs. 1, 2 and 3, each of these three Figures shows an axial section of the respective components and assemblies; since these components are circularly symmetrical about the central longitudinal axis, only the right halves of the sections are shown for simplicity. In each of Figs. 1, 2 and 3, the central longitudinal axis is denoted by a vertical chain-dash line (corresponding to the normally vertical alignment of these components and assemblies in use as part of a casing hanger system).
[0016] In Fig. 1, a running hanger body 20 is an elongated and generally tubular component which is adapted to form part of an inner casing string. The running hanger body 20 has a lower end pipe thread 22 by which the body 20 is coupled to a lower casing 24. The running hanger body 20 is similarly coupled to an upper casing 26 by means of an upper end pipe thread (not shown). The inner casing string 24 and 26, incorporating the running hanger body 20, is capable of controlled vertical movement.
[0017] The running hanger body 20 has an external annular recess 28 with an upper end termination in the form of load ring 30, and lower end termination in the form of a retainer gland 32. The load ring 30 is secured to the running hanger body 20 by a screw-threaded connection 36.
[0018] Similarly, the retainer gland 32 is secured to the running hanger body 20 by a screw-threaded connection 38.
[0019] A split landing ring 40 is generally tubular in overall shape and fabricated from a resilient material. The ring 40 has a generally axial division in the form of an end-to-end slot (not illustrated) extending completely through the radial cross-section of the ring 40. The combination of the resilience of the material of the ring 40 with the full-length, full-depth axial slot results in the ring 40 being naturally biassed to a circumferentially expanded condition in which the axial slot has a maximum width and the total circumference of the ring 40, including the axial slot, is at a maximum. Nevertheless, the ring 40 is capable of being forced against this natural bias to a slot has a lesser or zero width.
[0020] The axial length of the split landing ring 40 is significantly less than the axial length of the annular recess 28 between the upper and lower end termination of the recess 28 (respectively the load ring 30 and the retainer gland 36). This permits limited relative axial movement between the split landing ring 40 and the running hanger body 20 while preventing axial separation of the split landing ring 40 from the running hanger body 20. A temporary restraint in the form of a setting ring 42 holds the split landing ring 40 adjacent the lower end termination 32 while the ring 40 is constrained to its circumferentially contracted condition by an outer casing 44. The setting ring 42 is initially mounted between the lower edge of the lower one 46 of an axially spaced pair of annular cam surfaces 46 and 48 formed within the annular recess 28, and the upper edge of an annular ledge 50 formed on the inner surface of the split landing ring 40.
[0021] Below the outer casing 44 shown in Fig. 1 is a receiving hanger 52 (Fig. 2) which is coupled to the outer casing 44 by a standard tapered pipe thread connection (not illustrated). The receiving hanger 52 is similarly adapted to be coupled to a further downward extension 54 of the outer casing by a further tapered pipe thread connection 56.
[0022] The upper end of the outer surface of the split landing ring 40 and the inside surface of the central length of the receiving hanger 52 have respective complementary groove and shoulder profiles 58 and 60. In the embodiment of Figs. 1 - 3, these profiles 58 and 60 each take the form of four circumferential grooves at equal axial spacings. The upper side of each groove in the profile 58 and the lower side of each groove in the profile 60 form shoulders which mutually engage as shown in Fig. 2 to allow the split landing ring 40 to be suspended from the receiving hanger 52. The sides of the grooves opposite these shoulders are conically tapered to broaden towards the respective surface to provide a lead-in and to facilitate the interengagement of the profiles 58 and 60 in a relatively gradual manner as they move into mutual axial alignment.
[0023] Thus, as the inner casing string 24 and 26 (Fig. 1) incorporating the running hanger body 20 descends inside the normally static outer casing 44, carrying with it the split landing ring 40, the profiles 58 on the ring 40 eventually become aligned with the profiles 60 on the receiving hanger 52 (Fig. 2). Thereupon the natural bias of the split landing ring 40 is no longer constrained by a constricting fit of surrounding components, and the ring 40 circumferentially expands under its natural bias to cause mutual engagement of the complementary profiles 58 and 60. The engagement and interaction of the shoulders in the profiles 58 and 60 restrains further downward movement of the split landing ring 40 relative to the receiving hanger 52. The circumferential expansion of the split landing ring 40 brings the ledge 50 on the inner surface of the ring 40 at least as radially far out from the central axis as the annular outer surface of the lower cam 46, and this initiates the release of the temporary restraint hitherto provided by the setting ring 42.
[0024] Further downward movement of the inner casing string 24 and 26, along with the running hanger body 20, causes the body 20 to move downwards relative to the split landing ring 40 (Fig. 3) since the ring 40 is locked against further downward movement relative to the receiving hanger 52 by the mutual engagement of the complementary profiles 58 and 60 as detailed above. The downward movement of the running hanger body 20 relative to the split landing ring 40 causes the setting ring 42 to be forced by the lower edge of the lower annular cam 46 into a circumferentially expanded condition (against the natural bias of the setting ring 42), and to ride up over the outer face of the cam 46 under the upward force presented by the ledge 50 on the ring 40.
[0025] The downward movement of the running hanger body 20 relative to the restrained split landing ring 40 continues until (as shown in Fig. 3) this relative movement is terminated by the abutment of the upper edge of the ring 40 with the upper termination (the load ring 30) of the annular recess 28. The running hanger body 20 is now suspended from the receiving hanger 52 through the intermediary of the split landing ring 40. Simultaneously, the split landing ring 40 is positively retained in its circumferentially expanded condition by means of the upper annular cam 48 forcing the upper end of the ring 40 against the inside of the receiving hanger 52, and also by means of the lower annular cam 46 forcing the lower end of the ring 40 against the inside of the receiving hanger 52 (partly through the expanded setting ring 42 and partly through the lower edge of the ledge 50).
[0026] Referring now to Figs. 4, 5 and 6, these illustrate a second embodiment of the invention in the same part-sectional convention employed for the first embodiment of Figs. 1 - 3. The major difference between the first and second embodiments is in the form of the temporary restraint, being a setting ring in the first embodiment and a shear ring in the second embodiment. Those parts of the second embodiment which correspond directly or functionally to identical or functionally equivalent parts of the first embodiment are given reference numerals in Figs. 4, 5 and 6 which are the equivalent reference numerals used in Figs. 1, 2 and 3, but prefixed by a "1".
[0027] In Fig. 4 the setting ring 42 of Fig. 1 is no longer employed, and is effectively integrated into the inner surface of the split landing ring 140, with a chamfered upper edge to facilitate initial reaction with the leading lower edge of the lower annular cam 146. The temporary restraint of the second embodiment is provided by a shear ring 162 formed of a relatively inelastic material without axial division so as to have a constant effective circumference under all normal conditions. The shear ring 162 is initially secured to the leading lower edge of the upper annular cam 148 by means of one or more radially aligned shear pins 164.
[0028] Fig. 5 shows the second embodiment at the stage corresponding to Fig. 2. At this point, further downward movement of the running hanger body 120 relative to the split landing ring 140 is temporarily restrained by the upper edge of the ring 140 bearing against the lower edge of the shear ring 162.
[0029] This temporary restraint is removed by shearing of the or each shear pin 164 to allow the shear ring 162 to slide up the outer face of the upper annular cam 148 under the upward force applied by the upper edge of the split landing ring 140. The running hanger body 120 continues its downward movement relative to the receiving hanger 152 until the shear ring 162 abuts the load ring 130, and since the split landing ring 140 has been pushing the shear ring 162, this abutment terminates the downward movement of the running hanger body 120 as shown in Fig. 6.
[0030] To accommodate the axial length of the shear ring 162, the axial length of the annular recess 128, and in particular, the axial length of the upper annular cam 148 is suitably increased.
[0031] In Fig. 6 (as shown in Fig. 3) the running hanger body 120 is suspended from the receiving hanger 152 via the intermediate split landing ring 140 which acts as a split ring hanger. The split landing ring 140 is positively retained in its casing suspension position by cam forces acting outwards from the cams 146 and 148 at two axially spaced-apart positions on the ring 140, near either end of the ring 140 and axially on either side of the complementary profiles 158 and 160.
[0032] Referring now to Figs. 7 - 11, each of these Figures is a radial section of one side only of the circularly symmetrical components and assemblies of the third embodiment of the invention, following the convention employed in Figs. 1 - 6. However, in Figs. 7 - 11, these sections are alternately left and right half sections, placed in mutual alignment for ease of comparison of the successive steps in procedures illustrated in Figs. 7 - 11. The component numbering convention of Figs. 7 - 11 relates to the reference numerals of Figs. 1 - 3 in a manner similar to the relationship of Figs. 4 - 6 to Figs. 1 - 3; those parts of the third embodiment which correspond directly or functionally to equivalent parts of the first embodiment are gven reference numerals which are the equivalent reference numerals used in Figs. 1 - 3, but prefixed by a "2" reference.
[0033] Fig. 7 shows the assembly of the running hanger body 220 and the split landing ring 240 about to commence insertion into the top end of the outer casing 244. To enable this insertion to be carried out without significant damage or the use of a cramp to pre-contract the split landing ring 240 to fit the lesser diameter outer casing 244, the outer surface of the ring 240 is provided with a circumferentially distributed series of longitudinal ramps 270 tapering outwardly with increasing height up the ring 240.
[0034] When the split landing ring 240 is unconstrained and relaxed under its natural bias into a circumferentially fully expanded condition, the points on the ramps 270 which first make contact with the inner edge of the rim of the outer casing 244 will lie on a circle in a plane at right angles to the central axis of the casing 244. This circle of first points of contact of the ramps 270 with the rim of the casing 244 is arranged to be at or above the plane containing the sectional neutral axis of the split landing ring 240. This results in the forces that tend to cause circumferential contraction of the split landing ring 240 being at or above the effective spring centre of the ring 240, i.e. the effective centre of the natural bias to the circumferentially expanded condition. Consequently, as the split landing ring 240 is pushed down into the outer casing 244 from the position shown in Fig. 7 to the succeeding position shown in Fig. 8, the upper (trailing) end of the ring 240 will undergo circumferential contraction at a rate equal to or exceeding the rate of circumferential contraction of the lower (leading) end of the ring 240.
[0035] Initial circumferential constraint is applied to the split landing ring 240 by providing the retainer gland 232 with a circumferential lip 234 which sets a radial limit to movement of the lower end of the ring 240.
[0036] In Fig. 9 the running hanger body 220 has descended to a level within the receiving hanger 252, and the complementary profiles 258 and 260 have commenced to engage, but the shoulders are not yet seated.
[0037] Fig. 10 show a configuration corresponding to Fig. 2, in which the complementary profiles 258 and 260 are fully engaged, the temporary restraint provided by the setting ring 242 is about to be released, and movement of the running hanger body 220 relative to the now-restrained split landing ring 240 is about to commence.
[0038] Fig. 11 shows the final configuration reached during installation of the third embodiment. In Fig. 11 the split landing ring 240 is positively retained in its circumferentially expanded condition against the inside surface of the receiving hanger 252, with the complementary profiles 258 and 260 in mutual engagement, by means of the upper annular cam 248 forcing out the upper end of the ring 240, and the lower annular cam 246 forcing out the lower end of the ring 240. Thereby the running hanger body 220 and the inner casing 224 depending from the body 220 are suspended from the receiving hanger 252 through the intermediary of the split landing ring 240 which thereby acts as split ring hanger. Nevertheless the positive positional locking of the ring 240 imparts a mechanical function equivalent to a solid ring hanger, at least insofar as the hoop strength of the hanger is relied upon in normal operation. Moreover, by suitable dimensional tolerancing, the inner casing string and the outer casing can be installed with a high degree of concentricity and parallelism, which can be maintained throughout operational use of the casing hanger system.
[0039] Turning now to Fig. 12, this shows a fourth embodiment of the invention which is generally similar to the third embodiment (of Figs. 7 - 11). Fig. 12 is a full-width diametral section, but the previous component numbering convention is still followed, in that parts corresponding to those in Fig. 1 are given the same reference numeral, but prefixed by a "3".
[0040] Fig. 12 shows part of a casing hanger system for four concentric casings 324 plus 326, 354, 380, and 382.
[0041] The casings 324 and 326 form part of an inner casing string, and are screw-coupled in to either end of a running hanger body 320. The running hanger body 320 is suspended from a receiving hanger 352 through the intermediary of a split landing ring 340.
[0042] The receiving hanger 352 is suspended in turn from an internal shoulder 384 on the second-outermost casing 380 through the intermediary of a solid hanger ring 386. The solid hanger ring 386 has a number of end-to-end through passages 388 to permit the flow of fluids up or down between the casings 354 and 380.
1. A casing hanger system for coaxially suspending an inner casing string from an
outer casing, said casing hanger system including a running hanger body, a receiving
hanger, and a split landing ring, the running hanger body being adapted to form part
of said inner casing string, the receiving hanger being adapted to form part of said
outer casing, the split landing ring being generally tubular in overall shape and
having at least one generally axial division, said ring being biassed to a circumferentially
expanded condition while being capable of being forced against said bias to a circumferentially
contracted condition, the outer surface of said split landing ring and the inner surface
of said receiving hanger having complementary groove and shoulder profiles capable
of mutual engagement to prevent downward movement of the split landing ring relative
to the receiving hanger when said profiles are mutually engaged, means on said running
hanger body to limit axial movement of said split landing ring in its circumferentially
contracted condition relative to the running hanger body while the running hanger
body carrying the split landing ring is descending towards the receiving hanger through
an outer casing, the running hanger body having first and second axially spaced cam
surfaces which are located to engage the inner surface of the split landing ring when
said groove and shoulder profiles are in mutual engagement on circumferential expansion
of the split landing ring, said cam surfaces and their axial spacing then resulting
in positive retention being applied to the split landing ring at at least two axially
separated positions on the split landing ring in its circumferentially expanded condition
and with said complementary profiles in mutual engagement whereby positively to prevent
circumferential contraction of the split landing ring.
2. A casing hanger system as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said complementary groove
and shoulder profiles consist of at least one circumferential groove on the inner
surface of the receiving hanger and an equal number of circumferential grooves on
the outer surface of the split landing ring, the groove or grooves on the inner surface
of the receiving hanger each having a substantially planar lower surface lying in
a plane substantially at right angles to the central axis of the receiving hanger
thereby to form a shoulder, the groove or grooves on the outer surface of the split
landing ring each having a substantially planar upper surface lying in a plane substantially
at right angles to the central axis of the split landing ring thereby to form a shoulder
such that when the complementary profiles are mutually engaged, the shoulders mutually
contact and bear the weight of the inner casing string with the reaction forces between
the shoulders being substantially axial.
3. A casing hanger system as claimed in Claim 2, wherein in each of said grooves,
the respective face opposite the respective shoulder is conically tapered so as to
widen towards the respective surface such that the circumferential expansion of the
split landing ring to cause the mutual engagement of the complementary profiles takes
place over a range of downward movement of the split landing ring.
4. A casing hanger system as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims, wherein a
temporary restraint is provided to hold the split landing ring in fixed axial position
on the running hanger body while the running hanger body carrying the split landing
ring is descending towards the receiving hanger, the temporary restraint being a setting
ring in the form of a split ring naturally biassed into a circumferentially contracted
condition but capable of being forced against said natural bias to a circumferentially
expanded condition.
5. A casing hanger as claimed in Claim 4, wherein the setting ring is initially mounted
between the lower edge of one of the cam surfaces on the running hanger body and the
upper edge of an annular ledge formed on the inner surface of the split landing ring.
6. A casing hanger system as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 3, wherein a temporary
restraint is provided to hold the split landing ring in fixed axial position on the
running hanger body while the running hanger body carrying the split landing ring
is descending towards the receiving hanger, the temporary restraint being a shear
ring initially secured around the lower edge of the upper cam surface by at least
one shear pin to present an obstruction to upward movement of the split landing ring
relative to the running hanger body.
7. A casing hanger system as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims , wherein
the running hanger body has an external annular recess to contain said split landing
ring in its circumferentially contracted condition, the annular recess having upper
and lower end terminations, and the upper end termination of the annular recess is
a discrete load ring secured to the running hanger body.
8. A casing hanger system as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims, wherein the
cam surfaces, the split landing ring and the outer casing form substantially solid
connections between the running hanger body and the outer casing at said axially separated
positions when the split landing ring is in its expanded condition.
9. A casing hanger system as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims , wherein
said first cam surface is axially spaced above said complementary profiles and said
second cam surface is axially spaced below said complementary profiles.
10. A casing hanger system as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims , wherein
a longitudinal ramp is formed on the outer surface of the split landing ring such
that the ramp wedges against the rim of the outer casing as the split landing ring
is forced down into the outer casing and so applies a force acting against the split
landing ring in a radially inward direction, the ramp being dimensioned and axially
positioned on the outer surface of the split landing ring such that the radial plane
through the points on the ramp which first make contact with the rim of the outer
casing is not below the radial plane through the sectional neutral axis of the split
landing ring.