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(11) | EP 0 272 236 A1 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
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| (54) | Diversity combiner |
| (57) A diversity combiner is provided for combining two received radio signals having
the same frequency and modulation. For each of the radio signals (s, sʹ) there is
included a mixer (1, 1ʹ) with an associated voltage controlled local oscillator (2,
2ʹ) and a following intermediate frequency filter (3, 3ʹ) for generating an intermediate
frequency signal (m, mʹ) and a phase comparator (5, 5ʹ) for comparing the intermediate
frequency signal with a reference signal (a) originating from a weighted aggregate
(e) of the intermediate frequency signals (m, m). Each phase comparator (5, 5ʹ) sends
a signal responsive to the phase difference and which controls the frequency of the
local oscillator (2, 2ʹ). The weights of the sub-signals can be varied such that the
quotient of the contributions of the sub-signals to the aggregate can be caused to
correspond to an arbitrary power, which is greater than or equal to one, of a corresponding
quotient before the addition. This is achieved by the aggregate being formed by a
signal weighting and adding circuit (8), which includes four bipolar transistors,
and which is controlled by two voltages ( N, Nʹ) which are responsive to the logarithm
of the amplitude of the intermediate frequency (m, mʹ). |
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] A diversity combiner for combining two received radio signals having the same frequency and modulation, the combiner including for each of the radio signals a mixer with an associated voltage controlled local oscillator and a following intermediate frequency filter for generating an intermediate frequency signal, and a phase comparator for comparing the intermediate frequency signal with a reference signal and sending a signal responsive to the phase difference, said signal being utilized for controlling the local oscillator frequency, and where the reference signal originates from a weighted aggregate of the two intermediate frequency signals.
BACKGROUND ART
[0002] Two or more radio signals originating from a single transmitted radio signal and received by different antennae are combined in a diversity combiner. These signals are usually of mutually different amplitude and phase, and the task of the combiner is to form a combined resultant signal with a better signal-to-noise radio than any of the individually received signals.
[0003] A diversity combiner of the kind given in the introduction is already known in essential respects, e.g. from the US 3631344. A so-called "Ratio squared Predetection Combiner" is described in this publication. Two intermediate frequency sub-signals of like phase are formed from two incoming radio frequency signals. The two sub-signals are each filtered in their respective bandpass filter with a considerably greater bandwidth than that of the useful signal itself, so that additive noise in surrounding frequency bands are allowed to pass through the filter, as well as the useful signal. The combined signals thus obtained each pass through their respective amplifier provided with automatic gain control, whereby the noise amplitude of the signal from each amplifier will be inversely proportional to the amplitude of the useful signal. The signal from each amplifier is then divided into a useful signal part and a noise signal part with the aid of two filters. The filtered-out noise is detected and the noise level utilized to control the attenuation in a voltage controlled attenuator in the path of the useful signal. The output signals from the attenuators are added in an adding circuit, whereby a weighted aggregate signal is formed from the two intermediate frequency subsignals, the amplitude contribution from each sub-signal in this signal being proportional to the square of the amplitude of the respective sub-signal. The aggregate signal is used for detecting the radio signals and as a reference signal in the formation of the like-phase sub-signals. In a diversity combiner of this kind there is the risk, however, that disturbing radio signals, which have frequencies outside the passband of the filter that filters out the useful signals, pass through the other filters and affect the combiner function.
[0004] There are also diversity combiners in which the strongest signal is solely utilized, or in which the signals are added with the same weight (equal gain).
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
[0005] The object of the present invention is to provide a diversity combiner of the kind mentioned in the introduction, which forms two like-pase sub-signals from two radio signals, a weighted aggregate of the sub-signals being formed, and where the weighting of the sub-signals can be varied such that the quotient of the contribution of the sub-signals to the aggregate can be caused to correspond to an arbitrary power, which is greater or equal to one, of a corresponding quotient before addition. This is achieved by the aggregate being formed by a signal weighting and adding circuit, which includes four bipolar transistors, and which is controlled by two voltages responsive to the logarithm of the amplitude of the intermediate frequency signals. In this way there is also achieved that the function of the combiner is not affected by other radio signals or adjacent frequencies.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0007] The invention will now be described in more detail, with reference to the drawings, on which Figure 1 is a block diagram of a diversity combiner in accordance with the invention, and Figure 2 is a wiring diagram of a signal weighting and adding circuit included in the diversity combiner of Figure 1.
BEST MODE OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
[0008] An embodiment example of a diversity combiner is illustrated in Figure 1. Means that have been provided with reference characters having prim signs agree with means provided with like reference characters without prim signs. An intermediate frequency signal is denoted by s. This is converted to a new intermediate frequency signal, m, with the aid of a phase-locked loop comprising a mixer 1, a voltage controlled local oscillator 2, an intermediate frequency filter 3 for filtering out the new intermediate frequency signal m, and amplitude restricting amplifier 4, a phase comparator 5 and a lowpass filter 6. The phase angle of the intermediate frequency signal from the filter 3 is compared in the phase comparator 5 with the phase angle of a reference signal ,a, common to both phase comparators 5,5ʹ, this reference signal also being the output signal from the diversity combiner. The frequency and phase of the local oscillator 2 are acted on so that the signal from the filter 3 is forced to follow the phase angle of the reference signal a. Each of the amplifiers 4, 4ʹ is also provided with a logarithmic amplitude detector, sending a high voltage on its output proportional to the logarithm of the amplitude of the signal at the amplifier input. For the amplifier 4, this voltage is denoted ln m. A voltage N is obtained after filtering in a lowpass filter 7. Both voltages N, Nʹ are each supplied to its control input on a signal weighting and adding circuit 8. Both like-phase sub-signals m,mʹ are supplied to two other inputs on the circuit 8, where they are combined to form a signal e, in a manner which is described in connection with Figure 2. The signal e is phase-shifted 90° in a phase shifter 9, and then taken to an amplitude-restricting amplifier 10, which sends the reference signal a on its output. As will have been understood earlier, this signal is utilized, inter alia for detecting the information content of the radio signals. The reason for the 90° phase shift of the signal e is that this gives the phase comparator 5 a correct working point.
[0009] The amplitude restricting amplifier 4 with the logarithming amplitude detector and phase comparator 5 may be a single integrated circuit, e.g. of the type TDA 1576 (Philips), NE 605 (Signetics) or CA 3189 (RCA). Of course, illustrated amplifier 4 may comprise a separate amplifier and a separate logarithming means.
[0010] An example is illustrated in Figure 2 of a wiring diagram for the signal-weighting and adding circuit 8 of Figure 1. Four bipolar transistors are denoted T₁ - T₄, and form two differential steps. The control voltage N is taken to the bases of the transistors T₂ and T₃, and Nʹ is taken to the bases of T₁ and T₄. The sub-signals and m and mʹ are each taken to their respective transconductance step, in which they are converted from small-signal voltages to small signal currents i₁ and i₂. The transconductance steps each consists of a transistor T₅ and T₆, and opposingly connecting emitter resistor R₁ and R₂. The latter have equally as great resistances, and the transistors T₅ and T₆ have working points with the same setting, and are therefore passed through by equally as great quiescent currents I₀. Accordingly, the transconductance steps have equally as great transconductance. The collectors of transistors T₅ and T₆ are connected to the emitters of transistors T₁, T₂ and T₃, T₄, respectively. The current I₀ + i₁ through T₅ is divided by the transistor pair T₁, T₂, the current (1-k) x (I₀+i₁) being assumed to flow through T₁ and the current k x (i₀+i₁) is assumed to flow through T₂. In a similar way, the current I₀+i₂ through T₆ is divided up by the transistor pair T₃, T₄ into a component 1 x (I₀+i₂) through T₃ and a component (1 - l) x (I₀ + i₂) through T₄. The values of k and l may vary between zero and one. The transistors T₁ and T₃ are connected to a feed voltage source E₀, and the transistors T₂ and T₄ are connected to this voltage source via a load resistor R₃. The output signal e of the circuit is taken from a capacitor C connected to the load resistor R₃. The output signal is thus responsive to the small-signal currents through T₂ and T₄, but is not responsive to the small-signal currents through T₁ and T₃.
[0011] Circuits essentially of the kind formed by the transistors T₁ - T₄ are already known per se, and are usually called Gilbert cells. It is known to use them in so-called balanced modulators and double-balanced converters.
[0012] The magnitudes k and l are responsive to the control voltages N and Nʹ. For example, if N is considerably more positive than Nʹ, the transistors T₂ and T₃ will be turned on, while T₁ and T₄ will be turned off. In this case k = 1 = 1, and only i₁ contributes to the output voltage e. If N and Nʹ are equal, the transistors T₁ - T₄ will all be turned on equally. In this case k = l = 1/2. i₁, and i₁ and i₂ contribute equally to the output signal. If N is considerably less positive than Nʹ only₁ and T₄ will be turned on. In this case k = l = 0, and only i₂ contributes to the voltage e.
[0013] Since N and Nʹ are proportional to the logarithm of m and mʹ, respectively, the following applies:
N=K₁ x ln m+K₂ (1)
Nʹ=K₁ x ln mʹ+K₂ (2)
where K₁ and K₂ are selectable constants.
If the potentials on the emitter pairs of T₁, T₂, and T₃, T₄ are denoted E₁ and E₂ respectively, the following is applicable, according to Eber-Moll's model for bipolar transistors:
kx(I₀ + i₁) = I₀x exp(K₃x (N - E₁)) (3)
(1-k)x I₀ + i₁) = I₀ʹx exp (K₃ x (Nʹ - E₁) (4)
kx(I₀ + i₂) = I₀ʹx exp(K₃x (N-E₂)) (5)
(1-l)x(I₀ + i₂) = I₀ʹx exp (K₃ x (Nʹ - E₂)) (6)
where I₀ʹ is a constant for the selected transistor type, K₃ is a natural constant.
Dividing (3) by (4) and (5) by (6) gives:
k/(1 - k) = exp (K₃ x (N - Nʹ)) (7)
l/(1-l)= exp (K₃ x (N - Nʹ)) (8)
From (7) and (8) it is found that k=l (9)
Applicable to the small-signal currents i₁ and i₂ is that:
i₁= g x m (10)
i₂= g x mʹ (11)
where g is the transductance of the transductance step.
The contributions of the sub-sginals m and mʹ to the circuit output signal e are proportional to k x i₁ and (1-l) x i₂, respectively, The quotient q of these contributions will therefore be: k x i₁/((1-l) x i₂) (12)
By inserting (7)-(11) in (12) there is obtained:
q = exp (K₃ x (N - N₁)) x m/mʹ (13)
By inserting (1) and (2) in (13) there is finally obtained:
q = (m/mʹ)(1 + K₁ x K₃)
[0014] The combination of the logarithming characteristic of the amplifier 4 and the exponential characteristic of the transistors T₁ -T₂ in the signal weighting and adding circuit 8 thus results in that the quotient of the sub-signal contributions to the voltige at the circuit output can be caused, by suitable dimensioning of the selectable constant K₁, to correspond to an arbitrary power, which is greater than or equal to one, of a corresponding quotient at the circuit input. For example K₁ = 0 gives a combiner in which the sub-signals are added with the same weight (equal gain). If K₁ is selected so that K₁ x K₃ = 1, the amplitude contribution from each sub-signal will be proportional to the square of the amplitude of the respective sub-signal (ratio-squared), If K₁ x K₃ are much greater than one, the sub-signal which is stronger for the moment is mainly utilized.
[0015] Since detection of both amplitude and phase of the respective sub-signal is performed after it has passed the bandpass filter 3, 3ʹ, the combiner control signal will not be disturbed by radio signals on adjacent frequencies either.
[0016] The signal weighting and adding circuit 8 can be arranged alternatively, e.g. so that the collectors of the transistors T₁ and T₃ are connected to the resistor R₃ instead of those of the transistors T₂ and T₄, if the control voltages N and Nʹ are changed over. In this case the contribution from the sub-signal m to the circuit output signal will still come from the transistor controlled by the voltage N and vice versa.
A diversity combiner for combining radio signals having the same frequency and modulation,
the combiner including for each of the radio signals (s, sʹ) a mixer (1, 1ʹ) with
an associated voltage controlled local oscillator (2, 2ʹ) and a following intermediate
frequency filter (3, 3ʹ) for generating an intermediate frequency signal (m, mʹ),
and a phase comparator (5, 5ʹ) for comparing the intermediate frequency signal with
a reference signal (a) and sending a signal responsive to the the phase difference,
said signal being utilized for controlling the local oscillator frequency, and where
the reference signal (a) originates from a weighted aggregate (e) of the two intermediate
frequency signals (m, mʹ), characterized in that means (4, 7, 4ʹ, 7ʹ) are included
for each of the radio signals (s, sʹ) for generating a control voltage (N, Nʹ) responsive
to the logarithm of the intermediate frequency signal amplitude, and in that a signal
weighting and adding circuit (8) common to the two radio signals is included for forming
said aggregate (e), the circuit (8) including: a first (T₁, T₂) and a second (T₃,
T₄) pair of bipolar transistors, of which one transistor (T₂, T₃) in each pair is
supplied one (N) of the two control voltages (N, Nʹ), and the other transistor (T₁,
T₄) in each pair is supplied the other (Nʹ) of the two control voltages (N, Nʹ); a
first converting means (T₅, R₁) for converting one intermediate frequency signal (m)
to a first current (i₁) and a second converting means (T₆, R₂) for converting the
other intermediate frequency signal (m) to a second current (i₂), said first (T₁,
T₂) and second (T₃, T₄) pairs of transistors being adapted, in response to said control
voltages (N, Nʹ), respectively to divide said first (i₁) and second (i₂) current into
a first (k x i₁, 1 x i₂) and second ((l - k) x i₁, (1-l) x i₂) component in a manner
such that the ratio between the first (k x i₁) and second ((l - k) x i₁) components
of said first current (i₁) is at least approximately equal to the corresponding ratio
between the components (l x i₂, (1 - l) x i₂) of said second current (i₂); and a resistor
(R₃) adapted for being passed through by the sum of the component (k x i₁) of said
first current (i₁) which passes through the transistor (T₂) supplied with the control
voltage (N) originating from the same intermediate frequency signal (m) as this first
current (i₁) and by the component ((1-l) x i₂) of said second current (i₂) passing
through the transistor (T₄) supplied with the control voltage (Nʹ) originating from
the same intermediate frequency signal (mʹ) as this second current (i₂).
2 Combiner as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the emitters of said first
pair (T₁, T₂) of transistors are connected together, and in that the emitters of the
second pair (T₃, T₄) of transistors are connected together.
3 Combiner as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that one converting means (T₅,
R₁) is connected to the emitters of one pair (T₁, T₂) of transistors, and in that
the second converting means (T₆, T₂) is connected to the emitters of the second pair
(T₃, T₄) of transistors.
4 Combiner as claimed in claims 1-3, characterized in that the converting means (T₅,
R₁, T₆, R₂) each includes a transconductance step, the steps having equally as great
transconductance, each step including a transistor (T₅, T₅) with an emitter resistor
(R₁, R₂).
5 Combiner as claimed in claims 1-4, characterized in that said means (4, 7, 4ʹ, 7ʹ)
for generating a control voltage (N, Nʹ) include an amplifier (4, 4ʹ) adapted to amplify
the intermediate frequency signal (m, mʹ) obtained from the intermediate frequency
filter (3, 3ʹ) and also to generate a voltage (ln m, ln mʹ) which is responsive to
the logarithm of the amplitude of the intermediate frequency signal (m, mʹ).