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(11) | EP 0 281 146 A1 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
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| (54) | Method and composition for hardening gelatin |
| (57) A method for hardening gelatin comprising combining the gelatin to be hardened with
a compound of the formula:
wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and X are as herein defined. The compounds of this formula effectively harden gelatin with little or no after-hardening. These compounds are useful in hardening gelatin in photographic elements. |
[0001] This invention relates to a method and hardener composition for hardening gelatin, particularly in photographic elements.
[0002] Gelatin is commonly used as a vehicle in photographic materials. Quite often, numerous layers in photographic elements, such as light-sensitive silver halide layers, filter layers, backing layers, antihalation layers, and overcoat layers, use gelatin as the primary binder.
[0003] Photographic elements are generally processed in aqueous processing solutions. Such processing results in excessive swelling and loss of strength of the gelatin binder unless the gelatin has been hardened. If the processing solution is maintained at a warm temperature, e.g., 40°C, the gelatin binder can dissolve, causing the layers of the element to disintegrate, unless the gelatin has been hardened.
[0004] A number of compounds have been used to harden gelatin. These include formaldehyde and free aldehydes as described in U.S. Patent 3,232,764, active esters as described in U.S. Patent 3,542,558, epoxy compounds as described in U.S. Patent 3,047,394, aziridines as described in U.S. Patent 2,950,197, and others well-known in the art. These compounds harden, or crosslink, gelatin, thus increasing its mechanical strength and reducing the swellability and solubility of the gelatin in aqueous processing solutions.
[0005] The above-described hardening compounds are, however, subject to a number of disadvantages. Some take an exceedingly long time after being cast and dried to give the desired degree of gelatin hardening, requiring elements containing gelatin hardened with those compounds to be aged for an extended time while the hardening process is completed. In other words, these hardeners exhibit after-hardening. Additionally, a number of compounds exhibit adverse effects on the photographic properties of elements in which they are used. Such adverse effects can include an increase in fog or a reduction in light sensitivity or photographic speed.
[0006] In order to avoid the time and expense of keeping large quantities of gelatin-containing photographic elements for long periods while the hardening process is completed, a number of so-called fast-acting hardeners have been described in the art. For example, U.S. Patent 4,063,952 describes a carbamoyl pyridinium hardening compound in which the pyridine ring carries a sulfoalkyl substituent. European Patent Application 162,308 describes a chloroformamidinium hardener, and U.S. Patent 4,612,280 describes an N-succinimidyloxyformamidinium hardener. These hardeners, however, suffer from a number of problems. Some of these hardeners exhibit after-hardening. Others have severe handling difficulties due to their hygroscopic nature, or poor hydrolytic stability, or both. Also, some of these hardeners adversely affect either the physical properties of photographic elements in which they are used (e.g., tackiness), or their sensitometric properties (e.g., speed loss). These problems are often aggravated by the fact that relatively large amounts of hardener are often required to achieve the desired hardening effect, leading to relatively large amounts of sometimes deleterious by-products.
[0007] It is therefore desirable to provide a hardener that provides rapid and efficient hardening of gelatin, while avoiding adverse side-effects, such as after-hardening.
[0008] The present invention provides for hardening of gelatin by combining it with a compound of the formula:
[0009] In this formula, R₁ represents hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, alkenyl, -YR₇,
with Y representing sulfur or oxygen, and R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, and R₁₁ each independently representing alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, or alkenyl. Alternatively, R₈ and R₉, or R₁₀ and R₁₁ may together form a ring structure. R₁₀ and R₁₁ may each also represent hydrogen. Also, R₁ together with R₂ may form a heterocyclic ring.
[0010] R₂ and R₃ each independently represents alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, or alkenyl, or, combined with R₁ or each other, forms a heterocyclic ring.
[0011] R₄, R₅, and R₆ are defined as are R₁, R₂, and R₃, respectively, and are the same as or different from R₁, R₂, and R₃.
[0014] R₁ represents hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, alkenyl, -YR₇,
with Y representing sulfur or oxygen, and R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, and R₁₁ each independently representing alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, or alkenyl. Alternatively, R₈ and R₉, or R₁₀ and R₁₁ may together form a ring structure. R₁₀ and R₁₁ may each also represent hydrogen. Also, R₁ together with R₂ may form a heterocyclic ring, which may be further condensed with another ring.
[0015] Preferably, R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., methyl, ethyl, butyl, 2-ethylhexyl, or dodecyl), aralkyl of from 7 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., benzyl, phenethyl), aryl of from 6 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., phenyl, naphthyl), alkenyl of from 2 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., vinyl, propenyl),
[0016] R¹ can combine with R₂ or R₃ to form a heterocyclic ring of 5 to 8 atoms. This ring contains the nitrogen atom to which R₂ and R₃ are attached in formula (I) and may contain an additional nitrogen atom, or an oxygen or sulfur atom. Examples of such rings include pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, thiazole, benzothiazole, thiazoline, oxazole, benzoxazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, and oxazoline.
[0017] R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, and R₁₁ are preferably alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., methyl, ethyl, butyl, 2-ethylhexyl, or dodecyl), aralkyl of from 7 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., benzyl, phenethyl), aryl of from 6 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., phenyl, naphthyl), or alkenyl of from 2 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., vinyl, propenyl).
[0018] R₈ and R₉, or R₁₀ and R₁₁ can also combine to form a ring structure of 5 to 8 atoms. The R₈-R₉ ring contains the nitrogen atom to which R₈ and R₉ are attached, and may also contain an additional nitrogen atom, or an oxygen or sulfur atom. The R₁₀-R₁₁ ring may also contain one or more nitrogen atoms, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or any combination thereof. Examples of such rings include pyrrolidine, piperadine, and morpholine.
[0019] R₂ and R₃ each independently represents alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkenyl, or may combine with R₁ or each other to form a heterocyclic ring. Preferably, R₂ or R₃ may each be hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., methyl, ethyl, butyl, 2-ethylhexyl, or dodecyl), aralkyl of from 7 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., benzyl, phenethyl), aryl of from 6 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., phenyl, naphthyl), or alkenyl of from 2 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., vinyl, propenyl). R₂ and R₃ also preferably combine with each other to form a heterocyclic ring of 5 to 8 atoms. This ring contains the nitrogen atom to which R₂ and R₃ are attached, and may also contain an additional nitrogen atom, or an oxygen or sulfur atom. Examples of such rings include pyrrolidine, piperadine, and morpholine. Either of R₂ or R₃ can combine with R₁ to form a heterocyclic ring, as described above in reference to R₁.
[0020] R₄, R₅, and R₆ are defined the same as described above from R₁, R₂, and R₃, respec tively. R₄, R₅, and R₆ may each be the same as or different from R₁, R₂, and R₃.
[0021] X
represents an anion or an anionic portion of the compound, which forms an intramolecular salt. Any anion that forms a salt compound according to formula (I) that is useful to harden gelatin according to the invention can be used. Preferred anions include a sulfonate ion such as methylsulfonate or p-toluene sulfonate CF₃SO
, BF
, PF
, and ClO
.
[0022] In addition to the above-described alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, alkenyl, and heterocyclic groups, groups, also useful as R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ include substituted alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, alkenyl, and heterocyclic groups. Useful substituents include halogen, alkoxy of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aryloxy of from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, a sulfo group, N,N-disubstituted carbamoyl, N,N-disubstituted sulfamoyl, and other groups known to those skilled in the art that do not prevent the compounds from functioning as hardeners according to the invention.
[0024] The compounds of formula (I) can be made by techniques known to those skilled in the chemical synthesis art. Useful synthesis techniques are described in Journal of the American Chemical Society, 103, 9839 (1981). The preparation of compounds of formula (I) is further described below in the synthesis examples.
[0025] The compounds of formula (I) can be used to harden any type of gelatin. Types of gelatin useful in the practice of the present invention include alkali-treated gelatin, acid-treated gelatin, partially phthalated gelatin, double-dipped gelatin (i.e., gelatin treated with both alkali and acid), and the like.
[0026] According to the present invention, gelatin is hardened by combining it with a compound of formula (I). The method of hardening gelatin according to the invention can be advantageously be utilized to harden gelatin in photographic layers. The present invention provides rapid hardening of gelatin with little or no after-hardening while avoiding many of the adverse photographic effects found with prior art hardeners, such as speed loss and fog. The hardening compounds of formula (I) also are not highly hygroscopic as are many prior art hardening compounds, making them easy to handle. Additionally, the gelatin hardened according to the invention exhibits desirable physical properties, such as low tackiness.
[0027] According to the present invention, gelatin is hardened by combining it with a hardening compound according to formula (I). This is accomplished by techniques known to those skilled in the art. For example, the an aqueous solution of the hardening compound can be applied directly to an unhardened gelatin layer that has been coated on a support. Alternatively, the hardening compound can be mixed with a gelatin-containing coating dispersion shortly before coating it onto a support. Another way of using the compounds of formula (I) is to coat the compound in one layer of a photographic element in a manner such that it will diffuse into other layers of the element to harden those other layers.
[0028] The compounds of formula (I) according to the invention can also be used to partially harden gelatin. This is done, for example, by increasing the chain length of the gelatin, as described in U.S. Patent 4,421,847.
[0029] The amount of hardener used to harden gelatin according to the present invention will vary according to the purpose for which the gelatin is being used, the degree of hardening desired, and the particular compound of formula (I) that is used. If only a slight amount of hardening is desired, relatively small amounts of hardening compound can be used. If a greater degree of hardening is desired, relatively large amounts of hardener would be used. The amount of hardener used according to the present invention is preferably between 0.01 and 20 weight percent, based on the weight of dry gelatin, and more preferably between 0.05 and 10 weight percent, based on the weight of dry gelatin.
[0030] The hardening compound of formula (I) that is used in the present invention can be used alone, in combination with another hardening compound according to formula (I), or in combination with any of a number of hardening compounds or hardening accelerators known in the art. Examples of known hardening compounds include formaldehyde and free dialdehydes, sulfonate esters, epoxides, blocked active olefins, and others, as described in Research Disclosure, item 17643, section X (1978). Examples of known hardening accelerators include nonprotonic solvents, as described in German OLS 2,417,586, tert-amines and their salts, as described in British Patent 1,269,983, and polyhydric alcohols.
[0031] The present invention is especially useful for hardening gelatin used in gelatin-containing layers in photographic elements. Such elements are well-known in the art. Examples of elements useful in the practice of the present invention include color negative film, color reversal film, color positive film, color print paper, color reversal print paper, black and white film, black and white paper, X-ray rilm, microfilm, and others well-known in the art. Color films and papers generally contain a red-sensitive silver halide layer, a blue-sensitive silver halide layer, and a green-sensitive silver halide layer. The red-sensitive layer usually has a cyan dye-forming coupler associated therewith, the blue-sensitive layer usually has a yellow dye-forming coupler associated therewith, and the green-sensitive layer usually has a magenta dye-forming coupler associated therewith.
[0032] Photographic elements with which the present invention is useful generally include, in addition to the above-described light-sensitive layers, various additional layers, such as filter layers, subbing layers, interlayers, antihalation layers, and the like, as described in Research Disclosure, item 17643 (1978). This Research Disclosure item also describes various addenda, such as surfactants and other coating aids, dye stabilizers, antifoggants, development inhibitor releasing compounds, filter dyes, optical brighteners, antistatic compounds, and the like, that can be included in photographic elements useful in the present invention, either in separate layers or in any of the above-described layers.
[0033] The gelatin-containing layers in photographic elements that are advantageously hardened by treatment with the compounds of formula (I) may utilize gelatin as the only binder in the layers, or the gelatin may be combined with other materials. Such materials include, for example, dispersions of water insoluble or slightly soluble polymers, or hydrophilic colloidal polymer materials. Such materials include acrylate polymers, vinyl alcohol polymers, halogenated styrene polymers, poly(sulfonic acid), poly(sulfinic acid), and others described in detail in Research Disclosure, item 17643, section IX (1978).
Synthesis Example 1 - Bis(tetramethylformamidinium) ether ditriflate (compound 1)
[0035] To a solution of 11.6 g tetramethylurea in 100 ml CH₂Cl₂, 16.8 ml of triflic anhydride in 50 ml CH₂Cl₂ was added dropwise. The mixture was evaporated on a rotatory evaporator at room temperature to yield a yellowish oily residue. The residue was dissolved in 100 ml CH₂Cl₂ and 11.6 g tetramethylurea in 50 ml CH₂Cl₂ was added, at which point a precipitate was formed. The mixture was stirred under nitrogen overnight, after which the precipitate was filtered, washed with CH₂Cl₂, and dried to obtain a colorless crystalline material with a melting point of 258-260°C. IR and NMR analysis indicated that the crystalline material was bis(tetramethylformamidinium) ether ditriflate.
Synthesis Example 2 - Bis(1-methyl-2-pyridinium) ether ditriflate (compound 2)
[0036] To a solution of 0.2 moles of N-methyl-2-pyridone in 150 ml CH₂Cl₂, 16.8 ml of triflic anhydride was added dropwise. A precipitate formed and the mixture was stirred under nitrogen at room temperature for 72 hours. The precipitate was filtered, washed with CH₂Cl₂, and dried to yield a colorless crystalline material with a melting point of 193-195°C. IR and NMR analysis indicated that the material was bis(1-methyl-2-pyridinium) ether ditriflate.
Comparative Example
[0037] A test material was prepared by coating a layer containing a mixture of gelatin at a level of 900 mg/ft² and colloidal silver at a level of 45 mg/ft² onto an Estar™ film base. The coated film base was cut into a series of test strips, which were treated with hardening compounds shown in Tables I and II by immersing each strip in an aqueous solution of the compound for 5 minutes, removing the excess solution from the surface of the element, and air-drying at 50°C. The degree of after-hardening was determined by measuring the hardness of the freshly hardened gelatin layer compared to the hardness of a hardened gelatin layer after aging. Hardness of the gelatin layer was measured by gradually immersing the test strip in a 0.8 weight percent aqueous solution of Takamine™, a proteolytic enzyme, at a rate of 0.2 in/min. The solution was adjusted to a pH of 7.2 and held at 25°C. The wedge length (the length of the strip from where the gelatin was completely removed to the last part of the strip to contact the enzyme solution) was measured and the hardness of the gelatin layer was calculated using the formula:
[0038] Compound 21 is compound 8 of U.S. Patent 4,612,280. Compound 22 is compound 1 of EP 162,308. The results of this test are shown in Table III.
[0039] Table III shows that compounds 1 and 2 of the invention resulted in no evidence of after-hardening, while compounds 19, 20, and 23 resulted in significant after-hardening. Table III also shows that compounds 1 and 2 of the invention yielded a higher degree of hardening than was achieved by an equivalent molar amount of the hardener compounds 19, 20, 21, 22, or 23.
1. A method for hardening gelatin, comprising combining gelatin and a hardening compound,
characterized in that the compound has the formula:
wherein
R₁ represents hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aralkyl of 7 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 2 to 20 carbon atoms, -YR₇,
wherein Y represents sulfur or oxygen, and R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, and R₁₁ each independently represents alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aralkyl of 7 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 20 carbon atoms, or alkenyl of 2 to 20 carbon atoms, or R₈ and R₉ together form a heterocyclic ring, or R₁₀ and R₁₁ are each independently hydrogen or together form a ring structure, or R₁ together with R₂ or R₃ forms a heterocyclic ring,
R₂ and R₃ each independently represents alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aralkyl of 7 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 20 carbon atoms, or alkenyl of 2 to 20 carbon atoms, or, taken together with R₁ or each other, forms a heterocyclic ring,
R₄, R₅, and R₆ are defined as are R₁, R₂, and R₃, respectively, and are the same as or different from R₁, R₂, or R₃, and
X
represents an anion or an anionic portion of the compound to form an intramolecular salt.
wherein
R₁ represents hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aralkyl of 7 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 2 to 20 carbon atoms, -YR₇,
wherein Y represents sulfur or oxygen, and R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, and R₁₁ each independently represents alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aralkyl of 7 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 20 carbon atoms, or alkenyl of 2 to 20 carbon atoms, or R₈ and R₉ together form a heterocyclic ring, or R₁₀ and R₁₁ are each independently hydrogen or together form a ring structure, or R₁ together with R₂ or R₃ forms a heterocyclic ring,
R₂ and R₃ each independently represents alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aralkyl of 7 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 20 carbon atoms, or alkenyl of 2 to 20 carbon atoms, or, taken together with R₁ or each other, forms a heterocyclic ring,
R₄, R₅, and R₆ are defined as are R₁, R₂, and R₃, respectively, and are the same as or different from R₁, R₂, or R₃, and
X
represents an anion or an anionic portion of the compound to form an intramolecular salt.
2. A method according to Claim 1 wherein R₁ and R₄ each independently represents hydrogen,
alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aralkyl of 7 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 20 carbon
atoms, alkenyl of 2 to 20 carbon atoms, -YR₇,
wherein Y represents sulfur or oxygen, and R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, and R₁₁ each independently represents alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aralkyl of 7 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 20 carbon atoms, or alkenyl of 2 to 20 carbon atoms, or R₁₀ and R₁₁ are each independently hydrogen, and
R₂, R₃, R₅, and R₆ each independently represents alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aralkyl of 7 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 20 carbon atoms, or alkenyl of 2 to 20 carbon atoms,
wherein Y represents sulfur or oxygen, and R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, and R₁₁ each independently represents alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aralkyl of 7 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 20 carbon atoms, or alkenyl of 2 to 20 carbon atoms, or R₁₀ and R₁₁ are each independently hydrogen, and
R₂, R₃, R₅, and R₆ each independently represents alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aralkyl of 7 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 20 carbon atoms, or alkenyl of 2 to 20 carbon atoms,
3. A method according to Claims 1 or 2 wherein R₁ and R₄ each independently represents
hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aralkyl of 7 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl of
6 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 2 to 20 carbon atoms, -YR₇, or
wherein Y represents sulfur or oxygen, and R₇, R₈, and R₉ each independently represents alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aralkyl of 7 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 20 carbon atoms, or alkenyl of 2 to 20 carbon atoms, and
R₂, R₃, R₅, and R₆ each independently represents alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aralkyl of 7 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 20 carbon atoms, or alkenyl of 2 to 20 carbon atoms,
wherein Y represents sulfur or oxygen, and R₇, R₈, and R₉ each independently represents alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aralkyl of 7 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 20 carbon atoms, or alkenyl of 2 to 20 carbon atoms, and
R₂, R₃, R₅, and R₆ each independently represents alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aralkyl of 7 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 20 carbon atoms, or alkenyl of 2 to 20 carbon atoms,
4. A method according to Claims 1-3 wherein R₁ and R₄ each independently represents
5. A method according to Claims 1-4 wherein at least one combination of two members
of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, and R₁₁ forms a ring structure.
6. A method according to Claims 1-5 wherein at least one combination of two members
of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, and R₆ forms a heterocyclic ring.
7. A method according to Claims 1-6 wherein at least one combination of either R₁
and R₂, or R₄ and R₅ forms a heterocyclic ring.
8. A method according to Claims 6 or 7 wherein the heterocyclic ring is a pyridylium
ring.
9. A method according to Claims 1-8 wherein R₂, R₃, R₅, R₆, R₈, and R₉ each independently
represents alkyl of 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
10. A method according to Claims 1-9 wherein R₂, R₃, R₅, R₆, R₈, and R₉ are each methyl
or ethyl.
11. A composition comprising gelatin characterized in that it is hardened by the method
of Claims 1-10.
12. A photographic element comprising a support having thereon at least one layer
comprising gelatin characterized in that the gelatin is hardened by the method of
Claims 1-10.