|
(11) | EP 0 337 425 A1 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (54) | Antirust additives for lubricants or greases based on perfluoropolyethers |
| (57) Antirust additives for lubricants based on perfluoropolyethers, comprising one or
more fluoropolyether compounds having functionalized end groups selected from -CN,
-CH₂NR₁R₂ and
and, in particular, a combination of these with small amounts of fluoropolyethers having acid end groups are disclosed. |
[0001] The present invention relates to functionalized fluoropolyether compounds which impart antirust properties to lubricating oils and greases based on perfluoropolyethers.
[0002] It is known that the utilization of perfluoropolyethers as lubricants does not prevent the formation of rust on the surface of ferrous materials when moisture is present, even if said materials are covered with an oil film.
[0003] This is due to the high permeability to gases, vapours and, among these, also to water vapour, exhibited by perfluoropolyethers (PFPE).
[0004] PFPE utilizable also for formulating lubricating oils and greases are well-known on the market, for example, Fomblin(R) (produced by Montedison), KRYTOX(R) (produced by DuPont), DENNUM(R) (produced by Daikin), and the like.
[0005] It is known that it is very difficult to add substances to said PFPE because a characteristic thereof is their absolute immiscibility with most of the chemical compounds. Consequently, in the case of PFPE lubricants, it is impossible to use the products usually added as antirust additives for mineral oils (which are the traditional lubricants) which form stable mixtures with each other.
[0006] The compounds according to the present invention represent a significant improvement in antirust protection as compared with the anticorrosive products described in EP-A-95 825, 165 649, 165 650 and IT-A-20 159 A/86.
[0007] In particular, the additives described in IT-A-20 159 A/86, which have exhibited antirust properties, have the following structures:
wherein Rf = -CF₂Rf′CF₂-, Rf′ being a perfluoropolyether chain having an average molecular weight of 2000 and belonging to class (I).
[0008] The additives of the above types 1 and 3, however, exhibit the drawback of being scarcely soluble in the lubricating perfluoropolyether which causes problems with respect to phase separation, while the additive of type 2, although showing an acceptable solubility at the beginning, results in a certain amount of formed ester compounds in the course of time, whereby the mixture becomes cloudy and tends to form an overfloating layer. i.e., the additive separates from the lubricant.
[0009] There is, thus, a need to have available compounds capable of imparting to the lubricants to which they are added not only excellent antirust properties but also a long "shelf-life" (solubility of the additive retained in the course of time), which is absolutely necessary for the marketing of a lubricant.
[0010] It has, surprisingly, been found that the above properties may be achieved if, as an additive, a perfluoropolyether having a sequence of one or more of the following units is used:
C₂F₄O), (CF₂O), (C₃F₆O), (CH₂CF₂CF₂O), (CF₂O-CF₂CF₂O) and
wherein the groups R′f, which may be the same or different from each other, are H or fluoroalkyl radicals (preferably having 1 to 3 carbon atoms such as, for example, CF₃ and C₂F₅) and having at least one end group selected from:
(a) -CFX-CN;
(b) -CFX-CH₂-NR₁R₂, wherein R₁ and R₂, the same or different from each other, represent H, C₁₋₈-, preferably C₁₋₄-alkyl, C₇₋₁₁-, preferably C₇₋₉-alkylaryl and C₆₋₁₀-, preferably C₆₋₈-cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₃-alkyl groups; R₁ and R₂ optionally containing one or more heteroatoms selected from O, N and S;
wherein A = O, N or S and R is H or a C₁₋₃-alkyl group, particularly CH₃ and C₂H₅;
the group X in (a), (b) and (c) being F or CF₃;
[0011] The other end group may be one of the above groups (a), (b) and (c) but may also represent a perfluoroalkyl radical with 1 to 3 carbon atoms, for example, CF₃ or C₂F₅.
[0012] Examples of the various generic groups mentioned above are:
| C1-8-alkyl: | Methyl, ethyl, n- and i-propyl, n-, i-, sek- and tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl and octyl; preferred are methyl and ethyl. |
| C7-11-alkylaryl: | Benzyl, phenylethyl, naphthylmethyl. |
| C6-10-cycloalkyl: | Cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl; preferred are cyclohexyl and cyclooctyl. |
| C1-3-alkyl; | see C1-8-alkyl. |
[0013] When A in group (c) is a nitrogen atom, the group attached thereto preferably has the same meanings as the groups R₁ and R₂, particularly H, CH₃ and C₂H₅.
[0014] In particular, preferred antirust additives of the present invention belong to the following classes:
(I) TO(CF₂CF₂O)n(CF₂O)mT′;
(III) TO(CF₂CF₂CF₂O)sT′;
(IV) T(OCF₂CF₂CH₂)tORfO(CH₂CF₂CF₂O)tT′;
(V) TO(CF₂CF₂O)rT′;
wherein at least one of the end groups T and T′ is selected from:
(a) -CFX-CN;
(b) -CFX-CH₂-NR₁R₂, R₁ and R₂ being defined as above;
A and R being defined as above;
X in (a), (b) and (c) representing F or CF₃;
the other end group T or T′ may additionally be a perfluoroalkyl radical with 1 to 3 carbon atoms (for example, CF₃ or C₂F₅);
the indices g, h, m, n, k, j, p, q, s, t, r, u, v, z, x, y are integers selected in a manner such that the average molecular weight of the polyoxyfluoroalkylene chain ranges from 600 to 6000, preferably from 2000 to 4000 for difunctional compounds and from 1000 to 2000 for monofunctional compounds;
Rf is a fluoroalkylene radical preferably having 1 to 12, particularly 1 to 8 carbon atoms);
the groups R′f, the same or different from each other, represent H or fluoroalkyl radicals (preferably having 1 to 3 carbon atoms);
the oxyfluoroalkylene units are statisticaly distributed along the chain.
[0015] Generally, the additives of the present invention exhibit a solubility in the PFPE lubricant of at least 1% by weight based on the lubricant.
[0016] The amount of the above fluoropolyether antirust additives preferably ranges from 1% to 5% by weight, based on the total lubricant amount, even more preferred from 2% to 4% by weight.
[0017] If the lubricant to which the antirust additive is added is a grease based on perfluoropolyethers, it may be prepared as is described in EP-A-92 825.
[0018] In particular, such a grease can be formulated by suspending polytetrafluoroethylene particles having, for example, a spherical morphology and being composed of aggregates having a size of from 1 to 200 µm, in a liquid perfluoropolyether such as Fomblin (R)Y or Fomblin(R)Z.
[0019] Due to their intrinsic lubricating properties the compounds having end groups of types (b) and (c) indicated above can also be utilized as such.
[0020] Furthermore, it has been found that the additives having the above end groups (a), (b) and (c) can be used in combination with small amounts of fluoropolyether compounds having the same chain structure as the compounds of the present invention, for example structures (I) to (XI), but one or two end groups -CFX-COOH, wherein X is F or CF₃. Generally, the latter compounds are employed in amounts ranging from 1/30 to 1/20 (about 3 to about 5%) of the weight of the additive characterized by end groups (a), (b) and/or (c).
[0021] The fluoropolyether precursors of the additives of the present invention may be prepared as follows:
Class (I): According to the processes described in US-A-3 242 218;
Class (II): According to US-A-3 665 041;
Classes (III) and (IV): According to EP-A-148 482;
Class (V): According to US-A-4 523 039;
Class (VI): According to EP-A-151 877;
Class (VII): According to US-A-3 665 041;
Class (VIII): According to US-A-3 250 808;
Class (IX): According to EP-A-148 482;
Class (X): According to the processes described in PCT application WO87/00538;
Class (XI): According to the processes described in PCT application WO87/02992.
[0022] The above end groups can be introduced, for example, by the method described in US-A-3 010 874. In particular, the introduction of the end groups of type (a) may be effected by treating the corresponding derivatives with ester end groups -CFX-COOR₃ (R₃ = CH₃, C₂H₅, C₆H₅) with anhydrous ammonia, preferably in a solvent such as, for example, ethyl ether, methanol or 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane, and subsequent treatment of the resulting amide with P₂O₅.
[0023] The introduction of end groups of types (b) and (c) may be effected by reacting the ester compounds indicated above with an amine of the formulae NHR₁R₂ or
to form the corresponding amides and by subsequent reduction of the latter with hydrides.
[0024] In the case of classes (II), (III), (V), (VII), (VIII), (IX) and (X), in which the starting perfluoropolyethers have only one functional end group, it is possible to obtain the corresponding bifunctionalized product by means of the process described in EP-A-224 201.
[0025] The antirust properties of the lubricants according to the present invention have been evaluated by means of the following tests:
Antirust test in the fog chamber (method ASTM D.1748, modified)
Object
Summary of the method
[0027] Carbon steel plates (C15) (UNI), superficially treated as described below, were dipped into the oil, allowed to drip and hung in a fog chamber at 50°C and 100% relative humidity for a predetermined number of hours. The oil passes or does not pass the test on the basis of the number of rust stains visible on the surface of the plates.
Apparatus
[0028] The fog chamber consisted of a compressed-air-actuated sprayer (P = 3 atm.), connected with a water reservoir so as to saturate the environment with humidity; the temperature was adjusted to 50°C (see ASTM B.117, 287, 368).
Test conditions
[0029] The tests described below were carried out using partially demineralized water (pH = 5.5 to 7.5) and for the following periods of time:
(1) The plates were hung and allowed to drip for 16 hours;
(2) They were then placed into a fog chamber which was kept in operation for 8 hours;
(3) The fog chamber was kept out of operation for 12 hours;
(4) The fog chamber was turned on again and kept in operation for 8 hours;
Preparation of the steel plates
[0031] The steel plates were cleaned and degreased by means of a cloth soaked with Delifrene(R) 113 (trichlorotrifluoroethane); the surface was polished by means of emery paper (400 mesh and 600˝), washed with water and dried. The utilized plates had the following dimensions: 50x100x2 mm. (Note: polyethylene gloves must be used to handle the plates).
Evaluation of the tests (in analogy to method DIN 51802 (EMCOR) for bearings)
[0032] The results of the tests were expressed according to the following rating system:
(0) No traces of rust were observed;
(1) Very few corrosion points having a diameter below 1 mm;
(2) 30% of the surface were covered by small stains having a diameter below 2 mm;
(3) 60% of the surface were covered by small stains having a diameter below 3 mm;
(4) 100% of the surface were covered by large stains having a diameter of 4 to 5 mm but the polished surface is visible in some points;
(5) 100% of the surface were covered by large stains; the underlying surface is not visible.
[0033] In the evaluation, the rust stains appearing in the area up to 0.5 mm from the edges were not taken into consideration. With a rating of (0), the test was passed.
[0034] In the evaluation, two figures are given: The first figure refers to the state of the exposed face; The second figure refers to the non-exposed face (with respect to the sprayer).
[0035] The following examples merely serve to illustrate the invention and do not limit it in any way.
EXAMPLE 1
[0036] Lubricants consisting of perfluoropolyethers having perfluoroalkyl end groups (Fomblin(R)Y25), characterized by a viscosity of 250 cSt at 20°C, to which the compounds indicated in the following Table 1 had been added, were subjected to the accelerated corrosion test in a fog chamber according to the method described above.
[0037] Table 1 shows the weight percentage of the additive with respect to the perfluoropolyether and the results of the corrosion test, expressed by the ratings (figures) outlined above.
EXAMPLE 1A
[0038] Example 1 was repeated, using as lubricant perfluoropolyether Fomblin(R)Y25 without additive. The result was a complete corrosion of the plate: 5-5.
EXAMPLE 1B
[0039] Example 1 was repeated, using as lubricant Fomblin(R)Y25 to which the following mixture had been added:
CH₂ = CH-CH₂OCH₂CF₂O(CF₂CF₂O)m(CF₂O)nCF₂CH₂OCH₂CH = CH₂
M.W. = 2000; 2%
HOOC-CF₂O(CF₂CF₂O)m(CF₂O)n-CF₂COOH
M.W. = 2000; 0.1%
EXAMPLE 2
[0041] Lubricants consisting of perfluoropolyethers having perfluoroalkyl end groups (Fomblin(R)Z25), characterized by a viscosity of 250 cSt at 20°C to which the compounds reported in the following Table 2 had been added were subjected to the accelerated corrosion test of example 1.
EXAMPLE 2A
[0043] Example 2 was repeated, using as lubricant perfluoropolyether Fomblin(R)Z25 without additive. The result was a complete corrosion of the plate: 5-5.
EXAMPLE 2B
[0044] Example 2 was repeated, using as lubricant Fomblin(R)Z25, to which the following mixture had been added:
CH₂=CH-CH₂OCH₂CF₂O(CF₂CF₂O)m(CF₂O)nCF₂CH₂OCH₂CH =CH₂
M.W. 2000; 2%
HOOC-CF₂O(CF₂CF₂O)m(CF₂O)n-CF₂COOH
M.W. 2000; 0.1%
[0045] The test revealed a rather good anticorrosive effect (2-0) but the additive was insoluble in this type of perfluoropolyether.
EXAMPLE 3
[0046] Subjected to the accelerated corrosion test of example 1 were the lubricants consisting of perfluoropolyethers having perfluoroalkyl end groups (Fomblin(R)YR 140/13), characterized by a viscosity of 1400 cSt at 20°C to which the following mixture had been added:
| NC-CF₂O(CF₂CF₂O)m(CF₂O)nCF₂CN | 2000 | 3% |
| HOOC-CF₂O(CF₂CF₂O)m(CF₂O)n-CF₂COOH | 2000 | 0.1% |
EXAMPLE 3A
[0048] Example 3 was repeated, using as lubricant perfluoropolyether Fomblin(R)YR 140/13 without additive. The result was a complete corrosion of the plate: 5-5.
EXAMPLE 3B
1. Antirust additives for lubricants based on perfluoropolyethers, comprising one
or more fluoropolyether compounds having one or more of the following units:
(C₂F₄O), (CF₂O), (C₃F₆O), (CH₂CF₂CF₂O),
(CF₂O-CF₂CF₂O) and
wherein R′f H or a fluoroalkyl radical
and having at least one end group selected from:
(a) -CFX-CN;
(b) -CFX-CH₂-NR₁R₂, wherein R₁ and R₂, the same or different from each other, are C₁₋₈-alkyl, C₇₋₁₁-alkylaryl or C₆₋₁₀-cycloalkyl groups, optionally substituted by C₁₋₃-alkyl groups, R₁ and R₂ optionally containing heteroatoms selected from 0, N and S;
wherein A = O, N or S and R is H or a C₁₋₃ alkyl group;
the radical X in (a), (b) and (c) representing F or CF₃;
whereas the other end group has the meanings given above for the first end group or is a perfluoroalkyl radical having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
(C₂F₄O), (CF₂O), (C₃F₆O), (CH₂CF₂CF₂O),
(CF₂O-CF₂CF₂O) and
wherein R′f H or a fluoroalkyl radical
and having at least one end group selected from:
(a) -CFX-CN;
(b) -CFX-CH₂-NR₁R₂, wherein R₁ and R₂, the same or different from each other, are C₁₋₈-alkyl, C₇₋₁₁-alkylaryl or C₆₋₁₀-cycloalkyl groups, optionally substituted by C₁₋₃-alkyl groups, R₁ and R₂ optionally containing heteroatoms selected from 0, N and S;
wherein A = O, N or S and R is H or a C₁₋₃ alkyl group;
the radical X in (a), (b) and (c) representing F or CF₃;
whereas the other end group has the meanings given above for the first end group or is a perfluoroalkyl radical having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
2. Additives according to claim 1, comprising one or more of the following fluoropolyether
compounds:
wherein at least one of the end groups T and T′ is selected from:
(a) -CFX-CN;
(b) -CFX-CH₂-NR₁R₂;
wherein X, R₁, R₂, A and R, are defined as in claim 1;
the other end group T or T′ can also be a perfluoroalkyl radical having l to 3 carbon atoms;
g, h, m, n, k, j, p, q, s, t, r, u, v, z, x, y are integers selected in a manner such that the average molecular weight of the polyoxyfluoroalkylene chain ranges from 600 to 6000; Rf is a fluoroalkylene radical; R′f is H or a fluoroalkyl radical;
the oxyfluoroalkylene units are statistically distributed along the chain;
said additives having a solubility in the PFPE lubricant of at least 1% by weight based on the lubricant.
wherein at least one of the end groups T and T′ is selected from:
(a) -CFX-CN;
(b) -CFX-CH₂-NR₁R₂;
wherein X, R₁, R₂, A and R, are defined as in claim 1;
the other end group T or T′ can also be a perfluoroalkyl radical having l to 3 carbon atoms;
g, h, m, n, k, j, p, q, s, t, r, u, v, z, x, y are integers selected in a manner such that the average molecular weight of the polyoxyfluoroalkylene chain ranges from 600 to 6000; Rf is a fluoroalkylene radical; R′f is H or a fluoroalkyl radical;
the oxyfluoroalkylene units are statistically distributed along the chain;
said additives having a solubility in the PFPE lubricant of at least 1% by weight based on the lubricant.
3. Additives according to claim 2, having a formula of type (I), end groups of type
(a) and an average molecular weight of about 2000.
4. Additives according to claim 2, having a formula of type (VII), end groups of type
(c) and an average molecular weight of about 1000.
5. Lubricants having antirust properties, based on perfluoropolyethers and comprising
the additives of any one of claims 1 to 4.
6. Lubricants according to claim 5, wherein the additives are present in an amount
ranging from 1 to 5% by weight, particularly from 2 to 4% by weight, based on the
total amount of lubricant.
7. Lubricants according to any one of claims 5 and 6, additionally comprising fluoropolyether
compounds having the same chain structure as the additives of claims 1 to 4, except
that they show one or two end groups of the formula -CFX-COOH, wherein X is F or CF₃,
said additional additives being present in an amount ranging from 1/30 to 1/20 of
the weight of the additives of claims 1 to 4.