An image fixing apparatus

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION AND RELATED ART

[0001] The present invention relates to an image fixing apparatus for fixing a toner image on a recording material, more particularly to an image fixing apparatus for heat-fixing a toner image through a film.

[0002] In a conventional image fixing apparatus wherein the toner image is fixed on the recording material, the recording material is passed through a nip formed between a heating roller maintained at a predetermined temperature and a pressing or back-up roller having an elastic layer and press-contacted to the heating roller, the recording medium supporting an unfixed toner image.

[0003] The conventional image fixing system of this type requires that the heating roller is always maintained at an optimum temperature to prevent high temperature toner off-set and low temperature toner off-set. To meet this requirement, the thermal capacity of the heating roller is large with the result of longer warming period for heating the heating roller up to the fixing temperature.

[0004] Thin films moving with the recording material through the fixing apparatus are known from US-A- 3 811 828 and US-A- 4 566 779.

[0005] An older EP patent application, published as EP-A- 0 295 901 and assigned to the assignee of this application, proposes an image fixing apparatus using a fixed heater having a low thermal capacity and a thin film. In this apparatus, a heat generating layer having a low thermal capacity is pulsewisely energized, by which it is instantaneously heated up to a high temperature. In addition, in order to prevent the variation of the heat temperature when it is heated, the pulse width is controlled. If, however, the input voltage varies in this apparatus, the electric power applied to the heat generating layer varies with the result that the same control before the input voltage variation is not proper. In addition, the resistance of the heat generating layer varies depending on individuals, which variation makes it difficult to perform the same control. Furthermore, with the increase of the duty ratio of the energization pulse due to erroneous operation of the control circuit, the situation becomes the same as when the heat generating layer is always energized, so that the overheating of the resistor can not be prevented. If this occurs, the resistance material is broken.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] Accordingly, it is a principal object of the present invention to provide an image fixing apparatus wherein the image fixing operation can be performed stably even if the input voltage varies.

[0007] It is another object of the present invention to provide an image fixing apparatus wherein the image fixing operation can be performed stably irrespective of the variation of the resistance of the heat generating layer.

[0008] It is a further object of the present invention to provide an image fixing apparatus wherein the energization can be stopped in accordance with the energization time and period of the energization pulse.

[0009] These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent upon a consideration of the following description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] Figure 1 is a block diagram of a control system used in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0011] Figure 2 is a sectional view of an image fixing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0012] Figure 3 shows details of a pulse supply source circuit of Figure 1.

[0013] Figure 4 illustrates the power supply control in the apparatus of Figure 1.

[0014] Figure 5 illustrates a principle of correcting the voltage variation.

[0015] Figure 6 is a block diagram of a control system for an image fixing apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention.

[0016] Figure 7 shows details of a main part of the system shown in Figure 6.

[0017] Figure 8 illustrates the operation thereof.

[0018] Figure 9 shows a pulse signal generating device and a pulse width limiting safety circuit used in another embodiment of the present invention.

[0019] Figure 10 is a block diagram of a control system according to a further embodiment of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0020] The embodiments of the present invention will be described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein like reference numerals are assigned to the elements having the corresponding functions.

[0021] Referring to Figure 1, a block diagram used with an image fixing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown, and Figure 2 shows a sectional view of an image fixing apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.

[0022] In Figure 2, an image fixing apparatus 20 comprises a heater 21 fixedly supported which includes a base member made of electrically insulating and heat-resistive material such as alumina or the like or a compound material containing it, a heat generating resistance layer 28 in the form of a line or a stripe made of Ta₂N or the like and a surface protection layer resistive against sliding movement, made of Ta₂O₅ or the like. The bottom surface of the heater 21 is smooth, and the front and rear portions thereof are rounded to permit smooth sliding of a heat-resistive film 23. The fixing film 23 is made, for example, of PET treated for heat-resistivity having a thickness of approximately 6 micrometers. It is wound on a film feeding shaft 24. The film is fed out in the direction indicated by an arrow c. The heat resistive film or sheet 23 is contacted to the surface of the heater 21 and is taken up on a film take-up shaft 27 by way of a separating roller 26 having a large curvature.

[0023] A heat generating layer 28 of the heater 21 has a small thermal capacity, and is pulsewisely energized. The leading and trailing edges of a transfer material P are detected by a transfer material detecting lever 25 and a transfer material detecting sensor 29. In response to the detections, the heat generating layer 28 is energized upon necessity. The energization of the heater 21 may be controlled in accordance with position detection of the transfer material P using a sheet feed sensor of an image forming apparatus with which the image fixing apparatus is used. On the other had, the back-up roller 22 includes a core made of metal or the like and an elastic layer made of silicone rubber or the like. It is driven by an unshown driving source and is pressed to the heater 21 through the heat-resistive film 23 moving at the same speed as the transfer material P advanced along a conveyance guide 10 and having the unfixed toner image T. The conveyance speed by the pressing roller 22 is preferably substantially the same as the conveyance speed of the sheet during the unfixed toner image formation on the transfer material. The heat-resistive sheet 23 speed is determined following this speed. Designated by reference numerals 30 and 32 are a heat-resistive sheet sensor and a guide, respectively.

[0024] In the image fixing apparatus 20 having the structure described above, the toner image T made of heat-fusible toner on the recording sheet P is first heated and fused by the heater 21 through the heat-resistive heat. At this time, the back-up roller 23 establishes close contact between the heater 21, the heat-resistive sheet 23, the toner image T and the recording sheet P, so that the heat transfer is efficient.

[0025] Thereafter, the recording sheet P is continued to advance and is separated from the heater 21, by which the heat of the toner image T is radiated so that the toner image T is cooled and solidified. Then, the heat-resistive sheet 23 is separated from the recording sheet P by the separating roller 26 having a large curvature.

[0026] The toner image T is once completely softened and fused, and then is solidified, and therefore, the coagulation force of the toner is very strong, and the toner behaves as a mass. In addition, since the toner is pressed by the back-up or pressing roller 22 when it is softened and fused by heat, at least a part of the toner image T soaks into the surface layer of the recording sheet P, and is then cooled and solidified. This permits the toner image T to be fixed on the recording sheet P without toner off-set to the heat resistive sheet 23.

[0027] Referring back to Figure 1, the control system includes a temperature detecting thermister for detecting the temperature of the heat generating layer 28. An output of the thermister 2 is transmitted to a pulse signal generator 4 which controls the pulse signal to maintain a constant temperature of the heat generating layer 28. A power source circuit 3 supplies pulsewise power connected with utility AC source 5, the power from which is rectified and is supplied to the heat generating layer 28. In accordance with the rising of the pulse signal provided by the pulse signal generator 4, the heat generating layer 28 is energized for a predetermined pulse width determined by the circuit. In other words, the pulse signal generating device 4 changes the period of the output pulse signal to control the power to be supplied to the heat generating layer 28, so as to maintain a constant temperature of the heater 21. At this time, the relationship between the period of the pulse signals and the applied power is such that when the periods are τ, 2τ and 4τ the applied powers are Wo, Wo/2 and Wo/4. When the input power is controlled by changing the period, it is desirable that any portion of the recording material P is heated by the heat generating layer 28 by at least one pulse. To accomplish this, the energization pulse period T_ON is determined so as to satisfy:


where Tmax is a maximum energization period, that is, the energization period in which minimum energy Wmin is applied when the temperature control is effected to the heat generating layer 28; Vp is a conveying speed of the recording material P; and d is a width of the heat generating layer 28. d/Vp is the contact time of the recording material with the heat generating layer.

[0028] Referring to Figure 3, there is shown details of the pulse supply source circuit of Figure 1. The circuit includes resistors R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R7 and R8, and capacitors C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5. The capacitor C1 constitutes a rectifying circuit together with a diode D1. The signal from the pulse signal generating circuit is applied through a photocoupler Q3.

[0029] The circuit comprises a switching FET (field effect transistor) Q2, which is driven by a timer (IC) Q1. The resistors R2 and R3 and the capacitor C5 constitute a differentiating circuit together with a diode D2. By employing the differentiating circuit as the input means, the energization beyond a predetermined pulse width is prevented even if the on-signal is always applied to the pulse signal generating device 4. The timer (IC) Q1 constitutes a mono-stable multi-vibrator. The pulse width of the output thereof is defined by the resistors R5 and R6, a resistor VR1 and a capacitor C4. The charging property of the combination of the resistors and the capacitor, and the reference voltage source ZD1 determine the energization pulse width.

[0030] Referring to Figure 4, the operation for this will be described, using an input pulse signal and voltages at points A and B of the circuit of Figure 3. In Figure 4, when a pulse signal is inputted, the voltage at the point B becomes "H" at the rising time, and the capacitor C4 starts to be charged with a time constant τ₁ determined by the resistors R5, R6 and VR1 and the capacitor C4. When the voltage at the point A increases up to a threshold voltage level Vs determined by the reference voltage source ZD1, the voltage at the point B becomes "L", and the capacitor C4 is discharged. The time when the voltage at point B becomes "H" is determined by the pulse power supply source circuit 3 irrespective of the output pulse of the pulse signal generating circuit. The control of the power application to the heat generating layer 28 is effected by changing the periods of the pulse signals (X and Y in Figure 4).

[0031] As shown by the pulse signal Z in Figure 4, even when the on-pulse signal is beyond necessity or is produced always due to erroneous operation of the pulse signal generating circuit, the energization period is the same as in the normal condition. That is, the pulse power supply source circuit 3 functions also as a safety circuit for limiting the energization pulse width.

[0032] The description will be made as to the energization pulse width of the pulse supply source circuit 3 when the voltage of the utility or commercial power source 5 changes. When the voltage of the source changes, the voltage Vc across the rectification smoother capacitor C₁ changes. The voltage change at the point A at this time is shown in Figure 5.

[0033] As will be understood from Figure 5, when the input voltage is high, the time required for the threshold voltage Vs to be reached is short, while on the other hand when it is low, the time required therefor is long. The heater 1 is energized until the voltage at the point A increases from zero to the level Vs, and therefore, the energization period is short when the input voltage is high, whereas when the input voltage is low, the energization period is long. If the threshold voltage Vs, the resistance and the capacitor influential to the energization period are selected so that the power supplied to the heater 1 is constant even when the voltage Vc changes, under the condition that the pulse signal generator 4 produces periodical pulses with constant periods, the pulse signal generating circuit can effect the constant control irrespective of the variation of the input AC voltage.

[0034] Where the resistances of the heat generating layers 28 are varied due to the variation in the manufacturing error of the heat generating resistors 28, the power supply to the heat generating layer 28 changes even if the same pulse energization is effected from the pulse supply source circuit 3. However, the pulse signal generating circuit can perform the constant control even when the heat generating layer 28 has a different resistance, by adjusting the resistor VR₁ in accordance with the resistance of the heat generating layer 28 to change the time constant τ₁ of the charging circuit so that when the resistance of the heat generating layer 28 is large the time required for reaching the threshold level Vs is long, and when it is small, the time required therefor is short.

[0035] In the pulse supply source circuit 3 of this embodiment, as described hereinbefore, the energization pulse width changes so that the power supplied to the heat generating layer 28 is constant. Since, however, it is not possible to enlarge the energization pulse width beyond 100 % of the pulse duty ratio Dp, the input voltage and the resistance of the heat generating layer 28 can not be corrected, as the case may be, and therefore, the desired energy can not be supplied. In consideration of this, the central value RLO of the resistance of the heat generating layer 28 is limited in the following manner.

[0036] The maximum required power Wmax during the temperature control of the heat generating layer 28, a voltage Vco which is the voltage of Vc when the utility AC voltage takes the reference level, a voltage Vcmin which is the voltage of Vc when the AC voltage is minimum, the central value RLO of the resistance of the heat generating layer, a maximum resistance RLmax of the resistance of the heat generating layer 28 due to the manufacturing variation, a pulse duty ratio Dpo providing the maximum power Wmax when the voltage is Vco, and when the central value is RLO, and a pulse duty ratio Dpmax providing the maximum power Wmax when the voltage is Vcmin, and when the central value is RLmax, are to satisfy:

[0037] This is because the controllable range is defined by Dpmax ≦ 100 %.

[0038] Then, the following results:

[0039] When the pulse duty ratio Dpo is determined, the central value RLO of the resistance of the heat generating layer 28 is:

[0040] Thus, the central value of the heat generating layer 28 is determined on the basis of the pulse duty ratio Dpo and the maximum required power Wmax. In the experiments,

Vcmin

= 106 V

Vco

= 128 V.

[0041] When the reference level of the input AC voltage was 100 V, the minimum level thereof was 85 V, the variation of the resistance was within 10 %, and the maximum required power Wmax was 400 W.

[0042] Therefore, Dpo ≦ 62 %.

[0043] At this time, RLO ≦ 25.39 ohm.

[0044] In this embodiment, the power source circuit for supplying pulsewise power in synchronism with an output of the control circuit; a charging circuit including a capacitor and resistance is provided in the power source circuit; when the input AC voltage changes, the charging property of the charging circuit changes; the pulsewise energization period changes in accordance with the change in the charging property; and in the control circuit, the output pulse period is changed to control the heater temperature. Therefore, even if the input voltage changes, the change can be easily compensated by the same control means.

[0045] In addition, the energization period of the power source circuit for the pulsewise energization in synchronism with an output signal of the pulse signal generator 4 is adjustable in accordance with the resistance of the heat generating layer 28, and the control is effected by changing the output pulse period of the pulse generator 4. Therefore, the variation in the resistances in the heat generating layers 28 can be easily compensated.

[0046] Referring to Figure 6, a further embodiment of the present invention will be described. In this Figure, the fixing apparatus comprises a heater 21 including a heat generating resistor 28 and an electrode 28b on a base plate (made of alumina or glass). The heater 21 is supplied with electric power from a power source 12. The apparatus further comprises a pulse generator for generating control signals for pulsewisely energizing the heater 21 in accordance with the temperature of the base plate of the heater 21, a safety circuit 14 for stopping the power supply in accordance with the period of the pulsewise power supply and the pulsewise energization period, and a thermister 2 for measuring the temperature of the base plate and supplying the temperature information to the pulse signal generator 13.

[0047] Figure 7 shows the details of the power source circuit 12 containing the safety circuit 14 of Figure 6. In this embodiment, the safety circuit 14 includes a current fuse FU1.

[0048] The AC input voltage is rectified by a diode bridge D₁, and is smoothed by the capacitor C₁. The output signal of the pulse signal generator 13 is supplied to a photocoupler Q₃ in the power source 12. In response to the signal, the driving circuit Q₁ drives an energization controlling switching element Q₂ for supplying power to the heat generating resistor 28 of the heater 21. The pulse signal generator 13 changes the pulse signal in accordance with the output level of the thermister 2 disposed closely to the heater 21 so as to control the power supply to the resistor 28.

[0049] When the pulsewise energization is performed, the average current I to the resistor 28 is proportional to a ratio of the pulse width (energization period) and the pulse period (pulse duty ratio). The maximum level Imax of the current I is determined by a resistance RH of the resistor 28, a voltage Vc1 across the capacitor C₁ and an on-set voltage VDS of the switching element Q₂, as follows:

[0050] When the pulse duty ratio Dp, the current I is:

[0051] Figure 8 shows an operation of the safety circuit 14 described above. In Figure 8, reference characters A, B and C designate the power supply to the heater with the pulse signals having the duty ratios 20 %, 30 % and 60 %, respectively. The reference character D designates the case wherein the heater is always supplied with power due to erroneous operation of the pulse signal generator 13 or the like. As shown by the average current I in this figure, if the safety circuit 14 is not employed, the current I increases in the order of A, B and C, and the maximum current Imax is reached in the D state. When, on the other hand, the safety circuit 14 of this embodiment is used, the power supply to the heater 21 is shut as indicated by the average current II in Figure 8. The fuse FU1 blows out when the current is Ishut.

[0052] It is preferable that the current Ip at the time of the required maximum duty ratio Dpmax during the pulse energization temperature control operation is smaller than the current Ishut. By doing so, the power supply to the resistor 28 can be made similar to the conventional apparatus under normal conditions, but when the pulse duty ratio becomes large due to an erroneous operation or the like, the fuse FU1 shuts the power supply circuit, thus preventing overheating and the damage of the heat generating resistor 28 of the heater 21.

[0053] Figure 9 shows a pulse width limiting safety circuit 11 which is usable in this embodiment. If this is incorporated in this embodiment, the pulse width limiting safety circuit 11 limits the pulse width in the case of the energization at all times (D of Figure 8), and therefore the fuse FU1 does not blow out.

[0054] Figure 9 shows a further embodiment of the present invention, wherein in place of the current fuse FU1, use is made of an f-V converter 31, a switching element 32, a comparator 33 and other elements, by which when the voltage exceeds a predetermined level, the switching element 32 is switched off. According to this embodiment, the shutting circuit uses a switching element 32 such as a semiconductor or relay or the like, and therefore, there is no necessity of exchanging a part or parts even after the occurrence of the erroneous pulse.

[0055] While the invention has been described with reference to the structures disclosed herein, it is not confined to the details set forth and this application is intended to cover such modifications or changes as may come within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

1. An image fixing apparatus, comprising:
a heater (21) having a linear heat generating layer (28);
a film (23) movable together with a recording material (P) carrying thereon a toner image (T) which is heated by heat generated by said heat generating layer through said film;
energizing means (3, 4) for pulsewisely energizing said heat generating layer (28) and for controlling the pulse width of the pulsewise energization in accordance with the voltage level of power supplied to the energizing means so that the power supplied to said heat generating layer (28) is substantially constant irrespective of said voltage level.

2. An image fixing apparatus, comprising:
a heater (21) having a linear heat generating layer (28);
a film (23) movable together with a recording material (P) carrying thereon a toner image (T) which is heated by heat generated by said heat generating layer (28) through said film (23);
energizing means (3, 4) for pulsewisely energizing said heat generating layer (28);
temperature detecting means (2) for detecting the temperature of said heater (21);
wherein said energizing means (3, 4) controls a duty ratio as the ratio of the pulse width to the pulse period in accordance with an output of said temperature detecting means (2); and
wherein a conveying speed Vp of the recording material (P), a width d of said heat generating layer (28) and energization period Tmax in which a minimum energy is supplied, satisfy:

3. An apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising pressing means (22) for imparting urging force upon said heater (21), said film (23) and said recording material (P).

4. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein said heat generating layer (28) extends in a direction substantially perpendicular to the movement direction of said recording material (P).

5. An apparatus according to any one of the claims 1 to 4, wherein said energizing means (3, 4) includes limiting means (R2, R3, C5, D2) for limiting the pulse width of the pulsewise energization.

6. An apparatus according to any one of the claims 1 to 5, wherein the pulse width is determined by a resistor (R5, R6), a capacitor (C4) and a reference voltage source (ZD1) in accordance with a pulse signal.

7. An apparatus according to any one of the claims 1 to 5, wherein said heater (21) is fixed during its fixing operation, and said film (23) slides on said heater (21).

8. An apparatus according to any one of the claims 1 to 7, being arranged so that during a fixing operation, there is no air layer between said heat generating layer (28) and the toner image (T).

9. An apparatus according to any one of the claims 1, 3 or 8, being arranged so that the pulse width is constant during the fixing operation.

Ansprüche

1. Bildfixiergerät mit
   einer Heizvorrichtung (21) mit einer linearen Heizschicht (28),
   einem Film (23), der zusammen mit einem Aufzeichnungsmaterial (P) bewegbar ist, das ein Tonerbild (T) trägt, welches durch von der Heizschicht erzeugte Wärme durch den Film hindurch erwärmt wird,
   einer Speise-Einrichtung (3, 4) zum impulsweisen Speisen der Heizschicht (28) und zum Steuern der Impulsbreite der impulsweisen Speisung gemäß dem Pegel der der Speise-Einrichtung zugeführten Speisepannung derart, daß die durch die Heizschicht (28) aufgenommene Leistung unabängig von dem Spannungspegel im wesentlichen konstant ist.

2. Bildfixiergerät mit
   einer Heizvorrichtung (21) mit einer linearen Heizschicht (28),
   einem Film (23), der zusammen mit einem Aufzeichnungsmaterial (P) bewegbar ist, das ein Tonerbild (T) trägt, welches durch von der Heizschicht (28) erzeugte Wärme durch den Film (23) hindurch erwärmt wird,
   einer Speise-Einrichtung (3, 4) zum impulsweisen Speisen der Heizschicht (28),
   einer Temperatur-Erfassungseinrichtung (2) zum Erfassen der Temperatur der Heizvorrichtung (21),
   wobei die Speise-Einrichtung (3, 4) ein Einschaltverhältnis als Verhältnis der Impulsbreite zur Impulsperiode gemäß einem Ausgangssignal aus der Temperatur-Erfassungseinrichtung (2) regelt, und
   wobei eine Transportgeschwindigkeit Vp des Aufzeichnungsmaterials (P), eine Breite d der Heizschicht (28) und eine Einschaltdauer Tmax, in der eine Mindestenergie zugeführt wird, folgende Bedingung erfüllen:

3. Gerät nach Anspruch 1 oder 2 mit einer Andrückvorrichtung (22) zum Ausüben einer Andrückkraft auf die Heizvorrichtung (21), den Film (23) und das Aufzeichnungsmaterial (P).

4. Gerät nach Anspruch 3, wobei die Heizschicht (28) sich in eine Richtung erstreckt, die im wesentlichen senkrecht zu der Bewegungsrichtung des Aufzeichnungsmaterials (P) ist.

5. Gerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, wobei die Speise-Einrichtung (3, 4) eine Begrenzungseinrichtung (R2, R3, C5, D2) zum Begrenzen der Impulsbreite der impulsweisen Speisung enthält.

6. Gerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, wobei die Impulsbreite durch einen Widerstand (R5, R6), einen Kondensator (C4) und eine Referenzspannungsquelle (ZD1) gemäß einem Impulssignal bestimmt ist.

7. Gerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, wobei die Heizvorrichtung (21) während ihres Fixiervorgangs fest ist und der Film (23) an der Heizvorrichtung (21) vorbeigleitet.

8. Gerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, das derart angeordnet ist, daß sich während eines Fixiervorgangs keine Luftschicht zwischen der Heizschicht (28) und dem Tonerbild (T) befindet.

9. Gerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1, 3 oder 8, das derart angeordnet ist, daß die Impulsbreite während des Fixiervorgangs konstant ist.

Revendications

1. Appareil de fixage d'images, comportant :
   un élément chauffant (21) ayant une couche linéaire (28) de génération de chaleur ;
   un film (23) mobile en même temps qu'un milieu d'enregistrement (P) transportant sur lui une image en toner (T) qui est chauffée par la chaleur générée par ladite couche de génération de chaleur à travers ledit film ;
   des moyens d'excitation (3, 4) destinés à exciter par impulsions ladite couche (28) de génération de chaleur et à commander la largeur des impulsions de l'excitation par impulsions en fonction du niveau de tension de l'énergie fournie aux moyens d'excitation afin que l'énergie fournie à ladite couche (28) de génération de chaleur soit sensiblement constante quel que soit ledit niveau de tension.

2. Appareil de fixage d'images, comportant :
   un élément chauffant (21) ayant une couche linéaire (28) de génération de chaleur ;
   un film (23) mobile avec un milieu d'enregistrement (P) portant sur lui une image en toner (T) qui est chauffée par de la chaleur générée par ladite couche (28) de génération de chaleur à travers ledit film (23) ;
   des moyens d'excitation (3,4) destinés à exciter par impulsions ladite couche (28) de génération de chaleur ;
   des moyens (2) de détection de température destinés à détecter la température dudit élément chauffant (21) ;
   dans lequel lesdits moyens d'excitation (3, 4) commandent un rapport cyclique en tant que rapport de la largeur des impulsions à la période des impulsions conformément à un signal de sortie desdits moyens (2) de détection de température ; et
   dans lequel une vitesse de transport Vp du milieu d'enregistrement (P), une largeur d de ladite couche (28) de génération de chaleur et une période d'excitation Tmax pendant laquelle une énergie minimale est fournie, satisfont :

3. Appareil selon la revendication 1 ou 2, comportant en outre des moyens presseurs (22) destinés à appliquer une force de sollicitation sur ledit élément chauffant (21), ledit film (23) et ledit milieu d'enregistrement (P).

4. Appareil selon la revendication 3, dans lequel ladite couche (28) de génération de chaleur s'étend dans une direction sensiblement perpendiculaire à la direction du mouvement dudit milieu d'enregistrement (P).

5. Appareil selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, dans lequel lesdits moyens d'excitation (3, 4) comprennent des moyens de limitation (R2, R3, C5, D2) destinés à limiter la largeur des impulsions de l'excitation par impulsions.

6. Appareil selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, dans lequel la largeur des impulsions est déterminée par une résistance (R5, R6), un condensateur (C4) et une source (ZD1) de tension de référence conformément à un signal à impulsions.

7. Appareil selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, dans lequel ledit élément chauffant (21) est fixe durant son opération de fixage, et ledit film (23) glisse sur ledit élément chauffant (21).

8. Appareil selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, agencé de manière que, durant une opération de fixage, il n'y ait aucune couche d'air entre ladite couche (28) de génération de chaleur et l'image en toner (T).

9. Appareil selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1, 3 ou 8, agencé de manière que la largeur des impulsions soit constante durant l'opération de fixage.

Drawing