Supply circuits for discharge lamps

Description

[0001] This invention relates to a supply circuit for powering a discharge lamp from an a.c. supply, the circuit including an inductive ballast and an impedance for serial connection with the lamp.

[0002] When discharge lamps are powered from an a.c. supply flicker at the frequency of the supply can cause considerable annoyance. Such flicker generally arises from asymmetries in either the supply waveform, the construction and operation of the lamp itself or in the associated circuitry.

[0003] One known method of alleviating the problem of flicker is to drive the lamp from a high frequency voltage derived from the A.C. supply via appropriate circuitry, for example power FETs. While such an arrangement has the advantage of considerable reduction in flicker together with increased efficiency the circuitry required is, at present, relatively expensive. Furthermore there are problems in controlling the high voltages needed to start the lamp and subsequently drive it using such high frequency voltages.

[0004] DE-A-2417594 discloses a supply circuit of the general kind defined in the first paragraph. This known circuit powers at least two discharge lamps in such a manner that flicker therefrom occurs at different phases, so that, overall, flickerless operation is achieved.

[0005] It is an object of the present invention to provide a supply circuit for powering a discharge lamp which at least alleviates the problems of flicker, but does not involve the use of high frequency voltages or require the use of at least two discharge lamps.

[0006] According to the present invention a supply circuit as defined in the first paragraph is characterized in that the impedance is controllable and in that the circuit further includes monitoring means for monitoring the amplitude of the component of the power consumed by the lamp which is at the frequency of the a.c. supply, and means for controlling the variable impedance and thereby changing the rate of change of current in the inductive ballast in the course of each cycle of the a.c. supply in dependence upon the output of the monitoring means to substantially reduce the relative amplitude of said component and thereby the flicker of the lamp at said frequency.

[0007] Preferably the monitoring means comprises light sensing means.

[0008] Alternatively the monitoring means may be arranged to monitor the D.C. current through the lamp.

[0009] Preferably the circuit is arranged so that the voltage across the controllable impedance is used to power the circuitry of the monitoring means in operation.

[0010] Thus no additional power supply will be needed.

[0011] Two supply circuits in accordance with the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of a conventional supply circuit for a discharge lamp;

Figure 2 illustrates the light output of the discharge lamp incorporated in the circuit of Figure 1;

Figure 3 is a schematic illustration of a first circuit in accordance with the invention which illustrates the principle of the present invention;

Figure 4 shows the lamp voltage and lamp power of the lamp incorporated in the circuit of Figure 3;

Figure 5 illustrates the variation in the phase of the flicker as a function of the timing of the operation of the switch in Figure 3;

Figure 6 illustrates the variation of the magnitude of the flicker as a function of the timing of the operation of the switch in Figure 3;

Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of a second circuit in accordance with the invention;

Figure 8 shows part of the circuit of Figure 7 in more detail;

Figure 9 shows part of the circuit shown in Figure 8 in more detail;

Figure 10 shows a first waveform for use in a Fourier analysis technique used in a circuit in accordance with the invention;

Figure 11 shows a second waveform for use in the Fourier analysis technique; and

Figure 12 shows a third alternative waveform for use in the Fourier analysis technique.

[0012] Referring firstly to Figure 1, the circuit shown is a typically conventional supply circuit for a high pressure discharge lamp. The circuit comprises the high pressure discharge lamp 1 connected across an A.C. supply 3, typically a 50 Hz 240 volt mains supply. A ballast inductor 5 is connected in series on the live supply rail between the supply 3 and the lamp 1, a starting circuit 7 being connected across the lamp 1. A power factor correction capacitor 9 is connected across the supply 3. In use of the circuit the starting circuit 7 causes the lamp 1 to strike by inducing high voltage spikes. The voltage across the lamp 1 then falls to the normal running voltage.

[0013] When lamps are operated on a.c. supplies there is a cyclic variation in light output of twice the supply frequency. On 50 Hz supplies the effect is a 100 Hz flicker which is not normally visible.

[0014] Referring now also to Figure 2 the lamp light output from such a circuit is of the general form shown in this figure although the magnitude of the flicker has been slightly exaggerated for the sake of clarity. It will be seen from this figure that the lamp light output reduces in magnitude at time intervals corresponding to every other half cycle of the supply voltage, resulting in a 50 Hz flicker component which is highly visible, this being due to asymmetries within the circuit or the lamp. The purpose of the instant invention is to substantially eliminate the supply frequency of flicker that is at 50 Hz.

[0015] Referring now also to Figure 3, in a circuit in accordance with the invention additional circuitry is provided to the circuit shown in Figure 1 in order to alleviate the effect of flicker. Thus in the circuit shown in Figure 3 in which the corresponding components to those in Figure 1 are accordingly labelled, between the lamp 1 and the neutral rail there is provided a parallel arrangement of two back to back zener diodes 11, 13 and a switch 15. The switch, whose form will be described in more detail hereafter, is arranged to open at times within each mains cycle dependent on the flicker of the lamp 1. The effect of this is that the voltage on the lamp side of the inductor 5 changes from the arc voltage of typically 100 volts to a slightly greater voltage, typically 110 volts. This in turn changes the rate of change of current through the inductor 5 which changes the current waveform and hence the light output of the lamp 1. It will be seen that if the switch is opened for a period during each positive half cycle of current a 50 Hz component of power and therefore of light output is developed in the lamp. If however the switch is opened during negative half cycles only, an antiphase component is developed. Thus a component may be induced which reduces a component of any existing flicker enabling an equal lamp power to be developed over all cycles of the supply as shown in Figure 4.

[0016] Referring now also to Figures 5 and 6 it will be understood that the timing and duration of the opening of the switch 15 is critical in the reduction of flicker. As can be seen in Figure 5 in the particular example shown the phase of the flicker varies by 17 degrees dependent on when, within a half cycle of the mains waveform the switch 15 is operated across a half cycle of the mains. As can be seen in Figure 6, the magnitude of the flicker also varies slightly dependent on the timing of the opening of the switch 5 within the AC half cycle. In order to achieve the required cancellation of flicker two vectors are combined, one being approximately minimum phase and the other maximum phase. The maximum phase vector is generated by opening the switch 15 when the current is close to zero. The length of this vector is proportional to the length of time the switch 15 is left open. Similarly by opening the switch 15 when the current is close to maximum a second vector can be generated. It will be seen that because both positive and negative current cycles are produced these vectors can be controlled from positive through zero to negative. Thus by an appropriate combination of these two vectors with their relative phase of 17 degrees a vector representing the flicker can be cancelled. Generally orthogonal vectors will be used, these orthogonal control vectors being generated from available vectors, 17 degrees out of phase by matrixing. Thus using an appropriate feed back control circuit the flicker can be reduced to substantially zero. It will be appreciated that ideally the switch when shut should have zero impedance so as to minimise power dissipation. In practice however this may not always be the case.

[0017] Referring now to Figure 7 the second circuit in accordance with the invention to be described operates on the same principle as the first circuit. The two zener diodes 11, 13 of the first circuit however are replaced by a single zener diode 17 connected across the output of a rectifier in the form of a diode bridge 19. The diode bridge 19 ensures that although the current through the lamp changes sign, the current across the zener 17 is always in one direction. Thus the voltage across the switch 15 is always of one polarity, making the control of this voltage easier.

[0018] Referring now to Figure 8 the switch 15 is suitably constituted by a VMOS FET 21 which is driven by a low power integrated circuit 23. The integrated circuit 23 controls the FET 21 to be open for at least a small part of each half cycle of the supply voltage. This ensures that some rectified 10 volt pulses appear across the zener diode 17 with these pulses powering the integrated circuit 23. The timing of these pulses suitably is arranged to be at current zero-crossing times since power consumed will then be a minimum, a trigger input to the integrated circuit 23 allowing mains synchronisation.

[0019] It will be noticed that the circuitry contained within the dotted box 24 indicated in Figure 8 has only two terminals and thus can be provided as a unit to be readily connected in series with a lamp in existing installations.
Referring now also to Figure 9 the integrated circuit includes a series arrangement of a charge subtraction circuit 34 comprising four transistors 25, 27, 29, 31 and a photodiode 33 connected across the outputs of the rectifier 19 i.e. the voltage rails Vdd, Vss. The photodiode 33 is aranged such that it is responsive to light emitted by the lamp 1, a suitable viewing window being provided adjacent the photodiode within the unit containing the circuitry contained within the box 24. A J-K flip-flop 35 is connected via a Schmitt trigger circuit 37 to the node between the photodiode 33 and transistor arrangement 25, 27, 29, 31. The flip-flop 35 has outputs Q and Q which are arranged to address the gates of the four transistors 25, 27, 29, 31, the flip-flop 35 being clocked by a system clock 38. The four FETs 25, 27, 29, 31 thus switch small capacitors 39, 41 between the photodiode 33 and the ground rail Vss alternately. Every time Q and Q change, this being dependent on the value of the JK inputs to the flip-flop 35 one of the capacitors 39 or 41 is discharged to ground and the other capacitor 41 or 39 is charged up to the voltage of the photodiode 33. This then enables the discharge of the photodiode 33 towards ground by a known amount which depends on the relative capacitance of the small capacitor 41 or 39 and the photodiode 33. Light from the lamp 1 falling on the photodiode 33 results in a photo current which charges the photodiode 33 away from ground. When the photodiode voltage exceeds the threshold of the Schmitt trigger circuit 37, the JK inputs to the flip-flop 35 go high, thereby causing Q and Q to change on the next clock pulse edge. This in turn causes the grounded capacitor 39 or 41 to be connected to the photodiode 33 thus bringing the photodiode voltage back below the Schmitt threshold. As a result of this the output of the flip-flop 35 alternates at a frequency which is directly proportional to the intensity of the light falling on the photodiode 33. Thus a counter (not shown) connected to the integrated circuit 23 would display a count proportional to the light falling on the photodiode 33 integrated over a chosen counting period. A voltage derived from the flicker component in the output of the flip-flop 35 is used to control the conductance of the FET 21 to thereby reduce the 50 Hz flicker in the lamp 1.

[0020] Referring now to Figures 10, 11 and 12 in order to detect the flicker component in the repetitive waveform of the supply in the frequency output of the flip-flop 35 the waveform is multiplied by a sinusoidal function of the same frequency and phase as the supply waveform and the result integrated over the repetition period i.e. Fourier analysed. The ideal multiplication waveform is the sine wave shown in Figure 10. This may however be replaced by the approximation of the square wave shown in Figure 11. Thus the frequency count over one half of the supply cycle will be subtracted from the frequency count over the other half to give a flicker component. The disadvantage of such an arrangement however is the spurious response at odd harmonica of the supply frequency, for example 150 Hz and 250 Hz flicker might be responded to, the circuit thus generating a spurious 50 Hz pulse. In such an event waveforms of the type shown in Figure 12 may be used. This may be readily implemented by using a divide by two circuit to halve the frequency output of the flip flop 35 at selected times within the supply waveform cycle. For example, if over half a cycle the times allocated for multiplications of 1/2, 1 and then 1/2 are in the ratio 1:1:1, the spurious 150 Hz response will be reduced to zero. If however these times are in the ratio 1:2:1, both the 150 Hz and 250 Hz responses will be reduced by a factor of about 6. As, however, symmetric lamps will have flicker at only even harmonics of the supply frequency this is unlikely to be a major problem.

[0021] It will be appreciated that whilst the rate of change of the output of the flip-flop 35 will vary as the detected light intensity, this frequency output cannot be greater than the frequency of the system clock 38.

[0022] Thus the clock rate of the flip-flop 35 is determined by the necessity to measure flicker accurately. It is found however that the system clock rate can be kept down to around 1 MHz. Such a clock rate will allow a light count of a few thousand over a quarter of a mains cycle and will minimise the power consumption of the integrated circuit 23. In order to further reduce the necessary clock rate additional photodiodes (not shown) may be connected in parallel with the photodiode 33. Alternatively different values of small capacitors 39, 41 may be switched in. In order to accommodate a wide range of conditions such as widely different lamps, different light mountings or dirt on the sensing window to the photodiode it would be advantageous if this could be performed automatically dependent on the light count using an appropriate feedback circuit.

[0023] It will be appreciated that some means must be provided for enabling light from the lamp to fall on the light sensing means. This does not necessarily mean however, that a direct window between the lamp and the light sensing means will be necessary. One alternative which avoids the problem of the chip exposure to ultra violet radiation and heat radiation is to use a transparent fluorescent fibre to connect the lamp to the light sensing means. Most of the length of the fibre will be exposed to the lamp light causing it to fluoresce. The resultant light will be transinitted down the fibre, one end of which is coupled to the light detection means. This arrangement would be particularly convenient for sensing light from an extended source such as a compact fluorescent tube.

[0024] It will be appreciated that whilst in the particular circuits described herebefore the lamp is a high pressure discharge lamp, the invention is applicable to other types of gas discharge lamps as long as the flicker is not spacially variant over the lamp, or, where there is some spatial variation in flicker, if light from the part of the lamp giving rise to a different flicker component can be shielded from the light sensing means.

[0025] It will also be appreciated that whilst it is particularly convenient to detect the flicker by means of the lamp light output there are alternative methods of detecting the flicker. One such method is to monitor the D.C. current through the lamp which will in itself be an indication of the flicker of the lamp. If the flicker is predominantly of one phase, an approximate correction can then readily be made to the current waveform through the lamp so as to reduce the DC current by varying an impedance in series with the lamp at an appropriate time within the mains half cycle.

[0026] It will also be appreciated that whilst the circuits for monitoring the amplitude of the supply frequency component of the power of the lamp described herebefore is a digital circuit, an analogue circuit may be used instead. It is however particularly advantageous to use a digital implementation as an analogue implementation is likely to require more components which can not be incorporated in an integrated circuit. Furthermore an analogue implementation will be more prone to outside interference.

Claims

1. A supply circuit for powering a discharge lamp (1) from an a.c. supply (3), the circuit including an inductive ballast (5) and an impedance (11, 13, 15; 15, 17, 19; 17, 19, 21) for serial connection with the lamp, characterised in that the impedance is controllable and in that the circuit further includes monitoring means (25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41) for monitoring the amplitude of the component of the power consumed by the lamp which is at the frequency of the a.c. supply, and means (23) for controlling the variable impedance and thereby changing the rate of change of current in the inductive ballast in the course of each cycle of the a.c. supply in dependence upon the output of the monitoring means to substantially reduce the relative amplitude of said component and thereby the flicker of the lamp at said frequency.

2. A supply circuit according to Claim 1 wherein the monitoring means comprises light sensing means (33).

3. A supply circuit according to Claim 2 wherein the monitoring means includes means for transferring light from the lamp, when in use, to fall on to the light sensing means (33).

4. A supply circuit according to Claim 3 wherein the light sensing means (33) is a photodiode.

5. A supply circuit according to Claim 3 or Claim 4 wherein the means for transferring light from the lamp is a transparent fluorescent fibre.

6. A supply circuit according to any preceding claim, arranged such that the voltage across the controllable impedance is used to power the circuitry of the monitoring means in operation.

7. A supply circuit according to any preceding claim wherein the controllable impedance is provided by a parallel arrangement of a single Zener diode (17) and a controllable switch (15; 21), which parallel arrangement is connected across the output of a rectifier in the form of a diode bridge (19).

8. A supply circuit according to Claim 1, wherein the controllable impedance is provided by a parallel arrangement of two back-to-back Zener diodes (11,13) and a switch (15).

9. A supply circuit according to Claim 7 or Claim 8, wherein the controllable switch is constituted by a MOSFET (21).

10. A supply circuit according to Claim 1, wherein the monitoring means is arranged to monitor the d.c. current through the lamp.

Ansprüche

1. Schaltung zur Stromversorgung einer Entladungslampe (1) aus einer Wechselstromquelle (3), die ein induktives Vorschaltgerät (5) und eine Impedanz (11, 13, 15, 17, 19; 17, 19, 21) in Reihenschaltung mit der Lampe enthält, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Impedanz steuerbar ist, und daß die Schaltung ferner Überwachungsmittel (25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41) zur Überwachung der Komponente des von der Lampe verbrauchten Stroms, die die Frequenz der Wechselstromquelle hat, aufweist, sowie Mittel (23) zur Steuerung der veränderbaren Impedanz, und damit zur Änderung der Änderungsrate des Stroms in dem induktiven Vorschaltgerät im Verlaufe jeder Periode der Wechselstromquelle in Abhängigkeit vom Ausgang der Überwachungsmittel, um die relative Amplitude der Komponente, und damit das Flackern der Lampe mit der genannten Frequenz nennenswert zu vermindern.

2. Stromversorgungsschaltung nach Anspruch 1, bei der die Überwachungsmittel Lichtsensormittel (33) umfassen.

3. Stromversorgungsschaltung nach Anspruch 2, bei der die Überwachungsmittel Mittel enthalten, um beim Gebrauch der Lampe von dieser Licht auf die Lichtsensormittel (33) zu übertragen.

4. Stromversorgungsschaltung nach Anspruch 2, bei der die Lichtsensormittel (33) aus einer Photodiode bestehen.

5. Stromversorgungsschaltung nach Anspruch 3 oder 4, bei der die Mittel zur Übertragung von Licht von der Lampe aus einer durchsichtigen Fluoreszenz-Faser bestehen.

6. Stromversorgungsschaltung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, die so ausgebildet ist, daß die Spannung an der steuerbaren Impedanz dazu verwendet wird, die Schaltung der Überwachungsmittel im Betrieb mit Strom zu versorgen.

7. Stromversorgungsschaltung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei der die steuerbare Impedanz als Parallelanordnung einer einzelnen ZENER-Diode (17) und eines steuerbaren Schalters (15; 21) vorgesehen ist, wobei die Parallelanordnung an dem Ausgang eines Gleichrichters in Form einer Diodenbrücke (19) liegt.

8. Stromversorgungsschaltung nach Anspruch 1, bei der die steuerbare Impedanz als Parallelanaordnung von zwei gegensinnig verbundenen ZENER-Dioden (11, 13) und einem Schalter (15) vorgesehen ist.

9. Stromversorgungsschaltung nach Anspruch 7 oder 8, bei der der steuerbare Schalter aus einem MOSFET (21) besteht.

10. Stromversorgungsschaltung nach Anspruch 1, bei der die Überwachungsmittel so angeordnet sind, daß sie die Gleichstromkomponente durch die Lampe überwachen.

Revendications

1. Circuit d'alimentation pour alimenter une lampe à décharge (1) à partir d'une alimentation en courant alternatif (3), le circuit comprenant un ballast inductif (5) et un impédance (11, 13, 15; 15, 17, 19; 17, 19, 21) destinés à être connectés en série avec la lampe, caractérisé en ce que l'impédance peut être commandée et en ce que le circuit comprend également des moyens de surveillance (25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41) pour surveiller l'amplitude de la composante de puissance consommée par la lampe qui est à la fréquence de l'alimentation de courant alternatif, et des moyens (23) pour commander l'impédance variable afin de modifier ainsi la vitesse de variation du courant dans le ballast inductif au cours de chaque cycle de l'alimentation en courant alternatif en fonction de la sortie des moyens de surveillance afin de réduire sensiblement l'amplitude relative de ladite composante et ainsi le scintillement de la lampe à ladite fréquence.

2. Circuit d'alimentation selon la revendication 1, dans lequel les moyens de surveillance comprennent des moyens de détection de lumière (33).

3. Circuit d'alimentation selon la revendication 2, dans lequel les moyens de surveillance comprennent des moyens pour transférer de la lumière provenant de la lampe, lorsque cette dernière est en service, de façon que ladite lumière atteigne les moyens de détection de lumière (33).

4. Circuit d'alimentation selon la revendication 2, dans lequel le moyen de détection de lumière (33) est constitué par une photodiode.

5. Circuit d'alimentation selon la revendication 3 ou 4, dans lequel les moyens pour transférer de la lumière à partir de la lampe sont constitués par une fibre transparente fluorescente.

6. Circuit d'alimentation selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, prévu de telle manière que la tension à travers l'impédance pouvant être commandée est utilisée pour alimenter les circuits des moyens de surveillance lorsque ces derniers fonctionnent.

7. Circuit d'alimentation selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel l'impédance pouvant être commandée est munie d'un assemblage parallèle constitué d'une seule diode de Zéner (17) et d'un interrupteur pouvant être commandé (15; 21), ledit assemblage parallèle étant connecté entre les sorties d'un circuit de redressement sous la forme d'un pont de diodes (19).

8. Circuit d'alimentation selon la revendication 1, dans lequel l'impédance pouvant être commandée est munie d'un assemblage parallèle de deux diodes de Zéner montées dos à dos (11, 13) et d'un interrupteur (15).

9. Circuit d'alimentation selon la revendication 7 ou 8, dans lequel l'interrupteur pouvant être commandé est constitué par un transistor de type MOSFET (21).

10. Circuit d'alimentation selon la revendication 1, dans lequel les moyens de surveillance sont prévus afin de surveiller le courant continu à travers la lampe.

Drawing