Hot roll glossing

Abstract

 A method is described for transparentizing microencapsulated media material having a copolymer phenotic or vinyl glossing resin on a surface thereof. The material is applied to the nip of a pair of pressing rolls so that the resin surface comes into contact with an elastomer covered surface of a roll in the nip. The surface of the elastomer covered roll has a low surface energy. Temperature in the nip is maintained at below T_g, the free air glass transition temperature of the resin. Pressure in the nip is maintained between about 0.7 and 2.7 Kg.wt/cm.

Description

[0001] This invention relates to the glossing of thermoplastic resins on microencapsulated receiver sheets as disclosed in our U.S. Patents Nos. 4,399,209 and 4,416,966.

[0002] The art of glossing polymer resins on substrate sheets is discussed in Cowgill, U. S. Patent No. 2,554,663 issued May 29, 1951. Cowgill described the glossing of such resins in terms of the second order transition temperature of the resin (T₂), also known as the glass transition temperature (T₉). The second order transition temperature as defined by Cowgill is that temperature at which the amorphous thermoplastic resin material changes from a two dimensional liquid to a three dimensional liquid. At this point the resin is said to begin to flow more readily as the temperature is increased. As the temperature is increased, the viscosity goes down and the tackiness of the material increases.

[0003] Cowgill believed that the setting of the coating by heating to a temperature well above the second order transition temperature was essential in order to obtain satisfactory glossing. Cowgill also showed that the addition of a plasticizer could be used to lower the spread between the second order transition temperature T₂ and the actual glossing temperature, and suggested an oven for preheating the resin to a given temperature above T₂, and a roll-type casting apparatus including a heated mirror finish roll against which the web is pressed face down and wrapped about 180° and then peeled off face up and cooled. The mirror finish roll was maintained at a temperature above the glass transition temperature, by an actual amount dependent upon the amount of plasticizer employed.

[0004] Cowgill's investigation also showed that it was possible to reduce the glossing temperature with increased pressure at the nip of the pressure rolls, but that the decrease in glossing temperature as the pressure was increased from 200 to 1,500 psi (1.38 to 10.34 x 10⁶N/m²) only amounted to approximately 10^oC, where the setting temperature was already 40^oC above T₂.

[0005] With respect to the resin-coated receiver sheets of the kinds described in our above-identified patents, we have found that coalescing resin coating improves the perceived image quality by increasing colour saturation. While Cowgill was primarily interested in coating paper stock such as may be used in the manufacture of cartons and the like, and employed primarily a resin copolymer of styrene and butadiene, our current technology prefers the use of vinyl polymers and copolymers as disclosed in our U.S. Patent No. 4,877,767, or phenolic resins as disclosed in our U.S. Patent No. 4,859,651. Such phenolic resins may be metallated to improve their characteristics, and plasticizers may be employed to lower the glass transition temperature and to improve surface quality.

[0006] Such resins as currently used are obtained in a dispersed form and are roll and/or blade coated. Commonly the resin is finely ground or finely divided and dispersed in a carrier oil, and the resulting coating on the substrate, has a rather opaque, white, or milky appearance. In the processing or glossing stage, it is necessary to transparentize this coating and provide thereon a suitable smooth high gloss surface condition.

[0007] The milky or opaque appearance of the coating, prior to transparentizing, is believed to be due to the reflection and refraction of light at the uneven surface, and additionally due to the breaking up of the light at the interfaces between the carrier and the dispersed particles. The latter may be viewed as small globules or spheres of particles under a microscope at between 200 and 500 power magnification.

[0008] The copolymer has a glass transition temperature T₉ or range in which the coating constituents, each having approximately the same index of refraction, coalesce into a common surface where the individual parts can no longer be visually or optically distinguished, and one which has a minimum of residual haze and a maximum of gloss, as may be measured on a conventional gloss meter.

[0009] Substantial efforts have been expended to find glossing apparatus and methods which are compatible with the microencapsulated system, and which can provide satisfactory glossing at a throughput rate compatible with sheet development. At the present time, this rate is considered to be at least 10 ppm (pages per minute) for paper substrate and 5 ppm for overhead projection substrate (based on 8-1/2 x 11 inch - 21.59cm x 27.94cm - paper). Such investigations nave included the evaluation of hot roll as well as heated platen type glossing apparatus, and our U.S.Patent 4,807,560 issued February 28, 1989 discloses and claims satisfactory developer sheet glossing apparatus employing a heated arched plate and a casting belt.

[0010] At the same time, heated roll-type glossing apparatus was investigated, but as stated in Patent 4,807,560, less than satisfactory results were obtained. A principal drawback was the tendency of the heated resin to adhere to the hot rollers. Such adhesion not only causes misfeeds, but also causes degradation to the image and surface.

[0011] In connection with the investigation, we discovered that the portions of the sheet being glossed having the lowest image density were those portions which required the highest glossing temperature. The reason for this phenomena is not fully understood, but we believe that the dye precursor and oil released from the ruptured microcapsules may assist as a plasticizer in the film­forming characteristics of the resin. Such dye precursor and/or oil is much more abundant in the dense or darker areas than in the areas of minimum density. Therefore, it has been necessary to adjust the glossing temperature in accordance with the most difficult areas to be glossed, namely, those of minimum density. This is further exacerbated by the sticking problem when attempting to use roll-type glossers. One reason why the heated arched plate glosser of the above-identified patent was successful was due to the fact that the resin surface was formed by the surface of the belt and not the plate, and was subsequently peeled off the belt.

[0012] The apparatus employed in the tests of the heated roll glosser was published in April 1987 in Article No. 27660 in Research Disclosure, Emsworth Studios Inc., 260 West 39th Street, New York, NY 10018.

[0013] High temperature and high pressure roll-type glossing of latex coated pigment and latex coated paper stock is shown in Vreeland, U. S. Patent No. 3,873,345 issued March 25, 1975 and Vreeland divisional Patent No. 4,112,192 issued September 5, 1978. These prior art disclosures also describe the glass transition temperature phenomena T₉ and employ a hot steel roll in the gloss calendar which is maintained at a temperature in excess of T₉, and at a substantial nip pressure such as 400 pli (lbs.wt. per linear inch) - 7 X 10⁴N/m . Since mineral pigmented coatings were employed, the transparentizing of the coating was not a necessary objective, and the results were measured in terms of surface gloss. Vreeland, U. S. Patent No. 4,624,744 issued November 25, 1986 further discloses the calendering of uncoated papers under heat and pressure to provide a surface gloss, using a drum surface in excess of the glass transition temperature of the uncoated cellulose paper fibers.

[0014] Very smooth and high gloss skins of silicone rubber have been applied to rolls for the calendering of synthetic resin materials, and the rolls have been manufactured as disclosed in Nauta et al, U. S. Patent No. 4,368,240 issued January 11, 1983. The rolls as made in this reference were used in the smoothing and calendering of webs formed of synthetic thermoplastic material.

[0015] We have found that a two-roll or nip-­forming roll type transparentizer may be satisfactorily used to transparentize coatings as described in our above-­identified patents in which the resin contacting roll has a super fine high gloss, a low energy surface, and in which the resin material in the nip is elevated to a temperature (T₉) less than the free air glass transition temperature of the resin composite. It is believed that prior efforts to use roll-type heated glossers with the combination of materials as defined were unsuccessful because prior art teachings were followed which dictated the use of roll temperatures in excess of T₉ and further by reason of the failure to recognize that an extremely low energy, high gloss roll surface can be used to transparentize such material at a surface temperature less than T₉.

[0016] Energy of a surface is a measure of its wettability. A liquid, resting on a low energy surface, subtends the surface at a low angle since the drop of liquid tends to spread. On the other hand, a surface with low surface energy supports the liquid, such as a drop of water, almost as a bead, and the angle subtended between the bead and the surface is much higher as an indication of low surface energy.

[0017] The terms "surface energy" and "low surface energy" refer to the solid-vapor interface energy of a stable configuration of a liquid placed on the solid smooth surface of the roll. This energy may be expressed in dynes per centimeter. In such instances, the equilibrium shape of a liquid drop conforms to the minimum total surface and interface energy for all the phase boundaries present.

[0018] The angle between the solid surface and a tangent to the liquid surface, at the contact point, can vary between 0° and 180°. If the solid-vapor interface energy is high, the liquid will tend to spread out indefinitely to eliminate the interface, and if low, the liquid tends to form a ball having a small interface area. By "low surface energy," the angle between the solid surface and the tangent to the liquid surface at the contact point is greater than 90°, usually defined as a non-wetting surface. This may be represented by the formula cosine theta equals (solid-vapor interface energy minus solid-liquid interface energy) divided by liquid-vapor interface energy, where theta is the angle between the solid surface and the tangent to the liquid surface at the contact point. Accordingly the angle theta may also be used as measure of the surface energy.

[0019] We have discovered that the adhesion between the elastomer roll and the resin surface may be regulated or reduced to a controllable value by suitably controlling the surface energy, the surface smoothness, the pressure and the temperature in the nip, and the separation angle from the nip. we have found that highly satisfactory transparentizing can be performed by a hot-roll type glosser at satisfactory throughput speeds without permitting the resin to be cast to the surface of the elastomer roll, but merely passing it through the nip, and then releasing it immediately, by suitably controlling the exit angle.

[0020] The backing roll should be metal, and spray coated with a release coating such as Teflon, It should have a low thermal mass and a high heat transfer ability. The nip exit conditions ensure that the web does not tend to follow the surface of the elastomer roll.

[0021] In connection with our investigations, we have found that transparentizing of overhead projection material, in which the substrate may be formed of PET, rather than paper, provides a more demanding test of the method and equipment. This is apparently due to the greater flatness of the substrate as compared to paper, and its greater tendency to adhere to the surface of the elastomer roll, which tendency is believed to be due, at least in part, to the exclusion of air at such surface in the nip. Further, the criticality in the percent of reduction of haze, as measured by residual haze, is more apparent in the transparentizing of projection material than that of opaque material, such as coated paper. Also, stress cracks in the coating show up as bars on the image under projection, and the employment of a method and apparatus which reduces or prevents adherence and sticking to the elastomer roll reduces stress cracking which is more critical in the OHP material. Exit tension may be controlled, to control the release angle from the nip.

[0022] As previously mentioned, we have found that for best results the nip temperature is less than T_g by about 10^oC to 20^oC when accompanied by a pressing force of at least about 4 lbs. per linear inch (pli) ( 0.7 Kg.wt./cm) up to about 15 pli (2.7 Kg.wt./cm) or more. Good results have been obtained in the 7-15 pli (0.7 to 2.7 Kg.wt./cm) range. Pressures substantially in excess of 15 pli (2.7 Kg. wt./cm) should be avoided, to avoid sheet wrinkling and to avoid accelerating the wear on the rolls. The elastomer roll, under these conditions, should define characteristics as set out below in terms of gloss, hardness and surface energy. For satisfactory results, the residual haze should not exceed 10% and the gloss level should be at least 70% or more, as measured, for example, by a Hunter D-48-7 glossmeter, with a surface reflectance based on a scale of zero to 100.

[0023] According to the present invention, therefore, there is provided a method of transparentizing microencapsulated media material having a copolymer phenolic or vinyl glossing resin on a surface thereof in which the resin has a free air glass transition temperature of T_g and in which the material is applied to the nip of a pair of pressing rolls such that the resin surface comes into contact with an elastomer covered surface of a roll in the nip; characterised in that the surface of said elastomer covered roll has a low surface energy and in that the method includes the steps of maintaining temperature in the nip at below T_g, and maintaining pressure in the nip between about 0.7 Kg.wt/cm and 2.7 Kg.wt/cm.

[0024] Preferably, the roll surface energy is about 25 dynes per centimeter, and the nip temperature is maintained about 5^oC and 15^oC below the glass transition temperature by heating at least one of the rolls. A separation angle is formed at the exit side of the nip preferably between 0^oC and -20^oC in a direction below a neutral axis and away from the elastomer surface, to prevent adhesion or sticking of the material to that surface.

[0025] In order that the invention may be more readily understood, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 is an isometric view, partially exploded, showing a two-roll glosser or transparentizing apparatus adapted for use in a method in accordance with this invention, with some of the parts being broken away;

Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic end elevation of the apparatus of Fig. 1, with the end frame removed to show the roll profiles and the entrance and exit angles for the media material; and

Fig. 3 is a view similar to Fig. 2 showing the addition of geometry maintaining tension rolls and a guide blade.

[0026] A two-roll glosser or transparentizer is illustrated in fig. 1 as including a pair of nip-forming heated cylindrical rolls. These include an upper roll 10 and a lower roll 12 in nip-­forming relation. The rolls are suitably mounted for rotation on a frame 13 so that the lower roll 12 is fixedly mounted on bearings 14, while the upper roll 10 is mounted on arms 15 in bearings 16. The arms 15 are pivoted at pins 17 so that a pressing force, as represented by the arrows 18, may be adjustably applied, for controlling and adjusting the pressure in the nip. It is also understood that the force represented by the arrows 18 would normally be applied in the form of a loading spring or the like. A motor 19 may drive the roll 12 counterclockwise as viewed in figs. 2 and 3 with the upper roll 10 driven by friction through the nip.

[0027] Referring to fig. 2, the media or sheet material 20 is processed in the nip between the pair of rolls 10 and 12, with the upper or resin surface 22 in contact with the surface 23 of the upper roll 10.

[0028] The rolls 10 and 12 are preferably internally heated, and for this purpose, each roll may contain an elongate internal quartz-type IR lamp diagrammatically illustrated at 25 in fig. 1. The quartz lamps are operated through a temperature controller which may include a pair of surface mounted thermocouples 26 providing a suitable feedback signal to the controller.

[0029] The roll 12 may be formed with a hollow outer shell 30 carried on a pair of end discs 32. Preferably, the thermal mass of the shell 30 is relatively low and formed of material of good heat conductivity, such as aluminum. The outer surface of the shell 30 may be coated with non-stick material, such as a spray coating of Teflon, sold under the trademark SILVERSTONE by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.

[0030] The characteristics of the upper roll 10 are critical to the proper performance of the apparatus and method. Primarily, the characteristics of the outer surface 23 of the roll 10 are particularly critical, to prevent adhesion or sticking of the resin with the surface, and to provide the desired glossing and transparentizing of the resin.

[0031] The surface 23 may be formed by a gloss silicone overcoat, applied to an elastomer underlayer which is in turn applied to a metal support shell. The shell is diagrammatically illustrated at 40 in Figs. 1 and 2 and carries a silicone rubber coating on its outer surface, as illustrated by the layer 42. The main body of the layer 42 may be approximately 0.25" (0.635cm) thick, formed with minimal waviness, such as by precision grinding.

[0032] In order to provide the necessary finish, the layer 42 is surface coated with a finish coating of silicone on the order of 0.005" (0.0127cm) thick.

[0033] This final surface coating defines the outer surface 23 of the roll 10. It is believed that the surface finish should have a smoothness in the order of 16 micro-­inches (4.064 x l0⁻⁷m) or better and a very low surface energy on the order of 25 dynes per centimeter or less.

[0034] Another method of forming the surface 23 is to apply a gloss silicone overcoat, approximately 0.005" to 0.015" (0.0127 to 0.0381cm) thick, directly to the metal core 40 (Fig.2). In this case, the loss of compliance in the nip can be compensated in the design of the roll 12 (fig. 2). These gloss silicone overcoats are typically applied by spraying methods, wherein the flow characteristics of the silicone resin are controlled to form a high gloss upon heat curing.

[0035] The force 18 is preferably adjusted to provide an optimum pressure in the nip which may be from about 4 pli (0.7 Kg.wt./cm) up to about 15 pli (2.7 Kg.wt./cm) with good results obtained at 7 pli (1.25 Kg.wt./cm). We have found that the pressing force materially aids in the transparentizing of the resin coating at temperatures less than T₉ , using the rolls as described herein. A substantially lower force provides consistent glossing results, but requires a higher roll temperature. A substantially higher force causes undue distortion and lengthening of the nip and increases the tendency for adherence of the resin to the surface 23, may further contribute to cracking of the resin, and may cause unwanted wrinkling of paper substrates.

[0036] The surface temperature of each of the rolls 10 and 12 is substantially uniformly maintained by the internal infrared quartz lamps 25 and the thermocouples 26 so as to provide surface transparentizing temperatures at the nip which are in the range of between about 5°C and 25°C below T₉, with a preferred range of about between 10°C to 15°C below the glass transition temperature. With respect to the classes of resin polymers disclosed in the above-identified co-owned and co-pending applications, the glass transition temperatures fall within a range in excess of 110°, and generally between 125°C and 130°C. With such polymers, satisfactory transparentizing and glossing has been performed on paper based media material with throughput rates of 120 inches (3.048m) per minute and glossing temperatures of about 120°C. Overhead projection base material (OHP) has been satisfactorily glossed with throughput rates of 50 inches (1. 27m) per minute and a surface temperature of about 110^oC in the nip, for each of the rolls 10 and 12. In both instances, the nip pressure was about 7 pli (1.25 Kg.wt./cm)

[0037] We have also discovered that it is desirable to control the exit geometry of the web sheet material 20 to ensure that the sheet does not follow the surface 23 of the roll 10. For this purpose, a downward exit angle α of some positive value is preferred, and the angle α may be controlled by suitably controlling the tension T in the sheet or web material.

[0038] The maintenance of an exit angle α, also known as a separation angle, is more critical in the transparentizing of OHP material than paper material for good results because of the greater tendency of surface cracks to become apparent in the coats transparency material. Thus, if the angle α is too large, surface cracks can be induced. On the other hand, if the angle α is too small, random image defects can result from uncontrolled contact with the surface 23 of the upper roll 10 beyond the nip.

[0039] Fig. 3 illustrates an arrangement for maintaining the separation angle constant by maintaining a desired and constant exit tension T. First, a blade 45 may be positioned at the exit side of the nip adjacent the out-­running surface of the roll 10, to serve as a doctor or deflector blade to prevent unwanted excursions of the web 20 about the circumference of the elastomer covered roll 10 at the exit side of the nip. To minimize the friction, and hence the wear, of the surface 23 on the blade 45, it may be desirable to apply a small amount of lubricant to the surface 23. This lubricant can be low viscosity silicone oil, which also enhances the release capability of the surface. The material 20 as it leaves the nip may be gripped between a pair of pull rollers 50 which provide a constant tension to the sheet or web. The rollers 50 may be driven through some suitable means, such as a slip clutch, at the same or slightly higher speed than the surface velocity of the rolls in the nip. Good results in the transparentizing of both paper and OHP materials have been achieved with an angle α of approximately 5°.

Claims

1. A method of transparentizing microencapsulated media material having a copolymer phenolic or vinyl glossing resin on a surface thereof in which the resin has a free air glass transition temperature of T_g and in which the material is applied to the nip of a pair of pressing rolls such that the resin surface comes into contact with an elastomer covered surface of a roll in the nip; characterised in that the surface of said elastomer covered roll has a low surface energy and in that the method includes the steps of maintaining temperature in the nip at below T_g, and maintaining pressure in the nip between about 0.7 Kg.wt/cm and 2.7 Kg.wt/cm.

2. A method according to Claim 1, further characterised by said roll has a surface energy of about 25 dynes per centimeter.

3. A method according to Claims 1 or 2, further characterised in that the nip temperature is maintained between about 5°C and 15₀C below T_g by heating at least one of the rolls.

4. A method according to any preceding claim, further characterised in providing a nip separation angle at the exit side of said nip of between 0° and -20° in a direction below a neutral axis and away from said elastomer surface to prevent adhesion or sticking of the material to the surface at the off-runnlng side of the nip.

Drawing