......DEDK..FRGB..IT....NL........................JDIM360 - Ver 2.5 (21 Aug 1997) 2100000/00413103EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATIONB119940907EP90111272.2199006151991073119921204enenen890221819890619SE199409071994361991022019910819940907199436199308165 5H 01F 27/04 A 5H 01B 17/28 BdeBarriere des KondensatortypsenCondenser type barrierfrBarrière du type condensateurCH-A- 506 165Holmström, LarsStravägen 6S-77100 LudvikaSEStrandberg, Lennart.S-77012 SunnansjöSEASEA BROWN BOVERI AB0093800022 226 PEBROWN BOVERI AB, ASEA 721 83 VästerasSEBoecker, Joachim, Dr.-Ing.00002181Adelonstrasse 5865929 Frankfurt am MainDEDEDKFRGBITNL19910220199108

The invention relates to a condenser type barrier for field control of the connection of a transformer bushing to the conductor of a transformer winding according to the precharacterising part of claim 1. A similar condenser type barrier is known from the ASEA-Journal 1963, volume 36, page 23. The condenser type barrier (in the following referred to as "condenser barrier") is especially designed for transformers which are connected to high voltage converters.

If in a vessel with transformer oil two energized electrodes are positioned at a certain distance from each other, at a certain voltage a flashover will occur between the electrodes. The flashover tendency may be minimized by inserting between the electrodes an insulator body which functions as a barrier.

Transformer bushings may comprise an upper insulator and a lower insulator of electric porcelain. At the joint between these two insulators there is a flange which is connected to the transformer casing. In the centre of the bushing there is a tube on which is wound a condenser body to obtain a favourable electrical field distribution. The current can be conducted through the tube or a flexible conductor passing through the tube.

Power transformers which are used in converter plants entail special problems from the point of view of insulation, which somehow have to be overcome in order to ensure a satisfactory function.

In high voltage direct current (HVDC) plants, there is often used at least one converter per pole and station. Normally, also, several converter bridges are connected in series, with one pole of one bridge normally being connected to ground. The direct voltage potential of each bridge relative to ground is then the higher the more bridges are connected in series between the bridge under contemplation and ground.

Each bridge in the series connection is supplied with an alternating voltage from a separate transformer. With increasing direct voltage potential on the bridges relative to ground, the insulation on bushings and windings on the transformers which are connected to the bridges will also be subjected to an increasingly higher direct voltage potential with a superimposed alternating voltage. The insulation of these must therefore be dimensioned so that they are capable of withstanding the increasingly higher field strengths to which they are then subjected.

The increasing direct voltage potential leads to special problems which do not exist in transformers used for pure alternating voltage transformation.

For converter transformers, the lower insulator and the transition between the conductor of the transformer winding and the bushing present areas of problems from the point of view of insulation technique. This is described, inter alia, in "Power Transmission by Direct Current", by E. Uhlmann, Springer Verlag 1975, pages 327-328.

The electric direct voltage field has a distribution different from that of the alternating voltage field. The distribution of the direct voltage is mainly determined by the resistivity of the various insulating mediums. It is true that transformer oil, cellulose material and electric porcelain are good insulators, but a certain amount of electric current is conducted in these materials. The relation between the resistivity of cellulose material and transformer oil is about 100. This means that the cellulose in series with oil is subjected to a considerably higher field strength than the oil, which in turn, therefore, imposes demands for a sufficient amount of solid insulating material to prevent the field strength from exceeding the dielectric strength of the material. The distribution of the field strength as well as the field strength directions will thus be different from the case with alternating voltage. The current transport also entails a redistribution of charges in the insulating mediums used.

Because of the heavy dependence of the resistivity on moisture content, field strength, temperature, etc., the distribution of direct current is difficult to predict. In addition, the physical nature of the direct voltage, i. e. charge transport, charge, time-dependent behaviour, and so on, gives a picture of the insulation problems arising in connection with HVDC plants, which is very complex and difficult to interpret. In an article entitled "Space Charge and Field Distribution in Transformers under DC-stress" by U. Gäfvert and E. Spicar, CIGRE Int. Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems, 1986 Session, 12-04, the complexity of the direct voltage distribution is illustrated. As previously mentioned, problems have arisen at the connection between the transformer bushing and the conductor of the transformer winding. This has led to the lower insulator of electric porcelain having to. be removed in order to manage the stresses at the HVDC terminal at the higher voltage levels.

No simple explanation of the above phenomenon has been presented. However, there are reasons to suspect that the long surfaces which arise in connection with bushings for high voltages in combination with the direction of the field along the long surfaces are of importance in this connection. Admittedly, also the alternating voltage field is directed along the surface of the lower porcelain insulator, but its physical nature is different. One hypothesis is that the distribution of the direct voltage field runs the risk of becoming unstable and uneven along sufficiently long surfaces. Another interesting hypothesis is described in an article entitled "Effect of Duct Configuration on Oil Activity at Liquid/Solid Dielectric Interfaces" by R.E. James, F.E. Trick, R. Willoughby in Journal of Electrostatics, 12, 1982, pages 441-447. In this article it is stated that increased charge transport at surfaces caused by turbulence and access to charge is the reason for low dielectric strength.

As an example of the state of the art there may be mentioned the-condenser body in a muff for direct connection of oil cables to transformers, described, inter alia, in SE-B-214 015 and in ASEA Journal 1963, volume 36, numbers 1-2, page 23. That part of the muff which extends into the transformer is substantially formed as the lower part of a conventional transformer bushing, i. e. with a lower insulator of electric porcelain. The condenser body of the muff is here designed so as to give capacitive voltage control both inwards along the cable end coming from outside and outwards along the porcelain insulator.

The invention aims at providing a condenser type barrier for transformer bushings of the above-mentioned kind, which withstands higher voltages, particularly high direct voltages, than the previously known condenser type barriers.

To achieve this aim the invention suggests a condenser type barrier according to the introductory part of claim 1, which is characterized by the features of the characterizing part of claim 1.

Further developments of the invention are characterized by the features of the additional claims.

The condenser barrier according to the invention is particularly useful for transformers used in HVDC converter plants. The task of the condenser barrier is to overcome the flashovers which have proved to arise at the transition between transformer bushings and the conductor of the transformer. The condenser barrier is designed so as to function as a barrier with both capacitive and resistive control of the electrical field and is dimensioned so that the condenser barrier withstands the voltages and field strengths occurring in this region.

It is assumed that the transformer bushing is provided with a lower insulator which is conically tapering viewed from the flange.

It is further assumed that the conductor coming from the transformer winding and which is to be connected to the electric conductor of the bushing is surrounded by a conducting tube which has an external, wound shield of insulating material. This shield has at its end a conical shape which, in a similar manner as the lower insulator, tapers towards the lower insulator and has largely the same conicity as the lower insulator.

The condenser barrier is built up as a condenser body, i.e. it consists of an insulating material and condenser layers of foil type concentrically laid into the insulating material.

Characteristic of the condenser barrier according to the invention is substantially the geometrical shape of the condenser barrier to make it function as a barrier to both direct voltage and alternating voltage fields.

The condenser barrier is formed as a solid of revolution and has, in its ordinary embodiment, a straight circular cylindrical outer shape. However, it may be formed with a "waist" or a "belly", which influences the distribution of the direct voltage fields.

From one end the condenser barrier is formed as an inwardly directed, first straight frustum of a cone which is largely adapted to surround the lower insulator, i.e. it has its largest base area at the end of the condenser barrier. Since both the condenser barrier and the lower insulator are in an oil-filled space, the gap between the lower insulator and the first straight frustum of a cone will be oil-filled. The conicity of this first cone, however, deviates somewhat from the conicity of the lower insulator. The reason for this somewhat different conicity will be explained below. Concentrically in the condenser barrier, continuing from the smallest base area of the first straight frustum of a cone, the condenser barrier is formed as a cylindrically open space.

From the second end of the condenser barrier, the barrier is also formed as an inwardly directed, second straight frustum of a cone with a smallest base area which faces the concentric, cylindrical open space. This second cone is adapted to surround the shield on the conducting tube around the conductor extending from the transformer. Also with its second straight frustum of a cone, the condenser barrier will surround the shield with a certain oil-filled gap in between. The conicity of this second cone also deviates somewhat from the conicity of the shield.

As mentioned above, the condenser barrier is made from an insulating agent with alternately laid condenser layers to obtain the desired capacitive control of the electric alternating field. The innermost condenser layer, which is concentric with the electric conductor, has an axial length approximately corresponding to the axial length of the inner concentric, cylindrical space. Outside of this there are applied short layers, concentrically arranged in a radial direction and mutually displaced in the axial direction towards the ends of the condenser barrier. These layers are laid so that, concurrently with the increasing radius of the condenser barrier, viewed from the first innermost layer, they are laid in an axial direction so that their outer edges face the straight frustums of cones of the condenser barrier.

As mentioned previously, the direct voltage field is controlled by several factors. Thus, for example, that medium which has the lowest resistivity is field controlling. Between the lower insulator and the surrounding condenser barrier an oil gap is formed, as already mentioned. Since the oil has the lowest resistivity, most of the current is conducted in the oil gap which thus controls the field parallel to the surrounding surfaces. To obtain an even distribution of the field along these surfaces, it is therefore important that the width of the oil gap increases with decreasing radius. Otherwise, the field would be concentrated towards that part where the radius is smallest, i.e. where the axial sectional area is smallest. The conicity of the truncated cones of the condenser barrier is therefore suitably chosen such that the axial sectional area of the oil gap becomes approximately the same along the entire length of the straight frustums of cones.

Another field-controlling part is the radial distribution of the field in the condenser barrier around the innermost layer to which high voltage is applied. Between the oil gap and the mid-portion of the condenser barrier, the layers function as equipotential surfaces in the direct voltage case, which prevents a concentration of the field near the bottom of the lower insulator. It is of importance that the layers of the condenser barrier are directed straight opposite to the layer of the bushing, so that the equipotential surfaces, with the aid of a correctly formed oil gap, are guided over in the desired manner between the bushing and the condenser barrier.

By way of example, the invention will now be described in greater detail, with reference to the accompanying drawing, which shows a section through a lower insulator, a condenser barrier according to the invention, and the conductor of a transformer winding with a surrounding tube with insulation.

The condenser barrier 1 is shown in a section along the longitudinal axis of the barrier. Because of the inwardly-directed straight frustums of cones 2 and 3, the sectional view exhibits a parallel trapezoidal shape. The inner part 4 of the condenser barrier between the straight frustums of cones is cylindrically formed. To give the condenser barrier a certain mechanical stiffness, the inner cylindrical part has been wound onto a cylindrical tube 5. With another insulating material of self-supporting structure, this tube would not be needed. The internal conical shape of the condenser barrier may otherwise be obtained in several different ways, for example by winding, turn by turn, an obliquely cut insulating material with a growing width. The inner condenser layer 6 has approximately the same axial extension as the previously mentioned concentric, cylindrical space. According as the insulting material is wound, there are laid between certain of the turns those condenser layers 7 which are needed to influence the capacitive voltage distribution. These layers have a shorter axial length than the innermost layer and are laid such that their outer edges, concurrently with the wound increasing radius of the condenser barrier, will be facing both of the straight frustoconical surfaces.

To show the invention in its proper context, a lower insulator is also shown at 8. The fastening flange of the bushing is shown at 9. In the example shown in the figure, the condenser barrier with its lower insulator is placed in an oil-filled intermediate flange 10 which is connected to the transformer casing 11. The conductor 12 of the transformer winding is to be connected to the electric conductor of the bushing in a known manner. As mentioned above, the conductor of the transformer winding is surrounded by a tube 13 of conductive material. On this tube are wound several layers of insulating material which forms a shield 14 and which tapers toward the end of the tube in the form of a straight frustum of a cone 15. The tube 13 is electrically connected to both the conductor of the transformer winding and the inner condenser layer. One of the outer condenser layers is grounded.

As mentioned previously, it is important for the direct voltage field distribution that the oil gap 18,19 between the straight frustums of cones of the condenser barrier and the lower insulator 8 and the shield 14, respectively, has largely the same axial cross section along the whole cones. Therefore, the difference in radius is greatest between the smallest bases.

In certain designs, the lower insulator facing the fastening flange is purely cylindrically formed, as shown at 16. In these cases it may be suitable for the condenser barrier to terminate in a cylindrical part 17 to cover this part of the lower insulator. A corresponding cylindrical extension may also occur in certain cases over the shield 14.

The axial length/height of the inwardly-directed straight frustums of cones of the condenser barrier is adapted to the axial length of the cones of the lower insulator and the shield, respectively, and may therefore be of varying lengths, as is also clear from the figure.

In certain cases, as mentioned above, it may be suitable for the condenser barrier to be formed with a "waist" or a "belly" to obtain special advantages from the point of view of field distribution technique.

The condenser barrier is fixed around the lower insulator 8 and the conductor 12 of the transformer winding with tube 13 and shield 14 in a suitable way (not shown) against the fastening flange of the bushing 9 or against the intermediate flange 10.

 Condenser type barrier (1) for field control of the connection of a transformer busching to the conductor (12) of a transformer winding, preferably a converter transformer winding, the condenser type barrier (1) being arranged as a solid of revolution and as a condenser body consisting of insulating material with condenser layers (7) of foil type concentrically laid therein, characterized in that the solid of revolution has an outer preferably circular cylindrical shape, in that the condenser type barrier (1) is arranged in an oil-filled intermediate flange (10) which, in addition, comprises a conducting tube (13) of conducting material surrounding the conductor (12) of the transformer winding, said tube being wound with several layers of insulating material which form a shield (14) which, towards the end of the tube inside the intermediate flange (10), is tapering in the form of a straight frustum of a cone (15), the intermediate flange (10) also comprising the lower insulator (8) of the transformer bushing, which lower insulator (8), counting from its fastening flange (9), is tapering is the form of a straight frustum of a cone having largely the same conicity as the shield (14), the conductor (12) of the transformer winding being connected to the electric conductor of the bushing, in that the condenser type barrier (1) is arranged from one end with a first, inwardly-directed straight frustum of a cone (2) with its largest base area at the one end of the condenser type barrier, in that the condenser type barrier is arranged from its other end with a second, inwardly-directed straigth frustum of a cone (3) with its largest base area at the other end of the condenser type barrier, in that the space between the small bases of the truncated cones (2,3) is formed as a hole concentrically arranged as an open, inner, straigth circular cylinder (4) with a sectional area equal to the smallest bases of the truncated cones (2,3), in that the conicity of the first, inwardly-directed straigth frustum of a cone (2) is adapted such that the sectional area of the gap (18) formed between the lower insulator (8) and the first, inwardly-directed straight frustum of a cone (2) is constant along the whole length of the first frustum of a cone (2) and in that the conicity of the second, inwardly-directed straigth frustum of a cone (3) is adapted such that the sectional area of the gap (19) formed between the shield (14) and the second frustum of a cone (3) is constant along the whole length of the second frustum of a cone (3). Condenser type barrier (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the condenser type barrier (1) is arranged with an innermost condenser layer (6) having an axial length corresponding to the axial length of the open, inner, straight circular cylinder (4) and that alongside the truncated cones (2,3) there are concentrically arranged condenser layers (7) which are shorter in the axial direction of the condenser type barrier (1) than the innermost condenser layer (6) and which are laid in the axial direction of the condenser type barrier (1) in such a way that their outer edges will face the straight frustums of cones (2,3) of the condenser type barrier (1). Condenser type barrier (1) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the innermost condenser layer (6) is electrically connected to the conductor (12) of the transformer winding and that an outer condenser layer is connected to ground potential. Condenser type barrier (1) according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the condenser type barrier (1), at the first inwardly-directed frustum of a cone (2), is provided with a tubular extension (17). Condenser type barrier (1) according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the outer shape of the solid of revolution is formed with a waist. Condenser type barrier (1) according to any of claims 1 to 4 characterized in that the outer shape of the solid of revolution is formed with a belly. Kondensator-Isolierwand (1) zur Feldsteuerung der Verbindung einer Transformatordurchführung mit dem Leiter (12) einer Transformatorwicklung, vorzugsweise einer Stromrichter-Transformatorwicklung, wobei die Kondensator-Isolierwand (1) als Drehkörper und Kondensatorkörper aufgebaut ist, bestehend aus Isoliermaterial mit darin eingelegten konzentrischen blattförmigen Kondensatorschichten (7), dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Drehkörper eine äußere vorzugsweise kreiszylindrische Form hat, daß die Kondensator-Isolierwand (1) in einem ölgefüllten Zwischenflansch (10) angeordnet ist, der außerdem ein leitendes Rohr (13) aus leitendem Material hat, welches den Leiter (12) der Transformatorwicklung umgibt, wobei dieses Rohr mit mehreren Lagen aus Isoliermaterial umwickelt ist, die einen Schild (14) bilden, der in Richtung zum Ende des Rohres im Zwischenflansch (10) sich in Form eines geraden Kegelstumpfes (15) verjüngt, daß der Zwischenflansch (10) außerdem den unteren Isolator (8) der Transformatordurchführung enthält, welcher unterer Isolator (8), gesehen von seinem Befestigungsflansch (9) aus, sich in Form eines geraden Kegelstumpfes verjüngt, der im wesentlichen die gleiche Konizität wie der Schild (14) aufweist, wobei der Leiter (12) der Transformatorwicklung an den elektrischen Leiter der Durchführung angeschlossen ist, daß die Kondensator-Isolierwand (1) von ihrem einen Ende ausgehend mit einem ersten nach innen gerichteten geraden Kegelstumpf (2) ausgebildet ist, der seine größte Basisfläche an dem einen Ende der Kondensator-Isolierwand hat, daß die Kondensator-Isolierwand (1) von ihrem anderen Ende ausgehend mit einem zweiten nach innen gerichteten geraden Kegelstumpf (3) ausgebildet ist, der seine größte Basisfläche an dem anderen Ende der Kondensator-Isolierwand hat, daß der Raum zwischen den kleinen Basisflächen der Kegelstümpfe (2,3) als ein konzentrisch angeordneter offener innerer gerader Kreiszylinder (4) ausgebildet ist, dessen Querschnittsfläche gleich der kleinsten Grundfläche der Kegelstümpfe (2,3) ist, daß die Konizität des ersten nach innen gerichteten geraden Kegelstumpfes (2) so bemessen ist, daß die Querschnittsfläche des Spaltes (18) zwischen dem unteren Isolator (8) und dem ersten nach innen gerichteteten geraden Kegelstumpf (2) auf der ganzen Länge des ersten Kegelstumpf (2) konstant ist, und daß die Konizität des zweiten nach innen gerichteteten geraden Kegelstumpfes (3) so bemessen ist, daß der Querschnitt des Spaltes (19) zwischen dem Schild (14) und dem zweiten Kegelstumpf (3) längs der ganzen Länge des zweiten Kegelstumpfes (3) konstant ist. Kondensator-Isolierwand (1) nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Kondensator-Isolierwand (1) mit einer innersten Kondensatorschicht (6) versehen ist, deren axiale Länge der axialen Länge des offenen inneren geraden Kreiszylinders (4) entspricht, und daß längs der Kegelstümpfe (2,3) konzentrisch angeordnete Kondensatorschichten (7) vorhanden sind, die in axialer Richtung der Kondensator-Isolierwand (1) kürzer sind als die innerste Kondensatorschicht (6) und die derart in axialer Richtung der Kondensator-Isolierwand (1) angeordnet sind, daß ihre äußeren Kanten auf die geraden Kegelstümpfe (2,3) der Kondensator-Isolierwand (1) gerichtet sind. Kondensator-Isolierwand (1) nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die innerste Kondensatorschicht (6) elektrisch mit dem Leiter (12) der Transformatorwicklung verbunden ist und daß eine äußere Kondensatorschicht an Erdpotential angeschlossen ist. Kondensator-Isolierwand (1) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Kondensator-Isolierwand (1) an dem ersten nach innen gerichteteten Kegelstumpf (2) mit einer rohrförmigen Verlängerung (17) versehen ist. Kondensator-Isolierwand (1) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die äußere Form des Drehkörpers mit einer Einschnürung versehen ist. Kondensator-Isolierwand (1) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die äußere Form des Drehkörpers mit einer Ausbauchung versehen ist. Barrière du type condensateur (1) pour la maîtrise du champ de la connexion d'une traversée isolée de transformateur au conducteur (12) d'un enroulement de transformateur, de préférence un enroulement de transformateur de convertisseur, la barrière du type condensateur (1) étant réalisée sous la forme d'un solide de révolution et d'un corps de condensateur consistant en un matériau isolant avec des couches de condensateur (7) du type pellicule métallique disposées de façon concentrique à l'intérieur, caractérisée en ce que le solide de révolution a une forme extérieure qui est de préférence cylindrique circulaire, en ce que la barrière du type condensateur (1) est disposée dans une chambre remplie d'huile qui est définie par une paroi intermédiaire (10) qui, en plus, contient un tube conducteur (13) en un matériau conducteur entourant le conducteur (12) de l'enroulement de transformateur, ce tube étant entouré par plusieurs couches de matériau isolant qui forment un blindage (14) qui, en direction de l'extrémité du tube se trouvant à l'intérieur de la paroi intermédiaire (10), va en diminuant avec la forme d'un tronc de cône droit (15), la paroi intermédiaire (10) contenant également l'isolateur inférieur (8) de la traversée isolée de transformateur, cet isolateur inférieur (8) allant en diminuant, à partir de sa bride de fixation (9), avec la forme d'un tronc de cône droit ayant dans une large mesure la même conicité que le blindage (14) du conducteur (12) de l'enroulement de transformateur qui est connecté au conducteur électrique de la traversée isolée, en ce que la barrière du type condensateur (1) comporte, à partir d'une extrémité, un premier tronc de cône droit (2), dirigé vers l'intérieur, avec sa plus grande surface de base à une extrémité de la barrière du type condensateur, en ce que la barrière du type condensateur comporte, à son autre extrémité, un second tronc de cône droit (3), dirigé vers l'intérieur, avec sa plus grande surface de base à l'autre extrémité de la barrière du type condensateur, en ce que l'espace entre les petites bases des cônes tronqués (2, 3) forme un trou disposé de façon concentrique sous la forme d'un cylindre circulaire droit (4) intérieur et ouvert, avec une aire de section égale aux petites bases des cônes tronqués (2,3), en ce que la conicité du premier tronc de cône droit (2) dirigé vers l'intérieur, est adaptée de façon que l'aire de section de l'espace (18) qui est formé entre l'isolateur inférieur (8) et le premier tronc de cône droit (2) dirigé vers l'intérieur, soit constante sur la totalité de la longueur du premier tronc de cône (2), et en ce que la conicité du second tronc de cône droit (3) dirigé vers l'intérieur, est adaptée de façon que l'aire de section de l'espace (19) qui est formé entre le blindage (14) et le second tronc de cône (3), soit constante sur la totalité de la longueur du second tronc de cône (3). Barrière du type condensateur (1) selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que la barrière du type condensateur (1) comporte une couche de condensateur la plus intérieure (6) ayant une longueur axiale qui correspond à la longueur axiale du cylindre circulaire droit (4) intérieur et ouvert, et en ce que des couches de condensateur (7) sont disposées de façon concentrique le long des cônes tronqués (2, 3), ces couches étant plus courtes dans la direction axiale de la barrière du type condensateur (1) que la couche de condensateur la plus intérieure (6), et étant disposées dans la direction axiale de la barrière du type condensateur (1) d'une manière telle que leurs bords extérieurs soient disposés face aux troncs de cônes droits (2, 3) de la barrière du type condensateur (1). Barrière du type condensateur (1) selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que la couche de condensateur la plus intérieure (6) est connectée électriquement au conducteur (12) de l'enroulement de transformateur et en ce que la couche de condensateur extérieure est connectée au potentiel de la terre. Barrière du type condensateur (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que la barrière du type condensateur (1) comporte un prolongement tubulaire (17) sur le premier tronc de cône dirigé vers l'intérieur (2). Barrière du type condensateur (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que la forme extérieure du solide de révolution comporte un rétrécissement. Barrière du type condensateur (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisée en ce que la forme extérieure du solide de révolution comporte un ventre.