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(11) | EP 0 429 796 B1 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION |
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| (54) |
Heat-resistant materials Hitzebeständige Werkstoffe Matériaux résistants à la chaleur |
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| Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to the European patent granted. Notice of opposition shall be filed in a written reasoned statement. It shall not be deemed to have been filed until the opposition fee has been paid. (Art. 99(1) European Patent Convention). |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to the use of heat-resistant materials as a skid button in heating furnaces, especially in heating furnaces of the walking beam type.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Heating furnaces of the walking beam type are used in the hot rolling process for heating steel materials such as steel pieces or slabs. These furnaces are equipped with skid beams in a plurality of rows for supporting and transporting steel pieces, slabs or like materials to be heated. These skid beams include movable beams and fixed beams. The movable beams periodically repeat an upward and downward movement and a horizontal reciprocating movement, whereby the material to be heated is transported while being transferred to the movable beam and the fixed beam alternately.
[0003] FIG. 1 shows a skid beam 1 which comprises a hollow skid pipe 10 provided on the top of its periphery with a plurality of skid buttons 12 arranged axially thereof at a specified spacing. A refractory lining 5 covers the outer peripheral surface of the skid pipe 10 and the base to upper portion of each skid button 12 for use in the interior of the heating furnace. The skid button 12 is a block in the form of a truncated cone, truncated pyramid or the like to support on the top thereof the material 3 to be heated.
[0004] Materials heretofore used for skid buttons are heat-resistant alloy steels such as high Ni high Cr alloy steels and high Co alloy steels (e.g., 50 Co-20 Ni-Fe steel).
[0005] Cooling water is forcibly passed through the skid pipe to diminish the thermal influence of the high-temperature oxidizing internal atmosphere of the furnace on the skid button and to prevent the rise in the temperature of the skid button. This assures the skid button of strength capable of withstanding the load of the material to be heated and prevents the surface of the skid button from oxidation damage.
[0006] However, if the cooling action of the cooling water flowing through the skid pipe is insufficient, the skid button is subject, for example, to deformation or oxidation damage. On the other hand, the cooling action, if excessive, entails the problem that the material to be heated and supported on the top of the skid button is locally cooled by contact with the skid button, which produces a so-called skid mark and permits uneven heating of the material.
[0007] Especially recently, it has become common practice to operate heating furnaces at temperatures exceeding 1300°C to achieve higher operation efficiencies. For operation at such high temperatures, the skid button must be forcibly cooled more effectively so as to be protected from a reduction in strength and oxidation damage. Nevertheless, an enhanced cooling action increases the temperature difference between the interior of the furnace and the skid button, not only aggravating uneven heating of the material as stated above but also entailing a greater heat loss.
[0008] Accordingly, skid buttons of conventional heat-resistant alloy have the problem of failing to withstand high operating temperatures and undergoing deformation due to the load of the material to be heated or oxidation damage or the like. Although it has been attempted to use sintered ceramic bodies as skid buttons, ceramis are brittle materials, are therefore liable to crack or chip, and are not usable with good stability.
[0009] FR-A-2 137 793 discloses a heat-resistant alloy comprising at least 64 % of Cr, the balance substantially Fe and containing at least 5 % of Fe for ingot molds. US-A-3 017 265 relates to an oxidation-resistant iron-chromium alloy comprising 20-95 % by weight of chromium, e.g. for applications In air. US-A-2 780 545 discloses a forgeable high-temperature alloy comprising 60-80 % chromium for use in high-strength, high-temperature applications as required for turbine buckets In turbojet aircraft engines. US-A-1 357 550 relates to an inexpensive, chemically-resistant alloy containing 40-60 % of chromium for the construction of tanks, valves, pipes, fittings, evaporation pans. stirrers and the like. DE-A-1 608 116 describes a chromium-based alloy for the manufacture of electrodes for spark plugs. US-A-4 442 067 relates to a chromium-based alloy for semi-conductor holder in an electron beam writing apparatus.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0011] It has been the problem underlying the present invention to provide a skid button capable of exhibiting excellent high-temperature strength, in particular a small compressive deformation at high temperatures, and high resistance to oxidation for operation at high temperatures, for example in excess of 1300°C even if the cooling action of the skid pipe is not enhanced greatly.
[0012] The above problem is solved by using a heat-resistant alloy or a heat-resistant material as specified in claims 1 and 3.
[0013] Accordingly, the present invention relates to the use of a heat-resistant alloy comprising, in % by weight, at least 60% of Cr, optionally at least one or two elements selected from the group consisting of up to 10% of W, up to 10% of Mo, up to 10% of Nb, up to 10% of Ta, up to 10% of Hf, up to 10% of Co, up to 10% of Ni, up to 10% of Ti, up to 10% of Al, up to 10% of V, up to 10% of Mn and up to 10% of a rare-earth element in a combined amount of up to 35%, optionally up to 0.8 % of C and up to 5 % of Si, the balance being Fe plus incidental impurities, the alloy containing at least 5% of Fe and being at least 50 »m in the mean grain size of the alloy structure and at least 1600°C in melting point, as a skid button in heating furnaces.
[0014] Further, the present invention relates to the use of heat-resistant material having a composite structure wherein a dispersed ceramic phase is present in a metal matrix, the ceramic phase being present in a maximum amount of 40% by volume, the metal matrix comprising, in % by weight, at least 60% of Cr, optionally at least one or two elements selected from the group consisting of up to 10% of W, up to 10% of Mo, up to 10% of Nb, up to 10% of Ta, up to 10% of Hf, up to 10% of Co, up to 10% of Ni, up to 10% of Ti, up to 10% of Al, up to 10% of V, up to 10% of Mn and up to 10% of a rare-earth element in a combined amount of up to 35%, optionally up to 0.8 % of C and up to 5 % of Si, the balance being Fe, plus incidental impurities, the Fe being contained therein at least 5%, the metal matrix having a mean grain size of at least 50 »m and having a melting point of at least 1600°C, as a skid button in heating furnaces.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015]
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a skid beam for use in heating furnaces of the walking beam type;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view showing a structure for fixing a skid button made of a heat-resistant material according to the invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the number of repetitions of loading and the variation in the amount of compressive deformation, as determined by a high-temperature compressive deformation test;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the heating temperature and the oxidation loss as established by a high-temperature oxidation test;
FIGS. 5 to 7 are photomicrographs (at a magnification of X50) showing the metal structures of specimens No. 2, No. 5 and No. 4, respectively;
FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the high-temperature compressive deformation test; and
FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating repeated loading cycles in the high-temperature compressive deformation test.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0016] First, a heat-resistant material used in the invention will be described which is a heat-resistant alloy.
[0017] The heat-resistant alloy used in the present invention contains at least 60% of Cr. The Cr content should be at least 60% to ensure a melting point of at least 1600° C and to obtain stable resistance to oxidation for use at high temperatures in excess of 1300° C. The melting point of at least 1600° C is a prerequisite for giving excellent high-temperature strength.
[0018] The heat-resistant alloy used in the invention contains at least 5% of Fe. The Fe content of at least 5% renders the alloy composition amenable to sintering and permits use of moderate sintering conditions when the alloy composition is to be sintered into an alloy while serving to moderate the thermal conditions for melting and casting operations when the composition is to be cast into an alloy. These effects are not available if the content is less than 5%.
[0019] The heat-resistant alloy used in the invention has a Cr-Fe composition comprising at least 60% of Cr, and the balance substantially Fe (which, however, should be present in an amount of at least 5%). When required, the alloy may further comprise one or at least two elements selected from the group consisting of up to 10% of W, up to 10% of Mo, up to 10% of Nb, up to 10% of Ta, up to 10% of Hf, up to 10% of Co, up to 10% of Ni, up to 10% of Ti, up to 10% of Al, up to 10% of V, up to 10% of Mn and up to 10% of a rare-earth element, in a combined amount of up to 35%, preferably up to 30%.
[0020] These elements are added as required because such elements have a solid-solution strengthening effect or act to strengthen the alloy by particle or fiber dispersion, affording further improved high-temperature strength. Furthermore, intermetallic compounds (such as Cr₂Nb, Cr₂Zr, Cr₂Ta and Cr₂Ti) then formed serve to strengthen the alloy more effectively by particle or fiber dispersion to give still improved alloy strength.
[0021] Al or rare-earth elements (such as Y and Sc) are expected to produce further improved resistance to oxidation in addition to an alloy strengthening effect.
[0022] However, the presence of excessive amounts of the above elements is likely to lower the melting point of the alloy below 1600° C and to impair the workability thereof, so that the upper limit of the combined amount should be 35%, preferably 30%.
[0023] The heat-resistant alloy is allowed to contain P, S and other impurities insofar as such impurities are inevitably incorporated into the alloy by usual alloy preparation techniques. Further up to 0.8% of C and up to 5% of Si are allowed to be present in the alloy.
[0025] With the heat-resistant material used in the present invention, up to about 40% by volume of a ceramic can be present as a dispersed phase in the above heat-resistant alloy when so required.
[0026] Examples of ceramics which can be present as dispersed in the alloy are oxides such as Cr₂O₃, Al₂O₃, SiO₂, Y₂O₃, LaO and Sc₂O₃, nitrides such as Si₃N₄, TiN, BN and AlN, carbides such as B₄C, Cr₃C₂, WC and SiC, silicides such as Mo₂Si and Cr₂Si, and borides such as CrB₂ and TiB₂. The presence of one or at least two of these ceramics produces a particle dispersion strengthening effect or fiber dispersion strengthening effect, which gives further improved high-temperature strength to the alloy. Incidentally, even if the material contains over about 40% by volume of ceramics, the effect will level off; the material rather becomes brittle. Accordingly, the upper limit of the amount of ceramic(s) to be present should be about 40% by volume.
[0027] As already stated, the heat-resistant alloy or the heat-resistant material used in the present invention must be not only at least 1600° C in melting point but also at least 50 »m in the mean grain size of the alloy structure.
[0028] The crystal grains must be at least 50 »m in means size to give sufficient strength, especially satisfactory resistance to compressive deformation, in atmospheres having a high temperature in excess of 1300° C.
[0029] While the heat-resistant alloy or material used in the present invention can be prepared by sintering, melt casting or other process, the crystal structure must be at least 50 »m in mean size regardless of the process resorted to.
[0030] When sintering is resorted to, it is desirable to employ the hot isostatic press sintering process in view of the homogeneity and compactness of the sintered alloy obtained. This process can be practiced, for example, by heating the starting composition at a temperature of about 1000 to about 1500° C under a pressure of about 98 (1000) to about 196 MPa (2000 kgf/cm²) for about 2 to about 5 hours. The grain size of the sintered alloy is dependent on the particle size of the powdery starting composition. We have found that when the starting composition is at least about 200 »m in mean particle size, the sintered alloy can be given a mean grain size of at least 50 »m.
[0031] When a ceramic is to be made present in the alloy as a dispersed phase, the ceramic is used conjointly with the powdery starting alloy composition. The ceramic can be of any desired size. Useful particulate ceramics are, for example, about 0.1 to about 10 »m in particle size. Examples of fibrous ceramics usable are about 1 to about 1000 »m in fiber length and about 10 to about 50 in aspect ratio.
[0032] When the present alloy is to be prepared by casting, for example, a high-frequency melting furnace is usable. The ceramic can be incorporated into the alloy as a dispersed phase by adding the ceramic as finely divided to the alloy in a molten state before the melt is poured into a mold or to the molten alloy as placed in the mold, and solidifying the mixture with the solid uniformly mixed with the melt.
[0033] The grain size of the alloy to be cast is adjustable with ease by controlling the solidification velocity of the mixture within the mold. For example, a sufficiently coarse crystal grain structure can be obtained by decreasing the solidification velocity with use of a sand mold, refractory mold or the like.
[0034] When required, the heat-resistant alloy or material obtained by sintering or casting can be heat-treated for the adjustment of the grain size.
Experimental Examples
[0035] The specimens each having the composition and grain size listed in Table 1 were tested for high temperature compressive deformation and for high temperature oxidation.
[0036] The mean grain size was determined by the following method. Five areas as desired were selected from the microstructure of the specimen, and photomicrographs (x50) was taken at each of the selected areas. Two vertical lines and two horizontal lines were drawn over each of the field of views, and the number of crystal grains were counted up. The total length of the lines was divided by the number of crystal grains to obtain a value as a mean of grain sizes. The average of the mean values for the five view fields was calculated as the mean grain size.
High-Temperature Compressive Deformation Test
[0037] A solid cylindrical test piece (30 mm in diameter and 50 mm in length) was cut out from each specimen and placed into a furnace at 1350° C. As shown in FIG. 8, the test piece 20 was fixedly placed upright on a fixed base 22, and a ram 24 above the test piece was moved up and down to repeatedly apply a compression load of 4.9 MPa (0.5 kgf/mm²) to the test piece. FIG. 9 shows a 12-second loading cycle comprising 4 seconds for the application of the compression load of 4.9 MPa (0.5 kgf/mm²), 4 seconds for allowing the test piece to stand free of the load, 2 seconds as a loading transition period and 2 seconds as an unloading transition period. This cycle was repeated 10000 times.
[0038] The amount of plastic deformation, D (%), due to compression was calculated from the following equation.
where Lo is the length of the test piece before testing, and L is the length thereof after testing.
High-Temperature Oxidation Test
[0039] A solid cylindrical test piece (8 mm in diameter and 40 mm in length) was cut out from each specimen and held in a heating furnace (with air as atmosphere) at 1350° C for 100 hours. The test piece was then withdrawn from the furnace, scales were removed from the surface of the test piece with an alkali solution and an acid solution, and the oxidation loss (g/m²hr) was determined from the resulting change in the weight of the test piece.
[0040] Table 2 shows the results of the high-temperature compressive deformation test and the high-temperature oxidation test.
Table 2
| Specimen No. | Amount of compressive deformation, D (%) | Oxidation loss (g/m²hr) |
| 1 | 0.5 | 4.2 |
| 2 | 1.25 | 4.1 |
| 3 | 0.38 | 3.8 |
| 4 | 3.0 | 3.9 |
| 5 | 0.25 | 3.9 |
| 6 | 0.40 | 3.5 |
| 7 | 0.35 | 5.5 |
| 8 | 0.45 | 3.2 |
| 9 | 0.30 | 5.0 |
| 10 | 4.3 | 67.0 |
| 11 | 3.5 | 4.5 |
[0041] With reference to Table 1, specimens No. 1 to No. 3 and No. 5 to No. 9 are examples of heat-resistant materials used in the invention. Specimens No. 4 and No. 11 are comparative examples; with the former, the mean grain size is outside the range of the invention, and with the latter, the Cr content is outside the range of the invention. Specimen No. 10 is Co-Ni-Cr alloy heretofore used for skid buttons.
[0042] Specimen No. 4 is great in compressive deformation at a high temperature presumably because it is small in mean grain size. Specimen No. 11 is also great in compressive deformation at a high temperature. This appears attributable to a low Cr content and low melting point.
[0043] Specimen No. 10 is very low in melting point, great in compressive deformation and inferior in oxidation resistance.
[0044] In contrast, it is seen that heat-resistant alloys or materials used in the invention are very excellent in high-temperature strength and oxidation resistance.
[0045] To further clarify the difference between the heat-resistant alloy used in the invention and the conventional heat-resistant alloy in resistance to compressive deformation and to oxidation at high temperatures, specimens No. 2 and No. 10 were subjected to more detailed comparative experiments.
[0046] FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the number of repetitions of compression load application and the variation in the amount of compressive deformation as determined by a high-temperature compression test.
[0047] FIG. 4 shows the relationship between the heating temperature and the oxidation loss as established by a high-temperature oxidation test. The specimens were tested for 100 hours at each of varying temperatures.
[0048] The results given in FIGS. 3 and 4 reveal that the greater the number of repetitions of compression load application and the higher the testing temperature, the more remarkable is the difference between the alloy of the invention and the conventional alloy.
[0049] For reference, FIGS. 5 to 7 show the relationship between crystal grains and microstructure. The photomicrographs (at a magnification of X50) of specimen No. 2 (50 »m in mean grain size), specimen No. 5 (200 »m in mean grain size) and specimen No. 4 (15 »m in mean grain size) are shown in FIGS. 5, 6 and 7, respectively.
[0050] Skid buttons were prepared from the heat-resistant alloy or material used in the present invention and attached to a skid pipe by support members as seen in FIG. 2. The illustrated embodiment is adapted to prevent scales separating off the surface of the material heated from wedging into the support members and to preclude the skid buttons from chipping, cracking and like faults by giving consideration to the difference in the amount of thermal expansion due to the difference in material between the skid buttons and the support members.
[0051] The skid button 12 shown in FIG. 2 is in the form of a truncated cone and has a flange 14 at its bottom. The skid button 12 can be in the form of a solid cylinder, truncated pyramid or the like.
[0052] A support member 4 comprises a seat portion 44 formed with an annular cavity 42 for the flange 14 of the skid button 12 to fit in loosely, and a ring member 46 having an inside diameter slightly larger than the outside diameter of the shank of the skid button 12. The bottom of the seat portion 44 is secured to a skid pipe 10 as by a weld W. With the skid button 12 fitted in the annular cavity 42, the ring member 46 is secured to the seat portion 44 as by a weld W, whereby the skid button 12 is held to the support member 4.
[0053] The outer periphery of the skid pipe 10 and the base to upper portion of the support member 4 are covered with a refractory layer 5 and are thereby protected from the high-temperature oxidizing atmosphere within the furnace. The refractory of the layer 5 fills the clearance C between the skid button 12 and the ring member 46, so that the scales separating off a material 3 heated and placed on the skid button 12 are prevented from falling into the clearance C. Consequently, the ring member 46 is prevented from deformation due to the ingress of scales.
[0054] Preferably, the skid button 12 is about 100 to about 200 mm in height. The height of the skid button 12 projecting upward beyond the ring member 46 of the support member 4 is preferably about 50 to about 100 mm.
[0055] The heat-resistant alloy or heat-resistant material used in the present invention is excellent in high-temperature strength and in resistance to oxidation, and these excellent characteristics are in no way available with high Co alloy steels and like materials heretofore used. Accordingly, the skid buttons prepared from the heat-resistant alloy or material in accordance with the invention exhibit sufficient durability even under such high-temperature operating conditions as employed recently, diminishing the maintenance effort and thereby contributing a great deal to improvements in operation efficiency.
[0056] Furthermore, the excellent high-temperature characteristics of the present material serve to moderate the cooling conditions for the cooling water to be passed through the skid pipe. This reduces the likelihood of occurrence of skid marks on the material to be heated and achieves uniform heating for the production of materials of improved quality.
1. The use of a heat-resistant alloy comprising, in % by weight, at least 60% of Cr,
optionally at least one or two elements selected from the group consisting of up to
10% of W, up to 10% of Mo, up to 10% of Nb, up to 10% of Ta, up to 10% of Hf, up to
10% of Co, up to 10% of Ni, up to 10% of Ti, up to 10% of Al, up to 10% of V, up to
10% of Mn and up to 10% of a rare-earth element in a combined amount of up to 35%,
optionally up to 0.8 % of C and up to 5 % of Si, the balance being Fe plus incidental
impurities, the alloy containing at least 5% of Fe and being at least 50 »m in the
mean grain size of the alloy structure and at least 1600°C in melting point, as a
skid button in heating furnaces.
2. The use as defined in claim 1 wherein the alloy includes at least one of C and/or
Si.
3. The use of a heat-resistant material having a composite structure wherein a dispersed
ceramic phase is present in a metal matrix, the ceramic phase being present in a maximum
amount of 40% by volume, the metal matrix comprising, in % by weight, at least 60%
of Cr, optionally at least one or two elements selected from the group consisting
of up to 10% of W, up to 10% of Mo, up to 10% of Nb, up to 10% of Ta, up to 10% of
Hf, up to 10% of Co, up to 10% of Ni, up to 10% of Ti, up to 10% of Al, up to 10%
of V, up to 10% of Mn and up to 10% of a rare-earth element in a combined amount of
up to 35%, optionally up to 0.8 % of C and up to 5 % of Si, the balance being Fe,
plus incidental impurities, the Fe being contained therein at least 5%, the metal
matrix having a mean grain size of at least 50 »m and having a melting point of at
least 1600°C, as a skid button in heating furnaces.
4. The use as defined in claim 3 wherein the metal matrix comprises at least one of C
and/or Si.
1. Verwendung einer wärmebeständigen Legierung, welche, in Gew.-%, mindestens 60 % Cr,
wahlweise mindestens ein oder zwei Elemente, gewählt aus der bis zu 10 % W, bis zu
10 % Mo, bis zu 10 % Nb, bis zu 10 % Ta, bis zu 10 % Hf, bis zu 10 % Co, bis zu 10
% Ni, bis zu 10 % Ti, bis zu 10 % Al, bis zu 10 % V, bis zu 10 % Mn und bis zu 10
% eines Seltenerdelements in einer Gesamtmenge bis zu 35 % umfassenden Gruppe, wahlweise
bis zu 0,8 % C und bis zu 5 % Si umfaßt, wobei der Rest Fe plus zufällige Verunreinigungen
sind, die Legierung mindestens 5 % Fe enthält und die Legierungsstruktur eine mittlere
Korngröße von mindestens 50 »m aufweist und einen Schmelzpunkt von mindestens 1600°C
besitzt, als Gleitknopf in Glühöfen.
2. Verwendung nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Legierung mindestens eines von C und/oder Si
enthält.
3. Verwendung eines wärmbeständigen Materials mit einer Verbundstruktur, bei der eine
dispergierte Keramikphase in einer Metallmatrix vorliegt, wobei die Keramikphase in
einer maximalen Menge von 40 Vol.-% vorliegt, die Metallmatrix, in Gew.-%, mindestens
60 % Cr, wahlweise mindestens ein oder zwei Elemente, gewählt aus der bis zu 10 %
W, bis zu 10 % Mo, bis zu 10 % Nb, bis zu 10 % Ta, bis zu 10 % Hf, bis zu 10 % Co,
bis zu 10 % Ni, bis zu 10 % Ti, bis zu 10 % Al, bis zu 10 % V, bis zu 10 % Mn und
bis zu 10 % eines Seltenerdelements in einer Gesamtmenge bis zu 35 % umfassenden Gruppe,
wahlweise bis zu 0,8 % C und bis zu 5 % Si, umfaßt, wobei der Rest Fe plus zufällige
Verunreinigungen sind, daß Fe darin zu mindestens 5 % enthalten ist, die Metallmatrix
eine mittlere Korngröße von mindestens 50 »m und einen Schmelzpunkt vonmindestens
1600°C aufweist, als Gleitknopf in Glühöfen.
4. Verwendung nach Anspruch 3, wobei die Metallmatrix mindestens eines aus C und/oder
Si enthält.
1. Utilisation d'un alliage résistant à la chaleur, renfermant, en pourcent en poids,
au moins 60% de Cr, éventuellement au moins un ou deux éléments choisis dans le groupe
constitué de jusqu'à 10% de W, jusqu'à 10% de Mo, jusqu'à 10% de Nb, jusqu'à 10% de
Ta, jusqu'à 10% de Hf, jusqu'à 10% de Co, jusqu'à 10% de Ni, jusqu'à 10% de Ti, jusqu'à
10% de Al, jusqu'à 10% de V, jusqu'à 10% de Mn et jusqu'à 10% d'un élément des terres
rares, en une quantité combinée atteignant au plus 35%, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,8%
de C et jusqu'à 5% de Si, le complément étant du fer Fe et des impuretés accidentelles,
l'alliage contenant au moins 5% de Fe et ayant un point de fusion d'au moins 1600°C,
et la structure de l'alliage présentant une taille de grain moyenne d'au moins 50
»m, comme plots de manoeuvre dans des fours de chauffage.
2. Utilisation selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle l'alliage renferme au moins l'un
des éléments C et Si, ou les deux.
3. Utilisation d'un matériau résistant à la chaleur, présentant une structure composite
dans laquelle une phase céramique dispersée est présente dans une matrice métallique,
la phase céramique étant présente à raison de 40% en volume au maximum, la matrice
métallique renfermant, en pourcent en poids, au moins 60% de Cr, éventuellement au
moins un ou deux éléments choisis dans le groupe constitué de jusqu'à 10% de W, jusqu'à
10% de Mo, jusqu'à 10% de Nb, jusqu'à 10% de Ta, jusqu'à 10% de Hf, jusqu'à 10% de
Co, jusqu'à 10% de Ni, jusqu'à 10% de Ti, jusqu'à 10% de Al, jusqu'à 10% de V, jusqu'à
10% de Mn et jusqu'à 10% d'un élément des terres rares, en une quantité combinée atteignant
au plus 35%, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,8% de C et jusqu'à 5% de Si, le complément étant
du fer Fe et des impuretés accidentelles, le fer étant présent dans la matrice métallique
à raison d'au moins 5%, et la matrice métallique présentant une taille de grain moyenne
d'au moins 50 »m et ayant un point de fusion d'au moins 1600°C, comme plots de manoeuvre
dans des fours de chauffage.
4. Utilisation selon la revendication 3, dans laquelle la matrice métallique renferme
au moins l'un des éléments C et Si, ou les deux.