PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSING

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to the replenishment of chemical solutions used in the processing of photographic materials.

[0002] In a photofinishing laboratory, one of the problems which must be overcome if quality standards are to be maintained concerns the drift in the sensitometry of processed photographic materials.

[0003] One cause of such drift is incorrect replenishment of chemicals. As the chemicals in the processor baths are used up, replenishment chemicals must be added to the baths in order to keep the activities and concentrations of the chemicals constant.

[0004] Most modern paper processors use detectors at the input to measure the area of paper passing into them. Replenishment rates can then be derived assuming that, on average, the paper has been exposed to a mid-grey. This assumption is reasonable, considering that most printers use an "integrate-to-grey" system.

[0005] Many modern printers, however, also have colour correction levels different from 100% and slope correction, which together will cause deviations from the "integrate-to-grey" assumption. These density and colour-balance deviations may not significantly affect the operation of a processor with baths containing large volumes of chemicals. However, a small processor would be more susceptible to drift due to replenishment rates not compensating for the amount of dye formed on the paper being processed. At this point an operator would take steps to bring the processor back to aim.

[0006] GB-A-2111726 describes a system for controlling the addition of replenisher to a bath in which light-sensitive media are being processed. The signal controlling the rate of addition of replenisher chemicals is derived from the area of the light-sensitive media which has been scanned by a laser exposing device.

[0007] EP-A-0 348 512 discloses a method for replenishing photographic processing solutions. The method comprises the steps of determining the amount of exposure required for copying an image on to photographic material, using the determined exposure to calculate the replenishment requirements, and then actually exposing the material to form an image on the photographic material.

[0008] DE-A-1 522 884 describes a method for replenishing processing solutions in the field of reprographic technology. The method includes the determination of a coefficient of replenishment as the product of the film area and its "expected degree of density" prior to processing. This coefficient is entered into the processing apparatus to control the replenishment rate of the processing solutions.

[0009] US-A-0 030 123 discloses apparatus for controlling the make-up and addition of replenishment solution for a photographic processor, the replenishment is determined by taking into account operating variables such as film size, replenishment rate, and percent exposure, as well as the cumulative effect of any additions and aerial oxidation of the solution while not in use.

[0010] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved method of controlling the rate of addition of replenisher chemicals to a photographic processor.

[0011] In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method of controlling the rate of replenishment of chemical solutions used in photographic processing apparatus, the apparatus including photographic printing apparatus for copying an object on to a photographic material, the method being characterized by the steps of measuring the actual exposure given to the photographic material during copying, deriving a signal from the measured actual exposure given to the photographic material which is related to the amount of image-producing substances formed on the photographic material after development of an image of the object, and using the derived signal to control the replenishment rate of the processing solutions.

[0012] Advantageously, the derived signal produces a replenishment rate which exactly balances the chemicals depleted in processing the photographic material.

[0013] Photographic processors are normally set up so that the replenishment rate exactly compensates for the chemicals used in processing paper which has been exposed to an predefined average grey level. This grey level is intended to simulate the amount of dye produced on a print made from the average (population centre) customer negative. It is usual to calibrate the printer with such a population centre negative which is printed to produce a grey print at the average grey level. The printer is adjusted so that the correct density is produced on the grey print.

[0014] Having calibrated the printer in this way, the factory calibration of the replenishment system of the processor will also be correct since the average of all prints will turn out to be the average grey level produced by the printer calibration.

[0015] The notion of a population centre negative is a useful although fictitious one, since there are always large statistical fluctuations in the negatives submitted by customers. As mentioned earlier, for large volume machines, fluctuations will give rise to little concern. For machines with very small tank volumes, however, this will not be true.

[0016] In the following discussion, a method for replenishing photographic developer solution will be described as a particular example. However, this method could be applied to any process where the chemicals are used up according to some function of the amount of exposure given to the material, rather than by the area of exposed material being processed. The equations derived below may need to be modified according to the exact nature of the process involved.

[0017] A colour photographic material has three image forming layers: the cyan, magenta and yellow. Light is projected through the film on to the paper to form a latent image which is rendered visible by the processing solutions. Dye is formed by the reaction of developer molecules which have been oxidised by the reduction of silver halide to silver metal with couplers incorporated into the paper. We define the efficiency of dye formation as the average amount of developer molecules which are used up in forming one molecule of the dye. In photographic paper, typically one oxidised developer molecule is used to form a dye molecule. In practice, the number of developer molecules used up may be more than this because not all oxidised developer molecules are converted to dye. Some molecules are lost due to other reactions and processes. Furthermore, the amount of oxidised developer molecules that are lost may vary according to the amount of dye which has already been formed on the paper at any point in the development cycle.

[0018] Let the amount of dye formed in the cyan layer of one square foot of paper be c, the amount in the magenta layer be m, and the amount in the yellow layer, y, all in grams. A general expression for the weight of developer replenisher which must be added to the developer tank to replace the developer which has been used to process 1 square foot of colour paper, R, is





where
   k is a constant of proportionality;
   e_c, e_m, and e_y are functions of the dye amounts c, m and y, respectively representing the amount of developer actually used up in forming the dyes;
   j is a function of time, t, and represents the natural process of degradation of the developer by, for example, aerial oxidation, and is dependent on the design of the processor tank; and
   K is a constant representing the weight of developer carried out of the tank by the wet paper after development.

[0019] Consider now an expression for the average amount of replenisher added per square foot of paper assuming that the paper has been exposed to an average grey as described above in relation to printer calibration. The superscript ° is used to denote an average. In the following expression, therefore, R° is the average amount of replenisher which is added per square foot of paper.





   By subtracting equation (2) from equation (1), we obtain the following expression for the difference in replenisher, δR, which must be added compared to the average amount to correct for variations in the dye amounts for each square foot of paper entering the printer,





where





   K° is a known quantity and is a recommended figure by manufacturers of photographic products. For machines with large tank volumes, there will be as many prints with dye amounts less than the average than with dye amounts above the average. Developer efficiency is therefore unaffected by these fluctuations in print dye amount. Small volume machines, however, would benefit from being able to calculate δR and vary the replenisher rates accordingly. There are several ways of calculating δR, but none is perfectly accurate.

[0020] It is the object of the present invention to describe the principles involved and techniques which could be used to determine δR, as opposed to the exact detail of formulae etc. It should also be borne in mind that the average replenishment rate assumption currently in use is extremely effective. This invention provides a small correction to this technique and absolute accuracy is therefore unnecessary, though accuracy becomes increasingly important as tank volume is reduced. A further complexity which should be understood is that the exact nature of the functions for developer utilisation in dye formation will vary between different manufacturers' papers.

[0021] The simplest approach to this problem is an empirical one. Most photofinishing printers work on the "integrate-to-grey principle" (see 'The Reproduction of Colour', 4th Edition, Fountain Press, Hunt R W G, at section 16.7 on page 294) or a more sophisticated variant of it. In essence this means that the printer tries to print each negative to produce the same amount of dye on the print, though some more sophisticated exposure determination algorithms may diverge from this when printing "difficult" negatives like snow scenes or fireworks shots. It is possible to override this tendency by using a manual correction to the exposure time. The corrections are usually defined in terms of "density button" units where each button adds a fixed increment to the exposure time, typically 19%. Thus a '+3 button' correction increments the time by 1.19 x 1.19 x 1.19 or 1.68. A '-4 button' change decreases the time by 1.19 x 1.19 x 1.19 x 1.19 or 2 (a halving of the time). The exact increment is usually variable and can be set up by the user.

[0022] If the amount of replenisher which must be added to the developer tank per square foot of paper printed normally (without manual correction) is known, it is possible to calculate the amount of dye which will be formed on a print which has been corrected for density. The calculation is not trivial and will be addressed later. It is nevertheless possible, whether by experiment or by calculation, to assign to each correction button, an adjustment to the replenishment rate according to the difference in dye formed on the print. This is equivalent to solving equation (3) above at discrete values of c, m and y. For example, we might find that, on average, for a +4 correction to a print, there is 1.75 times as much dye produced in each of the three layers as for a normal print. Thus 1.75 times as much replenisher would need to be added as for a normal print.

[0023] In this way the replenishment rate may be varied without the need for complicated calculations. Implementation is therefore cheap and simple, requiring only the use of a lookup table referencing δR to each correction button. The same principle may also be applied to the colour correction buttons, though it should be understood that the functions representing developer usage for dye amount produced may not be the same for each layer.

[0024] More sophisticated printer algorithms may permit much smaller increments in density and colour balance. In these cases, it may be possible to perform a calculation to get values for δR rather than having to perform many experimental determinations. Again, the exact details of the calculation will vary from machine to machine so the general outline will be explained below, where the assumption is made that an average measurement of the negative transmittance has been made (rather than discrete measurements at many places on the negative).

[0025] Each printer has some form of exposure determination algorithm whose output is an exposure, E_i, to each of the three layers (i = c, m and y) of a photographic paper relative to some calibration setting, E°_i.

[0026] There is a well known relation between exposure and optical reflection density, R_Di, known as the R_D - log(E) curve for each layer of the paper which can be used to calculate the optical density of the print in each layer. This relation is discussed in 'The Theory of the Photographic Process', 4th edition, Mees C.E.K. and James T.H., page 529.

[0027] The next step is to convert from reflection density to transmission density using another well known relation (see Williams and Klapper, Journal of the Optical Society of America, 1953, volume 43, page 595). It is now possible to obtain relative dye amounts on the print to a good approximation by taking the ratio of the transmission densities of the print in question, T_Di, to the transmission density of the calibration print, T°_Di. We may therefore write for the magenta layer for example,


If the contribution from the magenta layer to the total replenishment needed for the print is R_m and that for the calibration print is R°_m, then we may write,


and more generally,


   In equation (7), we have a relationship between the correction to the replenishment rate and the transmission density of the print, which is a function of E_i, the exposure given to the print. The functional relationship between T_Di and E_i is found from a knowledge of the paper's R_D - log(E) curve, and the R_D/T_D curve as is described in detail by Williams and Klapper mentioned above. It is preferable to combine these two curves into a single function, which may be a table of pairs of values relating E_i and T_Di. Intermediate points may, of course, be found by interpolation. Once again, it is important to note that the δR_i term will normally be a small correction to R_i and therefore a high degree of accuracy is not required to establish the relationship between E_i and T_Di.

[0028] Ideally, different values for R_i and the relationship between E_i and T_Di would be used for each manufacturer's paper, but in practice this would not be necessary on account of the nature of the small difference it would make to the performance of a replenishment system. This is further emphasized by the fact that most replenishment pumps are not capable of delivering liquid with a high degree of accuracy.

[0029] Photofinishing printers work in one of three ways. Some expose one print at a time and immediately send each exposed print to a processing machine. Others expose small batches of prints (typically between five and thirty prints) which are sent in one long length to the processing machine. These first two types of printer are normally found in minilabs where the printer is directly connected to a processor. There are still other types of printer which expose very large batches of prints, typically many hundreds, on to long rolls of paper before being taken uncut to a separate processing machine. These types of printers are normally found in high volume photofinishing establishments.

[0030] If the printer is of the high volume type, the replenishment data would need to be recorded on a magnetic storage medium, such as a floppy disc. When the roll of photographic paper has been exposed and loaded into the paper processor, the floppy disc would then be loaded into the paper processor's own floppy disc drive. The paper processor, equipped with a microprocessor controlled replenishment system, would access the replenishment data via its microprocessor as the roll of photographic paper is being processed in a developer. After a fixed number of prints have entered the developer, for example ten, an amount of replenisher would be added to the developer bath and an equal amount of developer drained off. The amount added would correspond to the sum of the replenisher amounts for the particular ten prints in the developer.

[0031] It is common practice for holes or notches to be punched by the printer on to the roll of photographic paper between prints, for use by an apparatus which chops the paper into individual prints. The paper processor would count these holes or notches to know how many prints had entered it.

[0032] The replenishment information for each print may also be recorded on the print itself by means of a machine-readable code applied to the back of the print. Alternatively, the information may be encoded as a series of punched holes between prints.

[0033] Photographic printers which only use discrete photocells for determining exposure measure only the average transmittance of a negative. A subject comprising a white spot against a black background would print as a black spot on a white background. The black spot would have reached the maximum density the photographic paper could give. The amount of dye in the spot would therefore be less than that expected from a calculation based on the average transmittance of the negative. Consequently, the calculated amount of replenishment required for that print would be too great.

[0034] This can be overcome by the use of a higher resolution measurement of the transmittance of the negative. A scanning device, for example a charge-coupled device having a 30 by 20 array, would yield 600 measurements of the transmittance of the negative. Areas of low density on the negative which would give an area of D_max on the print could be recognised as such, by using the paper's R_D - log(E) curve. The dye amounts formed at each of the 600 areas could be added together to give an accurate calculation of the total dye amount formed on the print.

[0035] The ultimate extension of this technique would be to apply it to a scanning printer where the negative is scanned at very high resolution.

[0036] The present invention has the advantage that it overcomes the problem of incorrect chemical replenishment, thus reducing sensitometric drift, maintaining quality and therefore saving money.

[0037] The present invention would be particularly suited to a small photofinishing operation such as a mini-lab where small chemical volumes in the processing tanks increase the susceptibility of the photographic processor to the effects of incorrect replenishment. Furthermore, for the small photofinishing operation, the relatively low hardware cost required to incorporate the present invention in a printer-processor pair is an added advantage. In addition, the need for a storage medium on which to retain the dye amounts calculated for the prints from a given roll of negatives during printing would be eliminated as the microprocessors in both the printer and the processor would be able to transfer the data between them.

[0038] It is particularly expected that the embodiment of the present invention describe above wherein the replenishment rate is linked to the density and colour correction buttons would be ideally suited to a minilab where implementation costs would need to be kept to a minimum.

[0039] The invention is particularly suited to the replenishment of photographic developers, but could be used with any apparatus where the replenishment rate is a function of the exposure given to the material.

Claims

1. A method of controlling the rate of replenishment of chemical solutions used in photographic processing apparatus, the apparatus including photographic printing apparatus for copying an object on to a photographic material, the method being characterized by the steps of measuring the actual exposure given to the photographic material during copying, deriving a signal from the measured actual exposure given to the photographic material which is related to the amount of image-producing substances formed on the photographic material after development of an image of the object, and using the derived signal to control the replenishment rate of the processing solutions.

2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the image-producing substances are dyes.

3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the image-producing substances are metals.

4. A method according to claim 3, wherein the metal is silver.

5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the signal is derived from measurements of the average transmittance of the object to be copied.

6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the signal is derived from measurements of the average transmittance of a plurality of different small areas of the object to be copied.

7. A method according to claim 5 or 6, wherein the signal is derived from the average of measurements of the average transmittance of a large random sample of all such objects to be copied on to the photographic material.

8. A method according to claim 7, wherein the signal is further derived from data relating to the sensitometric characteristics of the photographic material.

9. A method according to claim 1, wherein the derived signal is related to the replenishment rate by an empirical function.

10. A method according to claim 1 or 9, wherein the replenishment rate is adjusted in discrete steps which are directly related to discrete levels of density and/or colour correction used in the process of copying the object.

11. A method according to claim 10, wherein the density and/or colour correction is/are directly linked to increments or decrements in the replenishment rate applied to the developer solution in the photographic processing apparatus.

12. Photographic processing apparatus including printing apparatus for copying an object on to a colour photographic material, and processing apparatus for processing the exposed photographic material, characterized in that a signal related to the measured exposure given to the photographic material is used to control replenishment rate of the solutions used in the processing apparatus.

13. Apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the signal is transmitted to the processing apparatus by a direct data link.

14. Apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the printing apparatus is provided with means for recording replenishment data on the photographic material and wherein the processing apparatus is provided with means for reading the recorded data.

15. Apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the printing apparatus and processing apparatus are provided with storage means and wherein data relating to the signal is first stored on a storage medium in the printing apparatus which is then transferred to the processing apparatus.

16. Apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the storage medium is a magnetic storage medium.

17. Apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the printing apparatus has a plurality of density and colour correction buttons which are directly related to increments and decrements in the replenishment rate applied to the developer solution in the processing apparatus.

18. Apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the printing apparatus is provided with scanning means for obtaining measurements of the average transmittance of plurality of different small areas of an object to be copied.

Ansprüche

1. Verfahren zum Steuern der Regenerationsrate von chemischen Lösungen, die in fotografischen Bildverarbeitungsmaschinen mit einer fotografischen Kopiereinrichtung zum Kopieren einer Vorlage auf ein fotografisches Material Verwendung finden,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die auf das fotografische Material einwirkende Kopierlichtmenge gemessen wird, daß von dieser Kopierlichtmenge ein Signal abgeleitet wird, das der Menge an bilderzeugenden Substanzen entspricht, die auf dem fotografischen Material nach der Entwicklung einer Vorlagenkopie entstehen, und daß das abgeleitete Signal zum Steuern der Regenerationsrate der Entwicklerlösungen verwendet wird.

2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es sich bei den bilderzeugenden Substanzen um Farbstoffe handelt.

3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es sich bei den bilderzeugenden Substanzen um Metalle handelt.

4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es sich bei dem Metall um Silber handelt.

5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Signal von Messungen der mittleren Vorlagendichte abgeleitet wird.

6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Signal von Messungen der mittleren Dichte einer Vielzahl verschiedener kleiner Vorlagenbereiche abgeleitet wird.

7. Verfahren nach Anspruch 5 oder 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Signal vom Durchschnittswert der gemessenen mittleren Dichtewerte einer aus allen auf fotografisches Material zu kopierenden Kopiervorlagen entnommenen großen Anzahl von Zufallsstichproben abgeleitet wird.

8. Verfahren nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Signal von Daten abgeleitet wird, die den sensitometrischen Eigenschaften des fotografischen Materials entsprechen.

9. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das abgeleitete Signal über eine empirische Funktion der Regenerationsrate zugeordnet ist.

10. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Regenerationsrate in diskreten Schritten eingestellt wird, die unmittelbar den diskreten Dichte- und/oder Farbkorrekturstufen entsprechen, wie sie beim Kopieren der Vorlage verwendet werden.

11. Verfahren nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Dichte- und/oder Farbkorrektur in direktem Zusammenhang mit den Inkrement- oder Dekrementschritten für die Regenerationsrate der Entwicklerlösung in fotografischen Bildverarbeitungsmaschinen steht/stehen.

12. Fotografische Bildverarbeitungsmaschine mit einer Kopiereinrichtung zum Kopieren einer Vorlage auf ein farbfotografisches Material und mit einer Entwicklungseinrichtung zum Entwickeln des belichteten fotografischen Materials, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein der gemessenen Kopierlichtmenge entsprechendes Signal zur Steuerung der Regenerationsrate der in der Entwicklungseinrichtung verwendeten Lösungen einsetzbar ist.

13. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Signal über eine direkte Datenleitung zur Entwicklungseinrichtung übertragbar ist.

14. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Entwicklungseinrichtung mit Mitteln zum Aufzeichnen von Regeneratmengeninformationen auf dem fotografischen Material versehen ist und Mittel zum Lesen der aufgezeichneten Informationen aufweist.

15. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Kopiereinrichtung und die Entwicklungseinrichtung mit Speichermitteln versehen sind und daß die mit dem Signal in Beziehung stehenden Informationen zuerst auf einem Speichermedium in der Kopiereinrichtung speicherbar und anschließend zur Entwicklungseinrichtung übertragbar sind.

16. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es sich bei dem Speichermedium um einen Magnetspeicher handelt.

17. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Kopiereinrichtung eine Vielzahl von Dichte- und Farbkorrekturtasten aufweist, die in direktem Zusammenhang mit den Inkrement- und Dekrementschritten für die Regenerationsrate der Entwicklerlösung in der Entwicklungseinrichtung stehen.

18. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Kopiereinrichtung mit Abtastmitteln versehen ist, die Messwerte der mittleren Dichte einer Vielzahl verschiedener kleiner Vorlagenbereiche liefern.

Revendications

1. Procédé de commande du taux de renouvellement de solutions chimiques utilisées dans un appareil de traitement photographique, l'appareil comportant un appareil de tirage photographique permettant de reproduire un objet sur un matériau photographique, le procédé étant caractérisé par les opérations consistant à mesurer l'exposition réelle donnée au matériau photographique pendant l'opération de reproduction, à déduire de l'exposition réelle mesurée qui a été donné au matériau photographique un signal qui est lié à la quantité de substances de production d'image formée sur le matériau photographique après développement d'une image de l'objet, et à utiliser le signal ainsi déduit pour commander le taux de renouvellement des solutions de traitement.

2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, où les substances de production d'image sont des colorants.

3. Procédé selon la revendication 1, où les substances de production d'image sont des métaux.

4. Procédé selon la revendication 3, où le métal est l'argent.

5. Procédé selon la revendication 1, où le signal est déduit de mesures du facteur de transmission moyen de l'objet à reproduire.

6. Procédé selon la revendication 1, où le signal est déduit de mesures du facteur de transmission moyen de plusieurs petites aires différentes de l'objet à reproduire.

7. Procédé selon la revendication 5 ou 6, où le signal est déduit de la moyenne de mesures du facteur de transmission moyen d'un important échantillon, choisi au hasard, de tous les objets à reproduire sur le matériau photographique.

8. Procédé selon la revendication 7, où le signal est en outre déduit de données se rapportant aux caractéristiques sensitométriques du matériau photographique.

9. Procédé selon la revendication 1, où le signal déduit est lié au taux de renouvellement par une fonction empirique.

10. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 9, où on ajuste le taux de renouvellement par pas discrets qui sont directement liés à des niveaux discrets de correction de densité et, ou bien, de couleur utilisés dans le processus de reproduction de l'objet.

11. Procédé selon la revendication 10, où la correction de densité et, ou bien, la correction de couleur sont directement liées à des incréments ou des décréments du taux de renouvellement appliqué à la solution de développement dans l'appareil de traitement photographique.

12. Appareil de traitement photographique comportant un appareil de tirage permettant de reproduire un objet sur un matériau photographique couleur et un appareil de traitement permettant de traiter le matériau photographique exposé, caractérisé en ce qu'un signal lié à l'exposition mesurée qui a été donnée au matériau photographique est utilisé pour commander le taux de renouvellement des solutions utilisées dans l'appareil de traitement.

13. Appareil selon la revendication 12, où le signal est transmis à l'appareil de traitement par une liaison directe de transmission de données.

14. Appareil selon la revendication 12, où l'appareil de tirage est doté d'un moyen permettant d'enregistrer des données de renouvellement sur le matériau photographique, et où l'appareil de traitement est doté d'un moyen permettant de lire les données enregistrées.

15. Appareil selon la revendication 12, où l'appareil de tirage et l'appareil de traitement sont dotés de moyens de mémorisation, et où des données se rapportant au signal sont d'abord enregistrées sur un support de mémorisation contenu dans l'appareil de tirage, pour être ensuite transmises à l'appareil de traitement.

16. Appareil selon la revendication 15, où le support de mémorisation est un support de mémorisation magnétique.

17. Appareil selon la revendication 12, où l'appareil de tirage possède plusieurs boutons de correction de densité et de couleur qui sont directement associés à des incréments et des décréments du taux de renouvellement appliqué à la solution de développement dans l'appareil de traitement.

18. Appareil selon la revendication 12, où l'appareil de tirage est doté de moyens de balayage permettant d'obtenir des mesures du facteur de transmission moyen d'une pluralité de petites aires différentes d'un objet à reproduire.