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EP 0 462 790 B1 |
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EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION |
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Mention of the grant of the patent: |
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15.01.1997 Bulletin 1997/03 |
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Date of filing: 18.06.1991 |
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International Patent Classification (IPC)6: E04B 1/348 |
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A building and building method
Bauwerk und Aufbaumethode
Bâtiment et procédé de construction
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Designated Contracting States: |
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DE DK ES FR GB IT SE |
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Priority: |
19.06.1990 FI 903074
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Date of publication of application: |
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27.12.1991 Bulletin 1991/52 |
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Proprietor: MASA-YARDS OY |
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SF-00151 Helsinki (FI) |
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Inventors: |
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- Salmenmaki, Jarmo
SF-20310 Turku (FI)
- Wacker, Jarmo
SF-20780 Kaarina (FI)
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Representative: Newby, Martin John et al |
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JY & GW Johnson,
Kingsbourne House,
229-231 High Holborn London WC1V 7DP London WC1V 7DP (GB) |
| (56) |
References cited: :
EP-A- 0 118 957 DE-A- 2 219 202 FR-A- 1 265 925 FR-A- 2 101 192
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BE-A- 844 795 DE-A- 2 719 953 FR-A- 1 372 468 GB-A- 1 095 449
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| Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European
patent, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to
the European patent
granted. Notice of opposition shall be filed in a written reasoned statement. It shall
not be deemed to
have been filed until the opposition fee has been paid. (Art. 99(1) European Patent
Convention).
|
[0001] The invention relates to a building according to the preamble of claim 1 and which
is known from FR-A-1 372 468. In particular, but not exclusively, the framework of
the building is made of concrete or of steel-reinforced concrete. In this specification
the term steel-reinforced concrete framework refers either to a structure made entirely
of steel reinforced concrete or to a structure of load-bearing columns and beams at
least mainly made of steel and different level load bearing floors at least mainly
made of concrete or steel-reinforced concrete. The invention further relates to a
method for creating the interior of such a building and a method for creating such
a building.
[0002] A known building technique has been developed involving constructing a frame of the
building relatively rapidly using mostly prefabricated supporting building elements.
However, the interior of the building is still made mostly manually, which makes it
expensive and time consuming. Further, planning the various stages of construction
at the building site is difficult, because workers of different professions have different
tasks to perform and the proper timing of these tasks demands accurate planning and
time scheduling.
[0003] This known building technique also results in rooms of the building being poorly
sound-insulated from each other. In particular noise is easily transmitted from one
room to another through the building frame as a so-called "frame sound", the sound
being transmitted both horizontally from one room to another on the same floor levels
as well as vertically from one room to another on different floor levels. The problems
caused by poor sound insulation can be reduced by employing special expensive sound
insulating techniques, for example by building so-called floating floors. However
normally with such multi floor buildings either rather poor sound insulation is accepted
or the walls and floor levels are made thicker than required by the load stress for
sound insulation purposes only.
[0004] The use of prefabricated room units is known in the shipbuilding industry (see FI-62647,
GB-A-1600110 and US-A-3363597) and in buildings (see US-A-2499498, US-A-3638380 and
US-A-3823520). According to this known art, a frame is built to hold the room units
in place, the room units thus forming the building itself and not being used to create
the interior of a completed building.
[0005] The object of the invention is to solve several problems relating to the construction
of buildings. The most important aims are to reduce the time taken to construct the
interior of buildings, to construct much of the interior building remote from the
building site, and to improve in a simple way the sound insulation of the building.
The invention contributes to improving the fire safety of buildings.
[0006] According to one aspect of the invention a building is characterised by the characterizing
features of claim 1. The invention is mainly based on the fact that the actual room
spaces and their interiors are built as prefabricated room units and are so installed
that between the room units and the bearing structures of the building air gaps are
provided which, in cooperation with the walls/ceilings of the room units, considerably
improve the sound insulation between the insides of the various room units and adjacent
bearing structures.
[0007] Buildings, e.g. a hotel building, made according to the invention can be constructed
considerably faster than conventionally constructed buildings. It has been calculated
that the building time of a hotel complex comprising about hundred rooms can be reduced
by as much as five months by constructing the building in accordance with the invention.
At the same time a very high quality level of interior decoration and fittings for
the building can be achieved and sound insulation problems can be solved more easily
than in a conventional building.
[0008] Because in a house or building according to the invention the frame sounds can move
from one to another room only through the floor, a considerable improvement in sound
insulation is achieved because of this.
[0009] The invention can best be applied to a so-called column-beam-building in which the
main bearing structures of the building are vertical columns and horizontal beams
supported by the columns. The beams support the different level bearing floors which
can take up conventional loads occurring on each floor level. Furthermore, the outer
wall or another vertical wall structure of the building may comprise further vertical
bearing structures of the building's supporting framework. In this case the floor
level of the building is an open space including only some supporting columns, into
which space the prefabricated room units can be installed.
[0010] Conveniently air gaps are also provided between two adjacent room units in order
to achieve, in cooperation with the walls of the room units, a good sound insulation.
[0011] The sound insulation between the inside of a room unit and either the inside of an
adjacent room unit or an adjacent bearing structure depends on the structure of the
wall/ceiling of the room unit and the size of the air gap adjacent the wall/ceiling.
Since heavy mass is a very good barrier to airborne sound, the incorporation of heavy
building material, e.g. sheet metal, plates or tiles of ceramic or stone material
and plaster board (gypsum), in the wall/ceiling structure of a room unit which is
adjacent a sound-insulating air gap greatly improves the sound insulation. Lighter
building material, in particular mineral wool, should be used in the wall/ceiling
structure in combination with the heavy material. A layer of mineral wool, possibly
lined at its outside with paper, plastics, glass fibre fabric or the like, should
be positioned adjacent the air gap, whereas the heavy building material should be
positioned as far away as possible from the air gap, e.g. at or close to the inside
of a wall/ceiling structure of the room unit.
[0012] A suitable width for the air gap is from 40 to 100 mm, preferably from 50 to 80 mm.
A wider gap in cooperation with an adjacent room unit wall or ceiling usually provides
better sound insulation, but, in order to save space, there is generally no need to
use unnecessarily large air gaps. To prevent sound from being transmitted freely in
the air gap network, the air gaps may, with advantage, be provided with non-rigid,
e.g. soft, gap-closing elements of sound dampening material. Typically such a gap-closing
element comprises a soft mineral wool strip applied across the air gap. Such gap-closing
elements are useful also for improving fire safety, because they act as barriers within
the air gap network for preventing the spread of fire or high temperatures therethrough.
[0013] Building costs are usually reduced most effectively by using bottomless room units,
so that the bearing floors of the building form the floors of the room units. The
room floors can be properly finished by adding floor coverings to the bearing floors.
If extremely good sound insulation is required, it is better to use room units with
their own floors instead of bottomless room units. However, in that case the costs
are considerably higher.
[0014] For space saving it is of advantage to use cellular, mainly rectangular room units.
The basic rectangular form should, however, be slightly modified, so that, for instance,
in some corners of the room unit a bevelling or some other recess is provided, the
purpose of which is to leave room for the building's vertical bearing structures,
e.g. support columns or the like. Also the basic rectangular form of the room units
may be modified to leave suitable space for pipes and cables. If a room unit includes
a bathroom or the like, it is usually of advantage to make space for the pipes and
cables close to the bathroom unit. Since the room height in secondary room spaces,
such as corridors and bathrooms, does not necessarily need to be as high as in actual
living rooms, it is often of advantage to lower the ceiling height of these secondary
spaces, or of either of two adjacent spaces, so that there will be a step in the ceiling
through which air conditioning ducts or the like may be connected.
[0015] An efficient and economical use of the building according to the invention requires
that the room units are dimensioned according to a modular system suitable for the
building structure. For practical reasons, the maximum length of the module is usually
about 7 m and the largest preferable width is about 3.4 m due to transportation factors.
In special cases even a width of 4 m can be considered. Room units smaller than the
modules, for instance, WCs, bathrooms or the like, are preferably integrated into
room units with modular dimensions. In practice this means that a modular room unit
may be divided into two or several sub-portions.
[0016] During construction of the building, the room units can advantageously be brought
into the building through an open outer wall of the framework. A room unit intended
for location close to an outer wall can with advantage be provided beforehand with
a building element forming a part of the outer wall. Alternatively, outer walls elements
can separately be installed in the outer wall when all the room units of one particular
floor have been accommodated within that floor.
[0017] If in a building a large number of rooms mainly of the same kind are required, such
as hotel rooms or the like, it is usually of advantage to use two kinds of room units
of generally the same size but one of which is, at least basically, a mirror image
of the other one. By placing a room unit and its mirror unit always side by side the
advantage is obtained that pipes and cables for both the room units can easily be
connected to the same HPAC-pit passing vertically through the building. Also the length
of the pipes and cables drawn to different places in the room unit can be minimized
by using the mirror-installation mode.
[0018] Suitably the room units are made sufficiently stiff that they are self-supporting.
This facilitates their transportation to the building site and their subsequent installation.
The stiffness of the room unit should preferably be such that the room unit does not
need to be separately supported in the building. The only support given to the room
units by the building will then be the support of the bearing floors. The lack of
other supports will have a positive effect on the sound insulation. Exceptionally
large room units may also be brought to the building site in parts.
[0019] Other aspects of the invention relating to a method of creating an interior of a
building and to a method of creating a building are disclosed in claims 12 and 13.
[0020] Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with particular
reference to the accompanying drawings, in which
Figure 1 is a vertical section through a part of a building according to the invention,
and
Figure 2 is a horizontal section of a part of a floor level of a building according
to the invention.
[0021] Figure 1 shows primarily only different level bearing floors 1 of a framework of
a concrete house building. Between the floor levels, a number of prefabricated room
units 2 are arranged, each having walls indicated by reference numeral 3 and a ceiling
indicated by reference numeral 4. The illustrated room units 2 are bottomless with
exception of the wash and WC department 5, where a floor 6 has been installed during
manufacture of the room unit. The floor 6 of the wash and WC department 5 is shown
in Figure 1 only schematically. Usually it is somewhat above the average floor level
of the building and is provided with a drain including sewer pipes and with other
required equipment, for instance floor warming means.
[0022] The outer wall of the building consists partly of outer wall elements 7 connected
to room units 2, which elements may include a window 8, a balcony door or anything
else serving the building. The outer wall element 7 can be affixed to the room unit
2 at the manufacturing stage of the latter or, alternatively, the outer wall element
7 can be installed into the outer wall after the installation of the room unit 2.
[0023] It is important to arrange air gaps 9 between the room units 2 and adjacent bearing
structures of the building. Each air gap 9, in cooperation with the wall or ceiling
of the room unit concerned, provides an effective sound insulation between the room
unit and the adjacent bearing structure. If, as shown in Figure 1, there is a corridor
or similar public space to the right of the room unit, a thin panel wall 10 may be
installed between the room unit and the corridor.
[0024] Usually there is a small entrance portion at one end of the room unit and beside
it a wash and WC department 5 as shown in Figure 1. In this portion of the room unit
the ceiling height may be somewhat lower than in the actual room space of the room
unit. This is of advantage because the difference in ceiling height may, as shown
in Figure 1, be used, for instance, for accommodating air conditioning ducts or tubing
11 supplied to the room unit.
[0025] Figure 2 shows, for instance, how the interior of an entire hotel floor may be formed
according to the invention. In forming the interior, two types of room unit 2
a and 2
b, which are mirror images of each other, are used. When placing mirror image room
units one adjacent to the other in a row, the advantage is obtained that pipes to
be connected to the wash and WC departments 5, which have been integrated into the
room units already in the manufacturing phase, may be located to the same pit 12,
to which also other required service lines, e.g. air conditioning pipes, electric
cables etc., are located.
[0026] Support columns of the building framework have been indicated by the reference numeral
13. By providing the room units with a corner bevelling 14, so dimensioned that the
column 13 is located in the space provided by the bevelling, the advantage is obtained
that virtually all of the available floor space area is used. Because there is normally
room for two room units between two support columns 13, there is also the advantage,
in placing the room units in mirror unit pairs, that the corner bevelling is always
facing a support column.
[0027] The interior of the building is created during construction of the building by moving
the prefabricated room units through open outer wall openings of the framework. For
example, the room unit 2
a is moved in first and is then moved slightly to one side so that the column 13 is
positioned in the corner bevelling of the room unit. After this, the mirror image
room unit 2
b is placed adjacent room unit 2
a. Between all room units there is an air gap 9. After the installation of the room
units, proper supplemental wall elements 15 are placed in the outer wall in front
of the support column 13 and, if required, also in front of the gaps between a pair
of room units.
[0028] Normally the room units are manufactured so that the supporting parts of the walls
and ceilings are made of bent steel sheets, typically from about 0.7 mm to 1.00 mm
thick. To one side of the steel sheet a mineral wool layer, typically about 15 mm
thick, is glued. However if required, the mineral wool layer may be considerably thicker.
The density of the mineral wool is preferably greater than 200 kg/m
3. The metal surface side of the wall structure is arranged towards the inside of the
room unit and the mineral wool insulation is towards the air gap between the room
units. If the sound insulation of the wall structure is to be improved, this is most
conveniently achieved by increasing the amount of heavy building material in the wall
structure in such a part that is as far as possible from the air gap. Such a heavy
building material can be, for instance, a plaster board or Dutch-tile or the like.
Alternatively, if tiles or the like are not used, the side of the steel sheet which
is facing the inside of the room unit, is usually covered with a suitable surface
material, such as textile, plastic or the like.
[0029] It is not essential that each air gap is completely free of mechanical contact. A
light contact within limited areas between, for instance, a layer of mineral wool
and a supporting column, e.g. such as between items 13 and 14 in Figure 2, is acceptable.
However in general there should be an air gap covering most of the outside surfaces
of a room unit. If there is a part of the building framework close to a room unit,
then there should be an air gap present between the wall and/or ceiling of the room
unit and the adjacent framework part.
1. A building having a framework of horizontal bearing structures, comprising different
level bearing floors (1), and vertical bearing structures (13) and prefabricated room
units (2) within the framework resting on the bearing floors (1), each prefabricated
room unit (2) including at least walls (3) and a ceiling (4), the room units (2) being
positioned so that air gaps (9) are provided between said bearing structures and at
least some of said walls and/or ceilings, characterised in that each of said air gaps
(9) between an adjacent bearing structure and an adjacent room unit wall (3) or ceiling
forms, with the adjacent room unit wall or ceiling, a sound insulation barrier between
the bearing structure and the inside of the room unit, each room unit wall or ceiling
of such a sound insulation barrier including layers of lighter and heavier building
material with the main portion of the layer of heavier building material positioned
further from the air gap of the sound insulation barrier than the main portion of
the layer of lighter building material is positioned from the same air gap.
2. A building according to claim 1, characterised in that additional air gaps (9) are
formed between adjacent walls of adjacent pairs of room units to form, in cooperation
with said adjacent walls, sound insulation between the adjacent pairs of rooms.
3. A building according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that at least some of said
room units are at least partly floorless and in that a floor or floors for each at
least partly floorless unit room unit is provided by an appropriate covering applied
to the bearing floor on which the room unit is supported.
4. A building according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that at least some
of said room units are of cellular form and each of at least some of said cellular
room units has a vertically extending recess (14) at at least one of its corners in
which is received at least one of said vertical bearing structures.
5. A building according to any one of claims 1 to 4 characterised in that at least some
of said room units are dimensioned to fit into a modular system and are sub-divided
into smaller prefabricated rooms.
6. A building according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterised in that at least some
of said room units have outer walls at the periphery of the building, at least some
of said outer walls having outer wall elements fitted thereto during fabrication of
the room units defining outside wall elements of the building.
7. A building according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterised in that at least some
of said room units are arranged in rows, each row comprising adjacent pairs of room
units (2a, 2b), the two room units of a pair being structural mirror images of each
other.
8. A building according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterised in that the air gap
(9) width is from 40 to 100 mm, preferably from 50 to 80 mm.
9. A building according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterised in that the room units
are sufficiently rigid to be supported only from below by means of the bearing floors
(1).
10. A building according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterised in that at least some
of said air gaps are subdivided by installation in the air gaps of soft sound dampening
material.
11. A building according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterised in that at least
some of said ceilings are stepped with a step portion joining upper and lower ceiling
portions, and in that at least one air conditioning conduit (11) extends over the
lower ceiling portion to the step portion for communication with the inside of the
associated room unit.
12. A method of creating an interior of a building having a framework of vertically spaced
apart horizontal structures and vertical bearing structures (13), comprising moving,
between vertically adjacent pairs of horizontal structures and through open outer
wall openings of the framework, prefabricated room units (2), each including at least
walls (3) and a ceiling (4), characterised in that the horizontal structures comprise different level load bearing floors (1) made of
concrete or steel-reinforced concrete, in that the room units, after being moved through
said open wall openings of the framework, are moved over the load bearing floors (1)
into their installed positions, in that air gaps (9) are formed between said bearing
structures and at least some of said walls (3) and/or ceilings (4) to form, in cooperation
with the adjacent structural parts of the room units (2), sound insulation barriers
between the interiors of the room units and adjacent bearing structures of the building
framework, and in that each room unit wall or ceiling of each of said sound insulation
barriers includes layers of lighter and heavier building material with the main portion
of the layer of heavier building material positioned further from the air gap of the
sound insulation barrier than the main portion of the layer of lighter building material
is positioned from the same air gap.
13. A method of creating a building according to claim 1, whereby said framework is initially
constructed, said prefabricated room units (2) are installed within said framework,
between each vertically adjacent pair of horizontal bearing structures, so as to be
supported on said different level load bearing floors (1) which are made of concrete
or steel-reinforced concrete, and said room units (2) are positioned in the framework
so that said air gaps (9), formed between said bearing structures and at least some
of said walls (3) and/or ceilings (4), form, in co-operation with the adjacent structural
parts of the room units (2), said sound insulation barriers between the interiors
of the room units and adjacent bearing structures of the building framework.
14. A method according to claim 12 or 13, characterised in that outer wall elements (15)
are installed to enclose the building at its exterior.
15. A method according to claim 12, 13 or 14, characterised in that two room units (2)
are installed on at least one floor level without any portion of the framework therebetween,
and are positioned close together but with an air gap therebetween in order to provide
an effective sound insulation.
16. A method according to any one of claims 12 to 15, characterised in that a room unit
(2) that is at least partly floorless is installed so as to rest on a selected floor
level of the framework, a portion of the selected floor level being exposed in the
room unit and constituting the floor of the room unit, and in that a floor covering
is thereafter applied to the said portion of the selected floor level.
17. A method according to any one of claims 12 to 16, characterised in that room units
that are substantially rectangular in plan are installed, each room unit having at
at least one corner of the rectangle a recess, for example in the form of a bevelling,
in order to leave space for receiving said vertical bearing structures (13).
18. A method according to any one of claims 12 to 17, characterised in that the room units
are dimensioned to fit a module system, and a room (5) smaller than the basic measure
of the module system, for instance a WC compartment or the like, is incorporated into
a room unit by prefabrication.
19. A method according to any one of claims 12 to 18, characterised in that, at the outer
wall of the building, a room unit is installed which is provided by prefabrication
with a wall element that fits into an opening in the outer wall of the building to
form there a portion of the outer wall.
20. A method according to any one of claims 12 to 19, characterised in that adjacent substantially
similar room units (2a, 2b) form a row, each room unit in the row being substantially
a structural mirror image of an adjacent room unit.
21. A method according to any one of claims 12 to 20, characterised in that the room units
are positioned so that the width of the or each air gap (9) is from 40 to 100 mm,
preferably from 50 to 80 mm.
22. A method according to any one of claims 12 to 21, characterised in that room units
are installed that are sufficiently rigid that they need be supported by the said
bearing floors only from below.
23. A method according to any one of claims 12 to 22, characterised in that said vertical
bearing structures comprise vertical columns and the space between vertically adjacent
floor levels is substantially open.
24. A method according to any one of claims 12 to 23, characterised in that soft sound
insulating closure elements made of sound dampening material are installed in the
air gap whereby the air gap is divided into at least two regions.
25. A method according to any one of claims 12 to 24, characterised in that the ceiling
of each of at least some of said room units has a lower portion and an upper portion
meeting at a step and at least one air conditioning duct (11) extends above the lower
ceiling portion and opens into the interior of the room unit at the step.
26. A method according to any one of claims 12 to 25, characterised in that the room units
are positioned so that a wall of a room unit is close to a vertical bearing structure
but is spaced therefrom by a sufficient distance to provide an air gap, which, in
co-operation with the wall of the room unit, forms a sound insulation barrier between
said vertical element and the interior of the room unit.
27. A method according to any one of claims 12 to 26, characterised in that the room units
are connected to building utilities including an air conditioning system.
28. A method according to any one of claims 12 to 27, characterised in that the room units
are installed through respective openings in the outer wall of the building and in
that outer wall elements are installed in said openings for enclosing the building
at its exterior.
1. Gebäude mit einem Rahmentragwerk aus horizontalen Tragestrukturen, die tragende Böden
(1) auf verschiedenen Ebenen umfassen, und vertikalen Tragestrukturen (13) und vorfabrizierten
Raumeinheiten (2) innerhalb des Rahmentragewerks, die auf den tragenden Böden (1)
ruhen, wobei jede vorfabrizierte Raumeinheit (2) mindestens Wände (3) und eine Decke
(4) umfaßt, wobei die Raumeinheiten (2) so positioniert sind, daß Luftspalte (9) zwischen
den Tragestrukturen und mindestens einigen der Wände und/oder Decken angeordnet sind,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jeder der Luftspalte (9) zwischen einer benachbarten Tragestruktur
und einer benachbarten Wand (3) oder Decke einer Raumeinheit mit der benachbarten
Wand oder Decke der Raumeinheit eine Schallisolationsbarriere zwischen der Tragestruktur
und dem Inneren der Raumeinheit bildet, wobei jede Wand oder Decke einer Raumeinheit
einer solchen Schallisolationsbarriere Schichten mit leichterem und schwererem Baumaterial
umfaßt, wobei der Hauptteil der Schicht schwereren Baumaterials weiter vom Luftspalt
der Schallisolationsbarriere entfernt angeordnet ist, als der Hauptteil der Schicht
des leichteren Baumaterials.
2. Gebäude nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zusätzliche Luftspalte (9) zwischen
benachbarten Wänden benachbarter Paare von Raumeinheiten ausgebildet sind, um im Zusammenwirken
mit den benachbarten Wänden eine Schallisolierung zwischen benachbarten Raumpaaren
zu bilden.
3. Gebäude nach den Ansprüchen 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mindestens einige
der Raumeinheiten zumindest teilweise ohne Boden sind, und daß ein Boden oder Böden
für die mindestens teilweise bodenlosen Raumeinheiten durch eine passende Abdeckung
geliefert wird, die auf dem tragenden Boden aufgebracht wird, auf dem die Raumeinheit
abgestützt wird.
4. Gebäude nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mindestens einige
der Raumeinheiten eine zellulare Form aufweisen und jede der mindestens einigen zellularen
Raumeinheiten eine sich vertikal erstreckende Vertiefung (14) an mindestens einer
ihrer Ecken hat, in welcher mindestens eine der vertikalen Tragestrukturen aufgenommen
wird.
5. Gebäude nach einem der Ansprüch 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mindestens einige
der Raumeinheiten so dimensioniert sind, daß sie in ein modulares System passen und
in kleinere vorfabrizierte Räume unterteilt sind.
6. Gebäude nach einem der Ansprüch 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mindestens einige
der Raumeinheiten äußere Wände an der Umfangsfläche des Gebäudes aufweisen, wobei
mindestens einige der äußeren Wände äußere Wandelemente haben, die während der Herstellung
der Raumeinheiten an diese angepaßt werden, und die äußere Wandelemente des Gebäudes
bilden.
7. Gebäude nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mindestens einige
der Raumeinheiten in Reihen angeordnet sind, wobei jede Reihe benachbarte Paare von
Raumeinheiten (2a, 2b) aufweist, wobei die zwei Raumeinheiten eines Paares vom Aufbau her spiegelbildlich
zueinander sind.
8. Gebäude nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Luftspalt
(9) eine Breite von 40 bis 100 mm, vorzugsweise von 50 bis 80 mm hat.
9. Gebäude nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Raumeinheiten
genügend steif sind, um nur von unten mittels der tragenden Böden (1) abgestützt zu
werden.
10. Gebäude nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mindestens einige
der Luftspalte durch die Installation von weichem, schalldämpfenden Material unterteilt
sind.
11. Gebäude nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mindestens
einige der Decken abgestuft sind, wobei ein Stufenteil, die oberen und unteren Deckenteile
miteinander verbindet, und dadurch, daß mindestens eine Klimaanlagenleitung (11) sich
über dem niedrigen Deckenteil zum Stufenteil für eine Verbindung mit der Innenseite
der zugehörigen Raumeinheit erstreckt.
12. Verfahren zur Schaffung des Inneren eines Gebäudes, das ein Rahmentragwerk aus vertikal
beabstandeten horizontalen Strukturen und vertikalen Tragestrukturen (13) umfaßt,
wobei das Verfahren das Bewegen vorfabrizierter Raumeinheiten (2), von denen jede
mindestens Wände (3) und eine Decke (4) umfaßt, zwischen vertikal benachbarten Paaren
horizontaler Strukturen und durch offene äußere Wandöffnungen des Rahmentragwerks
umfaßt, und dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, daß die horizontalen Strukturen lasttragende
Böden (1) verschiedener Ebenen umfassen, die aus Beton oder stahlverstärktem Beton
hergestellt sind, daß die Raumeinheiten, nachdem sie durch die offenen Wandöffnungen
des Rahmentragewerks bewegt wurden, über die lasttragenden Böden (1) in ihre Installationspositionen
bewegt werden, und dadurch, daß Luftspalte (9) zwischen den Tragestrukturen und mindestens
einigen der Wände (3) und/oder Decken (4) gebildet werden, um im Zusammenwirken mit
den benachbarten Strukturteilen der Raumeinheiten (2) wirksame Schallisolationsbarrieren
zwischen den Innenräumen der Raumeinheiten und benachbarten Tragestrukturen des Gebäuderahmentragewerks
zu bilden, und dadurch, daß jede Wand oder Decke der Raumeinheit der Schallisolationsbarrieren
Schichten leichteren und schwereren Baumaterials umfaßt, wobei der Hauptteil der Schicht
mit dem schwereren Baumaterial weiter vom Luftspalt der Schallisolationsbarriere entfernt
angeordnet ist, als der Hauptteil des leichteren Baumaterials.
13. Verfahren zur Schaffung eines Gebäudes nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Rahmentragewerk
anfänglich konstruiert wird, die vorfabrizierten Raumeinheiten (2) in dem Rahmentragewerk
zwischen jedem vertikal benachbarten Paar horizontaler Tragestrukturen installiert
werden, so daß sie auf den lasttragenden Böden (1) der verschiedenen Ebenen, die aus
Beton oder stahlverstärktem Beton hergestellt sind, abgestützt werden, und wobei die
Raumeinheiten (2) im Rahmentragewerk so positioniert sind, daß die Luftspalte (9),
die zwischen den Tragestrukturen und mindestens einigen der Wände (3) und/oder Decken
(4) im Zusammenwirken mit den benachbarten Strukturteilen der Raumeinheiten (2) die
Schallisolationsbarrieren zwischen den Innenräumen der Raumeinheiten und benachbarten
Tragestrukturen des Gebäuderahmentragewerks bilden, ausgebildet werden.
14. Verfahren nach Anspruch 12 oder 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß äußere Wandelemente
(15) installiert werden, um das Gebäude auf seiner Außenseite einzuschließen.
15. Verfahren nach Anspruch 12, 13 oder 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zwei Raumeinheiten
(2) mindestens auf einer Bodenebene ohne irgend einen Teil des Rahmenwerks zwischen
ihnen installiert und dicht zusammen positioniert werden, aber mit einem sich dazwischen
befindlichen Luftspalt, um eine wirksame Schallisolierung zu liefern.
16. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 12 bis 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß eine Raumeinheit
(2), die mindestens teilweise ohne Boden ist, so installiert wird, daß sie auf einer
ausgewählten Bodenebene des Rahmentragewerks ruht, wobei ein Teil der ausgewählten
Bodenebene offen in der Raumeinheit liegt und den Boden der Raumeinheit bildet, und
dadurch, daß eine Bodenabdeckung danach auf diesen Teil der ausgewählten Bodenebene
aufgebracht wird.
17. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 12 bis 16, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Raumeinheiten,
die von oben gesehen im wesentlichen rechteckig sind, installiert werden, wobei jede
Raumeinheit mindestens in einer Ecke des Rechtecks eine Vertiefung, beispielsweise
in Form einer Abschrägung aufweist, um Platz zu lassen für die Aufnahme der vertikalen
Tragestrukturen (13).
18. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 12 bis 17, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Raumeinheiten
so dimensioniert sind, daß sie in ein Modulsystem passen, und ein Raum (5), der kleiner
als das Grundmaß des Modulsystems ist, beispielsweise ein WC-Abteil oder dergleichen,
in eine Raumeinheit durch Vorfabrikation aufgenommen wird.
19. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 12 bis 18, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß an der äußeren
Wand des Gebäudes eine Raumeinheit installiert ist, die durch Vorfabrikation mit einem
Wandelement versehen ist, das in eine Öffnung der Außenwand des Gebäudes paßt, um
dort einen Teil der Außenwand zu bilden.
20. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 12 bis 19, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß benachbarte,
im wesentlichen ähnliche Raumeinheiten (2a, 2b) eine Reihe bilden, wobei jede Raumeinheit in der Reihe im wesentlichen ein strukturelles
Spiegelbild der benachbarten Raumeinheit darstellt.
21. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 12 bis 20, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Raumeinheiten
so positioniert sind, daß die Breite jedes Luftspaltes (9) zwischen 40 bis 100 mm,
vorzugsweise zwischen 50 bis 80 mm beträgt.
22. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 12 bis 21, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Raumeinheiten
installiert werden, die genügend steif sind, so daß sie von den tragenden Böden nur
von unten abgestützt werden müssen.
23. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 12 bis 22, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die vertikalen
Tragestrukturen vertikale Säulen umfassen und der Raum zwischen vertikal benachbarten
Stockwerksebenen im wesentlichen offen ist.
24. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 12 bis 23, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß weiche,
schallisolierende Verschlußelemente aus schalldämpfendem Material im Luftspalt installiert
sind, wodurch der Luftspalt mindestens in zwei Gebiete unterteilt wird.
25. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 12 bis 24, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Decke
von jeder der mindestens einigen Raumeinheiten einen unteren Teil und einen oberen
Teil hat, die sich an einer Stufe treffen, und sich mindestens ein Rohr (11) der Klimaanlage
oberhalb des niedrigen Deckenteils erstreckt und sich in das Innere der Raumeinheit
an der Stufe öffnet.
26. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 12 bis 25, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Raumeinheiten
so positioniert sind, daß eine Wand einer Raumeinheit sich dicht an der vertikalen
Tragestruktur befindet, aber von ihr durch eine genügend große Distanz getrennt ist,
um einen Luftspalt zu erzeugen, der im Zusammenwirken mit der Wand der Raumeinheit
eine Schallisolationsbarriere zwischen dem vertikalen Element und dem Inneren der
Raumeinheit bildet.
27. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 12 bis 26, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Raumeinheiten
mit Gebäudehilfseinrichtungen, die ein Klimaanlagensystem einschließen, verbunden
sind.
28. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 12 bis 27, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Raumeinheiten
durch jeweilige Öffnungen in der Außenwand des Gebäudes installiert werden, und dadurch,
daß die äußeren Wandelemente in den Öffnungen installiert werden, um das Gebäude außen
zu umschließen.
1. Immeuble comportant une ossature de structures porteuses horizontales, comprenant
différents planchers porteurs d'étage (1), et des structures porteuses verticales
(13) et des ensembles préfabriqués de pièces (2) à l'intérieur de l'ossature, reposant
sur les planchers porteurs (1), chaque ensemble préfabriqué de pièces (2) comprenant
au moins des murs (3) et un plafond (4), les ensembles de pièces (2) étant positionnés
de telle façon que des espaces d'air (9) sont ménagés entre lesdites structures porteuses
et au moins certains desdits murs et/ou plafonds, caractérisé en ce que chacun desdits
espaces d'air (9) entre une structure porteuse adjacente et un mur (3) ou plafond
d'ensemble de pièces adjacent forme, avec le mur ou plafond de l'ensemble de pièces
adjacent, une barrière d'isolation acoustique entre la structure porteuse et l'intérieur
de l'ensemble de pièces, chaque mur ou plafond d'ensemble de pièces de cette barrière
d'isolation acoustique comprenant des couches de matériau de construction plus léger
et plus lourd, la majeure partie de la couche de matériau de construction plus lourd
étant positionnée plus loin de l'espace d'air de la barrière d'isolation acoustique
que la majeure partie de la couche de matériau de construction plus léger par rapport
à ce même espace d'air.
2. Immeuble selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que des espaces d'air supplémentaires
(9) sont formés entre les murs adjacents de paires adjacentes d'ensembles de pièces
afin de former, en collaboration avec lesdits murs adjacents, une isolation acoustique
entre les paires adjacentes de pièces.
3. Immeuble selon la revendication 1 ou la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins
certains desdits ensembles de pièces sont au moins en partie démunis de plancher et
en ce qu'un plancher ou des planchers pour chaque ensemble de pièces au moins en partie
dépourvu de plancher sont procurés par un revêtement approprié appliqué sur le plancher
porteur sur lequel est posé l'ensemble de pièces.
4. Immeuble selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce qu'au
moins certains desdits ensembles de pièces sont de forme modulaire et en ce que chacun
d'au moins certains desdits ensembles modulaires de pièces comportent un évidemment
s'étendant verticalement (14) au niveau d'au moins l'un de ses coins, dans lequel
est logée au moins l'une desdites structures porteuses verticales.
5. Immeuble selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce qu'au
moins certains desdits ensembles de pièces sont dimensionnés de façon à s'adapter
dans un système modulaire, et sont subdivisés en pièces préfabriquées plus petites.
6. Immeuble selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce qu'au
moins certains desdits ensembles de pièces comportent des murs extérieurs au niveau
de la périphérie de l'immeuble, au moins certains desdits murs extérieurs comportant
des éléments de mur extérieur qui leur sont fixés pendant la fabrication des ensembles
de pièces, définissant des éléments de mur extérieur de l'immeuble.
7. Immeuble selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce qu'au
moins certains desdits ensembles de pièces sont disposés en rangées, chaque rangée
comprenant des paires adjacentes d'ensembles de pièces (2a, 2b), les deux ensembles
de pièces d'une paire étant des images en miroir l'un de l'autre quant à leur structure.
8. Immeuble selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que la
largeur de l'espace d'air (9) est comprise entre 40 et 100 mm, de préférence entre
50 et 80 mm.
9. Immeuble selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce que les
ensembles de pièces sont suffisamment rigides pour n'être supportés que depuis le
dessous au moyen des planchers porteurs (1).
10. Immeuble selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce qu'au
moins certains desdits espaces d'air sont subdivisés par installation dans les espaces
d'air de matériau d'amortissement acoustique mou.
11. Immeuble selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce qu'au
moins certains desdits plafonds sont en décrochement, avec une partie de décrochement
joignant les parties à plafond plus haut et plus bas, et en ce qu'au moins un conduit
de conditionnement d'air (11) s'étend au-dessus de la partie de plafond plus bas jusqu'à
la partie de décrochement pour établir la communication avec l'intérieur de l'ensemble
de pièces associé.
12. Procédé de création de l'intérieur d'un immeuble comportant une ossature de structures
horizontales espacées verticalement et de structures porteuses verticales (13), consistant
à mettre en place, entre des paires adjacentes verticalement de structures horizontales
et en passant par des ouvertures de la paroi extérieure ouverte de l'ossature, des
ensembles préfabriqués de pièces (2), chacun comprenant au moins des murs (3) et un
plafond (4), caractérisé en ce que les structures horizontales comprennent différents
planchers porteurs d'étage (1), faits de béton ou de béton armé, en ce que les ensembles
de pièces, après avoir été transportés au travers desdites ouvertures de la paroi
ouverte de l'ossature, sont déplacés sur les planchers porteurs de charge (1) pour
les amener à leur position d'installation, en ce que des espaces d'air (9) sont ménagés
entre lesdites structures porteuses et au moins certains desdits murs (3) et/ou plafonds
(4) afin de former, en collaboration avec les parties adjacentes de structure des
ensembles de pièces (2), des barrières d'isolation acoustique entre l'intérieur des
ensembles de pièces et les structures porteuses adjacentes de l'ossature de l'immeuble,
et en ce que chaque mur ou plafond d'ensemble de pièces de chacune desdites barrières
d'isolation acoustique comprend des couches de matériau de construction plus léger
et plus lourd, la majeure partie de la couche de matériau de construction plus lourd
étant positionnée plus loin de l'espace d'air de la barrière d'isolation acoustique
que la majeure partie de la couche de matériau de construction plus léger par rapport
à ce même espace d'air.
13. Procédé de création d'un immeuble selon la revendication 1, par lequel on construit
au départ ladite ossature, on installe lesdits ensembles préfabriqués de pièces (2)
à l'intérieur de ladite ossature, entre chaque paire verticalement adjacente de structures
porteuses horizontales, de façon qu'ils soient supportés sur lesdits différents planchers
porteurs d'étage (1) qui sont faits de béton ou de béton armé, et l'on positionne
lesdits ensembles de pièces (2) dans l'ossature de façon que lesdits espaces d'air
(9), ménagés entre lesdites structures porteuses et au moins certains desdits murs
(3) et/ou plafonds (4), forment, en collaboration avec les parties de structure adjacentes
des ensembles de pièces (2), lesdites barrières d'isolation acoustique entre l'intérieur
des ensembles de pièces et les structures porteuses adjacentes de l'ossature de l'immeuble.
14. Procédé selon la revendication 12 ou la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que des
éléments de paroi extérieure (15) sont mis en place pour entourer l'immeuble au niveau
de son extérieur.
15. Procédé selon la revendication 12, 13 ou 14, caractérisé en ce que deux ensembles
de pièces (2) sont installés sur au moins un plancher d'étage sans aucune partie de
l'ossature entre eux, et sont positionnés près l'un de l'autre mais avec un espace
d'air entre eux afin de procurer une isolation acoustique efficace.
16. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 12 à 15, caractérisé en ce qu'un
ensemble de pièces (2) qui est au moins en partie dépourvu de plancher est installé
de façon à reposer sur un plancher d'étage choisi de l'ossature, une partie du plancher
d'étage choisi étant apparente dans l'ensemble de pièces et constituant le plancher
de l'ensemble de pièces, et en ce qu'un revêtement de plancher est ensuite appliqué
à ladite partie de plancher d'étage choisi.
17. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 12 à 16, caractérisé en ce que l'on
installe des ensembles de pièces qui sont sensiblement rectangulaires vus en plan,
chaque ensemble de pièces comportant, au niveau d'au moins un coin du rectangle, un
évidemment, par exemple en forme de biseau, afin de ménager un espace destiné à loger
lesdites structures porteuses verticales (13).
18. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 12 à 17, caractérisé en ce que les
ensembles de pièces sont dimensionnés pour s'adapter dans un système modulaire, et
en ce qu'une pièce (5) de dimension inférieure à la dimension servant de base au système
modulaire, par exemple un cabinet de toilette ou analogue, est incorporée dans un
ensemble de pièces lors de la préfabrication.
19. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 12 à 18, caractérisé en ce que,
au niveau de la paroi extérieure de l'immeuble, on installe un ensemble de pièces
qui est pourvu, lors de sa préfabrication, d'un élément de paroi qui s'adapte dans
une ouverture de la paroi extérieure de l'immeuble afin de former à cet endroit une
partie de la paroi extérieure.
20. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 12 à 19, caractérisé en ce que des
ensembles de pièces adjacents sensiblement similaires (2a, 2b) forment une rangée,
chaque ensemble de pièces de la rangée étant sensiblement une image en miroir de la
structure d'un ensemble de pièces adjacent.
21. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 12 à 20, caractérisé en ce que les
ensembles de pièces sont positionnés de façon que la largeur du ou de chaque espace
d'air (9) soit de 40 à 100 mm, de préférence de 50 à 80 mm.
22. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 12 à 21, caractérisé en ce que l'on
installe des ensembles de pièces qui sont suffisamment rigides pour pouvoir être supportés
par lesdits planchers porteurs uniquement depuis le dessous.
23. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 12 à 22, caractérisé en ce que lesdites
structures porteuses verticales comprennent des colonnes verticales et en ce que l'espace
entre les planchers d'étage verticalement adjacents est sensiblement ouvert.
24. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 12 à 23, caractérisé en ce que l'on
installe dans l'espace d'air des éléments de fermeture d'isolation acoustique mous,
faits de matériau d'amortissement acoustique, d'où il s'ensuit que l'espace d'air
est divisé en au moins deux zones.
25. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 12 à 24, caractérisé en ce que le
plafond de chacun d'au moins certains desdits ensembles de pièces comporte une partie
plus basse et une partie plus haute se rencontrant au niveau d'un décrochement, et
en ce qu'au moins un conduit de conditionnement d'air (11) s'étend au-dessus de la
partie de plafond plus bas et débouche à l'intérieur de l'ensemble de pièces au niveau
du décrochement.
26. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 12 à 25, caractérisé en ce que les
ensembles de pièces sont positionnés de façon qu'un mur d'un ensemble de pièces soit
proche d'une structure porteuse verticale mais soit espacé de celle-ci d'une distance
suffisante pour ménager un espace d'air qui, en collaboration avec le mur de l'ensemble
de pièces, forme une barrière d'isolation acoustique entre ledit élément vertical
et l'intérieur de l'ensemble de pièces.
27. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 12 à 26, caractérisé en ce que les
ensembles de pièces sont reliés aux réseaux desservant l'immeuble, comprenant un système
de conditionnement d'air.
28. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 12 à 27, caractérisé en ce que les
ensembles de pièces sont installés en passant par des ouvertes respectives dans la
paroi extérieure de l'immeuble et en ce que des éléments de paroi extérieure sont
mis en place dans lesdites ouvertures afin de fermer l'immeuble au niveau de son extérieur.

