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(11) | EP 0 629 468 A1 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
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| (54) | Welding method |
| (57) A method for creating a weld (18) more than 10 metres long between metal plates (1)
in a weld groove (2) formed at least 5 mm thick by butt joint welding from one side
only of the plates includes forming the weld groove (2), for example by form-milling
of the edges of the plates to be welded, with high accuracy with respect to the dimensions
and shape of the groove and with a smooth groove surface. The groove (2) extends from
said one side through only part of the thickness of the plates to leave a root area
(10) where the plates (1) to be welded together receive support from one another without
any essential intermediate gap. The plates (1), in the vicinity of the groove (2)
but on the side opposite to said one side, are engaged by a bed (19) which includes
suction fixing devices (6, 7, 8, 9), known per se, to keep the plates (1) to be welded
in correct relative disposition. |
[0001] The invention relates to a method according to the preamble of claim 1 for the mass production welding together of extremely long metal plates and to bodies produced from such plates welded together by the method.
[0002] In the shipbuilding industry large numbers of plates are welded together to form assemblies such as ship's decks, hulls and the like. Because the assemblies to be manufactured have an extremely large area, it is economically desirable to work with as large plate blanks as possible and the term "extremely long metal plates" should be taken to mean plates with a length of at least 10 metres (or the maximum length commercially available should plate manufacturers not have longer material available). A typical plate blank used in the shipbuilding industry is over 10 metres long, often close to 20 metres long. The joining of plate blanks of these sizes to one another by welding is demanding work, because the high temperatures generated by the welding cause deformations in the plate blanks during the welding operation itself and/or after the welding operation when, for example, welding shrinkage causes unevenness in the plate blanks, the elimination of which by, for example, the flame straightening method is both difficult and time-consuming.
[0003] Further, traditional preparatory actions for joining extremely long plates together by welding are difficult, require a lot of space and are time-consuming. Traditionally, a small gap is left between plates to be welded together to make it possible to carry out the entire welding phase from one side only of the plates. The forming of the gap requires exact positioning of the plates with respect to each other, to ensure control of the correct width of the gap. Control of the uniformity of the width of the gap along the entire weld groove requires a firm attachment of the plates to be welded to a supporting base. In addition to firm support of the plates by the base, tack welding is traditionally used, that is, the plates are bound to one another by short tack welds spaced-apart along the weld groove which requires time-consuming manual work. If tack welding takes place other than at the site proposed for the main weld itself, one has to reserve a work area for this which is as large as that used for the welding process, which means that the welding process as a whole requires twice the working space required if all operations can be done at a single work station.
[0004] One aim of this invention is to simplify the method for producing a large number of welds of uniform quality and strength, in particular for joining together a series of extremely long metal plates, each being at least 5 mm thick, by butt joint welding in a weld groove from one side only of the plates, and to improve the quality of the welding as well as that of the manufactured assembly.
[0005] The aim of the invention is achieved in the manner set out in claim 1. By paying enough attention to the uniformity of the shape of the weld groove over its entire length and to the quality and the smoothness of the surfaces of the weld groove, the entire welding operation may be completed without leaving the traditional gap between the plates, the omitting of which gives the advantage that each of the plates to be welded together gets mutual support from the other plate via the root portion of the weld groove, which facilitates adjustment work and reduces the demands for exact adjustment and prior fixing of the plates. The plates can be fixed relative to a bed under the plates by a suction arrangement, the activating and release of which can be quick and simple. For the formation of the edges of the plates which together form the weld groove, form-milling may advantageously be used, but other metal working methods are not ruled out, provided that smooth enough edges with accurate enough shapes can be produced.
[0006] It has been found that by utilising a method according to the invention large assemblies of welded extremely long metal plates may be produced at considerably lower cost and more rapidly than by using traditional methods. The obtainable welding speed may, in many cases, be roughly doubled compared with known prior art methods. Also the capital cost of the necessary equipment can be significantly reduced. Savings of the order of about 200,000 US dollars per work site are possible.
[0007] The suction fixing device used in a method according to the invention, has to be arranged so that the high temperature generated by the welding does not have a harmful effect on the sealing of the suction fixing device. Desirably, therefore, the part of each suction fixing device which is nearest to the weld groove is spaced at least a distance of 50 mm from the weld groove.
[0008] Controlling of the welding process becomes easier, if a root support made of a material of high thermal conductivity, preferably copper, is located under the plates to be welded together, which root support has, immediately under the weld groove, a recess extending in the same direction as the groove to receive welding powder or shielding gas. When steel is being welded, the groove of the root support can be filled with welding powder before fixing the plates in their welding position. When aluminium or stainless steel is to be welded, shielding gas can be led to the recess in the root support. When welding stainless steel it is also possible to use a welding powder, developed for this purpose, but this is rather unusual. The use of a powder or of shielding gas in the manner here discussed has been found to improve the quality of the weld.
[0009] The root support may advantageously be cooled, for example, by water or by another fluent coolant. Conveniently, a coolant duct is provided in the root support. The most advantageous solution is usually, that a coolant circulation is arranged in which the temperature of the circulating coolant is monitored and adjusted. By cooling the root support it is possible to obtain a favourable control of the heat stresses caused during the welding.
[0010] The root area at the bottom of the weld groove, where the plates to be welded together are in contact with each other, should have a relatively small height, typically between 2 and 4 mm, depending on the thickness of the plates, the lower values, of course, being used for thinner plates and the higher values for thicker plates. When the plate thickness is within the range 5 to 25 mm, it is, however, seldom warranted to use a root height greater than 3 mm. An advantageous shape for the weld groove is the V-shape, in which the angle between the side surfaces of the V is from 50° to 65°, preferably from 55° to 60°. The V-shape is advantageous because it is easy to make. The noted groove angles have been selected for creating the best conditions for successful mass production welding of large assemblies.
[0011] When steel is welded, it is very advantageous to use the so-called twin-arc or double wire method, in which two welding wires located close together are brought to the same weld pool through the same contact nozzle, the welding wires receiving current from the same welding power source. The welding wires are preferably brought to the pool in line in the direction of the weld groove. By this welding method the speed of the welding can be raised remarkably so that it approaches the value of 1 metre/minute.
[0012] The invention also extends to an assembly of extremely long metal plates welded together by the welding method of the invention, and, in particular, to a deck or side portion of the hull of a ship.
[0013] The invention will now be described in greater detail, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 schematically shows in cross-section a welding arrangement intended for operating a welding method according to the invention,
Figure 2 shows a cross-section of a weld groove created for the method of the invention, and
Figure 3 is a schematic perspective view of the application of twin-arc welding to the method according to the invention.
[0014] In the drawings, 1 indicates plates to be butt joint welded together from one side, 2 a weld groove provided between the plates 1, 3 a backing to the groove and 4 a recess in the backing extending in the direction of the groove 2. In the backing 3 there is provided a cooling duct 5, through which a fluent coolant, for example water, can be circulated. The backing 3 is made of a material with good thermal conductivity, for example from copper.
[0015] The plates 1 are supported in the required relative disposition by means of a suction arrangement including a bed 19 with a rigid (e.g. steel) suction support element 20, provided with suction grooves 6, and edge sealing strips 7 of elastic material. In each sealing strip 7 a duct 21 may be provided, to which pressurised air is led at the beginning of a welding operation in order to improve the air-tightness of the suction fixation element 20. The suction grooves 6 communicate with a vacuum pump 9 via respective suction ducts 8 by means of which a powerful enough partial vacuum is produced when required in the suction grooves 6, to hold the plates 1 in place. The ridges 22 between the suction grooves 6 support each plate 1 in the respective suction fixing area. Suction fixation of plates to be welded is known per se, for example from DE-A-2236936.
[0016] At least the sealing strip 7 close to the weld groove 2 must withstand some temperature rise. It is recommended that each strip 7 can withstand a temperature of at least 300°C. In order that the temperature at the seal should not rise too high, it is recommended, that the distance L from the centre line of the weld groove 2 to the nearest sealing strip 7 be at least 50 mm.
[0017] The recess 4 in the backing 3 is, during steel welding, filled by a welding powder, but for example when welding aluminium it may be used as a duct, through which a shielding gas can be led under the weld groove. The recess 4 does not have to be deep, a depth of a few millimetres is normally sufficient.
[0018] In Figure 2 a preferred shape for the weld groove 2 is shown in greater detail. The groove is V-shaped and its V-angle m is in the range 50° to 65°, preferably 55° to 60°. At the bottom of the groove 2 there is a root part 10, the height k of which is, depending on the thickness of the plates 1 to be welded, between 2 and 4 mm, preferably not more than 3 mm. The plate thickness s is, for steel welding, preferably within the range 5 to 25 mm, but for aluminium welding, the thickness of the plates 1 may be much greater. At the root part 10, the plates support one another, and this makes the relative positioning of the plates 1 easier, because the exact fixing of the plates in a certain position relative to the backing 3 is not important and their position relative to one another is determined by the contact surfaces of the root part 10.
[0019] Bevelling the edges of the plates 1 by flame cutting is unlikely to produce edges accurate enough to form an acceptable weld groove 2 and some form of machining (e.g. milling or grinding) will normally be required. Uniformity of shape along the groove is important. At most variations in width (at the widest part of the groove) of 20% and preferably not more than 10% would be tolerable. Generally, the more uniform the edge shaping is, the better the weld quality will be.
[0020] Figure 3 shows how two steel plates 1, 1 can be welded together by the method according to the invention by using the so-called twin-arc or double wire arrangement. Two welding wires 11, which are in line one after the other in the elongate direction of the weld groove 2, are fed by means of feed rollers 12 through a contact nozzle 13 to a welding pool 17. The welding advances in the direction of the arrow 14. Welding powder 16 is fed through a pipe 15 to the groove 2 just downstream of the welding pool 17. The parts 11, 12, 13 and 15 move with the same speed in the direction of the arrow 14 along the groove 2. 18 shows the completed weld.
1. A method for producing a large number of welds of uniform quality and strength, in
particular for joining together a series of extremely long metal plates (1), each
being at least 5 mm thick, by butt joint welding in a weld groove (2) from one side
only of the plates, characterised in that the weld groove (2) is formed by means of a metal cutting tool, for example by form-milling,
with high accuracy with respect to the dimensions and shape of the groove and with
a smooth groove surface, in that the groove (2) extends from said one side through
only part of the thickness of the plates to leave a root area (10) where the plates
(1) to be welded together receive support from one another without any essential intermediate
gap, and in that the plates (1), in the vicinity of the groove (2) but on the side
opposite to said one side, are engaged by a bed (19) which includes suction fixing
devices (6, 7, 8, 9), known per se, to keep the plates (1) to be welded in correct
relative disposition.
2. A method according to claim 1, characterised in that the part (7) of each suction fixing device which is nearest to the weld groove (2)
is spaced therefrom by (L) at least 50 mm.
3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that adjacent to the root area (10) the bed (19) includes a root support (3) of a material
with high thermal conductivity, the root support including a recess (14) just under
the weld groove (2), for receiving welding powder or shielding gas, which recess extends
in the longitudinal direction of the weld groove (2).
4. A method according to claim 3, characterised in that during welding of steel plates
(1), the recess (4) of the root support (3) is filled with welding powder before setting
the plates (1) in the required position for welding.
5. A method according to claim 3 or 4, characterised in that the root support (3) is cooled by a fluent coolant made to flow in a duct (5) of
the root support (3).
6. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterised in that the height (k) of the root area (10) is in the range 2 to 4 mm, preferably not more
than 3 mm.
7. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the weld groove (2) has a V-shape with an angle (m) between the side surfaces in
the range 50° to 65°.
8 A method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the weld groove (2) has a V-shape with an angle (m) between the side surfaces in the range 55° to 60°.
8 A method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the weld groove (2) has a V-shape with an angle (m) between the side surfaces in the range 55° to 60°.
9. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that when the plates (1) are of steel, welding is effected with two welding wires (11)
held close together to enter the same weld pool (17) through the same contact nozzle
(13), the welding wires (11) receiving current from the same welding power source.
10. An assembly of extremely long metal plates (1, 1) joined together edge-to-edge by
welding and intended for use in particular as a ship's deck or side portion of a ship's
hull, characterised in that the plates are welded together by using the method according to any one of the preceding
claims.