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(11) | EP 0 661 504 A1 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
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| (54) | A cell type air humidification system for industrial purpose |
| (57) There is disclosed a cell type air humidification system for industrial purpose,
and, in particular, air washer with fabric cell for enhanced surface evaporative saturation,
where instead of atomising, the required surface area of water for heat and mass transfer
is created by taking the help of a water supporting matrix, constituted by one or
more cell(s), the or each of said cell(s) having vertically disposed and uniformly
spaced layers of fabric, housed in a rectangular frame, said fabric being of non-hygroscopic,
non-cellulosic and non-bio-degradable material, being selected, and/or being duly
processed, to achieve bulkiness, good water holding capacity, absorbency, spreading
and wetting characteristics. |
Background of the invention :
[0001] This invention relates to a cell type air humidification system for industrial purpose, and,in particular, it pertains to air washer with fabric cell for enhanced surface evaporative saturation. This invention at some places in this document may be referred to as ATIRA invention since it was carried out at the Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association Ahmedabad, India (ATIRA).
PRIOR ART
COMPARATIVE STUDY
[0002]
1. Capillary Air Washer of Carter Industrial Products, LONDON, UK.
Known Technology
Cell Size : 20" x 20" (4" depth).
Random packing of fibrous material. Very minimal energy saving if at all.
Novel features of ATIRA invention - Nominal size 48"x24" (36" depth). Different configuration of cell and material. Uniform spacing of vertically disposed fabric layers of non-hygroscopic, non-cellulosic and non-bio-degradable material, and/or being duly processed, to achieve bulkiness, good water holding capacity, absorbency, spreading and wetting characteristics. Acts mainly as evaporator and also as air straightener cum partial water stripper. Less resistance to air flow and therefore reduced fan power by about 35%. About 90% reduction in pump power because of reduced flow and low water pressure compared with existing spray type air washer.
2. Capillary Air washer of Air Refrigeration Corporation New York, U.S.A.
Known Technology
Cell Size : 20"x20" and (8" depth)
Glass filament as packing material, Random Packing.
High air resistance of 27 mm of WC at 550 FPM air velocity.
Not possible to use above 400 ft/min. air velocity.
Novel features of ATIRA invention - Nominal size 48" x 24" (36" depth). Different configuration of cell and material. Uniform spacing of vertically disposed fabric layers of non-hygroscopic, non-cellulosic and non-biodegradable material, and/or being duly processed, to achieve bulkiness, good water holding capacity, absorbency, spreading and wetting characteristics. Act mainly as evaporator and also as air straightener cum partially water stripper. Low resistance to air flow of 8 to 10 mm of WC at 550 FPM air velocity. Used upto 600 ft/min air velocity without deterioration of performance. About 90% reduction in pump power because of reduced flow and low water pressure compared with that of existing spray type air washer.
3. Aerofil Evaporative cooler of Buffalo Forge Co, New York, U.S.A.
Known Technology
'AEROFIL' capillary air media made of cellulose or fibre glass. Flute or corrugated
air running alternatively at 15 and 45 angle.
No saving of fan power.
Recirculated water rate is less than sprayed coil units reducing pump power.
Novel features of ATIRA invention - Uniform spacing of vertically disposed fabric layers of non-hygroscopic, non-cellulosic and non-bio-degradable material, and/or being duly processed, to achieve bulkiness, good water holding capacity, absorbency, spreading and wetting characteristics. Fabric layers are parallel to air flow. Less resistance to air flow and so reduced fan power by about 35%. About 90% reduction in pumping power because of reduced flow and low water pressure compared with existing spray type air washer.
4. High Efficiency mass transfer in multi-phase processes of Glitsch Inc. U.S.A.
Known Technology
Spiral wound metalpack having met pace with double concentric structure with knitted
tube made of stainless steel wire used mainly in distillation tower.
Low pressure drop (range of value not specified).
Not used in evaporative cooling system.
Horizontal mounting. No mention of vertical mounting i.e. gas flow is in vertical
direction only.
Novel features of ATIRA invention - Uniform spacing of vertically disposed fabric layers of non-hygroscopic, non-cellulosic and non-bio-degradable material, and/or being duly processed, to achieve bulkiness, good water holding capacity, absorbency, spreading and wetting characteristics. Parallel fabric layers. Less pressure drop of 8 to 10 mm of water. Specially used for evaporative cooling system. Air flow is in horizontal direction. Fan power saved by about 35%.
5. Plastic Packing Evaporator of Visco Serck Stafford Road, Croydon, U.K.
Known Technology
For Cooling towers. No mention of cooling of air.
Plastic packing.
Drift eliminators with low air resistance.
No appreciable energy conservation.
Novel features of ATIRA invention - For air washer. Uniform spacing of vertically disposed fabric layers of non-hygroscopic, non-cellulosic and non-bio-degradable material, and/or being duly processed, to achieve bulkiness, good water holding capacity, absorbency, spreading and wetting characteristics. Water stripping device with low air resistance. Less resistance to air flow and so fan power reduced by about 35%. About 90% reductions in pump power because of reduced flow and low water pressure compared with existing spray type air washer.
6. Evaporative cooler with FRP material of Mihir Engineering, Bombay, INDIA.
Applications -
comfort cooling in Buildings, Offices, Restaurants.
Low cooling efficiency. No industrial applications.
Capacity 3,000 CFM to 20,000 CFM.
PVC as evaporative pad.
Low saturation efficiency as evaluated by ATIRA, saturation efficiency was found to
be about 65-70%.
Sufficient cooling but not suitable for industrial applications.
Low air/water pressure drop.
Novel features of ATIRA invention - Application Industrial air washer. Large capacity 5,000 CFM to 1,50,000 CFM. Uniform spacing of vertically disposed fabric layers of non-hygroscopic, non-cellulosic and non-bio-degradable material, and/or being duly processed, to achieve bulkiness, good water holding capacity, absorbency, spreading and wetting characteristics. High saturation efficiency. Less resistance to air flow and so fan power reduced by about 35%. About 90% reduction in pump power because of reduced flow and low water existing spray type air washer.
7. Capillary Air Washer of Carter Industrial Products Ltd. U.K.
Known Technology
For cooling tower.
Knitted polypropylene filament as cell material.
No appreciable energy conservation.
Novel features of ATIRA invention - For air washers. Uniform spacing of vertically disposed fabric layers of non-hygroscopic, non-cellulosic and non-bio-degradable material, and/or being duly processed, to achieve bulkiness, good water holding capacity, absorbency, spreading and wetting characteristics. Less resistance to air flow and so fan power reduced by about 35%. About 90% reduction in pump power because of reduced flow and low water pressure compared with existing spray type air washer.
8. Cell Type Air Washer (Wood-Wool Cell) ATIRA.
Known Technology
Size 20" x 20" (8" of depth) of cell.
Random packing of wood wool and coir as cell material.
90% saving in pumping power.
Novel features of ATIRA invention - Size 4' x 2' (3' depth) of cell. Uniform spacing of vertically disposed fabric layers of non-hygroscopic, non-cellulosic and non-bio-degradable material, and/or being duly processed, to achieve bulkiness, good water holding capacity, absorbency, spreading and wetting characteristics. Less resistance to air flow and so fan power reduced by about 35%. About 90% reduction in pump power and low water pressure compared with existing spray type air washer.
[0003] The following patents were also found in similar area of technology but did not teach any of the novel features of this invention.
| UNITED KINGDOM 2255034 A | Abrasive recovery system for blasting device - has main and secondary separator with comprising air washing systems and both fed with air from common ducting |
| BRAZIL 8902712 | Air washer and acid vapour neutraliser has pre-washing spray duct, successive beds of polypropylene spheres with countercurrent flow of neutralising liquid. |
| UNITED STATES 4810268 | Air washer with vanes to swirl the flow of air - has nozzles mounted adjacent to housing circumference for directing a spray of water in a swirling motion across the airflow. |
| GERMANY 3546232 | Air washing installation has air flow straightener formed by two parallel rows of vertically mounted tubes or bars. |
| EUROPEAN PATENT 160437 | Air conditioning system for large buildings and processing areas includes air washing and moisture removal stages in production of clean air at controlled temperature and humidity. |
| GERMANY 3017166 | Air washing unit for staple ventilation has air flow guided by baffles under sprays and above two-section sump. |
Brief summary of the invention :
[0004] The humidification system according to this invention, designed for industrial use, operates on the principle of evaporative cooling or adiabatic saturation, wherein Dry Bulb temperature (DB) of the air decreases and most ideally it becomes equal to the Wet Bulb temperature (WB) of air. The temperature of the water in the system also becomes equal to the Wet Bulb temperature. The relative humidity (RH) of the air delivered by the humidification plant should ideally be 100%. However, for design calculation, it is considered to be satisfactory if the RH is 92-94% indicated by 2 F difference between DB and WB temperature of the air usually called as depression. The cooled and high humid air is distributed in the departments, where desired RH for smooth working of the manufacturing process is to be maintained. The air, which is supplied, absorbs the departmental heat that consists of the heat generated by the production machinery, lighting load, workers and that transmitted through walls, windows and roofs. So the RH in the department is lower than RH of the supply air, because of the absorption of departmental heat. The total heat load and the capacity of the humidification system in terms of mass flow of air is so matched that the desired RH for smooth working of the process is maintained in the department.
[0005] A considerable amount of heat and mass transfer between air and water occurs in many equipments like cooling towers, evaporative air coolers and condensors, air washers and the like. Essentially all these are evaporative type heat exchangers, each of different designs, characteristics and application. Considering the air washers, the conditioned air created by them is used at many industrial applications like food, pharmaceutical, printing, textile manufacturing and so on. Conventionally, spray type air washer is used at many places where pressurised water is sprayed in a chamber across which air is passed. The evaporative cooling is achieved by spraying huge quantity of pressurised water that is atomised through suitable systems consisting of spray nozzles/water atomisers, water filters, eliminators, all assembled as one unit called air washer. For heat and mass transfer between air and water, large surface area of water is created by breaking the water into minute particles. Only a fraction of the sprayed water is evaporated and absorbed by the moving air, the rest partly falling back and partly being suspended in the air. The latter part which is suspended in the air, is to be removed before the air is to be delivered to the duct in the department. The ratio of the amount of water sprayed to that evaporated in the air is usually 100 to 200. Thus a large amount of water is necessary to be pumped and sprayed to create the required surface area for heat and mass transfer. However, in the existing arrangements the surface area once created through atomisation gets destroyed when the free water particles fall into the sump. Also efficient eliminators are required to remove the large number of water particles from the air. Since the surface area gets destroyed when sprayed water falls down in the tank below the spray chamber, there is a need to create it repeatedly and continuously, necessitating large quantity of high pressure water to be pumped continuously.
[0006] Further, the eliminators which are provided to remove free water from the air, offer high resistance to air flow. This leads to consumption of considerable amount of energy. The existing air washer is called spray type air washer (hereinafter referred to as "STAW").
[0007] Another type of air washer, developed by the Applicants herein, is of the cell type, in which extended interfacial surface area is provided by wetting a suitable material packed in the form of cells, the material of packing having typically been wood -wool supported by coir. This invention is described in our Indian Patent Specification No. 169242. The performance of the cell type air washer (hereinafter referred to as CTAW), gives equivalent result to that of the spray type air washer (STAW), but without requiring pressurised water and with much less amount of water flow and hence using much less pumping power.
Object of the invention :
[0008] The object of the present invention is to provide efficient and effective cell type air humidification system for industrial purpose with a view to create extended surface area to enhance heat and mass transfer between air and water.
[0009] In achieving the above object, instead of atomising, the required surface area of water for heat and mass transfer is created by taking the help of a water supporting matrix for which fabric has been found to be most ideal. The mechanical power to break water to create surface for heat and mass transfer, as in conventional STAW, is avoided. Only a small quantity of water is sprayed on the face of the cells which are filled with suitable geometry of fabric. The fabric is so designed and selected as to create surface area of water by spreading it over the fabric, for which the fabric is imparted absorbent or hygroscopic qualities, on the one hand, and good water holding capacity, on the other hand. Further, the fabric must be such that even when wet, it must have sufficient strength, not to sag or yield or tear, when subjected to the weight of the absorbed water. From the point of view of such strength requirement, the material of the yarn suitable for application in the present invention are nylon, polyester, polypropylene filaments/yarns/fibers, glass fibers. But, all these materials are inherently non-hygroscopic and non-absorbent. So, in order to obtain hygroscopic properties even in such materials, two approaches are adopted with respect to the yarn structure, which form important part of the specifications of the fabric of the cell type air washer of the present invention, which are, inter alia, (1) selection of multi-fibre or multi-filament, instead of mono-filament type of yarn configuration, and (ii) special processing treatment, such as texturizing of the yarn which through surface roughening effect at a microscopic level, imparts qualities of absorbency and water holding capacity to the fabric. Even if the fabric is made of non-absorbent materials, the physical arrangement of the fibres and the yarns in the fabric makes the fabric absorbent to water and helps to spread the water as soon as it comes in contact with the fabric. This is achieved, for example, by the texturising process of the yarn made of several straight filaments of non-absorbent materials such as polyester before the cloth is woven. The surface area of the cloth is so provided as to be sufficient to provide enough area of water to achieve the final saturation shown by 2 F depression of the delivery air, as discussed hereinbefore. Thus, large quantity of water is not required to be continuously atomised/sprayed in the system according to this invention. The ratio of the amount of water sprayed and that evaporated drops to about 10 from about 100-200 in STAW. Also the water is not to be atomised as in STAW. This means that the water need not be under high pressure as in STAW and hence the requirement of power for spray water in the improved device according to the invention, is reduced, which come to be upto by about 90%, less as compared with that in STAW for the same capacity of the plant and performance. The capacity of the plant is measured in terms of volume/mass flow rate of air and performance in terms of saturation of delivered air.
[0010] Since the amount of water sprayed is reduced by about 90%, it is not necessary to provide powerful eliminators as those provided in STAW. This reduces the total resistance of the air flow by CTAW. Experimentally it is found that the resistance by CTAW drops to about 7 to 10 mm of water from about 20-25 mm of water in STAW. This has reduced power consumption by the supply air fan (SAF) also, by about 30-35%.
[0011] Thus CTAW according to the invention, reduces electrical energy need by about 90% on water pump and by about 30-35% on SAF's.
Detailed Description :
[0012] Accordingly, the present invention provides a cell type air humidification system for industrial purpose, comprising a humidification chamber, means for providing continuous supply of water onto the said humidification chamber, and means for blowing/sucking air through the said humidification chamber, characterised in that said humidification chamber is constituted by one or more cell(s), the or each of said cell(s) having vertically disposed and uniformly spaced layers of fabrics, housed in a rectangular frame, said fabric being of non-hygroscopic, non-cellulosic and non-bio-degradable material, such as herein described, being selected, and/or being duly processed in the manner, such as herein described, to achieve bulkiness, good water holding capacity, absorbency, spreading and wetting characteristics, whereby required wetted area is caused to be provided for effective heat and mass transfer between the moving air and the water over the fabric, in the event of air being caused to be moved over the wet surface along the width of the fabric layers, which substantially conforms to the depth of the or each of the said cell(s).
[0013] The main design criterion is to provide enough evaporative area (defined hereinafter) by wetted fabric to achieve 92-94% RH in given space with high degree of openness (defined hereinafter) of 97%-98% of the overall space of the cell, that will keep the power consumption by the fans also, low. The air delivered by the supply air fans has lot of turbulence which are broken by straighteners as will be described hereinafter. Any air borne water which is likely to escape from the cells are removed by water stripping device, to be described hereinafter. The recirculating water is continuously filtered by suitable filters.
[0014] The cell may be made of rectangular frame fabricated from mild steel (MS) powder coated or stainless steel (SS) or fibre glass reinforced plastic (FRP) in which vertical layers of fabric are supported tightly by the SS rods attached to the rectangular frame. The vertical configuration provides good and quick water spreading. The extra precautions are required such as better coating of MS, required to prevent corrosion, since it remains continuously in water. The supporting rods for the fabric are made of SS. There is tightening arrangement for the fabric in the cell.
[0015] Preferably, said fabric is made of Nylon, polyester, polypropylene filaments/yarns/ fibres, glass fibres and the like, duly processed by texturising along with twisting configuration for providing appropriate geometry of the fabric to achieve the said characteristics. The fabric is desirably in grey form and desized. Alternatively, the fabric is made of selected multi-fibre or multi-filament yarns, instead of mono-filament type of yarn configuration, to impart the said characteristics in the fabric.
[0016] Because of such arrangement, although the fabric is made non-cellulosic fibres, it acquires good absorbency, spreading and wetting characteristics and good water retaining capacity and has enough strength against the air force. Preferably, the fabric width is 900mm (36") and the selvage is made of strong filament usually nylon material. The width of both the selvages is around 25mm. This is to prevent the flapping of the fabric in the front where the turbulent air is entering the cell and to provide high tearing strength of the fabric particularly on the selvages. The frame is provided with provision for fixing of the rods at the end of the fabric so that it can be tightened by the mill workers without referring to the manufacturers in case the fabric slackens in the mills. The fabric of the cells acts as an evaporator.
[0017] In a preferred embodiment, the means for providing continuous supply of water comprises a water spraying arrangement, disposed at one side of the or each of the said cell(s) of the humidification chamber, said water spraying arrangement being constituted by a plurality of nozzles for spraying water onto the fabric layers concurrently with the air flow, and being connected to a water supply line, a water collecting tank disposed at the bottom of the humidification chamber, and a water pump for supplying water, under required pressure, to the said water supply line, and, if desired, said water pump having connection with the said water collecting tank for recirculation of the collected water and spraying thereof on to the cells mounted in the humidification chamber.
[0018] The water is sprayed by special nozzles, meant for spraying and not atomising, made of gun metal and stainless steel of orifice e.g. having 2 to 5 mm diameters. The water is pumped by a suitable pump to create pressure e.g. of 0.75 to 1.5 kg/cm. That will be just sufficient to avoid atomization of water. The return water from the air washer collecting tank is, preferably, first filtered by two stage filters provided in the water collecting tank at the bottom of the cells. The water passes through a coarse water filter made of e.g. 20Gx20M water filter, preferably made of stainless steel. The water is then passed through a second filter, made of fine filter e.g. of 40Gx40M. Further the water is filtered by a large size pot strainer after the pump. This pot strainer is made of very fine wire mesh having of e.g. 40G x 40M to 60Gx60m. The size of the water filter is several times larger than the size of the pump in terms of diameter of the delivery pipe. This is to provide large area of the filter in the small piping system. The water is continuously sprayed over the fabric cells avoiding frequent drying and wetting phenomenon, even when it is not necessary, such as when there is rain and evaporation of water ceases and consequently, the spray of water is not required continuous spray of water that does not evaporate during rainy season, helps to remove the dust, dirt etc from the air flowers through the air washer chamber, as otherwise the foreign matters of the air, removed by wetting on the water film and the wetted fabric, will go into the manufacturing department, and cause problems of cleanliness.
[0019] Preferably, the humidification chamber is provided with air straightener(s) constituted by vertically disposed louvres, said louvres being disposed and/or adapted to be moved such as to cause entry of air into the humidification chamber in straight manner without any turbulence.
[0020] In cell type air washer fan is installed in front of the air washer, whereby lot of turbulence of air creates problems of variation of velocity from one cell to another. Sometimes it creates very high velocity of air to some of the cells that damages the fabric and also creates problems of carry over of water particles. To avoid these problems, air straighteners are installed before the spray nozzles. The straighteners are made of either PVC or Polycarbonate or Powder Coated MS or stainless steel sheets/strips.
[0021] Also preferably, the humidification chamber is provided with water stripping device constituted by one or more layers(s) of non-corrosive material, such as herein described, said layer(s) being disposed downstream the, or each of the said cell(s) of the humidification chamber, whereby air borne water is caused to be removed. The said layer(s) constituting the water stripping device is(are) preferably of "V" shape for causing sharp turn of air-flow passing through the same, whereby free water suspended in the air is caused to be removed from the air.
[0022] Since the quantity of water sprayed in the air is very small compared to that in the case of STAW (about 1/10th that of STAW) and it is also not atomised, a few number of the Vee shape blades are required to be installed after the cells. Thus, the space between the Vee Shape blades is about 50 to 75 mm as compared to that about 25mm between the eliminator blades in the case of STAW.
[0023] In a particular embodiment the fabric layer(s) of the or each of the said cell(s) is(are) held in the rectangular frame by means of rods of non-corrosive material, such as herein described, laterally provided at the top and bottom ends of the frame, said rods being adapted to be used for support of the fabric, wrapped over the same in successive manner, and used for tightening/loosening the fabric, as and when desired, according to requirement.
[0024] The system according to the invention works on evaporation, leaving all the dissolved solids and hardness of water, on the fabrics and the run-down water in to the sump at the bottom of the humidification chamber. Also, fabric is loaded with scale formation which is to hamper the life of the fabric. It is, therefore, necessary to use soft water that will not create hard scale. It is, therefore, desirable to use rain water if available. Continuous overflow of the water from the sump of the humidification chamber may be provided to maintain the level of total dissolved solids in the sump. To minimize the deposition on fabric, water should be sprayed over the fabric all the time even when not required such as during rainy season, as explained hereinabove, so that the fabric remains covered with a film of water on which any deposits of the salt may take place and get washed away with flow water of the fabric without getting deposited on the fabric.
[0025] Preferably, the water supply line of the spraying arrangement is provided with filter(s)/pot-strainer for supply of filtered water onto the humidification chamber. Water cleaning/descaling arrangement may be provided for supply of clean water, through the water spraying arrangement, onto the humidification chamber. The water supply line of the spraying arrangement is preferably provided with by-pass arrangement for desired control of water flow. Stand-by spraying arrangement is preferably provided in combination with the said water spraying arrangement for use thereof in continuous supply of water onto the humidification chamber, in the event of failure of the said water spraying arrangement or for its stoppage during maintenance.
[0026] The frequency of cleaning of the air washer system according to this invention, is and can be decided according to the type of industry. For example, in the textile industry spinning man-made fibres using the system will have very less frequency of cleaning as compared to the same industry where coarse count cotton spinning is involved, because, the former generates little fluff in the department whereas the latter generates large quantity of fluff and dust. Similarly the industry using rain water, which is almost distilled water, will practically need no water treatment, as compared to those industries using bore water having high TDS and hardness resulting in heavy scale formation. The descaling procedure should be by HCL of 5% or less concentration in water sprayed over the cells in situ without dismantling the air washer. The cleaning can also be done by removing the cells and dipping into a tank filled with dilute acid. It may also be possible to clean the cells to remove the scale formation by brushing with mild acid with the help of suitable brushing system. Thorough washing should be made with fresh water after which a caustic wash is needed. An about 2% concentrate of NaOH or KOH is necessary after the acid wash to neutralize the traces of the acid to prevent corrosion. However to eliminate the problems of cleaning and possible corrosion of air washer tank and supporting structure it is recommended to use demineralized water.
[0027] As preferred embodiment, the width of the fabric layers in the cell is minimum 3 ft (or 90 cm) which is the depth of the cell also. The spacing between the fabric layers may be determined, depending on the desired evaporative area, and desired percentage of openness in the interstices between the fabric layers. Uniform openness, as herein defined, is provided in the, or each of the said cell(s) of the humidification chamber.
[0028] Openness, in the context of the present invention, means open space available in the direction of air flow through the cell, i.e. total face area through which air passes, less the thickness of the fabric devided by the face area.
[0029] Evaporative area, in the context of the present invention, means the area defined within each pair of the fabric layers, as and when the said fabric layers are caused to be kept wet continuously, and thereby air/water contact is caused in the event of air being passed along the said wetted fabric area, the area being considered as a smooth flat surface of the fabric and not the extended area as created by individual fibres on the surface of the texturised yarn that forms the fabric.
Description of the drawings :
[0030] The nature and scope of the invention will be better understood from the following description, set out by way of illustration, but not by way of limitation, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein :
Fig. 1 shows, in elevation, a particular embodiment of the cell type air humidification system, according to the present invention;
Fig. 2 is an end-view of the same embodiment taken along "A-A" of Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is a plan of the same embodiment along "B-B" of Fig. 1;
Fig. 4 is a plan of a cell used in the embodiment of the system according to this invention, as shown in Figures 1 to 3;
Fig. 5 shows the cell of Fig. 4, in elevation; and
Fig. 6 shows the details of the fabric arrangement in the cell, in magnified view, in a particular portion marked "D" in Fig. 5.
[0031] As shown in the drawings the cell type air humidification system, according to this invention, comprises a humidification chamber, marked by "H", in general, and said humidification chamber is constituted by a number of cells marked "C". There is also provided in the system means for providing continuous supply of water onto the said humidification chamber, as will be described hereinafter. That apart, means, to be described hereinafter, for blowing/ sucking air, through the said humidification chamber, is also provided.
[0032] As can be seen from Figures 3, 4, 5 and 6, each cell has vertically disposed and uniformly spaced layers of fabrics 9 housed in a rectangular frame, indicated by 7, made of M.S. angles 6. The cells are arranged and fitted in the system by means of supporting angles 8, as shown in Figs. 1 and 3. As described hereinbefore, the fabrics are of non-hygroscopic, non-cellulosic, non-biodegradable material, which is duly processed in the manner, as herein described, e.g. by way of texturising the multifilament yarns of the fabric, so that the fabric made out of the same possesses bulkiness, good water holding capacity, absorbency, spreading and wetting characteristics.
[0033] The humidification chamber is caused to be provided with continuous supply of water by sprayers 3 connected to a main water supply line indicated by 10 and branch pipe lines indicated by 11, and standby pipe and sprayers 18, said water supply line being connected to a pump 1. Valves provided in the lines are indicated by 2 while the pressure gauge and the pot filter are indicated by 4 and 5 respectively. As particularly shown in Figs. 1 and 2, water collecting tank T is disposed below the humidification chamber of the system, for collecting the water sprayed onto the fabrics of the cells suitably fixed in the humidification chamber. The pump 1, as shown, is connected to the tank T through a recirculating line 13 so that the water so collected in the tank T can be recirculated and sprayed through the water spraying arrangement as aforesaid, on to the cell fabrics.
[0034] The fabric layers, as shown, are uniformly spaced, and rods 12 are provided e.g. by way of welding to the frame of the cell, for supporting the fabric layers as shown, in detail, in Fig. 6. Fabric tightening rods indicated by 17 in Fig. 5, are provided for the purpose of tightening the fabric layers, as and when needed.
[0035] Air straightener 16 (as described hereinbefore in detail) and water stripping device 14 (as described hereinbefore in detail) are also provided, as can be clearly seen from Fig. 3. The water collecting tank T(sump), at the bottom of the humidification chamber, is provided with overflow pipe 15. The air flow is indicated by the arrow X.
[0036] The following advantageous results and achievements have been found, on experimentation of the system according to this invention :
a) With sufficient evaporative area for effective heat and mass transfer between air and water, being provided by wetted fabric, high level of %RH of 92-94% of delivery air is achieved. This is with high degree of openness of 97-98% in given space from which air flows over it with minimum drop of static pressure of about 7 to 10 mm of water in comparison of about 20-25mm with STAW. The uniform openness throughout the cell depth minimises the choking of the cells by fluff etc.
b) The fabric which is provided as evaporative area is made of special material such as polyester texturised filaments having high tenacity which is by nature non-hygroscopic but due to its special texturising process the water can be retained between the interstitial space between the fibres. Thus, it can provide good water holding capacity, absorbency, spreading and wetting characteristics, essential to obtain high degree of %RH of delivery air. The fabric is in grey form and desized, and, moreover, as it is non-cellulosic, it is nonbiodegradable in water. Consequently, it can maintain good strength over time and hence long life. It is also cheaper compared with other technically acceptable materials.
c) The fabric material has acid resistance, i.e. any deposition of scale, dirt, fluff etc. can be removed with dilute HCL (1-5%) acid and fresh water wash. After this simple chemical treatment, fabric gets its original form.
d) The arrangement of vertical layers of fabric helps for better and quick spreading of water particle. It also helps in removal of dirt particle/black strick/fluff etc. due to vertical layers wetted with water. Slight inclination helps for better utilisation i.e. absorbing by the fabric instead of directly falling into tank. The fabric layers are used as not only evaporator but also a air straightener and water stripper, per se.
e) For higher degree of saturation of air i.e. RH of the degree 92-94%, the recirculation of tank water is necessary as the water temperature goes down to outside wet bulb temperature (WB) while this is not possible with once-through system, wherein fresh water is sprayed and run-down water from the cell is drained continuously.
f) The fabric layers are tightened enough so that these do not stick with each other resulting in reduction in effective evaporative area. Moreover due to its tightness, these do not get flapped due to air flow, and, as a result, strength of fabric does not reduce due to frequent expansion and contraction. Further, the selvages of the fabric do not allow it to be torn. The tightness of fabric layer also presents the fabric from slipping over the SS rods on which these are supported, along with the direction of air flow. The tightening is approximately 1/2 to 1 kg/cm width of cloth width measured over the rod.
g) The fabric cells can be used in both sucked through or blow through air system i.e. the fan is before the air washer, blowing the air over the cell and vice versa.
h) The fabric cells give sufficient time to get the air saturated, at air velocity of 2.5-2.75 m/sec, arrived from air flow divided by net area of chamber minus area occupied by the frames of cells.
i) The bypass system helps to control the water flow according to season i.e. less evaporation of water in humid season. So, less water recirculation is required, and by opening more bypass valves, water recirculation can be reduced and there is no carry over of water particles, because excess water is bypassed.
j) The stand by spraying arrangement helps when some of the regular nozzles are not functioning properly so that additional water can be sprayed by standby spraying system near the top of the top most cell.
k) Water is preferably continuously sprayed over the fabric cell to avoid the drying and wetting of fabric, which, otherwise, results in deposition of salts/scale on fabric layers.
l) Continuous overflow of water helps in maintaining low TDS (total dissolved solids) in tank water. Before start of the plant, the tank should be completely cleaned with fresh water.
m) Decrease in water recirculation is caused by about 1/10th as compared with the existing STAW, and pumping power is reduced by 1/10th. So pumping power consumption is reduced by 80-90% in comparison to that of STAW.
n) Due to less resistance to air flow upto about 35% fan power is also saved in comparison to that of STAW.
o) Cell design provides optimum surface area so that required adiabatic performance is obtained
p) The design of the air washer- is so chosen that it can be retrofitted in the existing air washer and can also be fixed in the new plants. The design of the air washer is such that it can be fabricated in most of the general purpose workshop that does not need any expensive and sophisticated equipments.