[0001] The present invention relates to an energy regulator of the kind which incorporates
a bimetal element.
[0002] It has long been common to utilise temperature-dependent deflection of a bimetal
strip to fulfil a regulating function in a wide range of equipment, for example in
domestic appliances such as cookers. The bimetal strip is heated by a heating element
in intimate contact with the active leg of the bimetal element which is contained
within the regulator, specifically for that purpose. Typically, the deflection is
used to actuate a switch mechanism to open and close electrical contacts for the supply
of power to the load. The setting at which the bimetal strip actuates the switch mechanism
is determined by a rotary cam arrangement.
[0003] It is also known to incorporate a compensation element to compensate for variation
in ambient temperature so that deflection of the bimetal strip is more accurately
dependent on the temperature of the heating element which heats the bimetal strip.
It is common practice to provide a primary switch for single pole operation and secondary
switches for double pole and auxiliary functions operation within the same regulator,
for example to isolate the regulator and load from the electrical supply when the
regulator is set to the "off" position. Conveniently, this operates in response to
a second rotary cam arrangement mounted on the same shaft as the cam which determines
the switching effected by the bimetal element.
[0004] A new form of bimetal energy regulator has now been devised which in its various
possible forms provides one or more advantages over previously known such regulators
and/or overcomes technical problems associated with these conventional regulators.
[0005] A common form of heating element for such a regulator is a ceramic substrate thick
film heater. Current methods of making electrical connection to ceramic substrate
heaters have shortcomings in maintaining a reliable electrical connection at high
ambient temperatures and heater power levels. Soldered connections are difficult to
fuse (e.g. Ag to CuNi) and creep and melt points of HMP solder limit maximum safe
operating temperatures. Mechanical rivet/tape compression types are prone to intermittent,
i.e. high resistance, connection. Spring wiper connection types suffer from stress
relaxation as well as friction and wear. The magnitude and degree of change of force
experienced can adversely affect control performance.
[0006] A new low cost method of ensuring a reliable mechanical and electrical connection
to such substrate heaters has now been developed.
[0007] Thus, a first aspect of the present invention provides a method of making an electrical
connection to a ceramic substrate heater comprising a resistor track, a conductor
pad for the resistor track, and an electrical lead making electrical connection to
said conductor pad, the method comprising welding said lead to said conductor pad
by ultrasonic welding.
[0008] According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a ceramic
substrate thick film heater comprising a resistor track in electrical contact with
a conductor pad and an electrical lead making electrical connection to said conductor
pad, whereby the lead is ultrasonically welded to the conductor pad.
[0009] Preferably, the conductor pad is made from a material comprising a noble metal, e.g.
comprising silver and platinum. Preferably, the lead comprises copper or especially
comprises cupronickel or nichrome. In any event, it is preferred for the electrical
lead to comprise a tape or wire formed of an electrical conducting material. This
can form part of an electrical connection to the clip securing the tape to the body
of the regulator and/or its electrical supply terminal.
[0010] It is known from European Patent Specification No. EP 0 194 512 A to operate a double
pole secondary switch by means of an auxilliary cam arrangement acting upon a switch
contact arm ganged by means of a ganging bar to a second contact arm. However, this
does not permit the second contact arm to switch independently of the contact arm
which interacts directly with the auxilliary cam. However, another aspect of the present
invention overcomes this disadvantage.
[0011] Thus, according to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided an
energy regulator comprising a bimetal element and a heating element for heating the
bimetal element such that deflection of the bimetal element effects a switching action.
The input power level of the heating element or heating effect of the heating element
at which the bimetal element effects switching being determined by the position of
a first cam surface upon which a first cam follower bears, the first cam follower
being mechanically linked to said bimetal element, a second cam surface being mechanically
integrally linked to said first cam surface and a second cam follower being arranged
to bear upon said second cam surface to effect a first independent switching function
at one or more predetermined regulator settings, wherein a third cam surface is also
provided, mechanically integrally linked to said first and second cam surfaces and
upon which a third cam follower bears for effecting a further independent switching
function at one or more predetermined regulator settings.
[0012] Another advantage of the independent switching feature over other such devices is
that a dual circuit control of elements can be obtained. Both line and neutral switched
versions are possible. The independent operation of respective switch contact arms
overcomes manufacturing problems, reduces the number of components and cost and complexity
compared with devices employing simultaneous gang bar type switching arms.
[0013] The linked first, second and third cams can be in any suitable arrangement, for example
linked to a slider control. However, in a preferred embodiment they are in the form
of rotary cam elements, most preferably mounted on a common shaft, e.g. integral with
each other.
[0014] According to a preferred feature of the third aspect of the invention, the third
cam follower is not directly attached to the contact arm which it actuates. Conveniently,
such a "loose" cam follower is supported on the regulator case by support and guide
means.
[0015] One piece energy regulator bimetal designs are normally associated with "face" profile
type cam arrangements (see PCT Patent Application WO 93/26027) in which the bimetal
is stamped from one piece and with adjustment to obtain the correct ratio of length
of limbs, optimum compensation can be obtained, irrespective of bimetal constant variation.
[0016] Alternative designs such as disclosed in EP-A-0 194 512 use two strips of bimetal
independently mounted onto a fixed pivot arrangement, acting against an edge cam.
This method is problematical in controlling deflection constant variation between
different strips and detecting non deflection/delamination manufacturing problems
of the compensator limb, together with obtaining a reliable rigid fixing to the pivot.
This arrangement gives less than optimum compensation but improved low profile control
design options.
[0017] A fourth aspect of the present invention now provides an energy regulator comprising
a bimetal element comprising a primary limb responsive to a heating element and a
compensator limb for compensating for the effects of ambient temperature fluctuation,
wherein the primary and compensator limbs are formed of the same piece of bimetal
and the bimetal element is mounted on a flexible pivot member.
[0018] Using this form of construction, ambient compensation is automatically achieved whilst
substantially eliminating deflection constant variations.
[0019] A preferred embodiment of the fourth aspect of the invention incorporates an edge
cam arrangement, by forming/bending the bimetal it can be arranged that the high expansion
side of the bimetal is such that full ambient compensation is achievable, the design
also makes economical use of an expensive material and simplifies assembly to the
frictionless pivot.
[0020] The design therefore has the advantages of giving optimum compensation, elimination
of bimetal constant variation problems and also enabled a low profile design of control
to be considered.
[0021] The feature of a one piece split bimetal welded to a frictionless pivot and incorporating
an edge cam differs in design to both arrangements disclosed in WO93/26027 and EP-A-0
194 512 and has not previously been utilised in other controls.
[0022] Preferably, the primary and compensator limbs are integral, e.g. formed by splitting
a bimetal strip lengthways from one end along a part of its length. This bimetal strip
can be supported at its unsplit end. The unsplit end of such a split bimetal strip
can be supported on the pivot.
[0023] Thus, a fifth aspect of the present invention provides an energy regulator comprising
a bimetal element comprising a primary limb responsive to a heating element and a
compensator limb for compensating for the effects of ambient temperature fluctuation,
wherein the primary and compensator limbs are formed of a bimetal strip split lengthways
from one end thereof along part of its length.
[0024] A preferred form of flexible pivot comprises a spring, preferably of the leaf spring
type. Stainless steel is a preferred material for making this spring pivot. This form
of pivot can eliminate the need for lubrication, and avoid backlash and friction problems
associated with high ambient temperature and thermal ageing of the components.
[0025] Preferably, the primary and compensator limbs are approximately at right angles or
otherwise in a mutual V configuration.
[0026] Preferably also, the compensator limb terminates in a cam follower arranged to bear
upon a cam surface. To enhance the elimination of deflection constant variation, it
is preferred for the cam follower to be integral with and formed of part of an end
of the compensator limb. The cam surface is preferably a periphery of a cam element
attached to a knob or other device for user control. Using the aforementioned spring
type of pivot, the force generated by this pivot spring together with the force generated
by the switch mechanism maintains and holds the compensator limb against the cam surface
under all setting positions of the knob or device assisting user control, resulting
in a positive location and setting of the cam. The primary limb presents a negative
force at the point of operation, thus reducing bimetal stress loading. This enables
high working temperatures to be obtained without permanent deformation of the bimetal
element.
[0027] Preferably, a calibration feature is provided for determining the particular regulator
setting, i.e. percentage output, (for a predetermined cam position) at which the energy
regulator turns on or off. This may be constituted by an adjustment screw device protruding
through a free end of the primary leg, terminating in an actuating member. However,
such an adjustment feature could be provided elsewhere. For example, a screw adjustment
with protrusion could be put through a free end of the compensator leg to bear upon
the cam surface, i.e. to act as the cam follower.
[0028] The invention will now be explained in more detail by way of the following description
of a preferred embodiment and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
-
Figure 1 shows an energy regulator according to the present invention;
Figure 2 shows an alternative manner of electrical connection to the ceramic substrate
thick film heater of the regulator shown in Figure 1 and in accordance with the present
invention;
Figure 3 shows a detail of the electrical connection shown in Figure 2 when implemented
in the regulator depicted in Figure 1;
Figure 4 shows a detail of a cam follower as used in the regulator shown in Figure
1;
Figure 5 shows a perspective view of the cam follower shown in Figure 4;
Figure 6 shows a lateral cross-section of the cam follower shown in Figures 4 and
5;
Figure 7 shows a circuit diagram of a regulator according to the present invention
with a basic single-circuit connection through a bimetallic strip switching element;
Figure 8 shows a circuit diagram analogous to that shown in Figure 7 but with an independent
switching element connected to a signal lamp;
Figure 9 shows a typical scale for a regulator as shown in Figure 7 or Figure 8;
Figure 10 shows a circuit diagram of a regulator according to the present invention
with an independent switching element in series with the load and bimetallic switching
element;
Figure 11 shows a circuit diagram analogous to that shown in Figure 10 but with a
second independent switching element operating a signal lamp; and
Figure 12 shows a typical scale for a regulator as shown in Figure 10 or Figure 11.
[0029] First, as shown in Figure 1, there is provided a regulator denoted generally by reference
numeral 1. The regulator 1 comprises a base 3 in which the constituent parts of the
regulator are housed.
[0030] The main part of the regulator comprises a primary bimetal leg 5 to which a ceramic
substrate thick film heater assembly 11 is secured by means of an eyelet 7 and a surrounding
coil spring 9. A compensator bimetal strip 13 extends at approximately right angles
to the primary strip 5 and is contiguous therewith. In other words, the primary strip
and compensator strip constitute separate limbs formed from a single piece of bimetal,
joined by a base region 15.
[0031] The base region 15 is secured to a pivot spring 17 in the form of a leaf spring,
so that the primary bimetal strip 5 and the compensator bimetal strips 13 together
with the substrate heater 11 pivot together as a single rigid assembly. The pivot
spring 17 is fixed to the base 3 by means of a support 19.
[0032] The primary bimetal strip 5 comprises a root portion 21 in contact with the substrate
heater 11 and an oblique portion 23 extending away from the substrate heater and a
distal portion 25 spaced apart from the substrate heater. The fact that only the root
portion 21 is in direct contact with the substrate heater 11 maximises the differential
deflection of the primary strip 5 for a unit temperature change. This is in accordance
with the applicants' U.K. patent No. GB 1 201 537.
[0033] The bimetal leg 5 bears on a deflectable snap action, spring member 27 by means of
the calibration screw 33 extending through an end thereof remote from the root portion
21, so that the deflection of the bimetal leg 5 results in the electrical contacts
2, 4 operating (make and break) as a function of the over centre action of the switch
mechanism 6.
[0034] Calibration of the regulator to preset the precise power level (for a given user
setting) at which electrical connection between the contacts 2, 4 is made or broken
is effected by means of a calibration screw 33.
[0035] The regulator setting controlled by the user is set by means of a knob (not shown)
mounted on a spindle 87 which a cam element 37 is rotatably mounted. The outer circumference
of the cam element presents a cam surface 39.
[0036] Remote from the base region 15, the compensator strip has a bend 41 so that it is
angled towards the cam element 37 and terminates in a cam follower 43 which bears
against the cam surface 39. In accordance with the position of the knob, the position
of the cam surface 39 contacted by the cam follower 43 alters the orientation of the
compensator bimetal strip 13 relative to the pivot spring 17 and so also, the orientation
of the primary bimetal strip 11 relative to the pivot spring. Thus, the position of
the calibration screw 33 relative to the switch mechanism 6 is also varied.
[0037] Thus, in use, the calibration screw is used in initial set-up to calibrate the regulator
as described above. Then, the user turns the knob to orientate the compensator and
primary bimetal strips 13, 5 by means of the cam action. This determines the power
level to the substrate heater and to the corresponding load connected across the electrical
contacts 2, 4. For a given set cam/spindle position the output power would by cyclic
at contacts 2, 4.
[0038] It will readily be appreciated that the temperature change as a result of electrically
energising the substrate heater circuit will excite the root portion 21 of the bimetal
leg 5. The advantages lever ratio will result in the calibration screw 33 operating
switch 6 to make or break contacts 2, 4, thus maintaining preset power level. However,
the compensator strip 13 will compensate for ambient temperature variation.
[0039] The two limbs (primary and compensator strips) are formed from a single strip split
laterally with the unsplit remnant at one end forming the base region 15 which is
mounted on the pivot spring. Thus, the metal on the top side (facing the cam element
37) of the primary strip 5 is on the reverse side (not facing the cam element) of
the compensator strip 13 and vice versa.
[0040] The formation of the primary and compensator strips 5, 13 from a single element substantially
ensures elimination of deflection constant variations which would result if the two
strips were fabricated separately. This is also aided by the fact that the cam follower
43 is integral with the compensator strip rather than a joined-on element.
[0041] Electrical connection is made to the substrate heater 11 by way of a cupronickel
or nichrome tape 45, or a tape of similar material, via a rivet connector 47. In order
to allow the substrate heater 11 and primary strip 5 to pivot freely without unduly
stressing this electrical connection, the following features are provided, namely,
a fold-back bend 49 at the end of a link clip 53 formed between the bend 49, in a
corner 55 of the base 3 so that the remainder 57 of the link clip connecting to a
supply terminal 59 is sprung onto a boss 61 in the base.
[0042] An alternative but preferred method of welding the tape 45 to the ceramic substrate
thick film heater 11 is shown in Figure 2.
[0043] The resistor track 63 of the ceramic substrate thick film heater is electrically
connected to a conductor pad 65. The tape 45 is welded to the conductor pad by ultrasonic
welding. The conductor pad is made of a silver/platinum alloy. The ultrasonic energy
is applied generally in the direction of the arrow defined by numeral 67. This weld
is capable of operating at an ambient temperature in excess of 380°C without oxidation
or deterioration with age.
[0044] As shown in more detail in Figure 3, the tape 45 is connected to the link clip 53
by means of a U-shaped portion 68 and a clip arrangement 69 which could be strengthened
by means of spot welding or ultrasonic welding.
[0045] Referring again to Figure 1, there is also shown in the same regulator, auxiliary
switch elements denoted generally by reference numeral 71. These switch elements 71
comprises pair of switches 73 and 75. The first of these switches 73 has a fixed contact
77 and a moving contact 79. The moving contact 79 is mounted on a spring mounting
81. Part of this moving contact 79 is shaped to act as a cam follower 83.
[0046] The cam follower 83 bears upon a second cam surface 85 behind the primary cam surface
39, relative to the plane of the paper. The second cam surface 85 rotates in accordance
with rotation of the primary cam surface 39 in response to rotation of a common shaft
87. As will be explained in more detail hereinbelow, the second cam surface is configured
to open and close the contacts 77, 79 of the first switch 73, at one or more positions
of rotation of the shaft 87. As shown in Figure 1, the contacts 77 and 79 are in the
open position.
[0047] Behind the second cam surface 85 is located a third cam surface 89 which also rotates
in accordance with rotation of the common shaft 87. A third cam follower 91 bears
upon the third cam surface 89. Further details of the cam follower can be seen from
Figures 4, 5 and 6.
[0048] The third cam follower 91 is elongate in one dimension and has a first curved end
surface 93 which rides over the third cam surface 89. It also has a second curved
end surface 95, remote from said first end surface 93, which acts upon a movable arm
97 of the third switch 75. The third switch comprises a movable arm and is fixed to
a terminal support 96. As shown in Figure 1, the contacts 98, 99 of the third switch
75 are shown in the open position.
[0049] Also as will be explained further hereinbelow, the third cam surface is configured
to open and close the contacts 98, 99 of the third switch 75 through the agency of
the third cam follower 91. It will be appreciated that the opening and closing of
the second and third switches 73, 75 is independent of each other and also independent
of the opening and closing of the contacts 2, 4 in response to the operation of the
bimetal strip 5 and the action of the primary cam surface 39.
[0050] The third cam follower 91 is not attached to the movable signal arm 97 on which it
acts but is "loose" within the assembly. It is however, constrained by side supports
(not shown) in the top and bottom of the regulator casing. Thus, the cam follower
is slidable in the left-right direction as shown in Figure 1. The third cam follower
has an upper stepped profile 101 and a lower stepped profile 103 which is configured
to locate within upper, lower and side supports.
[0051] Figures 7 - 9 shows typical circuit diagrams and a regulator scale for using an energy
regulator according to the present invention in a domestic appliance such as an electric
cooker, adapted for the UK market.
[0052] In Figures 7 and 8, and also in Figures 10 and 11 to be described in more detail
hereinbelow, as in Figure 1 reference numeral 5 denotes the bimetal element and numeral
11 denotes the ceramic substrate thick film heater. Again also, numerals 2 and 4 respectively
indicate the switch contacts which are opened or closed in accordance with deflection
of this bimetal element. Moreover, in each of Figures 7, 8, 10 and 11, numeral 110
denotes a load, in this case an electrical heating ring of the cooker, and numeral
113 denotes the main electricity supply.
[0053] In the arrangement of Figure 7, the main supply 113, the load 110 and the regulator
switch contacts are all in series. No other switching is effected. The arrangement
shown in Figure 8 is the same as that of Figure 7, except that a further switch element
115 comprising a pair of contacts 117, 119 is provided. This further switch element
115 is connected in series between the main supply 113 and a signal lamp 121. The
contacts 117, 119 open and close in response to a relevant secondary cam acting upon
actuator arm 123 connected to the movable contact 4 of the pair. This can be arranged,
for example to switch the signal lamp on as soon as the regulator knob (attached to
the respective cams mounted on a common shaft) is moved from the off position.
[0054] As shown in Figure 9, a typical scale could comprise a (vertical) off position 125,
low power being arranged to energise the load at (say) 75° movement clockwise, full
power being achieved at 285° in the clockwise direction.
[0055] Figures 10 to 12 show circuit diagram and scale arrangements of a regulator according
to the present invention, suitable for use in a domestic appliance intended for the
continental European market.
[0056] As shown in Figure 10, as with the arrangement of Figure 8, there is a further switch
115 with contacts 117, 119 in addition to and switchable independently of the contacts
27, 31 of the switch actuated by the bimetal element 5. Here though, the further switch
115 is in series with the load 110 and the switch contacts 27, 31, across the main
supply.
[0057] Figure 12 shows the scale of the regulator. Immediately rotating the spindle of the
control from the vertical 'OFF' position 125, causes the contacts 117, 119 to close.
Further rotation will close contacts 27 and 31 and energise the bimetal heater circuit
in accordance with operation of an appropriate cam. Then, at 51.5° clockwise, the
main cam pre-sets the bimetal assembly to power the load at the "low" level in accordance
with opening and closing of the contacts 27, 31. Full power is achieved at the 308.5°
clockwise position.
[0058] The arrangement of Figure 11 is the same as that of Figure 10 except that a further
switch element is provided. Thus, the arrangement is that shown in Figure 1 and the
same reference numerals are used for the switch contacts as in the latter drawing.
The switch contacts 77, 79 are connected in the same way as contacts 117, 119 in the
arrangement of Figure 10 and therefore operate in the same way. However, the other
pair of contacts 75 are in series between the mains supply 113 and a signal lamp 121
which can be switched independently of the isolation contacts 77, 79 and the contacts
27, 31 operated by the bimetal element 5. In other words, the cam follower 91 operates
movable contact arm 97 and operates third switch 75 in accordance with its own cam
arranged on the common shaft.
[0059] In the light of this disclosure, modification of the described embodiment, as well
as other embodiments, all within the scope of the present invention as defined by
the appended claims, will now become apparent to persons skilled in this art.
1. An energy regulator comprising a bimetal element comprising a primary limb responsive
to a heating element and a compensator limb for compensating for the effects of ambient
temperature fluctuation, wherein the primary and compensator limbs are formed from
the same piece of bimetal and the bimetal element is mounted on a flexible pivot member.
2. An energy regulator according to claim 1, wherein said flexible pivot member is in
the form of a spring.
3. An energy regulator according to claim 2, wherein the spring is in the form of a leaf
spring.
4. An energy regulator according to claim any preceding claim, wherein the primary and
compensator limbs are integral.
5. An energy regulator according to claim 4, wherein the primary and compensator limbs
are formed by splitting a bimetal strip lengthways from one end along part of its
length.
6. An energy regulator according to claim 5, wherein the bimetal strip is supported on
the flexible pivot member at its unsplit end.
7. An energy regulator according to any preceding claim, wherein the primary and compensator
limbs are approximately at right angles or otherwise in a mutual V configuration.
8. An energy regulator according to any preceding claim, wherein the compensator limb
terminates in a cam follower arranged to bear upon a cam surface.
9. An energy regulator according to claim 8, wherein the cam follower is integral with
and formed of part of an end of the compensator limb.
10. An energy regulator according to claim 8 or claim 9, wherein the cam surface is constituted
by a periphery of a cam element attached to a user control knob or device.
11. An energy regulator according to any preceding claim, wherein deflection of the primary
limb in response to the heating element is arranged to make or break an electrical
connection.
12. An energy regulator comprising a bimetal element and a heating element for heating
the bimetal element such that deflection of the bimetal element effects a switching
action, the power level of the heating element at which the bimetal element effects
switching being determined by the position of a first cam surface upon which a first
cam follower bears, the first cam follower being mechanically linked to said bimetal
element, a second cam surface being mechanically linked to said first cam surface
and a second cam follower being arranged to bear upon said second cam surface to effect
a first independent switching function at one or more predetermined regulator settings,
wherein a third cam surface is also provided, mechanically linked to said first and
second cam surfaces and upon which a third cam follower bears for effecting a further
independent switching function at one or more predetermined regulator settings.
13. An energy regulator according to claim 12, wherein said first, second and third cam
surfaces are respectively formed on first, second and third rotary cam elements.
14. An energy regulator according to claim 13, wherein said first, second and third rotary
cam elements are mounted on a common shaft.
15. An energy regulator according to claim 13 or claim 14, wherein said first, second
and third rotary cam elements are formed integral with each other.
16. An energy regulator according to any of claims 12-15, comprising a switch element
for being actuated by said third cam follower, wherein said switch element is not
fixed to said third cam follower.
17. An energy regulator according to any of claims 12-16 wherein support means is provided
in which said third cam follower rests.
18. An energy regulator according to claim 17, which regulator comprises a case and said
support means is moulded as part of the case.
19. An energy regulator according to any preceding claim comprising a heating element
in the form of a ceramic substrate thick film heater.
20. An energy regulator according to claim 19, wherein said ceramic substrate thick film
heater is a ceramic substrate thick film heater comprising a resistor track in electrical
contact with a conductor pad and an electrical lead making electrical connection to
said conductor pad, whereby the lead is ultrasonically welded to the conductor pad.