[0001] The present invention relates to a process for the production of paper and more particularly
to a process in which a freshly prepared mixture of an aluminium compound and anionic
inorganic particles are added to a papermaking stock in order to improve drainage
and retention.
[0002] It is well-known in the papermaking art to use additive systems of drainage and retention
aids consisting of two or more components which are added to the stock in order to
facilitate drainage and to increase adsorption of fine particles onto the cellulose
fibres so that they are retained with the fibres. Systems comprising aluminium compounds
and anionic inorganic particles are well-known and usually these components are used
in conjunction with organic polymers, in particular cationic polymers. Examples of
anionic inorganic particles widely used as for drainage and retention purposes include
silica-based particles and smectite clays, which have proved to be very efficient.
[0003] The components of drainage and retention aid systems are normally added separately
to the stock. It is further known to use drainage and retention aids comprising reaction
products of aluminium compounds and anionic inorganic particles. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,927,498
and 5,368,833 disclose aluminium-modified silica particles obtained by reaction of
silica particles with aluminates. The latter patent discloses that the effect of drainage
and retention aids comprising cationic polymer and aluminium-modified silica particles
is enhanced when there is also added to the stock an additional aluminium compound,
e.g. any of those conventionally used in papermaking.
[0004] According to the present invention it has been found that it is possible to improve
drainage and/or retention in papermaking by mixing an aluminium compound with anionic
inorganic particles just prior to the addition to the stock. More specifically, the
present invention relates to a process for the production of paper from an aqueous
suspension of cellulose-containing fibres, and optional fillers, which comprises adding
an aluminium compound and anionic inorganic particles to the suspension, forming and
draining the suspension on a wire, wherein the aluminium compound and anionic inorganic
particles are mixed immediately prior to the addition to the suspension. The invention
thus relates to a process as further defined in the claims.
[0005] The process according to the present invention results in improved drainage and/or
retention in papermaking as compared to processes in which the components are separately
added to the stock as well as processes in which the components are reacted or mixed
some time before the addition. Thus, by applying the present process the speed of
the paper machine can be increased and lower dosage of the components can be used
to give a corresponding effect, thereby leading to economic benefits and an improved
papermaking process.
[0006] The process of the present invention comprises pre-mixing the aluminium compound
and anionic inorganic particles immediately prior to the addition to the stock. Hereby
is meant that the contact time, i.e. the time from mixing these components to adding
the mixture formed to the stock, should be as short as possible. Suitably, this period
of time is less than 4 minutes and preferably less than 2 minutes. This can be effected
by rapidly mixing an aqueous phase of aluminium compound with an aqueous phase of
anionic inorganic particles and then incorporating the resulting aqueous mixture into
the stock.
[0007] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, an aqueous stream of aluminium
compound is brought into contact with an aqueous stream of anionic inorganic particles,
whereupon the resulting aqueous stream is introduced into the suspension. This can
be effected by directing separate streams of the components to be mixed towards each
other, allowing them to impinge on each other and introducing the mixture so formed
into the stock. Suitably mixing is carried out under turbulent flow conditions which
promotes more intensive and rapid mixing of the streams. The streams can be mixed
by means of any mixing device having at least two inlets into which separate streams
of the components to be mixed are supplied and having at least one outlet through
which the resulting mixture is passed and subsequently introduced into the stock.
By applying the stream mixing process, in particular when using a mixing device of
the above-mentioned type, the components of the resultant stream can be brought into
intimately contact for a period of time less than one minute prior to the incorporation
into the stock, which has been found to be very effective, especially contact times
of less than about 30 seconds and suitable less than about 15 seconds. The stream
mixing embodiment is further advantageous from a practical point of view and confers
operational benefits. Mixing devices that can be used to carry out the present process
are known in the art, even though intended for other types of components and for other
purposes. For example, use can be made of mixing pipes that are essentially Y or T
shaped, whereby the discrete streams of the components can be passed in essentially
opposite directions in order to impinge on each other, whereupon the resultant mixture
is passed into the stock. Differently shaped mixing pipes as well as static mixers
can also be used.
[0008] Anionic inorganic particles that can be used according to the invention include silica-based
particles, clays of the smectite type, and mixtures thereof. It is preferred that
the particles are in the colloidal range of particle size. Silica-based particles,
i.e. particles based on SiO
2, including colloidal silica, different types of polysilicic acid, colloidal aluminium-modified
silica, colloidal aluminium silicate, and mixtures thereof, are preferably used, either
alone or in combination with other types of anionic inorganic particles. Suitable
silica-based particles and methods for their preparation are disclosed in U.S. Pat.
Nos. 4,388,150; 4,954,220; 4,961,825; 4,980,025; 5,127,994; 5,368,833; and 5,447,604
as well as International Patent Publications WO 94/05596 and WO 95/23021, which are
all hereby incorporated herein by reference.
[0009] Silica-based particles suitably have a particle size below about 50 nm, preferably
below about 20 nm and more preferably in the range of from about 1 to about 10 nm.
The specific surface area of the silica-based particles is suitably above 50 m
2/g and preferably above 100 m
2/g. Generally, the silica-based particles can have a specific surface area up to 1700
m
2/g. The colloidal silica suitably has a specific surface area up to 1000 m
2/g and preferably up to 950 m
2/g. Suitably the colloidal aluminium-modified silica and colloidal aluminium silicate
also have a specific surface area up to 1000 m
2/g and preferably up to 950 m
2/g. The specific surface area can be measured by means of titration with NaOH according
to the method described by Sears in Analytical Chemistry 28(1956):12, 1981-1983.
[0010] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the anionic inorganic particles
are thus silica-based particles having a specific surface area within the range of
from 50 to 1000 m
2/g and preferably from 100 to 950 m
2/g. Suitable silica-based particles of this type are generally supplied in the form
of aqueous sols, for example as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,388,150 and 4,980,025.
The latter patent discloses sols comprising particles having at least a surface layer
of aluminium silicate or aluminium-modified silicic acid containing silicon atoms
and aluminium atoms in a ratio of from 9.5:0.5 to 7.5:2.5.
[0011] According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, use is made of
a silica sol having an S-value in the range of from 8 to 45%, preferably from 10 to
30%, containing silica particles having a specific surface area in the range of from
750 to 1000 m
2/g, preferably from 800 to 950 m
2/g, which are surface-modified with aluminium to a degree of from 2 to 25% substitution
of silicon atoms, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,368,833. The S-value can be measured
and calculated as described by Iler & Dalton in J. Phys. Chem. 60(1956), 955-957.
The S-value indicates the degree of aggregate or microgel formation and a lower S-value
is indicative of a higher degree of aggregation.
[0012] According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, use is made of
a polysilicic acid having a high specific surface area, suitably above about 1000
m
2/g. In the art, polysilicic acid is also referred to as polymeric silicic acid, polysilicic
acid microgel and polysilicate microgel, which are all encompassed by the term polysilicic
acid. Suitably the polysilicic acid have a specific surface area within the range
of from 1000 to 1700 m
2/g and preferably from 1050 to 1600 m
2/g. Polysilicic acids that can be used according to the present invention include
those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,388,150; 4,954,220; and 5,127,994.
[0013] The polysilicic acid can be prepared by acidifying a dilute aqueous solution of alkali
metal silicate, such as potassium or sodium water glass, preferably sodium water glass,
which suitably contains about 0.1 to 6 % by weight of SiO
2. Acidification can be carried out in many ways, for example by using acid ion exchange
resins, mineral acids, e.g. sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acid,
acid salts or acid gases, suitably ion-exchangers or mineral acids or a combination
thereof. Where more stable polysilicic acids are desired, it is preferred to use acid
ion-exchangers. The acidification is suitably carried out to a pH within the range
of from 1 to 11 and preferably to a pH within the acid range of from 2 to 4. According
to another preferred aspect of the invention, partial acidification is carried out
to a pH of from about 7 to 10, thereby forming a polysilicic acid which is usually
termed activated silica. In comparison with sols comprising silica-based particles
of lower specific surface area, aqueous polysilicic acids are usually considerably
less stable. Due to this, polysilicic acids should not be stored for too long times
but a certain aging, e.g. for a day or a couple of days at a concentration of not
more than about 4 to 5% by weight, can result in an improved effect. In accordance
with another preferred embodiment of the invention, the aqueous polysilicic acid to
be used is produced at the location of intended use. This mode of operation can be
applied in the whole acidified pH range of 1 to 11, even when using less stable polysilicic
acids in the pH range of 4 to 7 which usually gel rapidly.
[0014] Clays of the smectite type that can be used in the process of the present invention
are known in the art and include naturally occurring, synthetic and chemically treated
materials. Examples of suitable smectite clays include montmorillonite/bentonite,
hectorite, beidelite, nontronite and saponite, preferably bentonite and especially
such which after swelling preferably has a surface area of from 400 to 800 m
2/g. Suitable bentonites and hectorites are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,753,710 and
5,071,512, respectively, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Suitable
mixtures of silica-based particles and smectite clays, preferably natural bentonites,
are disclosed in International Patent Publication WO 94/05595 which is likewise incorporated
herein by reference, where the weight ratio of silica-based particles to clay particles
can be within the range of from 20:1 to 1:10, preferably from 6:1 to 1:3.
[0015] Aluminium compounds that can be used in the process of the invention are known in
the art and include alum, aluminates, aluminium chloride, aluminium nitrate and polyaluminium
compounds, such as polyaluminium chlorides, polyaluminium sulphates, polyaluminium
compounds containing both chloride and sulphate ions, polyaluminium silicate-sulphates,
and mixtures thereof. The polyaluminium compounds may also contain other anions, for
example anions from phosphoric acid, organic acids such as citric acid and oxalic
acid. Suitable aluminium compounds are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,127,994. According
to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the aluminium compound is an aluminate,
e.g. sodium or potassium aluminate, preferably sodium aluminate. According to another
preferred embodiment of the invention, use is made of an acid aluminium compound which
thus can be selected from alum, aluminium chloride, polyaluminium compounds and mixtures
thereof.
[0016] The pre-mix used in the present process can be formed by admixing the anionic inorganic
particles with aluminium compound in a weight ratio within the range of from 100:1
to 1:1. Suitably the weight ratio anionic inorganic particles to aluminium compound
is within the range from 50:1 to 1.5:1 and preferably from 20:1 to 2:1.
[0017] The amount of anionic inorganic particles added to the suspension may vary within
wide limits depending on, for example, the type of particles used. The amount is usually
at least 0.01 kg/ton, often at least 0.05 kg/ton, calculated as dry particles on dry
fibres and optional fillers. The upper limit can be 10 and suitably is 5 kg/ton. When
using silica-based particles, the amount suitably is within the range of from 0.05
to 5 kg/ton, calculated as SiO
2 on dry stock system, preferably within the range of from 0.1 to 2 kg/ton.
[0018] The amount of aluminium compound added to the suspension may depend on the type of
aluminium compound used and on other effects desired from it. It is for instance well-known
in the art to utilize aluminium compounds as precipitants for rosin-based sizes. The
amount of aluminium compound mixed with the anionic organic particles to form the
pre-mix and subsequently added to the stock should suitably be at least 0.001 kg/ton,
calculated as Al
2O
3 on dry fibres and optional fillers. Suitably the amount is within the range of from
0.01 to 1 kg/ton and preferably within the range from 0.05 to 0.5 kg/ton. If required,
additional aluminium compounds can be added to the stock at any position prior to
draining. Examples of suitable additional aluminium compounds include those defined
above.
[0019] The concentrations of the aqueous phases of aluminium compound and anionic inorganic
particles to be mixed according to the invention can be varied over a broad range
and may depend on the type of components used. Solutions of aluminium compound can
have a concentration of at least 0.01% by weight, calculated as Al
2O
3, and the upper limit is usually about 25% by weight. Suitably the concentration is
within the range of from 0.1 to 10 and preferably from 0.2 to 5% by weight. Aqueous
phases of anionic inorganic particles to be used for mixing can have a concentration
of at least 0.01% by weight, and the upper limit is usually about 20% by weight. Suitably
the amount is within the range of from 0.1 to 15 and preferably from 0.5 to 10% by
weight. The freshly prepared mixture, the pre-mix, can have a dry content of at least
0.01% by weight, and the upper limit is usually about 20% by weight. Suitably the
dry content is within the range of from 0.05 to 10 and preferably from 0.1 to 5% by
weight.
[0020] The freshly prepared mixture of aluminium compound and anionic inorganic particles
according to the invention is preferably used in conjunction with at least one organic
polymer acting as a drainage and/or retention aid which can be selected from anionic,
amphoteric, nonionic and cationic polymers and mixtures thereof. The use of such polymers
as drainage and/or retention aids is well-known in the art. Suitably at least one
cationic or amphoteric polymer is used, preferably cationic polymer. The polymers
can be derived from natural or synthetic sources, and they can be linear or branched.
Examples of suitable polymers include anionic, amphoteric and cationic starches, guar
gums and acrylamide-based polymers, as well as poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride),
polyethylene imines, polyamines, polyamidoamines, melamine-formaldehyde and urea-formaldehyde
resins. Cationic starch and cationic polyacrylamide are particularly preferred polymers.
When using the pre-mix of the present process in combination with an organic polymer
as mentioned above, it is further preferred to use at least one anionic trash catcher
(ATC). ATC's are known in the art as neutralizing agents for detrimental anionic substances
present in the stock. Hereby ATC's can enhance the efficiency of the components used
in the present process. Thus, further suitable combinations of polymers that can be
co-used with the pre-mix of the present invention include ATC in combination with
high molecular weight polymer, e.g. cationic starch and/or cationic polyacrylamide,
anionic polyacrylamide as well as cationic starch and/or cationic polyacrylamide in
combination with anionic polyacrylamide. Suitable ATC's include cationic polyelectrolytes,
especially low molecular weight highly charged cationic organic polymers such as polyamines,
polyethyleneimines, homo-and copolymers based on diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride,
(meth)acrylamides and (meth)acrylates. Even if arbitrary order of addition can be
used, it is preferred to add the polymer or polymers to the stock before the mixture
of aluminium compound and anionic inorganic particles. Normally, ATC's are added to
the stock prior to other polymers.
[0021] The amount of organic polymer can be varied over a broad range depending on, among
other things, the type of polymer or polymers used and other effects desired from
it. Usually, use is made of at least 0.005 kg of polymer per ton of dry fibres and
optional fillers. For synthetic cationic polymers, such as for example cationic polyacrylamide,
amounts of at least 0.005 kg/ton are usually used, calculated as dry on dry fibres
and optional fillers, suitably from 0.01 to 3 and preferably from 0.03 to 2 kg/ton.
For cationic polymers based on carbohydrates, such as cationic starch and cationic
guar gum, amounts of at least 0.05 kg/ton, calculated as dry on dry fibres and optional
fillers, are usually used. For these polymers the amounts are suitably from 0.1 to
30 kg/ton and preferably from 1 to 15 kg/ton.
[0022] The improved retention and dewatering effect with the system of the invention can
be obtained over a broad stock pH range. The pH can be within the range from about
3 to about 10. The pH is suitably above 3.5 and preferably within the range of from
4 to 9.
[0023] The process according to the invention can be used for producing cellulose fibre
containing products in sheet or web form such as for example pulp sheets and paper.
It is preferred that the present process is used for the production of paper. The
term "paper" as used herein of course include not only paper and the production thereof,
but also other sheet or web-like products, such as for example board and paperboard,
and the production thereof.
[0024] The process according to the invention can be used in the production of sheet or
web-like products from different types of suspensions containing cellulosic fibres
and the suspensions should suitably contain at least 50% by weight of such fibres,
based on dry substance. The suspensions can be based on fibres from chemical pulp,
such as sulphate and sulphite pulp, thermomechanical pulp, chemo-thermomechanical
pulp, refiner pulp or groundwood pulp from both hardwood and softwood, and can also
be used for suspensions based on recycled fibres. The suspension can also contain
mineral fillers of conventional types, such as for example kaolin, titanium dioxide,
gypsum, talc and both natural and synthetic calcium carbonates. The stock can of course
also contain papermaking additives of conventional types, such as wet-strength agents,
stock sizes based on rosin, ketene dimers or alkenyl succinic anhydrides, and the
like. The present invention makes it possible to improve the retention of such additives,
which means that further benefits can be obtained, for example improved sizing and
wet strength of the paper.
[0025] The invention is further illustrated in the following Examples which, however, are
not intended to limit same. Parts and % relate to parts by weight and % by weight,
respectively, unless otherwise stated.
Example 1
[0026] In the following tests the dewatering effect was evaluated by means of a Canadian
Standard Freeness (CSF) Tester, which is the conventional method for characterizing
dewatering or drainage capability according to SCAN-C 21:65.
[0027] The stock used was based on 60:40 bleached birch/pine sulphate to which 0.3 g/l of
Na
2SO
4·10H
2O was added. Stock consictency was 0.3% and pH 7.0. Additions of chemicals were made
to a baffled Britt Dynamic Drainage Jar with a blocked outlet at a stirring speed
of 1000 rpm. Without addition of chemicals the stock showed a freeness of 280 ml.
In the tests, use was made of a cationic polymer, Raisamyl 142, which is a conventional
medium-high cationized starch having a degree of substitution of 0.042, hereafter
designated CS, which was added to the stock in an amount of 10 kg/ton, calculated
as dry on dry stock system. When adding solely CS to the stock a freeness of 280 ml
was obtained. The aluminium compound used was sodium aluminate, hereafter designated
NaAl, which was added to the stock in amounts defined below, calculated as Al
2O
3 per ton of dry stock system. The anionic organic material used was a silica sol of
the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,388,150. The sol was alkali-stabilized to a
molar ratio of SiO
2:Na
2O of about 40 and contained silica particles with a specific surface area of about
500 m
2/g, hereafter designated P1. The anionic inorganic particles were added to the stock
in amounts defined below, calculated as dry per ton of dry stock system.
[0028] The process according to the invention was carried out by adding the cationic polymer
to the stock followed by stirring for 30 seconds, adding the pre-mix to the stock
followed by stirring for 15 seconds, and then transferring the stock to the CSF Tester.
The pre-mix used was prepared by feeding an aqueous stream of the aluminium compound
containing 0.5% by weight of Al
2O
3 and an aqueous stream of anionic inorganic particles containing 0.5% by weight of
particles to a mixing device equipped with two inlets and one outlet. In the mixing
device the separate streams were intimately mixed whereupon the resultant stream was
introduced into the stock. The streams of the pre-mix were brought into contact for
less than about 5 seconds prior to addition to the stock.
[0029] Comparisons tests were conducted by adding the first component + second component
+ third/last component to the stock during 45 seconds with stirring following each
addition, and with stirring for 15 seconds following the last addition, and then the
stock was transferred to the CSF Tester. The components are defined in Table 1.
Table 1
Test No |
Order of adding the components |
NaAl kg/ton |
P1 kg/ton |
CSF ml |
1 |
NaAl + CS + P1 |
0.2 |
1.0 |
635 |
2 |
NaAl + CS + P1 |
0.3 |
1.0 |
635 |
3 |
CS + NaAl + P1 |
0.3 |
1.0 |
635 |
4 |
CS + P1 + NaAl |
0.3 |
1.0 |
630 |
5 |
CS + Pre-mix |
0.2 |
1.0 |
650 |
6 |
CS + Pre-mix |
0.3 |
1.0 |
655 |
[0030] As is evident from Table 1, the process utilizing a pre-mix of sodium aluminate and
silica-based particles according to the invention improved the dewatering over Tests
1 to 4 in which the components were separately added to the stock.
Example 2
[0031] In this Example, the procedure according to Example 1 was followed in order to test
a sol of silica-based particles of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,368,833.
The sol had an S-value of about 25% and contained silica particles with a specific
surface area of about 900 m
2/g which were surface-modified with aluminium to a degree of 5%. This type of particles
is designated P2.
Table 2
Test No |
Order of adding the components |
NaAl kg/ton |
P2 kg/ton |
CSF ml |
1 |
NaAl + CS + P2 |
0.1 |
1.0 |
670 |
2 |
NaAl + CS + P2 |
0.2 |
1.0 |
675 |
3 |
NaAl + CS + P2 |
0.3 |
1.0 |
675 |
4 |
CS + Pre-mix |
0.1 |
1.0 |
685 |
5 |
CS + Pre-mix |
0.2 |
1.0 |
695 |
6 |
CS + Pre-mix |
0.3 |
1.0 |
695 |
[0032] As can be seen from Table 2, the dewatering effect was improved when applying the
pre-mix process of this invention.
Example 3
[0033] In this Example, the procedure according to Example 1 was followed in order to test
a suspension of the type disclosed in International Patent Publication WO 94/05595.
The suspension contained silica-based particles of the type P2 according to Example
2 and natural bentonite in a weight ratio of 2:1. This type of particles is designated
P3.
Table 3
Test No |
Order of adding the components |
NaAl kg/ton |
P3 kg/ton |
CSF ml |
1 |
NaAl + CS + P3 |
0.2 |
1.0 |
590 |
2 |
NaAl + CS + P3 |
0.3 |
1.0 |
595 |
3 |
CS + NaAl + P3 |
0.3 |
1.0 |
585 |
4 |
CS + Pre-mix |
0.2 |
1.0 |
615 |
5 |
CS + Pre-mix |
0.3 |
1.0 |
620 |
[0034] The process according to the present invention showed improved drainage over Tests
1 to 3 in which the components were separately added to the stock.
Example 4
[0035] In this Example, a comparison was made in a manner similar to Example 1 except that
polyaluminium chloride, designated PAC, was used as the aluminium compound and polysilicic
acid was used as the anionic inorganic particles. The polysilicic acid was prepared
by acidification of a sodium silicate solution having a molar ratio of Si
2O:Na
2O of 3.5:1 and SiO
2 content of 5.5% by weight to a pH of about 2.5 by means of a cation exchange resin
saturated with hydrogen ions. The obtained polysilicic acid was aged for about 30
hours and then diluted with deionized water to a concentration of 0.5% by weight of
SiO
2. The polysilicic acid so formed had a specific surface area of 1200 m
2/g and is hereafter designated P4.
[0036] The stock used in this Example was prepared from the stock according to Example 1
to which chalk was added in an amount of 30%, based of dry fibres. The stock so obtained
had a pH of 7.5 and showed a freeness of 330 ml. The solution of aluminium compound
contained 0.25% by weight of Al
2O
3 and the amount of aluminium compound added to the stock was calculated as Al
2O
3 per ton of dry stock system.
Table 4
Test No |
Order of adding the components |
PAC kg/ton |
P4 kg/ton |
CSF ml |
1 |
CS + P4 |
- |
1.0 |
535 |
2 |
CS + PAC + P4 |
0.25 |
1.0 |
595 |
3 |
PAC + CS + P4 |
0.25 |
1.0 |
570 |
4 |
PAC + CS + P4 |
0.33 |
1.0 |
580 |
5 |
CS + Pre-mix |
0.16 |
1.0 |
600 |
6 |
CS + Pre-mix |
0.25 |
1.0 |
620 |
7 |
CS + Pre-mix |
0.25 |
1.5 |
615 |
8 |
CS + Pre-mix |
0.33 |
1.0 |
605 |
[0037] The pre-mix process according to the invention showed improved effect over the process
with separate additions.
Example 5
[0038] In this Example, the procedure according to Example 4 was followed except that the
aluminium compound used was alum.
Table 5
Test No |
Order of adding the components |
Alum kg/ton |
P4 kg/ton |
CSF ml |
1 |
Alum + CS + P4 |
0.33 |
1.0 |
600 |
2 |
CS + Alum + P4 |
0.33 |
1.0 |
590 |
3 |
CS + Pre-mix |
0.23 |
1.0 |
610 |
4 |
CS + Pre-mix |
0.29 |
1.0 |
615 |
5 |
CS + Pre-mix |
0.35 |
1.0 |
620 |
[0039] As is evident from the Table, the pre-mix process resulted in improved dewatering.
Example 6
[0040] In this Example, the procedure according to Example 4 was essentially followed except
that the aluminium compound used was sodium aluminate. The process of the invention
was further compared with a process disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,927,498 and 5,176,891
using a polyaluminosilicate. The polyaluminosilicate was prepared by adding a sodium
aluminate solution containing 2.5% by weight of Al
2O
3 to 1% by weight of aqueous polysilicic acid, prepared and aged as described in Example
4, to give a molar ratio of Al
2O
3 to SiO
2 of 13:87, whereupon the product was diluted to a concentration of 0.5% by weight.
This product is designated PAS. The time from bringing the sodium aluminate solution
and aqueous polysilicic acid into contact followed by dilution to introducing the
product so formed into the stock was 10 minutes. In Table 6, molar ratio refers to
molar ratio of Al
2O
3 to SiO
2.
Table 6
Test No |
Order of adding the components |
Molar ratio |
PAS kg/ton |
NaAl kg/ton |
P4 kg/ton |
CSF ml |
1 |
NaAl + CS + P4 |
20:80 |
|
0.25 |
1.0 |
560 |
2 |
CS + NaAl + P4 |
20:80 |
|
0.25 |
1.0 |
580 |
3 |
CS + PAS |
13:87 |
1.08 |
|
|
580 |
4 |
CS + Pre-mix |
13:87 |
|
0.08 |
1.0 |
610 |
5 |
CS + Pre-mix |
13:87 |
|
0.16 |
1.0 |
640 |
6 |
CS + Pre-mix |
13:87 |
|
0.25 |
1.5 |
650 |
7 |
CS + Pre-mix |
20:80 |
|
0.25 |
1.0 |
645 |
8 |
CS + Pre-mix |
25:75 |
|
0.33 |
1.0 |
630 |
[0041] Pre-mixing sodium aluminate and polysilicic acid according to the present process
provided improved dewatering in comparison with the process using separate additions
as well as the process using polyaluminosilicate.
1. A process for the production of paper from a suspension of cellulose containing fibres,
and optional fillers, wherein an aluminium compound and anionic inorganic particles
are added to the suspension and the suspension is formed and drained on a wire, characterised in that the aluminium compound and anionic inorganic particles are mixed immediately
prior to addition to the suspension and that said anionic inorganic particles are
selected from colloidal silica, polysilicic acid, colloidal aluminium-modified silica
having a specific surface area up to 1000 m2/g, colloidal aluminium silicate having a specific surface area up to 1000 m2/g, clays of the smectite type, or mixtures thereof.
2. A process according to claim 1, characterised in that the aluminium compound is mixed with the anionic inorganic particles less
than 1 minute before adding the resulting mixture to the suspension.
3. A process according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that an aqueous stream of the aluminium compound is brought into contact with
an aqueous stream of the anionic inorganic particles whereby the resulting aqueous
stream is introduced into the suspension.
4. A process according to any of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the aluminium compound is alum, aluminate, aluminium chloride, aluminium
nitrate, polyaluminium chloride, polyaluminium sulphate, polyaluminium chloride containing
sulphate or polyaluminium silicate-sulphate.
5. A process according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the anionic inorganic particles are colloidal silica, polysilicic acid or
colloidal aluminium-modified silica.
6. A process according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the anionic inorganic particles are silica-based particles and bentonite.
7. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the weight ratio of anionic inorganic particles to aluminium compound is
within the range of from 100:1 to 1:1.
8. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that it further comprises adding at least one organic polymer to the suspension.
9. A process according to claim 8, characterised in that the polymer is a cationic or amphoteric polymer.
10. A process according to claim 8 or 9, characterised in that the polymer is cationic starch and/or cationic acrylamide based polymer.