Background of the Invention:
[0001] This invention relates to a laser diode element and, particularly, to a Distributed
Feed Back (DFB) laser diode element.
[0002] A conventional laser diode element of the type described generally comprises a semiconductor
block which has a front facet, a rear facet opposite to the front facet, a laser cavity
formed between the front and the rear facets and having a predetermined length L,
a plurality of coating layers coated on the front and the rear facets to provide a
predetermined reflectivity, respectively, an active layer and a grating formed in
the direction of the laser cavity and coupled to each other at a predetermined coupling
constant κ.
[0003] Many types of the DFB laser diode elements have been developed to have good single
longitudinal mode characteristics.
[0004] For example, some DFB laser diode elements have been proposed in Japanese patent
application laid-open No. H1-155677, H2-90688, and H2-20087. In these examples, the
predetermined reflectivity as well as a product of the predetermined coupling constant
κ and the predetermined length L in each DFB laser diode element are optimized from
each point of view.
[0005] On the other hand, an another DFB laser diode element has been proposed in Japanese
patent application laid-open No. Shô 62-219684. As illustrated in the drawing of the
laid-open paper, the DFB laser diode element includes a partial grating having a regular
corrugation kept in contact with the front facet.
[0006] In the interim, a DFB laser diode element has recently been used as a light source
for an analog modulation in a subcarrier multiplexing optical transmission method,
or the like.
[0007] When used as such a light source for the analog modulation, the DFB laser diode element
is required to have a better intermodulation distortion characteristic. For example,
in the field of a mobile communication system, the DFB laser diode element is desired
to have a characteristic in which 3rd intermodulation distortion (IMD
3) is sufficiently small.
[0008] However, any of the conventional laser diode elements mentioned above have never
been fabricated on the purpose of the analog modulation. Accordingly, no consideration
has been made about intermodulation distortion characteristics in the conventional
laser diode elements. As a result, even when the conventional laser diode elements
are used as light sources for the analog modulations, a yield in getting laser diode
elements with sufficient intermodulation distortion characteristics is inevitably
not so good.
Summary of the Invention:
[0009] It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a laser diode element which
has an excellent intermodulation distortion characteristic and a method of manufacturing
the same.
[0010] It is another object of this invention to provide a laser diode element of the type
described which can be manufactured in a good yield and a method of manufacturing
such a laser diode element.
[0011] According to this invention, there is provided a laser diode element as defined in
the independent claims 1, 4, and 7.
[0012] In other words, according to this invention, there is provided a laser diode element
comprising: a semiconductor block having: a first end surface; a second end surface
opposite to the first end surface; a laser cavity which is formed between the first
and the second end surfaces and which has a predetermined length L; an active layer
and a partial grating which are formed in the direction of the laser cavity and which
are coupled to each other at a predetermined coupling constant κ; the partial grating
being nearer to one of the first and the second end surfaces than to the other of
the first and the second end surfaces and being remote from the one of the first and
the second end surfaces to divide the direction of the laser cavity into a short length
side and a long length side with the partial grating interposed therebetween.
Brief Description of the Drawing:
[0013]
Fig. 1 shows a graphical representation for use in describing a relationship between
yield and κL in several comparative examples;
Fig. 2(a) shows a graphical representation for use in describing a relationship between,
yield and reflectivity on a front surface in several comparative examples;
Fig. 2(b) shows a graphical representation for use in describing a relationship between
yield and reflectivity on a rear surface in several comparative examples;
Fig. 3(a) shows a graphical representation for use in describing a relationship between
normalized efficiency and reflectivity on a front surface in several comparative examples;
Fig. 3(b) shows a graphical representation for use in describing a relationship between
normalized efficiency and reflectivity on a rear surface in several comparative examples;
Figs. 4(a) through (d) show in schematic vertical sections a laser diode clement during
progress of a method of manufacturing the laser diode element according to a comparative
example;
Fig. 5 shows a band diagram of active layers of the laser diode element according
to the example of Fig. 4;
Fig. 6 schematically shows in vertical section a side view of a laser diode element
according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 7 schematically shows in vertical section a side view of a laser diode element
according to the second embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 8 shows an electrical field distribution in the direction of a laser cavity in
the laser diode element illustrated in Fig. 7 in comparison with the conventional
one;
Fig. 9 schematically shows in vertical section a side view of a laser diode element
according to the third embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 10 shows an electrical field distribution in the direction of a laser cavity
in the laser diode element illustrated in Fig. 9 in comparison with the conventional
one;
Fig. 11 schematically shows in vertical section a side view of a laser diode element
according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 12 shows a graphical representation for use in describing a relationship between
yield and coupling constant κ in the laser diode element illustrated in Fig. 11 in
comparison with the conventional one;
Figs. 13(a) through (e) show in schematic vertical sections a laser diode element
during progress of a method of manufacturing the laser diode element according to
the first embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 14 shows a band diagram of active layers of a laser diode element according to
the first embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 15 schematically shows in vertical section a side view of a laser diode element
according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
Figs. 16(a) through (d) show in schematic vertical sections a laser diode element
during progress of a method of manufacturing the laser diode element according to
the second embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 17 schematically shows in vertical section a side view of a laser diode element
according to the second embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 18 schematically shows in vertical section a side view of a laser diode element
according to the second embodiment of the present invention;
Figs. 19(a) through (d) show in schematic vertical sections a laser diode element
during progress of a method of manufacturing the laser diode element according to
the third embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 20 schematically shows in vertical section a side view of a laser diode element
according to the third embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 21 schematically shows in vertical section a side view of a laser diode element
according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention; and
Fig. 22 schematically shows in vertical section a side view of a laser diode element
according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
Description of the Preferred Embodiment:
[0014] Prior to description of several embodiments, principle of the present invention will
first be described for a better understanding of the present invention.
[0015] During the process of creating the present invention, the inventors of the present
invention have experimentally fabricated plenty of DFB laser diode elements each of
which has a uniform grating to investigate characteristics thereof by changing some
parameters in each DFB laser diode element.
[0016] Referring to Figs. 1 to 3, description is made about results of the inventors' experimental
studies.
[0017] In Fig. 1, shown is a result of accounting a yield with respect to a product of a
coupling constant κ and a length L of the laser cavity in the DFB laser diode elements
each of which has a uniform grating. In each DFB laser diode element, a reflectivity
on a front surface is adjusted to be 1 % while a reflectivity on a rear surface is
adjusted to be 75 %. Herein, the yield is defined to be a rate of numbers of the DFB
laser diode elements in which a value of the above-mentioned IMD
3 is not larger than -80 dBc on conditions that normalized resonator loss is not smaller
than 0.05, an average light output power is 8 mW, and optical modulation index is
20 %. The value of the IMD
3 in each DFB laser diode element is accounted by the use of linearity of I-L characteristics
of the DFB laser diode element. The linearity of I-L characteristics is determined
by considering an electrical field distribution along the laser cavity in each DFB
laser diode element.
[0018] As exemplified in Fig. 1, the yield can be improved to exceed 5 % when the laser
diode elements are specified by the product κL of the coupling constant κ and the
length L of the laser cavity which falls within a range between 0.4 and 1.0, both
inclusive. The yield can further be improved to exceed 10 % when the product κL falls
within a range between 0.5 and 0.7, both inclusive.
[0019] In Figs. 2(a) and (b), shown is a result of accounting a yield with respect to reflectivities
on front and rear surfaces in the DFB laser diode elements similar to those mentioned
in respect of Fig. 1. Like in Fig. 1, the yield is defined to be a rate of numbers
of the DFB laser diode elements in which a value of the above-mentioned IMD
3 is not larger than -80 dBc on conditions similar to those mentioned in respect of
Fig. 1.
[0020] In Fig. 2(a), shown is a result of accounting a yield with respect to a reflectivity
on a front surface in the DFB laser diode elements. In each DFB laser diode element,
the product κL is arranged to 0.7 and a reflectivity on a rear surface is adjusted
to be 75 %.
[0021] As exemplified in Fig. 2(a), the yield can be improved to be at least not smaller
than 10 % when the reflectivity on the front surface in each laser diode element is
made to be smaller than 5 %. The yield can further be improved to be at least not
smaller than 12 % when the reflectivity on the front surface is made to be not greater
than 1 %.
[0022] On the other hand, a result of accounting a yield with respect to a reflectivity
on a rear surface in the DFB laser diode elements is shown in Fig. 2(b). In each DFB
laser diode element, the product κL is arranged to be 0.7 and a reflectivity on a
front surface is adjusted to be 1 %.
[0023] As exemplified in Fig. 2(b), the yield can be improved to exceed 10 % when the reflectivity
on the rear surface in each laser diode element is made to be approximately not smaller
than 50 %.
[0024] In Figs. 3(a) and (b), shown is a result of accounting a normalized efficiency with
respect to reflectivities on front and rear surfaces in the experimentally fabricated
DFB laser diode elements each in which the product κL is arranged to be 0.7.
[0025] In Fig. 3(a), shown is a result of accounting a normalized efficiency with respect
to a reflectivity on the front surface. As indicated by broken lines in Fig. 3(a),
an average efficiency in the DFB laser diode elements is normalized by the average
efficiency when the reflectivity on the front surface is adjusted to be 1 %.
[0026] As exemplified in Fig. 3(a), the normalized efficiency is stable when the reflectivity
on the front surface is not greater than 1 %. It is also exemplified in Fig. 3(a)
that the normalized efficiency is gradually deteriorated when the reflectivity on
the front surface exceeds 1 %.
[0027] On the other hand, a result of accounting a normalized efficiency with respect to
a reflectivity on the rear surface is shown in Fig. 3(b). As indicated by broken lines
in Fig. 3(b), an average efficiency in the DFB laser diode elements is normalized
by the average efficiency when the reflectivity on the rear surface is adjusted to
be 75 %.
[0028] As exemplified in Fig. 3(b), the normalized efficiency is raised linearly as the
reflectivity on the rear surface becomes great. It is therefore concluded in Fig.
3(b) that the normalized efficiency is further improved when the reflectivity on the
rear surface is made to be not smaller than 90 % and that the normalized efficiency
is maximized when the reflectivity on the rear surface is made to be 100 %. Besides,
the reflectivity on the rear surface should not exceed 98 % when light output through
the rear surface is desired to be monitored.
[0029] Referring now to Figs. 4 and 5, description will proceed to a method of manufacturing
a laser diode element according to a first comparative example having auniform grating.
[0030] As illustrated in Fig. 4(a), a substrate 102 is at first prepared in a known manner.
The substrate 102 is made of InP and has a conductivity type n.
[0031] Next, a uniform grating 104 having a regular corrugation is formed on the substrate
102 by holographic lithography method to have a period of 2025 angstroms and a depth
of 250 angstroms.
[0032] Third, as illustrated in Fig. 4(b), a light guiding layer 106 of InGaAsP having a
conductivity type n is grown on the uniform grating 104 by Metal Organic Vapor Phase
Epitaxy (MOVPE) method to have a thickness of 1000 angstroms. Active layers of Multi
Quantum Well (MQW) 108 are then grown on the light guiding layer 106 by the MOVPE
method to have a thickness of approximately 0.5 micron meters. Thereafter, a clad
layer of InP having a conductivity type p 110 is grown on the active layers 108 by
the MOVPE method to have a thickness of approximately 0.5 micron meters.
[0033] Referring to Fig. 5, the active layers of MQW 108 include wells 120 and barriers
122. The wells 120 have a composition defined by a bandgap corresponding to a wavelength
of 1.40 micron meters. On the other hand, the barriers 122 have a composition defined
by a bandgap corresponding to a wavelength of 1.13 micron meters. Specifically, the
wells 120 are equal in number to five. Each well is provided by a film having a thickness
of 57 angstroms while each barrier is also provided by a film having a thickness of
100 angstroms. The wells 120 and the barriers 122 are interposed on both sides between
SCH layers 124 and 126 each of which has a composition defined by a bandgap corresponding
to a wavelength of 1.13 micron meters. As illustrated in Fig. 5, the SCH layer 124
is adjacent to a p-InP layer and has a thickness of 600 angstroms while the SCH layer
126 is adjacent to a n-INP layer and has a thickness of 300 angstroms.
[0034] After growth of the active layers of MQW 108, a positive photoresist (not shown)
is coated on the MQW active layers 108. Photolithography and etching are then carried
out in a known manner to form stripe-shaped grooves 130, as illustrated in Fig. 4(c).
[0035] Thereafter, p-InP electric current blocking layer 132, n-InP electric current blocking
layer 134, p-InP clad layer 136, and p-InGaAsP cap layer 138 are formed one by one
by Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE) to form a double-channel planar buried hetero (DC-PBH)
structure.
[0036] Further, electrode layers 140 and 142 are evaporated on both surfaces of the DC-PBH
structure. The DC-PBH structure is cleaved at a predetermined portion. The coating
layers (not shown) are coated on a rear facet (not shown) to provide a reflectivity
of 75 % while the additional coating layers (not shown) are coated on a front facet
to provide a reflectivity of 1 %. Each layer is composed of SiN. Thereafter, the cleaved
DC-PBH wafer is scribed or cut along the width direction into a plurality of the laser
diode elements.
[0037] Under the circumstances, characteristics of each of the laser diode elements have
been investigated and estimated. Consequently, it has been found out that the laser
diode element oscillates with a wavelength of 1.31 micron meters and that the efficiency
is about 0.4 W/A. It has also been found out that a value of κL is about 0.9.
[0038] In order to estimate intermodulation distortion characteristics of the laser diode
element, the laser diode element is assembled into a module so that IMD
3 of the laser diode element be measured. As a result, a value of the above-mentioned
IMD
3 was smaller than -85 dBc on conditions that an average light output power is 4 mW
and optical modulation index is 20 %.
[0039] Thus, it has been confirmed that the laser diode element has excellent intermodulation
distortion characteristics.
[0040] In this event, a yield, which is defined to be a rate of numbers of the laser diode
elements in which a value of the above-mentioned IMD
3 is smaller than -85 dBc, was about 4% among all of the laser diode elements.
[0041] In order to make the yield improved, the inventors have also fabricated another laser
diode elements each of which has a uniform grating having a regular corrugation of
a depth of 200 angstroms. Characteristics of each of the another laser diode elements
have also been investigated and estimated. Consequently, it has been found out that
a value of κL is about 0.7 and that the yield, which is defined similarly to the above-mentioned
manner, was about 12 % among all of the another laser diode elements.
[0042] Further, the inventors have fabricated still another laser diode elements each of
which has coating layers on its front facet having a reflectivity of 0.1 %. In this
event, the yield was further improved to be about 16 %.
[0043] Furthermore, the inventors have fabricated yet another laser diode elements each
of which has coating layers on its rear facet having a reflectivity of 90 %. In this
event, the efficiency was improved to be about 0.43 W/A.
[0044] Thus, the laser diode elements having excellent intermodulation distortion characteristics
can be manufactured in a good yield.
[0045] Referring to Fig. 6, description is made about a laser diode element according to
the first embodiment of the present invention.
[0046] As illustrated in Fig. 6, the laser diode element 200 comprises a semiconductor block
201 having a front facet 202, a rear facet 204 opposite to the front facet 202, a
laser cavity 206 which is formed between the front and the rear facets 202 and 204
and which has a predetermined length L, an active layer 208 and a partial grating
210 having regular corrugation which are formed in the direction of the laser cavity
206 and which are coupled to each other at a predetermined coupling constant κ. The
partial grating 210 is nearer to the front facet 202 than to the rear facet 204 and
is remote from the front facet 202 to divide the direction of the laser cavity into
a short length side 212 and a long length side 214 with the partial grating 210 interposed
between the short and the long length sides 212 and 214.
[0047] In this embodiment, the partial grating 210 is remote from the front facet 202 and
the rear facet 204 both of which are operable as cleaved surface. Accordingly, laser
diode elements, each of which is cleaved and scribed from a wafer, become stable in
their characteristics. The laser diode elements having sufficient characteristics
can be manufactured in a good yield.
[0048] Besides, the front facet and the rear facet may be called a first end surface and
a second end surface, respectively.
[0049] Referring to Fig. 7, a laser diode element 220 according to the second embodiment
of this invention has a structure similar to that of the laser diode element 200 illustrated
in Fig. 6 except for the followings.
[0050] In this embodiment, the partial grating 210' is kept in contact with the front facet
202 to provide a contact side 222 and a non-contact side 224 with the partial grating
210' interposed therebetween and extended from the contact side 222 towards the non-contact
side 224. The coupling constant κ is larger in the contact side 222 than in the non-contact
side 224. Namely, the coupling constant κ becomes small as a distance in the direction
becomes remote from the contact side 222.
[0051] Referring to Fig. 8, description is made about an electrical field distribution in
the direction of a laser cavity in the laser diode element 220 illustrated in Fig.
7 in comparison with the conventional one.
[0052] As depicted by a continuous line A in Fig. 8, the electrical field distribution in
the laser diode element 220 becomes even or uniform in the direction of the laser
cavity compared with the conventional one of which the distribution is depicted by
a broken line B. A linearity of I-L characteristics is therefore improved in this
embodiment. As a result, intermodulation distortion is considerably decreased in this
embodiment.
[0053] Referring to Fig. 9, a laser diode element 240 according to the third embodiment
of this invention has a structure similar to that of the laser diode element 200 illustrated
in Fig. 6 except for the followings.
[0054] In this embodiment, the partial grating 210'' is kept in contact with the front facet
202 to provide a contact side 222 and a non-contact side 224 with the partial grating
210'' interposed therebetween and extended from the contact side 222 towards the non-contact
side 224. The regular corrugation of the grating has an irregular portion 242 which
is operable as a phase shift portion.
[0055] Referring to Fig. 10, description is made about an electrical field distribution
in the direction of a laser cavity in the laser diode element 240 illustrated in Fig.
9 in comparison with the conventional one.
[0056] In Fig. 10, a continuous line C shows an electrical field distribution in the laser
diode element 240 while a broken line D shows that of the conventional laser diode
element. As shown in Fig. 10, the continuous line C has a peak in the portion corresponding
to the above-mentioned irregular or phase shift portion 242. As a result, the electrical
field distribution in the laser diode element 240 becomes even or uniform along the
laser cavity compared with the conventional one. Alternatively, a plurality of phase
shift portions may be formed in the grating. In this case, evenness or uniformity
of the distribution will be further improved.
[0057] Referring to Fig. 11, a laser diode element 260 according to the fourth embodiment
of this invention has a structure similar to that of the laser diode element 200 illustrated
in Fig. 6 except for the followings.
[0058] In this embodiment, the partial grating 270 is kept in contact with the front facet
202 to provide a contact side 222 and a non-contact side 224 with the partial grating
210 interposed therebetween and extended from the contact side 222 towards the non-contact
side 224. The portion in which the partial grating 270 is formed is operable as distributed
Bragg reflector region 272.
[0059] A plurality of coating layers 274 are coated on the rear facet 204 which is opposite
to the distributed Bragg reflector region 272 to provide a high reflectivity. Light
output is generated from the front facet 202 which is adjacent to the distributed
Bragg reflector region 272.
[0060] Referring to Fig. 12, description is made about a relationship between a yield and
coupling constant in the laser diode element 260 illustrated in Fig. 11 in comparison
with the conventional one. In Fig. 12, the yield is defined as a rate of numbers of
the laser diode elements in which a value of the IMD
3 is smaller than -80 dBc.
[0061] In Fig. 12, a continuous line E shows the yield of the laser diode elements 260 while
a broken line F shows that of the conventional laser diode element.
[0062] As indicated in Fig. 12, the yield of the laser diode elements 260 is stable even
though the coupling constant κ is changed. In other words, the yield of the laser
diode elements 260 does not depend on the coupling constant κ. Consequently, it becomes
unnecessary to control the coupling constant κ strictly.
[0063] Referring now to Figs. 13 through 15, description will proceed to a method of manufacturing
the above-mentioned laser diode element according to the first embodiment of the present
invention.
[0064] As shown in Fig. 13(a), a substrate 300 of n-InP in at first prepared in a known
manner. A photoresist 302 is then coated on the substrate 300. The photoresist 302
is exposed by holographic lithography method to be Patterned with a period of 2025
angstroms.
[0065] Second, as illustrated in Fig. 13(b), the substrate 300 and the patterned photoresist
302 are closely exposed by the use of a mask 303 having a predetermined mask pattern.
In this event, an area in which a grating should not be formed is selectively permitted
to be exposed. After being developed, a predetermined pattern 304 is formed on the
substrate 300 for partially making the grating, as illustrated in Fig. 13(c). The
substrate 300 is etched to form a partial grating 306 having a depth of 400 angstroms
by using the predetermined pattern 304 as an etching mask. In this case, a coupling
constant in the partial grating 306 is 40 cm
-1.
[0066] Third, a light guiding layer 308 of n-InGaAsP is grown on the partial grating 306
and the substrate 300 by the aforesaid MOVPE method to have a thickness of 1000 angstroms.
An active layer 310 of MQW structure is then stacked on the light guiding layer 308
by the same method to have a thickness of about 0.5 micron meters. Thereafter, a clad
layer 312 of p-InP is formed on the active layer 310 by the same method to have a
thickness of approximately 0.5 micron meters.
[0067] Referring to Fig. 14, the active layer 310 of MQW structure includes wells 320 and
barriers 322. The wells 320 have a composition defined by a bandgap corresponding
to a wavelength of 1.40 micron meters. On the other hand, the barriers 322 have a
composition defined by a bandgap corresponding to a wavelength of 1.13 micron meters.
Specifically, the wells 320 are equal in number to ten. Each well is provided by a
film having a thickness of 62 angstroms while each barrier is also provided by a film
having a thickness of 100 angstroms. The wells 320 and the barriers 322 are interposed
on both sides between SCH layers 324 and 326 each of which has a composition defined
by a bandgap corresponding to a wavelength of 1.13 micron meters. Although it is not
shown in Fig. 14, the SCH layer 324 is adjacent to a p-InP layer and has a thickness
of 600 angstroms while the SCH layer 326 is adjacent to a n-InP layer and has a thickness
of 300 angstroms.
[0068] After growth of these layers, a positive photoresist (not shown) is coated on the
layers. Photolithography and etching are then carried out in a known manner to form
stripe-shaped grooves (not shown).
[0069] Thereafter, p-InP electric current blocking layer, n-InP electric current blocking
layer, p-InP clad layer, and p-InGaAsP cap layer are formed one by one in a known
manner to form a double-channel planar buried hetero (DC-PBH) structure.
[0070] Further, electrode layers are evaporated on both surfaces of the DC-PBH structure.
The DC-PBH structure is cleaved at a predetermined portion.
[0071] As illustrated in Fig. 15, coating layers 330 are coated on the rear facet 204 to
provide a reflectivity of 75 % while the additional cladding layers 332 are coated
on the front facet 202 to provide a low reflectivity. The coating layers 330 are composed
of SiN. Thereafter, the cleaved DC-PBH wafer is scribed or cut along the width direction
into a plurality of the laser diode elements.
[0072] Under the circumstances, characteristics of each of the laser diode elements have
been investigated and estimated. Consequently, it has been found out that the laser
diode element oscillates with a wavelength of 1.31 micron meters.
[0073] In order to estimate intermodulation distortion characteristics of the laser diode
element, the laser diode element is assembled into a module so that IMD
3 of the laser diode element be measured. As a result, a value of the above-mentioned
IMD
3 was -85 dBc on conditions that an average light output power is 5 mW and optical
modulation index is 20 %.
[0074] In order to investigate a merit of this invention, a conventional laser diode element
has been fabricated as a comparative example. In this example, a value of the IMD
3 was -78 dBc on the same conditions.
[0075] Thus, it has been confirmed that the laser diode element according to the embodiment
of the present invention has excellent intermodulation distortion characteristics.
[0076] In this event, a yield, which is defined to be a rate of numbers of the laser diode
elements in which a value of the above-mentioned IMD
3 is smaller than -80 dBc, was 18 % in the laser diode element according to the embodiment
of the present invention while the yield was about 12% in the conventional laser diode
elements.
[0077] Referring now to Figs. 16 through 18, description will proceed to a method of manufacturing
the above-mentioned laser diode element according to the second embodiment of the
present invention. The method according to the third embodiment has steps similar
to those of the above-mentioned first embodiment except for the following points.
[0078] In this embodiment, after a semiconductor substrate 400 is prepared in a known manner,
insulating layers 402 of SiO
2 are formed on the semiconductor substrate 400, as shown in Fig. 16(a). A depth of
the partial grating 406 is made so that a coupling constant in the partial grating
406 may be 30 cm
-1. After the partial grating 406 is formed, the insulating layers 402 of SiO
2 as well as the photoresist 403 are removed from the semiconductor substrate 400.
Further, as illustrated in Fig. 17, coating layers 430 are coated on the rear facet
404 to provide a reflectivity of 90 % while the additional coating layers 432 are
coated on the front facet 402 to provide a reflectivity of 1 %.
[0079] In this event, the above-described yield was 20%. Besides, insulating layers 402
of SiO
2 may alternatively be replaced with insulating layers of Si
3N
4.
[0080] Another laser diode elements according to a modification of the third embodiment
have also been fabricated.
[0081] As illustrated in Fig. 18, the laser diode element has a partial grating 506 having
a length of 60 micron meters. On the other hand, a length of the laser cavity is 20
micron meters. Further, as illustrated in Fig. 18, coating layers 530 are coated on
the rear facet 504 to provide a reflectivity of 98 % while the additional coating
layers 532 are coated on the front facet 502 to provide a reflectivity of 0.1 %.
[0082] In this event, the above-described yield was about 22 %.
[0083] Referring now to Figs. 19 and 20, description will proceed to a method of manufacturing
the above-mentioned laser diode element according to the third embodiment of the present
invention. The method according to the third embodiment has steps similar to those
of the above-mentioned first embodiment except for the following points.
[0084] In this embodiment, after an InP substrate 600 is prepared in a known manner, a resist
layer 602 for electron beam exposure is coated on the InP substrate 600, as shown
in Fig. 19(a). By the electron beam exposure or lithography, a predetermined pattern
604 is formed on the substrate 600 for partially making the grating, as illustrated
in Fig. 19(b). The predetermined pattern 604 is enlarged to be shown in Fig. 19(c)
merely for the better understanding thereof. The pattern 604 has a period of 2048
angstroms. A ratio of exposed area versus non-exposed area in each one period is changed
gradually from 1:1 to 1:10. The substrate 600 is etched to form a partial grating
606, as illustrated in Fig. 19(d), by using the predetermined pattern 604 as an etching
mask.
[0085] Further, as illustrated in Fig. 20, coating layers 630 are coated on the rear facet
604 to provide a reflectivity of 75 % while the additional coating layers 632 are
coated on the front facet 602 to provide a reflectivity of 1 %. As illustrated in
Fig. 20, the partial grating 606 is kept in contact with the front facet 602 and extends
from the front facet 602 to have a length of 100 micron meters. The coupling constant
κ is larger in the contact side than in the non-contact side. Namely, the coupling
constant κ is 70 cm
-1 in the contact side while 30 cm
-1 in the non-contact side.
[0086] A value of the above-mentioned IMD
3 of the laser diode element has also been measured. As a result, the value of the
IMD
3 was -85 dBc.
[0087] Referring to Fig. 21, description will proceed to a laser diode element according
to the fourth embodiment of the present invention. The fourth embodiment has a structure
similar to that of the above-mentioned second embodiment except for the following
points.
[0088] In this embodiment, as illustrated in Fig. 21, the partial grating 706 extends from
the front facet 702 to have a length of 100 micron meters, like the laser diode element
illustrated in Fig. 20, but has the coupling constant κ of 50 cm
-1 uniformly from the contact side to the non-contact side. The partial grating 706
has, however, an irregular portion 710 which is operable as a λ/4 phase shift portion.
The irregular portion 710 is positioned where the partial grating 706 extends from
the front facet 702 by 70 micron meters.
[0089] A value of the above-mentioned IMD
3 of this laser diode element has also been measured. As a result, the value of the
IMD
3 was -82 dBc.
[0090] Further, an intensity ratio of a main mode oscillation and a sub-mode oscillation
is also measured. The intensity ratio was 35 dBc in the embodiment, although 38 dBc
in the conventional laser diode element.
[0091] Furthermore, the similar effects have been achieved in another fabricated laser diode
elements, in case that the grating includes a phase shift portion falling within a
range between λ/8 and λ/2.
[0092] Thus, characteristics of single mode oscillation is improved in the laser diode element
according to this embodiment.
[0093] Referring to Fig. 22, description will proceed to a laser diode element according
to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
[0094] In this embodiment, as illustrated in Fig. 22, the laser diode element has the partial
grating 806 extends from the front facet 802 to have a length of 100 micron meters
to make a distributed Bragg reflector region 810.
[0095] Further, as illustrated in Fig. 22, coating layers 830 are coated on the rear facet
804 to provide a reflectivity of 75 % while the additional coating layers 832 are
coated on the front facet 802 to provide a reflectivity of 1 %. The partial grating
806 has the coupling constant κ of 50 cm
-1 uniformly from the contact side to the non-contact side.
[0096] A value of the above-mentioned IMD
3 of the laser diode element has also been measured. As a result, the value of the
IMD
3 was -83 dBc. In addition, the above-described yield was about 25 %.
[0097] Moreover, the similar effects have been achieved in another fabricated laser diode
elements, in case that a reflectivity of coating layers coated on the rear facet falls
within a range between 40 % and 98 %.
[0098] While this invention has thus far been described in conjunction with several embodiments
thereof, it will now be readily possible for one skilled in the art to put this invention
into effect in various other manners. For example, the active layer is not restricted
to have the above-mentioned MQW structure. The active layer may also have a bulk structure.