The present invention relates to automatic control systems for controlling the gas and/or air flow rates in gas fired boilers using an ionisation electrode as a sensing element for determining the combustion condition of the burner.
New standards regarding gas fired boilers are limiting the allowable emissions of harmful products resulting from combustion, specifically CO and NOx, to a very low level.
In order to respect the new standards, improvements in the combustion process in gas fired boilers have proved to be necessary. Therefore, several manufacturers have provided their gas fired boilers with automatic control systems by which optimal operation of the burner in any condition of thermal load can be ensured.
The most common method of monitoring the combustion process is to utilize an ionisation electrode arranged in the flame area of the burner. It is known that the current flowing through this electrode, i.e. the ionisation current, depends upon the combustion conditions. Thus, information on the actual combustion condition is obtained by directly measuring the ionisation current or by measuring the voltage across the electrode which is a function of said ionisation current. The control system measures the ionisation current and derives therefrom a signal to be used as a control variable for controlling the flow rate of at least one of the combustion components, namely air and gas, supplied to the gas fired boiler.
The present invention relates to an automatic control system for controlling both the gas and air flow rates in gas fired boilers. This automatic control system will be referred to in the description as "combined gas-air control system".
More particularly, the combined gas-air control system for a gas fired boiler heated by a burner in a combustion chamber includes:
The combined gas-air control system will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Figure 1 shows a gas fired boiler, generally indicated with B, comprising an airtight combustion chamber 1 in which a gas burner 2 is arranged and gas supplied via an ON-OFF valve 3 mounted on the gas supply pipe. An electrically controlled modulating valve MV is arranged downstream from the ON-OFF valve 3 for the purpose of modulating the gas flow rate. A finned heat exchanger 4 is placed above the gas burner 2. Overhead the gas burner 2 and the heat exchanger 4 a hood 5 is provided with a suction fan 6 for drawing fumes from the combustion chamber and expelling them via an exhaust pipe 7. The suction fan 6 also sucks ambient air from the outside via a suction pipe 8 arranged coaxially to the pipe 7 and supplies it to the combustion chamber 1 in order to sustain the combustion. The fan 6 is operated at adjustable speed by means of a variable-speed motor FM.
A pipe 9 forming the heating circuit (primary circuit), passes through the heat exchanger 4 for heating the heating water (primary heat exchanger). The heating water is supplied via a delivery pipe 10 and returns to the gas fired boiler via a return pipe 11. The pipe 9 embodies a circulation pump 12 and a three-way valve 13. A pipe 14 forming the circuit for the sanitary water (secondary circuit) and passing through the heat exchanger 15 for heating the sanitary water (secondary heat exchanger) departs from the three-way valve 13. Sanitary water is supplied to the secondary heat exchanger 15 via a pipe 16 and after being heated it is delivered via a pipe 17 for usage.
The function of the combined gas-air control system of the invention is to control the gas and air flow rates in the gas fired boiler B in order to hold either the heating water temperature or the sanitary water temperature to a desired value which will be referred to in the following as set point temperature.
Another function of the combined gas-air control system of the invention is to improve combustion and reduce emission of harmful combustion products in gas fired boilers.
In order to accomplish this, the combined gas-air control system of the invention comprises a microcontroller µC for operating the modulating valve MV and for adjusting the speed of the variable-speed motor FM. The output control signals transmitted from the µC to the modulating valve MV and the variable-speed motor FM are indicated with Imod and Vf and they correspond to the control current of the modulating valve MV and to the control voltage of the variable-speed motor FM, respectively.
In response to the control signals Imod and Vf transmitted from the µC to the modulating valve MV and the variable-speed motor FM, the gas flow rate Qg and the air flow rate Qa are controlled so as to change combustion process conditions in the gas fired boiler B and to bring the heating or sanitary water temperature back to the set point predetermined by the user. Qg and Qa will be referred to in the following as manipulated variables.
The set point temperatures of the heating and sanitary water are set typically by means of potentiometers Rh and Rs, respectively and the corresponding set point input signals Thr and Tsr are supplied to the microcontroller µC. Feedback informations relating to the heating water and sanitary water temperatures, the air pressure in the combustion chamber 1 and the combustion process conditions in the burner 2 are sensed by appropriate sensors and transmitted to the microcontroller µC. To accomplish this, temperature measuring means 18, 19 embodying standard temperature sensors are provided for measuring the heating water and the sanitary water temperatures, respectively, air pressure measuring means 20 embodying a standard pressure sensor are provided for measuring the air pressure in the combustion chamber, and an ionisation electrode 21 arranged in the flame area of the burner is provided for measuring the voltage across the ionisation electrode as a function of the ionisation current through the ionisation electrode depending on the combustion process conditions of the burner 2. The feedback signals transmitted from the measuring means 18, 19, 20 and 21 to the microcontroller µC are indicated with Th, Ts, Pa and Vion respectively.
Operation of the combined gas-air control system will be now described with reference to the block diagram of Figure 2.
According to the usual conventions, lines represent signals, a circle is an algebraic summing point representing addition or subtraction of input signals to the point, rectangles are system elements and a line branching from another line indicates a division of the signal into more than one path without modification.
The controlled variables are the heating and the sanitary water temperatures, the air pressure in the combustion chamber and the voltage across the ionisation electrode. Feedback signals Th, Ts, Pa and Vion proportional to the values of the controlled variables are applied to the microcontroller µC for processing. Control signals Vf and Imod from the microcontroller µC are transmitted to the variable-speed motor FM and the modulating valve MV and control of the manipulated variables Qa and Qg in response to said control signals is thereby obtained.
Operation of the system can be seen considering the control of the sanitary water temperature, but it should be clearly understood that a similar operation applies to the control of the heating water temperature.
Referring to Figure 2, the microcontroller µC compares the feedback signal Ts from the water temperature measuring means 19 with the set point signal Trs and transmits their difference, i.e. the error signal E(T)=Trs-Ts, to the control element 22 which utilizes said error signal E(T) to determine the corrected value of air pressure in the combustion chamber 1. The control element 22 in response to the error signal E(T) sequentially performs a proportional+integral+derivative (PID) control mode and a proportional (P) control mode. The output signal Pac resulting from this PID and P corrective action is compared with the feedback signal Pa from the air pressure measuring means 20 and the error signal E(P)=Pa-Pac actuates the control element 23. Said control element 23 performs in sequence a PID control mode and P control mode and adjusts the control voltage Vf applied to the variable-speed motor FM so as to change the manipulated variable Qa, i.e. the air flow rate, in response to the error signal E(P).
The output signal Pac from the control element 22 is also applied to processing elements 24 and 25 which calculate the theoretical values of the voltage across the ionisation electrode and of the modulating valve current dependent on the corrected air pressure value. In order to accomplish this calculation, each processing element 24 and 25 embodies a memory in which the optimal relationships between the voltage across the ionisation electrode and the modulating valve current, respectively and the air pressure in the combustion chamber are stored. The output signals from the processing elements 24 and 25 are indicated with Vion(th) and Imod(th), respectively.
The feedback signal Vion from the ionisation voltage measuring means 21 is compared with the output signal Vion(th) from the processing element 24 and the error signal E(V)=Vion(th)-Vion is supplied to the control element 26. In response to the error signal E(V), the control element 26 performs a P control mode and determines a corrected value of the control current in the modulating valve MV. The output signal Imodc from the control element 26 is added to the output signal Imod(th) from the processing element 25 and the resulting sum signal Imods=Imodc+Imod(th) is used to operate the modulating valve MV so as to change the manipulated variable Qg, i.e. the gas flow rate.
Operation of the burner is also monitored by a thermostat 27 arranged in the burner area and connected to the µC. In the case of burner overheating, the thermostat 27 signals the malfunctioning to the µC which then shuts down the burner.
Essentially, the rpm of the fan motor and the modulating valve current can be adjusted for ensuring the required air Qa and gas Qg flow rates according to the set point temperatures of the heating or sanitary water that is delivered to usage. When the thermal load changes, a change in the rpm of the fan motor and in the throttle of the modulating valve will occur. Moreover, operation of the burner is also automatically adjusted by control element 26 when the type of gas supplied to the burner changes. The combined gas-air control system of the invention ensures optimal operation of the gas fired boiler with respect to NOx and CO emissions and efficiency.