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(11) | EP 0 947 592 A1 |
(12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
published in accordance with Art. 158(3) EPC |
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(54) | COPPER ALLOY AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING SAME |
(57) The purpose of this invention is to provide metals, particularly brass, that have
excellent mechanical strength, machinability, ductility in hot working, and corrosion
resistance. The brass of this invention is roughly classified into four types of "α+γ",
"α+β+γ", "α+ normal β", and "α+ reinforced β". The α+γ type of brass has crystal structure
of α+γ phases at room temperature, and its areal ratio of the α phase is 97-70%. The
α+β+γ type of brass has crystal structure of α+β+γ phases at room temperature, and
the areal ratio of each of the β and γ phases are 3-30. In these two types of brass,
the γ phase contains 8% or more of Sn. The α+ normal β type of brass has crystal structure
of α+β phases at room temperature, and its areal ratio of the β phase is 20% or more.
The α+ reinforced β type of brass has crystal structure of α+β phases at room temperature,
its areal ratio of the β phase is 15% or more, and the β phase contains 1.5% by weight
or more of Sn. All the types of brass have crystal structure of α+β phases in the
recrystallization temperature zone, and its areal ratio of the β phase is 30-80% in
this temperature zone. The crystal grain sizes of the α and β phases are 15 µm or
less, preferably 10 µm or less, and the average minor axis of crystal grains of the
γ phase is 8 µm or less, preferably 5 µm or less. The α+γ and α+β+γ types of brass
have their apparent Zn contents of 37-46% by weight and overall Sn contents of 0.9-7%
by weight. The other two types of brass have apparent Zn contents of 37-44% by weight. |
1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
3. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
(A1) Areal ratio of β phase is 30% - 80%;
(A2) Average crystal grain sizes of α and β phases are 15 µm or smaller, preferably smaller than 10 µm in; and
(A3) The α phase exists dispersedly.
A desirable example of the brass according to this invention has the following high hot ductility within the recrystallization temperature range:(1) The brass is not damaged when given 100% strain at a strain rate of 1/sec;
(2) The brass is not damaged when given 200% strain at a strain rate of 0.1/sec,
(3) The brass is not damaged when given larger than 200% strain at a strain rate of 0.01/sec; or
(4) The brass is not damaged when given larger than 600% strain at a strain rate of 0.001/sec.
(B1) The areal ratio of γ phase is 3% - 30%, preferably 5%-30%;
(B2) Average crystal grain size of the α phase is 15 µm or smaller, preferably 10 µm or smaller;
(B3) Average crystal grain size of the γ phase is 8 µm or smaller, preferably 5 µm or smaller; and
(B4) The above-mentioned γ phase exists on the α phase grain boundary.
This type of brass excels in machinability.(B1) The areal ratio of the α phase is 40% - 94%;
(B2) The areal ratios of both the β and γ phases are 3% - 30% ;
(B3) Average crystal grain sizes of β and γ phases are 15 µm or smaller, preferably 10 µm or smaller; and
(B4) Average crystal grain size of the γ phase is 8 µm or smaller, preferably 5 µm or smaller.
This type of brass also excels in machinability.(B5) The γ phase contains 8% by wt. or more Sn, and
(B6) The β phase is surrounded by the γ phase mentioned above.
The brass satisfying the above conditions comes to excel in corrosive resistance and stress corrosion cracking resistance (SCC resistance).(B1) The areal ratio of β phase is 20% or larger, preferably 25% or larger, and
(B2) Average crystal grain sizes of the β and γ phases are 15 µm or smaller, preferably 10 µm or smaller.
This type of brass excels in machinability and strength.(B1) The areal ratio of the β phase is 15% or larger, preferably 20% or larger,
(B2) Average crystal grain sizes of the α and β phases are 15 µm or smaller, preferably 10 µm or smaller, and
(B3) The β phase contains 1.5% by wt. or more Sn.
This type of brass excels in machinability, corrosion resistance and SCC resistance.(1) Good machinability
(2) Good corrosion resistance
(3) Good SCC resistance
(1) Apparent Zn content in material composition is 37%-46% by wt.,
(2) The solidification rate after casting is 5 x 101-105K/sec, preferably 102 - 105K/sec, and
(3) The cooling rate after solidification is, until the temperature drops to 400°C or below, 5K/sec or higher.
(1) Temperature in the extrusion is 460°C-650°C, preferably 480°C-600°C, and
(2) Reduction in the extrusion is 90% or higher, preferably 95% or higher.
4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a table presenting properties of three crystal phases of brass, pure Cu, pure Zn and pure Sn;
FIGs. 2A-2C are tables presenting composition, crystal structure and properties of examples of this invention and examples of conventional brass as references;
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating an example of production process of brass product;
FIG. 4 is a table presenting casting and hot-extrusion conditions of two examples of brass production method of this invention and of a conventional method;
FIG. 5 is a table presenting hot-forging conditions and crystal structure in two examples of brass production method of this invention and of a conventional method;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing ductility test results (unit strain and strain rate) within the recrystallization temperature zone;
FIG. 7 is a table presenting machinability test results;
FIG. 8 is a perspective view illustrating a machinability test method;
FIG. 9 is a graph showing erosion-resistance test results;
FIG. 10 is a sectional view illustrating a erosion-resistance test method;
FIG. 11 is a sectional view illustrating a SCC resistance test method;
FIG. 12 is a table presenting SCC resistance test results;
FIG. 13 is a table presenting composition and corrosion-resistance test results of samples relating to the "α + reinforced β type" of brass;
FIG. 14 is a graph showing the relationship between Sn concentration in the β phase and the cooling time down to 400°C;
FIG. 15 is a table presenting the effectiveness of heat treatment for the "α + reinforced β type" of brass of this invention;
FIG. 16A is a microscopic photograph showing crystal structure of an example of the "α + γ type" of brass of this invention;
FIG. 16B is a grain structure drawing prepared based on FIG 16A;
FIG. 17A is a microscopic photograph showing crystal structure of an example of the "α+β+γ type" of brass of this invention;
FIG. 17B is a schematic drawing of the crystal structure prepared based on FIG 17A;
FIG. 18 is a table presenting composition and corrosion-resistance test results of samples relating to the "α+γ type" and "α+β+γ type" of brass of this invention;
FIG. 19 is a flow diagram illustrating an example of manufacturing process of parts contacting with water prepared using the "α+γ type" and "α+β+γ type" of the brass of this invention;
FIG. 20 is a flow diagram illustrating an example of manufacturing process of water-contact parts prepared using conventional brass;
FIG. 21 is a table presenting the effectiveness of heat treatment for the "α+β type" and "α+β+γ type" of brass of this invention;
FIG. 22A is a microscopic photograph showing crystal structure of brass for forging casted at a cooling rate of 19K/sec after casting;
FIG. 22B is a schematic drawing of crystal structure prepared based on FIG 22A;
FIG. 23A is a microscopic photograph in which a part of FIG 22A is enlarged;
FIG. 23B is a schematic drawing of crystal structure prepared based on FIG 23A;
FIG. 24A is a microscopic photograph showing crystal structure of brass for forging casted at a cooling rate of 1.3K/sec after casting;
FIG. 24B is a schematic drawing prepared based on FIG 24A;
FIG. 25A is a microscopic photograph in which a part of FIG 24A is enlarged;
FIG. 25B is a schematic drawing of crystal structure prepared based on FIG 25A;
FIG. 26A is a microscopic photograph showing crystal structure of a brass billet for forging prepared by hot-extruding brass having Sn content of 1.9% by wt. and then cooling the brass at a cooling rate of 30K/sec;
FIG. 26B is a schematic drawing of crystal structure prepared based on FIG 26A;
FIG. 27A is a microscopic photograph showing crystal structure of a brass forging prepared by hot-forging a brass billet shown in FIG. 26A and then cooling the forging at a cooling rate of 20K/sec;
FIG. 27B is a schematic drawing of crystal structure prepared based on FIG 27A;
FIG. 28A is a microscopic photograph showing crystal structure of a brass billet for forging prepared by hot-extruding brass with Sn content of 2.3% by wt. and then cooling the brass at a cooling rate of 30K/sec;
FIG. 28B is a schematic drawing of crystal structure prepared based on FIG 28A;
FIG. 29A is a microscopic photograph showing crystal structure of a brass forging prepared by hot-forging a brass billet shown in FIG. 28A and then cooling the forging at a cooling rate of 20K/sec;
FIG. 29B is a schematic drawing of crystal structure prepared based on FIG 29A;
FIG. 30B is a table presenting preferable conditions of crystal structure and composition of the brass of this invention;
FIG. 31 is a table presenting preferable conditions of casting and hot-extrusion when the brass of this invention is finally produced by hot extrusion;
FIG. 32 is a table presenting preferable hot-extrusion and hot-forging conditions when the brass of this invention is finally produced by hot forging;
FIG. 33 is a table presenting preferable conditions of hot extrusion, hot forging and heat treatment when the brass of this invention is finally produced by heat treatment;
FIG. 34 is a perspective view of an example of faucet fittings to which the brass of this invention is applied;
FIG. 35 is a sectional view of an example of water pipe to which brass of this invention is applied;
FIG. 36 is a sectional view of another example of water pipe to which the brass of this invention is applied;
FIG. 37 is a sectional view of a further example of water pipe to which the brass of this invention is applied;
FIG. 38 is a schematic side-view showing an example of a hot-water supply system provided with reducing valve and bypass valve to which the brass of this invention is applied;
FIG. 39 is a sectional view showing a reducing valve of the hot-water supply system of FIG. 38; and
FIG. 40 is a sectional view showing a bypass valve of the hot-water supply system of FIG. 38.
5. BEST MODE CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
(1) Crystal structure at room temperature (FIG. 30)
(2) Crystal structure in hot working (in recrystallization temperature zone) (FIG. 30)
(3) Composition (FIG. 30)
(5) Casting conditions (FIG. 31)
(6) Conditions of hot extrusion in the case of obtaining final structure by hot extrusion (FIG. 31)
(7) Conditions of hot extrusion and hot forging in the case of obtaining final structure by hot forging (FIG. 32)
(8) Conditions of hot extrusion, hot forging and heat treatment in the case of obtaining final structure by heat treatment (FIG. 33)
6. POSSIBILITY OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
(1) Raw materials, intermediate products, final products, and assemblies of them
(2) Parts for transport equipment
(2-1) Automobile and bicycle parts
(2-2) Large and small ship parts
(2-3) Rolling stock parts
(2-4) Airplane, spacecraft, elevator and playground vehicle parts
(3) Parts for industrial machinery
(3-1) Construction machinery parts
(3-2) Welding machine parts
(3-3) Metal dies and their parts
(3-4) Roller conveyer parts
(3-5) Bearings and gears
(3-6) Mechanical sliding parts such as synchrorings
(3-7) Heat exchanger parts
(4) Parts for musical instruments
(4-1) Keyboard instruments parts
(4-2) Wind instrument parts
(4-4) Percussion instrument parts
(5) Parts for electric equipment
(5-1) Audiovisual equipment parts
(5-2) Gas and liquid control equipment parts
(5-3) Home-electric equipment parts
(5-4) Sawing machine and knitting machine parts
(5-5) Playground equipment parts
(5-6) Electric outdoor equipment parts
(5-7) Electric and electronic circuit package parts
(6) Housing implements
(6-1) Building materials
(6-1) External housing fixtures
(6-2) Internal housing fixtures
(6-3) Religious implements
(7) Parts for precision machinery
(7-1) Optical instrument and measurement instrument parts
(7-2) Clock and watch parts
(8) Writing implements and office supplies
(9) Plumbing implements, valves and faucets
(10) Decorations and accessories,
(11) Sports articles and weapons
(12) Cans and receptacles
(13) Medical instruments
(14) Working tools, agricultural implements and construction tools
(15) Tableware and daily household utensils
(16) Sundries, gardening implements and gadgets
that the metal does not break when given 200% strain at the strain rate of 0.1/sec; and
that the metal does not break when given 100% strain at the strain rate of 1/sec.
(1) that the metal has 80% or larger cutting resistance index with reference to free-cutting brass bars according to Japanese Industrial Standard C 3604;
(2) that the metal has corrosion resistance satisfying at least either one of such conditions that when the metal is subjected to a dezinking corrosion test according to Japan Brass Makers Association's technical standard JBMA T-303 on the metal, the maximum dezinking depth is 100 µm or less when the direction or the maximum dezinking penetration depth is parallel with the working direction, and that the maximum dezinking depth is 70 µm or less when the direction of the maximum dezinking penetration depth is rectangular to the working direction; and
(3) that the metal has stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance satisfying such a condition that when a cylindrical sample of the metal is exposed to an ammoniacal atmosphere over a 14% ammonia water and then kept under a load, the maximum stress to which the sample is able to endure without cracking is 180 N/mm2 or more.
(A1) that areal ratio of the β phase is 30-80%,
(A2) that average crystal grain size in the α and β phases is 15 µm or smaller, preferably 10 µm or smaller; and
(A3) that the α phase exists dispersedly.
(B1) that the areal ratio of the γ phase is 3-30%, preferably 5-30%;
(B2) that the average crystal grain size in the α phase is 15 µm or smaller, preferably 10 µm or smaller; and
(B3) that the average crystal grain size (minor axis) in the γ phase is 8 µm or smaller, preferably 5 µm or smaller; and
(B4) that the γ phase exists on grain boundaries of the α phase.
(B1) that the areal ratio of the α phase is 40-94%;
(B2) that the areal ratios of both the β and γ phases are 3-30%,
(B3) that the average crystal grain size in the α and phases is 15 µm or smaller, preferably 10 µm or smaller; and
(B4) that the average crystal grain minor-axis in the γ phase is 8 µm or smaller, preferably 5 µm or smaller.
(B5) that the γ phase contains Sn in content of 8%, by wt. or more; and
(B6) that the γ phase surrounds the β phase.
(B7) that the thickness or the γ phase surrounding the β phase is 8 µm or less, preferably 5 µm or less.
(B1) that the, areal ratio of the β phase is 20% or more, preferably 25% or more; and
(B2) that the average crystal grain size in the α and β phases is 15 µm or smaller, preferably 10 µm or smaller.
(B1) that the areal ratio of the β phase is 15% or more, preferably 20% or more; and
(B2) that the average crystal grain size in the α and β phases is 15 µm or smaller, preferably 10 µm or smaller; and
(B3) that the β phase contain Sn in content of 1.5% by wt. or more.
(1) that apparent Zn content in the material composition is 37-46% by wt.;
(2) that the solidification rate at the time of casting is 5×101-105K/sec, preferably 102-105K/sec; and
(3) that the cooling rate until the temperature of the castings after solidification is lowered to 400°C or below is 5K/sec or more; and
heating the brass castings up to the recrystallization temperature.(1) that the temperature at the time of extrusion is in the range of 480-650°C, preferably 480-600°C; and
(2) that the sectional reduction ratio at the time of extrusion is 90% or more, preferably 95% or more.
heating and then cooling brass whose apparent Zn content is 37-46% by wt.; and
controlling at least one of heating temperature, heating retaining time and cooling rate to select the crystal structure of the brass after cooling from α+γ, α+β and α+β+γ types.
(1) that the areal ratio of the γ phase is 3-30%, preferably 5-30%;
(2) that the average crystal grain size of the α phase is 15 µm or less, preferably 10 µm or less;
(3) that the average crystal grain size of the γ phase is 8 µm or less, preferably 5 µm or less;
(4) that the γ phase exists on the grain boundary of the α phase; and
(5) that the Sn concentration in the γ phase is 8% by wt. or more.
(1) that the areal ratios of both the γ and β phases are 3% or more;
(2) that the average crystal grain sizes of the α and β phases are 15 µm or less, preferably 10 µm or less;
(3) that the average crystal grain size of the γ phase is 8 µm or less, preferably 5 µm or less;
(4) that the γ phase surrounds the β phase; and
(5) that the Sn concentration in the γ phase is 8% by wt. or more.
(1) that the areal ratio of the β phases are 20%, preferably 25%; and
(2) that the average crystal grain sizes of the α and β phased are 15 µm or less, preferably 10 µm or less.
(1) that the areal ratio of the β phase is 15% or more, preferably 20% or more;
(2) that the average crystal grain sizes of the α and β phases are 15 µm or less, preferably 10 µm or less; and
(3) that the Sn concentration in the β phase is 1.5% by wt. or more.
(1) that apparent Zn content in the material composition is 37-46% by wt.;
(2) that the solidification rate at the time of casting is 5×101-105K/sec, preferably 102-105K/sec; and
(3) that the cooling rate until the temperature of the castings after solidification is lowered to 400°C or below is 5K/sec or more.
(1) that the temperature at the time of extrusion is in the range of 480-650°C, preferably 480-600°C; and
(2) that the sectional reduction ratio at the time of extrusion is 90% or more, preferably 95% or more.
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials in one of the forms of a plate, pipe, bar, wire rod and ingot;
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are worked by any working of welding, fusion welding, soldering, bonding, heat cutting, heat working, forging, extrusion, drawing, rolling, shearing, plate forming, roll forming, form rolling, spinning, bending, leveling, high-energy rate working, powder working, cutting and grinding; and
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are surface-treated by any working of metal coating treatment, chemical treatment, surface hardening, nonmetallic coating and painting.
automobiles, bicycles, large and small ships, rolling stock, airplanes, spacecrafts, elevators, playground vehicles, transport equipment, construction machinery, welding machines, metal dies, roller conveyors, heat exchangers, industrial machinery, keyboard instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments, audiovisual equipment, gas and liquid controllers, home-electric equipment, sawing machines, knitting machines, playground equipment, electric outdoor equipment, electric indoor equipment, electric and electronic circuit packages, housing implements, building materials, external and internal housing fixtures, religious implements, precision machinery, optical instruments, measurement instruments, clocks and watches, writing implements, plumbing implements, valves, faucets, decorations, accessories, sports articles, weapons, cans, receptacles, medical instruments, working tools, agricultural implements, construction tools, tableware, daily household utensils, groceries, daily sundries, gardening implements, and gadgets.
transmission parts, engine parts, radiator parts, vehicle bodies, external and internal vehicle parts, driving system parts, brake parts, steering parts, air-conditioning parts, suspension parts, oil-hydraulic pump parts, ship outfit parts, instrument parts, gears, bearings, pulley, power couplings, fuel pipes, exhaust pipes, gaskets, fuel nozzles, engine blocks, machine casings, moles, door handles, wipers, meter parts, alarm parts, air nozzles, axles, wheel bases, valves, pistons, masts, screws, propellers, fans, mechanical handles, gas welder parts, arc welder parts, plasma welder parts, welding torches, torches, metal dies, bearings, mechanical sliding parts, heat exchanger parts, boiler parts, solar water heater parts, musical-instrument pedals, resonator pipes, musical-instrument levers and frames, kettle-drums, cymbals, audio amplifier parts, videoplayer parts, cassette player parts, CD player parts, LD player parts, adjuster knobs, equipment legs, equipment chassis, speaker corns, hot-water supply system parts, electric water heater parts, pressure-reducing valves, relief valves, room heater parts, carburetors, room cooler parts, cooling medium pipes, service valves, flare nuts, oil storage vessels, gas piping, gas nozzles, burners, pump parts, washing machine parts, pinball parts, slot machine parts, automatic vending machine parts, coin slots, coin acceptors, control board parts, printed wiring parts, switch-board electrodes, switch parts, resistor parts, power plug parts, light bulb bases, lamp holder parts, discharge electrodes, water-immersed electrodes, copper wires, battery terminals, solders, architectural fitting parts, housing wall panels, reinforcing bars, building frames, door panels, door knobs, locks, hinges, gate poles, gate doors, fences, outdoor lampshade, outdoor light poles, shutters, mailboxes, sprinklers, flexible tubes, rain-water gutters, roofs, handrails, cooker top plates,, gas cooker burners, perforated water-distributing port plates, drainage plugs, door chains, hangers, sprinkling plates, fixing metals, towel bars, chandelier parts, illumination parts, artistic ornaments, chair legs, table legs, table leaves, furniture handles, furniture rails, shelf adjustment screws, family altar parts, Buddhist statues, candlesticks, bells, camera parts, telescope parts, microscope parts, electron microscope parts, lens mounts, lens holders, wristwatch parts, wall clock parts, table clock parts, watch and clock hands, clock pendulums, parts of ball-point pens, mechanical pencil parts, scissors, cutters, binders, paper clips, drawing pins, scales, rulers, templates, magnets, document trays, telephone table parts, book ends, boring machine parts, stapler parts, pencil sharpener parts, cabinets, drain plugs, rigid PVC pipe joints, drainage ditches, elbow pipe joints, flexible joint bellows, water supply/drainage cocks, water closet joint flanges, pierced earrings, stems, spindles, ball valves, balls, sheet rings, gasket nuts, KCP joints, headers, branching cocks, flexible hoses, hose nipples, faucet bodies, faucet metal fittings, valve bodies, ball taps, stop cocks, single-function faucets, faucets with thermostat, two-valve wall faucets, skid-mounted two-valve faucets, spouts, UB elbows, mixing valves, pendants, finger rings, brooches, nameplates, tiepins, tie bars, bracelets, bag metals, clothing metals, buttons, zipper parts, hooks, belt metals, golf club parts, dumbbells, barbells, sailboat frames, trampoline frames, starting blocks, face guards for kendo, skate blades, ski edges, ski bindings, diving parts, sport gymnasium machines and equipment, bicycle chains, tent fixtures, pistol parts, rifle parts, matchlock parts, sword parts, bullets, fuel cans, paint cans, powder cans, liquid cans, gas cans, bed frames, surgical knives, endoscope parts, dental instrument parts, diagnostic instrument parts, medical operation instrument parts, therapeutic instrument parts, pliers, hammers, measures, gimlets, files, saws, nails, chisels, planes, drills, fixing tools, clams, whetstone bases, screws, bolts, nuts, machine screws, hoes, axes, shovels, cooking pots and pans, rice-cooking cots, frying pans, ladles, spoons, forks, knives, can openers, corkscrews, frying turners, frying chopsticks, hot plates, kitchen strainers, scrubbing brushes, wastebaskets. litter baskets, pails, washbowls, sprinkling cans, cups, replicas, lighters, character goods, medals, bells, hair pins, hot curler, ashtrays, flower vases, keys, coins, fishing tackles, lures, glasses frames, nail clippers, pinball balls, insect baskets, umbrellas, needle point holders (frogs), needles, pruning shears, gardening poles, gardening frames, gardening trellises, flower baskets, thimbles, garden lanterns, cash boxes, and casters.
that the metal does not break when given 200% strain at the strain rate of 0.1/sec; and
that the metal does not break when given 100% strain at the strain rate of 1/sec.
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials in one of the forms of a plate, pipe, bar, wire rod and ingot;
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are worked by any working of welding, fusion welding, soldering, bonding, heat cutting, heat working, forging, extrusion, drawing, rolling, shearing, plate forming, roll forming, form rolling, spinning, bending, leveling, high-energy rate working, powder working, cutting and grinding; and
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are surface-treated by any working of metal coating treatment, chemical treatment, surface hardening, nonmetallic coating and painting.
automobiles, bicycles, large and small ships, rolling stock, airplanes, spacecrafts, elevators, playground vehicles, transport equipment, construction machinery, welding machines, metal dies, roller conveyors, heat exchangers, industrial machinery, keyboard instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments, audiovisual equipment, gas and liquid controllers, home-electric equipment, sawing machines, knitting machines, playground equipment, electric outdoor equipment, electric indoor equipment, electric and electronic circuit packages, housing implements, building materials, external and internal housing fixtures, religious implements, precision machinery, optical instruments, measurement instruments, clocks and watches, writing implements, plumbing implements, valves, faucets, decorations, accessories, sports articles, weapons, cans, receptacles, medical instruments, working tools, agricultural implements, construction tools, tableware, daily household utensils, groceries, daily sundries, gardening implements, and gadgets.
transmission parts, engine parts, radiator parts, vehicle bodies, external and internal vehicle parts, driving system parts, brake parts, steering parts, air-conditioning parts, suspension parts, oil-hydraulic pump parts, ship outfit parts, instrument parts, gears, bearings, pulley, power couplings, fuel pipes, exhaust pipes, gaskets, fuel nozzles, engine blocks, machine casings, moles, door handles, wipers, meter parts, alarm parts, air nozzles, axles, wheel bases, valves, pistons, masts, screws, propellers, fans, mechanical handles, gas welder parts, arc welder parts, plasma welder parts, welding torches, torches, metal dies, bearings, mechanical sliding parts, heat exchanger parts, boiler parts, solar water heater parts, musical-instrument pedals, resonator pipes, musical-instrument levers and frames, kettle-drums, cymbals, audio amplifier parts, videoplayer parts, cassette player parts, CD player parts, LD player parts, adjuster knobs, equipment legs, equipment chassis, speaker corns, hot-water supply system parts, electric water heater parts, pressure-reducing valves, relief valves, room heater parts, carburetors, room cooler parts, cooling medium pipes, service valves, flare nuts, oil storage vessels, gas piping, gas nozzles, burners, pump parts, washing machine parts, pinball parts, slot machine parts, automatic vending machine parts, coin slots, coin acceptors, control board parts, printed wiring parts, switch-board electrodes, switch parts, resistor parts, power plug parts, light bulb bases, lamp holder parts, discharge electrodes, water-immersed electrodes, copper wires, battery terminals, solders, architectural fitting parts, housing wall panels, reinforcing bars, building frames, door panels, door knobs, locks, hinges, gate poles, gate doors, fences, outdoor lampshade, outdoor light poles, shutters, mailboxes, sprinklers, flexible tubes, rain-water gutters, roofs, handrails, cooker top plates,, gas cooker burners, perforated water-distributing port plates, drainage plugs, door chains, hangers, sprinkling plates, fixing metals, towel bars, chandelier parts, illumination parts, artistic ornaments, chair legs, table legs, table leaves, furniture handles, furniture rails, shelf adjustment screws, family altar parts, Buddhist statues, candlesticks, bells, camera parts, telescope parts, microscope parts, electron microscope parts, lens mounts, lens holders, wristwatch parts, wall clock parts, table clock parts, watch and clock hands, clock pendulums, parts of ball-point pens, mechanical pencil parts, scissors, cutters, binders, paper clips, drawing pins, scales, rulers, templates, magnets, document trays, telephone table parts, book ends, boring machine parts, stapler parts, pencil sharpener parts, cabinets, drain plugs, rigid PVC pipe joints, drainage ditches, elbow pipe joints, flexible joint bellows, water supply/drainage cocks, water closet joint flanges, pierced earrings, stems, spindles, ball valves, balls, sheet rings, gasket nuts, KCP joints, headers, branching cocks, flexible hoses, hose nipples, faucet bodies, faucet metal fittings, valve bodies, ball taps, stop cocks, single-function faucets, faucets with thermostat, two-valve wall faucets, skid-mounted two-valve faucets, spouts, UB elbows, mixing valves, pendants, finger rings, brooches, nameplates, tiepins, tie bars, bracelets, bag metals, clothing metals, buttons, zipper parts, hooks, belt metals, golf club parts, dumbbells, barbells, sailboat frames, trampoline frames, starting blocks, face guards for kendo, skate blades, ski edges, ski bindings, diving parts, sport gymnasium machines and equipment, bicycle chains, tent fixtures, pistol parts, rifle parts, matchlock parts, sword parts, bullets, fuel cans, paint cans, powder cans, liquid cans, gas cans, bed frames, surgical knives, endoscope parts, dental instrument parts, diagnostic instrument parts, medical operation instrument parts, therapeutic instrument parts, pliers, hammers, measures, gimlets, files, saws, nails, chisels, planes, drills, fixing tools, clams, whetstone bases, screws, bolts, nuts, machine screws, hoes, axes, shovels, cooking pots and pans, rice-cooking pots, frying pans, ladles, spoons, forks, knives, can openers, corkscrews, frying turners, frying chopsticks, hot plates, kitchen strainers, scrubbing brushes, wastebaskets. litter baskets, pails, washbowls, sprinkling cans, cups, replicas, lighters, character goods, medals, bells, hair pins, hot curler, ashtrays, flower vases, keys, coins, fishing tackles, lures, glasses frames, nail clippers, pinball balls, insect baskets, umbrellas, needle point holders (frogs), needles, pruning shears, gardening poles, gardening frames, gardening trellises, flower baskets, thimbles, garden lanterns, cash boxes, and casters.
(1) that the metal has 80% or larger cutting resistance index with reference to free-cutting brass bars according to Japanese Industrial Standard C 3604;
(2) that the metal has corrosion resistance satisfying at least either one of such conditions that when the metal is subjected to a dezinking corrosion test according to Japan Brass Makers Association's standard JBMA T-303 on the metal, the maximum dezinking depth is 100 µm or less when the direction of the maximum dezinking penetration depth is parallel with the working direction, and that the maximum dezinking depth is 70 µm or less when the direction of the maximum dezinking penetration depth is rectangular to the working direction; and
(3) that the metal has stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance satisfying such a condition that when a cylindrical sample of the metal is exposed to an ammoniacal atmosphere over a 14% ammonia water and then kept under a load, the maximum stress to which the sample is able to endure without cracking is 180 N/mm2 or more.
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials in one of the forms of a plate, pipe, bar, wire rod and ingot;
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are worked by any working of welding, fusion welding, soldering, bonding, heat cutting, heat working, forging, extrusion, drawing, rolling, shearing, plate forming, roll forming, form rolling, spinning, bending, leveling, high-energy rate working, powder working, cutting and grinding; and
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are surface-treated by any working of metal coating treatment, chemical treatment, surface hardening, nonmetallic coating and painting.
automobiles, bicycles, large and small ships, rolling stock, airplanes, spacecrafts, elevators, playground vehicles, transport equipment, construction machinery, welding machines, metal dies, roller conveyors, heat exchangers, industrial machinery, keyboard instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments, audiovisual equipment, gas and liquid controllers, home-electric equipment, sawing machines, knitting machines, playground equipment, electric outdoor equipment, electric indoor equipment, electric and electronic circuit packages, housing implements, building materials, external and internal housing fixtures, religious implements, precision machinery, optical instruments, measurement instruments, clocks and watches, writing implements, plumbing implements, valves, faucets, decorations, accessories, sports articles, weapons, cans, receptacles, medical instruments, working tools, agricultural implements, construction tools, tableware, daily household utensils, groceries, daily sundries, gardening implements, and gadgets.
transmission parts, engine parts, radiator parts, vehicle bodies, external and internal vehicle parts, driving system parts, brake parts, steering parts, air-conditioning parts, suspension parts, oil-hydraulic pump parts, ship outfit parts, instrument parts, gears, bearings, pulley, power couplings, fuel pipes, exhaust pipes, gaskets, fuel nozzles, engine blocks, machine casings, moles, door handles, wipers, meter parts, alarm parts, air nozzles, axles, wheel bases, valves, pistons, masts, screws, propellers, fans, mechanical handles, gas welder parts, arc welder parts, plasma welder parts, welding torches, torches, metal dies, bearings, mechanical sliding parts, heat exchanger parts, boiler parts, solar water heater parts, musical-instrument pedals, resonator pipes, musical-instrument levers and frames, kettle-drums, cymbals, audio amplifier parts, videoplayer parts, cassette player parts, CD player parts, LD player parts, adjuster knobs, equipment legs, equipment chassis, speaker corns, hot-water supply system parts, electric water heater parts, pressure-reducing valves, relief valves, room heater parts, carburetors, room cooler parts, cooling medium pipes, service valves, flare nuts, oil storage vessels, gas piping, gas nozzles, burners, pump parts, washing machine parts, pinball parts, slot machine parts, automatic vending machine parts, coin slots, coin acceptors, control board parts, printed wiring parts, switch-board electrodes, switch parts, resistor parts, power plug parts, light bulb bases, lamp holder parts, discharge electrodes, water-immersed electrodes, copper wires, battery terminals, solders, architectural fitting parts, housing wall panels, reinforcing bars, building frames, door panels, door knobs, locks, hinges, gate poles, gate doors, fences, outdoor lampshade, outdoor light poles, shutters, mailboxes, sprinklers, flexible tubes, rain-water gutters, roofs, handrails, cooker top plates,, gas cooker burners, perforated water-distributing port plates, drainage plugs, door chains, hangers, sprinkling plates, fixing metals, towel bars, chandelier parts, illumination parts, artistic ornaments, chair legs, table legs, table leaves, furniture handles, furniture rails, shelf adjustment screws, family altar parts, Buddhist statues, candlesticks, bells, camera parts, telescope parts, microscope parts, electron microscope parts, lens mounts, lens holders, wristwatch parts, wall clock parts, table clock parts, watch and clock hands, clock pendulums, parts of ball-point pens, mechanical pencil parts, scissors, cutters, binders, paper clips, drawing pins, scales, rulers, templates, magnets, document trays, telephone table parts, book ends, boring machine parts, stapler parts, pencil sharpener parts, cabinets, drain plugs, rigid PVC pipe joints, drainage ditches, elbow pipe joints, flexible joint bellows, water supply/drainage cocks, water closet joint flanges, pierced earrings, stems, spindles, ball valves, balls, sheet rings, gasket nuts, KCP joints, headers, branching cocks, flexible hoses, hose nipples, faucet bodies, faucet metal fittings, valve bodies, ball taps, stop cocks, single-function faucets, faucets with thermostat, two-valve wall faucets, skid-mounted two-valve faucets, spouts, UB elbows, mixing valves, pendants, finger rings, brooches, nameplates, tiepins, tie bars, bracelets, bag metals, clothing metals, buttons, zipper parts, hooks, belt metals, golf club parts, dumbbells, barbells, sailboat frames, trampoline frames, starting blocks, face guards for kendo, skate blades, ski edges, ski bindings, diving parts, sport gymnasium machines and equipment, bicycle chains, tent fixtures, pistol parts, rifle parts, matchlock parts, sword parts, bullets, fuel cans, paint cans, powder cans, liquid cans, gas cans, bed frames, surgical knives, endoscope parts, dental instrument parts, diagnostic instrument parts, medical operation instrument parts, therapeutic instrument parts, pliers, hammers, measures, gimlets, files, saws, nails, chisels, planes, drills, fixing tools, clams, whetstone bases, screws, bolts, nuts, machine screws, hoes, axes, shovels, cooking pots and pans, rice-cooking pots, frying pans, ladles, spoons, forks, knives, can openers, corkscrews, frying turners, frying chopsticks, hot plates, kitchen strainers, scrubbing brushes, wastebaskets. litter baskets, pails, washbowls, sprinkling cans, cups, replicas, lighters, character goods, medals, bells, hair pins, hot curler, ashtrays, flower vases, keys, coins, fishing tackles, lures, glasses frames, nail clippers, pinball balls, insect baskets, umbrellas, needle point holders (frogs), needles, pruning shears, gardening poles, gardening frames, gardening trellises, flower baskets, thimbles, garden lanterns, cash boxes, and casters.
that the metal does not break when given 200% strain at the strain rate of 0.01/sec; and
that the metal does not break when given 600% or more strain at the strain rate of 0.001/sec.
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials in one of the forms of a plate, pipe, bar, wire rod and ingot;
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are worked by any working of welding, fusion welding, soldering, bonding, heat cutting, heat working, forging, extrusion, drawing, rolling, shearing, plate forming, roll forming, form rolling, spinning, bending, leveling, high-energy rate working, powder working, cutting and grinding; and
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are surface-treated by any working of metal coating treatment, chemical treatment, surface hardening, nonmetallic coating and painting.
automobiles, bicycles, large and small ships, rolling stock, airplanes, spacecrafts, elevators, playground vehicles, transport equipment, construction machinery, welding machines, metal dies, roller conveyors, heat exchangers, industrial machinery, keyboard instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments, audiovisual equipment, gas and liquid controllers, home-electric equipment, sawing machines, knitting machines, playground equipment, electric outdoor equipment, electric indoor equipment, electric and electronic circuit packages, housing implements, building materials, external and internal housing fixtures, religious implements, precision machinery, optical instruments, measurement instruments, clocks and watches, writing implements, plumbing implements, valves, faucets, decorations, accessories, sports articles, weapons, cans, receptacles, medical instruments, working tools, agricultural implements, construction tools, tableware, daily household utensils, groceries, daily sundries, gardening implements, and gadgets.
transmission parts, engine parts, radiator parts, vehicle bodies, external and internal vehicle parts, driving system parts, brake parts, steering parts, air-conditioning parts, suspension parts, oil-hydraulic pump parts, ship outfit parts, instrument parts, gears, bearings, pulley, power couplings, fuel pipes, exhaust pipes, gaskets, fuel nozzles, engine blocks, machine casings, moles, door handles, wipers, meter parts, alarm parts, air nozzles, axles, wheel bases, valves, pistons, masts, screws, propellers, fans, mechanical handles, gas welder parts, arc welder parts, plasma welder parts, welding torches, torches, metal dies, bearings, mechanical sliding parts, heat exchanger parts, boiler parts, solar water heater parts, musical-instrument pedals, resonator pipes, musical-instrument levers and frames, kettle-drums, cymbals, audio amplifier parts, videoplayer parts, cassette player parts, CD player parts, LD player parts, adjuster knobs, equipment legs, equipment chassis, speaker corns, hot-water supply system parts, electric water heater parts, pressure-reducing valves, relief valves, room heater parts, carburetors, room cooler parts, cooling medium pipes, service valves, flare nuts, oil storage vessels, gas piping, gas nozzles, burners, pump parts, washing machine parts, pinball parts, slot machine parts, automatic vending machine parts, coin slots, coin acceptors, control board parts, printed wiring parts, switch-board electrodes, switch parts, resistor parts, power plug parts, light bulb bases, lamp holder parts, discharge electrodes, water-immersed electrodes, copper wires, battery terminals, solders, architectural fitting parts, housing wall panels, reinforcing bars, building frames, door panels, door knobs, locks, hinges, gate poles, gate doors, fences, outdoor lampshade, outdoor light poles, shutters, mailboxes, sprinklers, flexible tubes, rain-water gutters, roofs, handrails, cooker top plates,, gas cooker burners, perforated water-distributing port plates, drainage plugs, door chains, hangers, sprinkling plates, fixing metals, towel bars, chandelier parts, illumination parts, artistic ornaments, chair legs, table legs, table leaves, furniture handles, furniture rails, shelf adjustment screws, family altar parts, Buddhist statues, candlesticks, bells, camera parts, telescope parts, microscope parts, electron microscope parts, lens mounts, lens holders, wristwatch parts, wall clock parts, table clock parts, watch and clock hands, clock pendulums, parts of ball-point pens, mechanical pencil parts, scissors, cutters, binders, paper clips, drawing pins, scales, rulers, templates, magnets, document trays, telephone table parts, book ends, boring machine parts, stapler parts, pencil sharpener parts, cabinets, drain plugs, rigid PVC pipe joints, drainage ditches, elbow pipe joints, flexible joint bellows, water supply/drainage cocks, water closet joint flanges, pierced earrings, stems, spindles, ball valves, balls, sheet rings, gasket nuts, KCP joints, headers, branching cocks, flexible hoses, hose nipples, faucet bodies, faucet metal fittings, valve bodies, ball taps, stop cocks, single-function faucets, faucets with thermostat, two-valve wall faucets, skid-mounted two-valve faucets, spouts, UB elbows, mixing valves, pendants, finger rings, brooches, nameplates, tiepins, tie bars, bracelets, bag metals, clothing metals, buttons, zipper parts, hooks, belt metals, golf club parts, dumbbells, barbells, sailboat frames, trampoline frames, starting blocks, face guards for kendo, skate blades, ski edges, ski bindings, diving parts, sport gymnasium machines and equipment, bicycle chains, tent fixtures, pistol parts, rifle parts, matchlock parts, sword parts, bullets, fuel cans, paint cans, powder cans, liquid cans, gas cans, bed frames, surgical knives, endoscope parts, dental instrument parts, diagnostic instrument parts, medical operation instrument parts, therapeutic instrument parts, pliers, hammers, measures, gimlets, files, saws, nails, chisels, planes, drills, fixing tools, clams, whetstone bases, screws, bolts, nuts, machine screws, hoes, axes, shovels, cooking pots and pans, rice-cooking pots, frying pans, ladles, spoons, forks, knives, can openers, corkscrews, frying turners, frying chopsticks, hot plates, kitchen strainers, scrubbing brushes, wastebaskets. litter baskets, pails, washbowls, sprinkling cans, cups, replicas, lighters, character goods, medals, bells, hair pins, hot curler, ashtrays, flower vases, keys, coins, fishing tackles, lures, glasses frames, nail clippers, pinball balls, insect baskets, umbrellas, needle point holders (frogs), needles, pruning shears, gardening poles, gardening frames, gardening trellises, flower baskets, thimbles, garden lanterns; cash boxes, and casters.
(A1) areal ratio of the β phase is 30-80%,
(A2) average crystal grain size in the α and β phases is 15 µm or smaller, preferably 10 µm or smaller; and
(A3) the α phase exists dispersedly.
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials in one of the forms of a plate, pipe, bar, wire rod and ingot;
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are worked by any working of welding, fusion welding, soldering, bonding, heat cutting, heat working, forging, extrusion, drawing, rolling, shearing, plate forming, roll forming, form rolling, spinning, bending, leveling, high-energy rate working, powder working, cutting and grinding; and
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are surface-treated by any working of metal coating treatment, chemical treatment, surface hardening, nonmetallic coating and painting.
automobiles, bicycles, large and small ships, rolling stock, airplanes, spacecrafts, elevators, playground vehicles, transport equipment, construction machinery, welding machines, metal dies, roller conveyors, heat exchangers, industrial machinery, keyboard instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments, audiovisual equipment, gas and liquid controllers, home-electric equipment, sawing machines, knitting machines, playground equipment, electric outdoor equipment, electric indoor equipment, electric and electronic circuit packages, housing implements, building materials, external and internal housing fixtures, religious implements, precision machinery, optical instruments, measurement instruments, clocks and watches, writing implements, plumbing implements, valves, faucets, decorations, accessories, sports articles, weapons, cans, receptacles, medical instruments, working tools, agricultural implements, construction tools, tableware, daily household utensils, groceries, daily sundries, gardening implements, and gadgets.
transmission parts, engine parts, radiator parts, vehicle bodies, external and internal vehicle parts, driving system parts, brake parts, steering parts, air-conditioning parts, suspension parts, oil-hydraulic pump parts, ship outfit parts, instrument parts, gears, bearings, pulley, power couplings, fuel pipes, exhaust pipes, gaskets, fuel nozzles, engine blocks, machine casings, moles, door handles, wipers, meter parts, alarm parts, air nozzles, axles, wheel bases, valves, pistons, masts, screws, propellers, fans, mechanical handles, gas welder parts, arc welder parts, plasma welder parts, welding torches, torches, metal dies, bearings, mechanical sliding parts, heat exchanger parts, boiler parts, solar water heater parts, musical-instrument pedals, resonator pipes, musical-instrument levers and frames, kettle-drums, cymbals, audio amplifier parts, videoplayer parts, cassette player parts, CD player parts, LD player parts, adjuster knobs, equipment legs, equipment chassis, speaker corns, hot-water supply system parts, electric water heater parts, pressure-reducing valves, relief valves, room heater parts, carburetors, room cooler parts, cooling medium pipes, service valves, flare nuts, oil storage vessels, gas piping, gas nozzles, burners, pump parts, washing machine parts, pinball parts, slot machine parts, automatic vending machine parts, coin slots, coin acceptors, control board parts, printed wiring parts, switch-board electrodes, switch parts, resistor parts, power plug parts, light bulb bases, lamp holder parts, discharge electrodes, water-immersed electrodes, copper wires, battery terminals, solders, architectural fitting parts, housing wall panels, reinforcing bars, building frames, door panels, door knobs, locks, hinges, gate poles, gate doors, fences, outdoor lampshade, outdoor light poles, shutters, mailboxes, sprinklers, flexible tubes, rain-water gutters, roofs, handrails, cooker top plates,, gas cooker burners, perforated water-distributing port plates, drainage plugs, door chains, hangers, sprinkling plates, fixing metals, towel bars, chandelier parts, illumination parts, artistic ornaments, chair legs, table legs, table leaves, furniture handles, furniture rails, shelf adjustment screws, family altar parts, Buddhist statues, candlesticks, bells, camera parts, telescope parts, microscope parts, electron microscope parts, lens mounts, lens holders, wristwatch parts, wall clock parts, table clock parts, watch and clock hands, clock pendulums, parts of ball-point pens, mechanical pencil parts, scissors, cutters, binders, paper clips, drawing pins, scales, rulers, templates, magnets, document trays, telephone table parts, book ends, boring machine parts, stapler parts, pencil sharpener parts, cabinets, drain plugs, rigid PVC pipe joints, drainage ditches, elbow pipe joints, flexible joint bellows, water supply/drainage cocks, water closet joint flanges, pierced earrings, stems, spindles, ball valves, balls, sheet rings, gasket nuts, KCP joints, headers, branching cocks, flexible hoses, hose nipples, faucet bodies, faucet metal fittings, valve bodies, ball taps, stop cocks, single-function faucets, faucets with thermostat, two-valve wall faucets, skid-mounted two-valve faucets, spouts, UB elbows, mixing valves, pendants, finger rings, brooches, nameplates, tiepins, tie bars, bracelets, bag metals, clothing metals, buttons, zipper parts, hooks, belt metals, golf club parts, dumbbells, barbells, sailboat frames, trampoline frames, starting blocks, face guards for kendo, skate blades, ski edges, ski bindings, diving parts, sport gymnasium machines and equipment, bicycle chains, tent fixtures, pistol parts, rifle parts, matchlock parts, sword parts, bullets, fuel cans, paint cans, powder cans, liquid cans, gas cans, bed frames, surgical knives, endoscope parts, dental instrument parts, diagnostic instrument parts, medical operation instrument parts, therapeutic instrument parts, pliers, hammers, measures, gimlets, files, saws, nails, chisels, planes, drills, fixing tools, clams, whetstone bases, screws, bolts, nuts, machine screws, hoes, axes, shovels, cooking pots and pans, rice-cooking pots, frying pans, ladles, spoons, forks, knives, can openers, corkscrews, frying turners, frying chopsticks, hot plates, kitchen strainers, scrubbing brushes, wastebaskets. litter baskets, pails, washbowls, sprinkling cans, cups, replicas, lighters, character goods, medals, bells, hair pins, hot curler, ashtrays, flower vases, keys, coins, fishing tackles, lures, glasses frames, nail clippers, pinball balls, insect baskets, umbrellas, needle point holders (frogs), needles, pruning shears, gardening poles, gardening frames, gardening trellises, flower baskets, thimbles, garden lanterns, cash boxes, and casters.
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials in one of the forms of a plate, pipe, bar, wire rod and ingot;
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are worked by any working of welding, fusion welding, soldering, bonding, heat cutting, heat working, forging; extrusion, drawing, rolling, shearing, plate forming, roll forming, form rolling, spinning, bending, leveling, high-energy rate working, powder working, cutting and grinding; and
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are surface-treated by any working of metal coating treatment, chemical treatment, surface hardening, nonmetallic coating and painting.
automobiles, bicycles, large and small ships, rolling stock, airplanes, spacecrafts, elevators, playground vehicles, transport equipment, construction machinery, welding machines, metal dies, roller conveyors, heat exchangers, industrial machinery, keyboard instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments, audiovisual equipment, gas and liquid controllers, home-electric equipment, sawing machines, knitting machines, playground equipment, electric outdoor equipment, electric indoor equipment, electric and electronic circuit packages, housing implements, building materials, external and internal housing fixtures, religious implements, precision machinery, optical instruments, measurement instruments, clocks and watches, writing implements, plumbing implements, valves, faucets, decorations, accessories, sports articles, weapons, cans, receptacles, medical instruments, working tools, agricultural implements, construction tools, tableware, daily household utensils, groceries, daily sundries, gardening implements, and gadgets.
transmission parts, engine parts, radiator parts, vehicle bodies, external and internal vehicle parts, driving system parts, brake parts, steering parts, air-conditioning parts, suspension parts, oil-hydraulic pump parts, ship outfit parts, instrument parts, gears, bearings, pulley, power couplings, fuel pipes, exhaust pipes, gaskets, fuel nozzles, engine blocks, machine casings, moles, door handles, wipers, meter parts, alarm parts, air nozzles, axles, wheel bases, valves, pistons, masts, screws, propellers, fans, mechanical handles, gas welder parts, arc welder parts, plasma welder parts, welding torches, torches, metal dies, bearings, mechanical sliding parts, heat exchanger parts, boiler parts, solar water heater parts, musical-instrument pedals, resonator pipes, musical-instrument levers and frames, kettle-drums, cymbals, audio amplifier parts, videoplayer parts, cassette player parts, CD player parts, LD player parts, adjuster knobs, equipment legs, equipment chassis, speaker corns, hot-water supply system parts, electric water heater parts, pressure-reducing valves, relief valves, room heater parts, carburetors, room cooler parts, cooling medium pipes, service valves, flare nuts, oil storage vessels, gas piping, gas nozzles, burners, pump parts, washing machine parts, pinball parts, slot machine parts, automatic vending machine parts, coin slots, coin acceptors, control board parts, printed wiring parts, switch-board electrodes, switch parts, resistor parts, power plug parts, light bulb bases, lamp holder parts, discharge electrodes, water-immersed electrodes, copper wires, battery terminals, solders, architectural fitting parts, housing wall panels, reinforcing bars, building frames, door panels, door knobs, locks, hinges, gate poles, gate doors, fences, outdoor lampshade, outdoor light poles, shutters, mailboxes, sprinklers, flexible tubes, rain-water gutters, roofs, handrails, cooker top plates,, gas cooker burners, perforated water-distributing port plates, drainage plugs, door chains, hangers, sprinkling plates, fixing metals, towel bars, chandelier parts, illumination parts, artistic ornaments, chair legs, table legs, table leaves, furniture handles, furniture rails, shelf adjustment screws, family altar parts, Buddhist statues, candlesticks, bells, camera parts, telescope parts, microscope parts, electron microscope parts, lens mounts, lens holders, wristwatch parts, wall clock parts, table clock parts, watch and clock hands, clock pendulums, parts of ball-point pens, mechanical pencil parts, scissors, cutters, binders, paper clips, drawing pins, scales, rulers, templates, magnets, document trays, telephone table parts, book ends, boring machine parts, stapler parts, pencil sharpener parts, cabinets, drain plugs, rigid PVC pipe joints, drainage ditches, elbow pipe joints, flexible joint bellows, water supply/drainage cocks, water closet joint flanges, pierced earrings, stems, spindles, ball valves, balls, sheet rings, gasket nuts, KCP joints, headers, branching cocks, flexible hoses, hose nipples, faucet bodies, faucet metal fittings, valve bodies, ball taps, stop cocks, single-function faucets, faucets with thermostat, two-valve wall faucets, skid-mounted two-valve faucets, spouts, UB elbows, mixing valves, pendants, finger rings, brooches, nameplates, tiepins, tie bars, bracelets, bag metals, clothing metals, buttons, zipper parts, hooks, belt metals, golf club parts, dumbbells, barbells, sailboat frames, trampoline frames, starting blocks, face guards for kendo, skate blades, ski edges, ski bindings, diving parts, sport gymnasium machines and equipment, bicycle chains, tent fixtures, pistol parts, rifle parts, matchlock parts, sword parts, bullets, fuel cans, paint cans, powder cans, liquid cans, gas cans, bed frames, surgical knives, endoscope parts, dental instrument parts, diagnostic instrument parts, medical operation instrument parts, therapeutic instrument parts, pliers, hammers, measures, gimlets, files, saws, nails, chisels, planes, drills, fixing tools, clams, whetstone bases, screws, bolts, nuts, machine screws, hoes, axes, shovels, cooking pots and pans, rice-cooking pots, frying pans, ladles, spoons, forks, knives, can openers, corkscrews, frying turners, frying chopsticks, hot plates, kitchen strainers, scrubbing brushes, wastebaskets. litter baskets, pails, washbowls, sprinkling cans, cups, replicas, lighters, character goods, medals, bells, hair pins, hot curler, ashtrays, flower vases, keys, coins, fishing tackles, lures, glasses frames, nail clippers, pinball balls, insect baskets, umbrellas, needle point holders (frogs), needles, pruning shears, gardening poles, gardening frames, gardening trellises, flower baskets, thimbles, garden lanterns, cash boxes, and casters.
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials in one of the forms of a plate, pipe, bar, wire rod and ingot;
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are worked by any working of welding, fusion welding, soldering, bonding, heat cutting, heat working, forging, extrusion, drawing, rolling, shearing, plate forming, roll forming, form rolling, spinning, bending, leveling, high-energy rate working, powder working, cutting and grinding; and
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are surface-treated by any working of metal coating treatment, chemical treatment, surface hardening, nonmetallic coating and painting.
automobiles, bicycles, large and small ships, rolling stock, airplanes, spacecrafts, elevators, playground vehicles, transport equipment, construction machinery, welding machines, metal dies, roller conveyors, heat exchangers, industrial machinery, keyboard instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments, audiovisual equipment, gas and liquid controllers, home-electric equipment, sawing machines, knitting machines, playground equipment, electric outdoor equipment, electric indoor equipment, electric and electronic circuit packages, housing implements, building materials, external and internal housing fixtures, religious implements, precision machinery, optical instruments, measurement instruments, clocks and watches, writing implements, plumbing implements, valves, faucets, decorations, accessories, sports articles, weapons, cans, receptacles, medical instruments, working tools, agricultural implements, construction tools, tableware, daily household utensils, groceries, daily sundries, gardening implements, and gadgets.
transmission parts, engine parts, radiator parts, vehicle bodies, external and internal vehicle parts, driving system parts, brake parts, steering parts, air-conditioning parts, suspension parts, oil-hydraulic pump parts, ship outfit parts, instrument parts, gears, bearings, pulley, power couplings, fuel pipes, exhaust pipes, gaskets, fuel nozzles, engine blocks, machine casings, moles, door handles, wipers, meter parts, alarm parts, air nozzles, axles, wheel bases, valves, pistons, masts, screws, propellers, fans, mechanical handles, gas welder parts, arc welder parts, plasma welder parts, welding torches, torches, metal dies, bearings, mechanical sliding parts, heat exchanger parts, boiler parts, solar water heater parts, musical-instrument pedals, resonator pipes, musical-instrument levers and frames, kettle-drums, cymbals, audio amplifier parts, videoplayer parts, cassette player parts, CD player parts, LD player parts, adjuster knobs, equipment legs, equipment chassis, speaker corns, hot-water supply system parts, electric water heater parts, pressure-reducing valves, relief valves, room heater parts, carburetors, room cooler parts, cooling medium pipes, service valves, flare nuts, oil storage vessels, gas piping, gas nozzles, burners, pump parts, washing machine parts, pinball parts, slot machine parts, automatic vending machine parts, coin slots, coin acceptors, control board parts, printed wiring parts, switch-board electrodes, switch parts, resistor parts, power plug parts, light bulb bases, lamp holder parts, discharge electrodes, water-immersed electrodes, copper wires, battery terminals, solders, architectural fitting parts, housing wall panels, reinforcing bars, building frames, door panels, door knobs, locks, hinges, gate poles, gate doors, fences, outdoor lampshade, outdoor light poles, shutters, mailboxes, sprinklers, flexible tubes, rain-water gutters, roofs, handrails, cooker top plates,, gas cooker burners, perforated water-distributing port plates, drainage plugs, door chains, hangers, sprinkling plates, fixing metals, towel bars, chandelier parts, illumination parts, artistic ornaments, chair legs, table legs, table leaves, furniture handles, furniture rails, shelf adjustment screws, family altar parts, Buddhist statues, candlesticks, bells, camera parts, telescope parts, microscope parts, electron microscope parts, lens mounts, lens holders, wristwatch parts, wall clock parts, table clock parts, watch and clock hands, clock pendulums, parts of ball-point pens, mechanical pencil parts, scissors, cutters, binders, paper clips, drawing pins, scales, rulers, templates, magnets, document trays, telephone table parts, book ends, boring machine parts, stapler parts, pencil sharpener parts, cabinets, drain plugs, rigid PVC pipe joints, drainage ditches, elbow pipe joints, flexible joint bellows, water supply/drainage cocks, water closet joint flanges, pierced earrings, stems, spindles, ball valves, balls, sheet rings, gasket nuts, KCP joints, headers, branching cocks, flexible hoses, hose nipples, faucet bodies, faucet metal fittings, valve bodies, ball taps, stop cocks, single-function faucets, faucets with thermostat, two-valve wall faucets, skid-mounted two-valve faucets, spouts, UB elbows, mixing valves, pendants, finger rings, brooches, nameplates, tiepins, tie bars, bracelets, bag metals, clothing metals, buttons, zipper parts, hooks, belt metals, golf club parts, dumbbells, barbells, sailboat frames, trampoline frames, starting blocks, face guards for kendo, skate blades, ski edges, ski bindings, diving parts, sport gymnasium machines and equipment, bicycle chains, tent fixtures, pistol parts, rifle parts, matchlock parts, sword parts, bullets, fuel cans, paint cans, powder cans, liquid cans, gas cans, bed frames, surgical knives, endoscope parts, dental instrument parts, diagnostic instrument parts, medical operation instrument parts, therapeutic instrument parts, pliers, hammers, measures, gimlets, files, saws, nails, chisels, planes, drills, fixing tools, clams, whetstone bases, screws, bolts, nuts, machine screws, hoes, axes, shovels, cooking pots and pans, rice-cooking pots, frying pans, ladles, spoons, forks, knives, can openers, corkscrews, frying turners, frying chopsticks, hot plates, kitchen strainers, scrubbing brushes, wastebaskets. litter baskets, pails, washbowls, sprinkling cans, cups, replicas, lighters, character goods, medals, bells, hair pins, hot curler, ashtrays, flower vases, keys, coins, fishing tackles, lures, glasses frames, nail clippers, pinball balls, insect baskets, umbrellas, needle point holders (frogs), needles, pruning shears, gardening poles, gardening frames, gardening trellises, flower baskets, thimbles, garden lanterns, cash boxes, and casters.
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials in one of the forms of a plate, pipe, bar, wire rod and ingot;
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are worked by any working of welding, fusion welding, soldering, bonding, heat cutting, heat working, forging, extrusion, drawing, rolling, shearing, plate forming, roll forming, form rolling, spinning, bending, leveling, high-energy rate working, powder working, cutting and grinding; and
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are surface-treated by any working of metal coating treatment, chemical treatment, surface hardening, nonmetallic coating and painting.
automobiles, bicycles, large and small ships, rolling stock, airplanes, spacecrafts, elevators, playground vehicles, transport equipment, construction machinery, welding machines, metal dies, roller conveyors, heat exchangers, industrial machinery, keyboard instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments, audiovisual equipment, gas and liquid controllers, home-electric equipment, sawing machines, knitting machines, playground equipment, electric outdoor equipment, electric indoor equipment, electric and electronic circuit packages, housing implements, building materials, external and internal housing fixtures, religious implements, precision machinery, optical instruments, measurement instruments, clocks and watches, writing implements, plumbing implements, valves, faucets, decorations, accessories, sports articles, weapons, cans, receptacles, medical instruments, working tools, agricultural implements, construction tools, tableware, daily household utensils, groceries, daily sundries, gardening implements, and gadgets.
transmission parts, engine parts, radiator parts, vehicle bodies, external and internal vehicle parts, driving system parts, brake parts, steering parts, air-conditioning parts, suspension parts, oil-hydraulic pump parts, ship outfit parts, instrument parts, gears, bearings, pulley, power couplings, fuel pipes, exhaust pipes, gaskets, fuel nozzles, engine blocks, machine casings, moles, door handles, wipers, meter parts, alarm parts, air nozzles, axles, wheel bases, valves, pistons, masts, screws, propellers, fans, mechanical handles, gas welder parts, arc welder parts, plasma welder parts, welding torches, torches, metal dies, bearings, mechanical sliding parts, heat exchanger parts, boiler parts, solar water heater parts, musical-instrument pedals, resonator pipes, musical-instrument levers and frames, kettle-drums, cymbals, audio amplifier parts, videoplayer parts, cassette player parts, CD player parts, LD player parts, adjuster knobs, equipment legs, equipment chassis, speaker corns, hot-water supply system parts, electric water heater parts, pressure-reducing valves, relief valves, room heater parts, carburetors, room cooler parts, cooling medium pipes, service valves, flare nuts, oil storage vessels, gas piping, gas nozzles, burners, pump parts, washing machine parts, pinball parts, slot machine parts, automatic vending machine parts, coin slots, coin acceptors, control board parts, printed wiring parts, switch-board electrodes, switch parts, resistor parts, power plug parts, light bulb bases, lamp holder parts, discharge electrodes, water-immersed electrodes, copper wires, battery terminals, solders, architectural fitting parts, housing wall panels, reinforcing bars, building frames, door panels, door knobs, locks, hinges, gate poles, gate doors, fences, outdoor lampshade, outdoor light poles, shutters, mailboxes, sprinklers, flexible tubes, rain-water gutters, roofs, handrails, cooker top plates,, gas cooker burners, perforated water-distributing port plates, drainage plugs, door chains, hangers, sprinkling plates, fixing metals, towel bars, chandelier parts, illumination parts, artistic ornaments, chair legs, table legs, table leaves, furniture handles, furniture rails, shelf adjustment screws, family altar parts, Buddhist statues, candlesticks, bells, camera parts, telescope parts, microscope parts, electron microscope parts, lens mounts, lens holders, wristwatch parts, wall clock parts, table clock parts, watch and clock hands, clock pendulums, parts of ball-point pens, mechanical pencil parts, scissors, cutters, binders, paper clips, drawing pins, scales, rulers, templates, magnets, document trays, telephone table parts, book ends, boring machine parts, stapler parts, pencil sharpener parts, cabinets, drain plugs, rigid PVC pipe joints, drainage ditches, elbow pipe joints, flexible joint bellows, water supply/drainage cocks, water closet joint flanges, pierced earrings, stems, spindles, ball valves, balls, sheet rings, gasket nuts, KCP joints, headers, branching cocks, flexible hoses, hose nipples, faucet bodies, faucet metal fittings, valve bodies, ball taps, stop cocks, single-function faucets, faucets with thermostat, two-valve wall faucets, skid-mounted two-valve faucets, spouts, UB elbows, mixing valves, pendants, finger rings, brooches, nameplates, tiepins, tie bars, bracelets, bag metals, clothing metals, buttons, zipper parts, hooks, belt metals, golf club parts, dumbbells, barbells, sailboat frames, trampoline frames, starting blocks, face guards for kendo, skate blades, ski edges, ski bindings, diving parts, sport gymnasium machines and equipment, bicycle chains, tent fixtures, pistol parts, rifle parts, matchlock parts, sword parts, bullets, fuel cans, paint cans, powder cans, liquid cans, gas cans, bed frames, surgical knives, endoscope parts, dental instrument parts, diagnostic instrument parts, medical operation instrument parts, therapeutic instrument parts, pliers, hammers, measures, gimlets, files, saws, nails, chisels, planes, drills, fixing tools, clams, whetstone bases, screws, bolts, nuts, machine screws, hoes, axes, shovels, cooking pots and pans, rice-cooking pots, frying pans, ladles, spoons, forks, knives, can openers, corkscrews, frying turners, frying chopsticks, hot plates, kitchen strainers, scrubbing brushes, wastebaskets. litter baskets, pails, washbowls, sprinkling cans, cups, replicas, lighters, character goods, medals, bells, hair pins, hot curler, ashtrays, flower vases, keys, coins, fishing tackles, lures, glasses frames, nail clippers, pinball balls, insect baskets, umbrellas, needle point holders (frogs), needles, pruning shears, gardening poles, gardening frames, gardening trellises, flower baskets, thimbles, garden lanterns, cash boxes, and casters.
(1) that the areal ratio of the γ phase is 3-30%, preferably 5-30%;
(2) that the average crystal grain size of the α phase is 15 µm or less, preferably 10 µm or less;
(3) that the average crystal grain size of the γ phase is 8 µm or less, preferably 5 µm or less;
(4) that the γ phase exists on the grain boundary of the α phase; and
(5) that the Sn concentration in the γ phase is 8% by wt. or more.
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials in one of the forms of a plate, pipe, bar, wire rod and ingot;
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are worked by any working of welding, fusion welding, soldering, bonding, heat cutting, heat working, forging, extrusion, drawing, rolling, shearing, plate forming, roll forming, form rolling, spinning, bending, leveling, high-energy rate working, powder working, cutting and grinding; and
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are surface-treated by any working of metal coating treatment, chemical treatment, surface hardening, nonmetallic coating and painting.
automobiles, bicycles, large and small ships, rolling stock, airplanes, spacecrafts, elevators, playground vehicles, transport equipment, construction machinery, welding machines, metal dies, roller conveyors, heat exchangers, industrial machinery, keyboard instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments, audiovisual equipment, gas and liquid controllers, home-electric equipment, sawing machines, knitting machines, playground equipment, electric outdoor equipment, electric indoor equipment, electric and electronic circuit packages, housing implements, building materials, external and internal housing fixtures, religious implements, precision machinery, optical instruments, measurement instruments, clocks and watches, writing implements, plumbing implements, valves, faucets, decorations, accessories, sports articles, weapons, cans, receptacles, medical instruments, working tools, agricultural implements, construction tools, tableware, daily household utensils, groceries, daily sundries, gardening implements, and gadgets.
transmission parts, engine parts, radiator parts, vehicle bodies, external and internal vehicle parts, driving system parts, brake parts, steering parts, air-conditioning parts, suspension parts, oil-hydraulic pump parts, ship outfit parts, instrument parts, gears, bearings, pulley, power couplings, fuel pipes, exhaust pipes, gaskets, fuel nozzles, engine blocks, machine casings, moles, door handles, wipers, meter parts, alarm parts, air nozzles, axles, wheel bases, valves, pistons, masts, screws, propellers, fans, mechanical handles, gas welder parts, arc welder parts, plasma welder parts, welding torches, torches, metal dies, bearings, mechanical sliding parts, heat exchanger parts, boiler parts, solar water heater parts, musical-instrument pedals, resonator pipes, musical-instrument levers and frames, kettle-drums, cymbals, audio amplifier parts, videoplayer parts, cassette player parts, CD player parts, LD player parts, adjuster knobs, equipment legs, equipment chassis, speaker corns, hot-water supply system parts, electric water heater parts, pressure-reducing valves, relief valves, room heater parts, carburetors, room cooler parts, cooling medium pipes, service valves, flare nuts, oil storage vessels, gas piping, gas nozzles, burners, pump parts, washing machine parts, pinball parts, slot machine parts, automatic vending machine parts, coin slots, coin acceptors, control board parts, printed wiring parts, switch-board electrodes, switch parts, resistor parts, power plug parts, light bulb bases, lamp holder parts, discharge electrodes, water-immersed electrodes, copper wires, battery terminals, solders, architectural fitting parts, housing wall panels, reinforcing bars, building frames, door panels, door knobs, locks, hinges, gate poles, gate doors, fences, outdoor lampshade, outdoor light poles, shutters, mailboxes, sprinklers, flexible tubes, rain-water gutters, roofs, handrails, cooker top plates,, gas cooker burners, perforated water-distributing port plates, drainage plugs, door chains, hangers, sprinkling plates, fixing metals, towel bars, chandelier parts, illumination parts, artistic ornaments, chair legs, table legs, table leaves, furniture handles, furniture rails, shelf adjustment screws, family altar parts, Buddhist statues, candlesticks, bells, camera parts, telescope parts, microscope parts, electron microscope parts, lens mounts, lens holders, wristwatch parts, wall clock parts, table clock parts, watch and clock hands, clock pendulums, parts of ball-point pens, mechanical pencil parts, scissors, cutters, binders, paper clips, drawing pins, scales, rulers, templates, magnets, document trays, telephone table parts, book ends, boring machine parts, stapler parts, pencil sharpener parts, cabinets, drain plugs, rigid PVC pipe joints, drainage ditches, elbow pipe joints, flexible joint bellows, water supply/drainage cocks, water closet joint flanges, pierced earrings, stems, spindles, ball valves, balls, sheet rings, gasket nuts, KCP joints, headers, branching cocks, flexible hoses, hose nipples, faucet bodies, faucet metal fittings, valve bodies, ball taps, stop cocks, single-function faucets, faucets with thermostat, two-valve wall faucets, skid-mounted two-valve faucets, spouts, UB elbows, mixing valves, pendants, finger rings, brooches, nameplates, tiepins, tie bars, bracelets, bag metals, clothing metals, buttons, zipper parts, hooks, belt metals, golf club parts, dumbbells, barbells, sailboat frames, trampoline frames, starting blocks, face guards for kendo, skate blades, ski edges, ski bindings, diving parts, sport gymnasium machines and equipment, bicycle chains, tent fixtures, pistol parts, rifle parts, matchlock parts, sword parts, bullets, fuel cans, paint cans, powder cans, liquid cans, gas cans, bed frames, surgical knives, endoscope parts, dental instrument parts, diagnostic instrument parts, medical operation instrument parts, therapeutic instrument parts, pliers, hammers, measures, gimlets, files, saws, nails, chisels, planes, drills, fixing tools, clams, whetstone bases, screws, bolts, nuts, machine screws, hoes, axes, shovels, cooking pots and pans, rice-cooking pots, frying pans, ladles, spoons, forks, knives, can openers, corkscrews, frying turners, frying chopsticks, hot plates, kitchen strainers, scrubbing brushes, wastebaskets. litter baskets, pails, washbowls, sprinkling cans, cups, replicas, lighters, character goods, medals, bells, hair pins, hot curler, ashtrays, flower vases, keys, coins, fishing tackles, lures, glasses frames, nail clippers, pinball balls, insect baskets, umbrellas, needle point holders (frogs), needles, pruning shears, gardening poles, gardening frames, gardening trellises, flower baskets, thimbles, garden lanterns, cash boxes, and casters.
(1) that the areal ratios of both the γ and β phases are 3% or more;
(2) that the average crystal grain sizes of the α and β phases are 15 µm or less, preferably 10 µm or less;
(3) that the average crystal grain size of the γ phase is 8 µm or less, preferably 5 µm or less;
(4) that the γ phase surrounds the β phase; and
(5) that the Sn concentration in the γ phase is 8% by wt. or more.
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials in one of the forms of a plate, pipe, bar, wire rod and ingot;
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are worked by any working of welding, fusion welding, soldering, bonding, heat cutting, heat working, forging, extrusion, drawing, rolling, shearing, plate forming, roll forming, form rolling, spinning, bending, leveling, high-energy rate working, powder working, cutting and grinding; and
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are surface-treated by any working of metal coating treatment, chemical treatment, surface hardening, nonmetallic coating and painting.
automobiles, bicycles, large and small ships, rolling stock, airplanes, spacecrafts, elevators, playground vehicles, transport equipment, construction machinery, welding machines, metal dies, roller conveyors, heat exchangers, industrial machinery, keyboard instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments, audiovisual equipment, gas and liquid controllers, home-electric equipment, sawing machines, knitting machines, playground equipment, electric outdoor equipment, electric indoor equipment, electric and electronic circuit packages, housing implements, building materials, external and internal housing fixtures, religious implements, precision machinery, optical instruments, measurement instruments, clocks and watches, writing implements, plumbing implements, valves, faucets, decorations, accessories, sports articles, weapons, cans, receptacles, medical instruments, working tools, agricultural implements, construction tools, tableware, daily household utensils, groceries, daily sundries, gardening implements, and gadgets.
transmission parts, engine parts, radiator parts, vehicle bodies, external and internal vehicle parts, driving system parts, brake parts, steering parts, air-conditioning parts, suspension parts, oil-hydraulic pump parts, ship outfit parts, instrument parts, gears, bearings, pulley, power couplings, fuel pipes, exhaust pipes, gaskets, fuel nozzles, engine blocks, machine casings, moles, door handles, wipers, meter parts, alarm parts, air nozzles, axles, wheel bases, valves, pistons, masts, screws, propellers, fans, mechanical handles, gas welder parts, arc welder parts, plasma welder parts, welding torches, torches, metal dies, bearings, mechanical sliding parts, heat exchanger parts, boiler parts, solar water heater parts, musical-instrument pedals, resonator pipes, musical-instrument levers and frames, kettle-drums, cymbals, audio amplifier parts, videoplayer parts, cassette player parts, CD player parts, LD player parts, adjuster knobs, equipment legs, equipment chassis, speaker corns, hot-water supply system parts, electric water heater parts, pressure-reducing valves, relief valves, room heater parts, carburetors, room cooler parts, cooling medium pipes, service valves, flare nuts, oil storage vessels, gas piping, gas nozzles, burners, pump parts, washing machine parts, pinball parts, slot machine parts, automatic vending machine parts, coin slots, coin acceptors, control board parts, printed wiring parts, switch-board electrodes, switch parts, resistor parts, power plug parts, light bulb bases, lamp holder parts, discharge electrodes, water-immersed electrodes, copper wires, battery terminals, solders, architectural fitting parts, housing wall panels, reinforcing bars, building frames, door panels, door knobs, locks, hinges, gate poles, gate doors, fences, outdoor lampshade, outdoor light poles, shutters, mailboxes, sprinklers, flexible tubes, rain-water gutters, roofs, handrails, cooker top plates,, gas cooker burners, perforated water-distributing port plates, drainage plugs, door chains, hangers, sprinkling plates, fixing metals, towel bars, chandelier parts, illumination parts, artistic ornaments, chair legs, table legs, table leaves, furniture handles, furniture rails, shelf adjustment screws, family altar parts, Buddhist statues, candlesticks, bells, camera parts, telescope parts, microscope parts, electron microscope parts, lens mounts, lens holders, wristwatch parts, wall clock parts, table clock parts, watch and clock hands, clock pendulums, parts of ball-point pens, mechanical pencil parts, scissors, cutters, binders, paper clips, drawing pins, scales, rulers, templates, magnets, document trays, telephone table parts, book ends, boring machine parts, stapler parts, pencil sharpener parts, cabinets, drain plugs, rigid PVC pipe joints, drainage ditches, elbow pipe joints, flexible joint bellows, water supply/drainage cocks, water closet joint flanges, pierced earrings, stems, spindles, ball valves, balls, sheet rings, gasket nuts, KCP joints, headers, branching cocks, flexible hoses, hose nipples, faucet bodies, faucet metal fittings, valve bodies, ball taps, stop cocks, single-function faucets, faucets with thermostat, two-valve wall faucets, skid-mounted two-valve faucets, spouts, UB elbows, mixing valves, pendants, finger rings, brooches, nameplates, tiepins, tie bars, bracelets, bag metals, clothing metals, buttons, zipper parts, hooks, belt metals, golf club parts, dumbbells, barbells, sailboat frames, trampoline frames, starting blocks, face guards for kendo, skate blades, ski edges, ski bindings, diving parts, sport gymnasium machines and equipment, bicycle chains, tent fixtures, pistol parts, rifle parts, matchlock parts, sword parts, bullets, fuel cans, paint cans, powder cans, liquid cans, gas cans, bed frames, surgical knives, endoscope parts, dental instrument parts, diagnostic instrument parts, medical operation instrument parts, therapeutic instrument parts, pliers, hammers, measures, gimlets, files, saws, nails, chisels, planes, drills, fixing tools, clams, whetstone bases, screws, bolts, nuts, machine screws, hoes, axes, shovels, cooking pots and pans, rice-cooking pots, frying pans, ladles, spoons, forks, knives, can openers, corkscrews, frying turners, frying chopsticks, hot plates, kitchen strainers, scrubbing brushes, wastebaskets. litter baskets, pails, washbowls, sprinkling cans, cups, replicas, lighters, character goods, medals, bells, hair pins, hot curler, ashtrays, flower vases, keys, coins, fishing tackles, lures, glasses frames, nail clippers, pinball balls, insect baskets, umbrellas, needle point holders (frogs), needles, pruning shears, gardening poles, gardening frames, gardening trellises, flower baskets, thimbles, garden lanterns, cash boxes, and casters.
(1) that the areal ratio of the β phases are 20%, preferably 25%; and
(2) that the average crystal grain sizes of the α and β phases are 15 µm or less, preferably 10 µm or less;
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials in one of the forms of a plate, pipe, bar, wire rod and ingot;
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are worked by any working of welding, fusion welding, soldering, bonding, heat cutting, heat working, forging, extrusion, drawing, rolling, shearing, plate forming, roll forming, form rolling, spinning, bending, leveling, high-energy rate working, powder working, cutting and grinding; and
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are surface-treated by any working of metal coating treatment, chemical treatment, surface hardening, nonmetallic coating and painting.
automobiles, bicycles, large and small ships, rolling stock, airplanes, spacecrafts, elevators, playground vehicles, transport equipment, construction machinery, welding machines, metal dies, roller conveyors, heat exchangers, industrial machinery, keyboard instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments, audiovisual equipment, gas and liquid controllers, home-electric equipment, sawing machines, knitting machines, playground equipment, electric outdoor equipment, electric indoor equipment, electric and electronic circuit packages, housing implements, building materials, external and internal housing fixtures, religious implements, precision machinery, optical instruments, measurement instruments, clocks and watches, writing implements, plumbing implements, valves, faucets, decorations, accessories, sports articles, weapons, cans, receptacles, medical instruments, working tools, agricultural implements, construction tools, tableware, daily household utensils, groceries, daily sundries, gardening implements, and gadgets.
transmission parts, engine parts, radiator parts, vehicle bodies, external and internal vehicle parts, driving system parts, brake parts, steering parts, air-conditioning parts, suspension parts, oil-hydraulic pump parts, ship outfit parts, instrument parts, gears, bearings, pulley, power couplings, fuel pipes, exhaust pipes, gaskets, fuel nozzles, engine blocks, machine casings, moles, door handles, wipers, meter parts, alarm parts, air nozzles, axles, wheel bases, valves, pistons, masts, screws, propellers, fans, mechanical handles, gas welder parts, arc welder parts, plasma welder parts, welding torches, torches, metal dies, bearings, mechanical sliding parts, heat exchanger parts, boiler parts, solar water heater parts, musical-instrument pedals, resonator pipes, musical-instrument levers and frames, kettle-drums, cymbals, audio amplifier parts, videoplayer parts, cassette player parts, CD player parts, LD player parts, adjuster knobs, equipment legs, equipment chassis, speaker corns, hot-water supply system parts, electric water heater parts, pressure-reducing valves, relief valves, room heater parts, carburetors, room cooler parts, cooling medium pipes, service valves, flare nuts, oil storage vessels, gas piping, gas nozzles, burners, pump parts, washing machine parts, pinball parts, slot machine parts, automatic vending machine parts, coin slots, coin acceptors, control board parts, printed wiring parts, switch-board electrodes, switch parts, resistor parts, power plug parts, light bulb bases, lamp holder parts, discharge electrodes, water-immersed electrodes, copper wires, battery terminals, solders, architectural fitting parts, housing wall panels, reinforcing bars, building frames, door panels, door knobs, locks, hinges, gate poles, gate doors, fences, outdoor lampshade, outdoor light poles, shutters, mailboxes, sprinklers, flexible tubes, rain-water gutters, roofs, handrails, cooker top plates,, gas cooker burners, perforated water-distributing port plates, drainage plugs, door chains, hangers, sprinkling plates, fixing metals, towel bars, chandelier parts, illumination parts, artistic ornaments, chair legs, table legs, table leaves, furniture handles, furniture rails, shelf adjustment screws, family altar parts, Buddhist statues, candlesticks, bells, camera parts, telescope parts, microscope parts, electron microscope parts, lens mounts, lens holders, wristwatch parts, wall clock parts, table clock parts, watch and clock hands, clock pendulums, parts of ball-point pens, mechanical pencil parts, scissors, cutters, binders, paper clips, drawing pins, scales, rulers, templates, magnets, document trays, telephone table parts, book ends, boring machine parts, stapler parts, pencil sharpener parts, cabinets, drain plugs, rigid PVC pipe joints, drainage ditches, elbow pipe joints, flexible joint bellows, water supply/drainage cocks, water closet joint flanges, pierced earrings, stems, spindles, ball valves, balls, sheet rings, gasket nuts, KCP joints, headers, branching cocks, flexible hoses, hose nipples, faucet bodies, faucet metal fittings, valve bodies, ball taps, stop cocks, single-function faucets, faucets with thermostat, two-valve wall faucets, skid-mounted two-valve faucets, spouts, UB elbows, mixing valves, pendants, finger rings, brooches, nameplates, tiepins, tie bars, bracelets, bag metals, clothing metals, buttons, zipper parts, hooks, belt metals, golf club parts, dumbbells, barbells, sailboat frames, trampoline frames, starting blocks, face guards for kendo, skate blades, ski edges, ski bindings, diving parts, sport gymnasium machines and equipment, bicycle chains, tent fixtures, pistol parts, rifle parts, matchlock parts, sword parts, bullets, fuel cans, paint cans, powder cans, liquid cans, gas cans, bed frames, surgical knives, endoscope parts, dental instrument parts, diagnostic instrument parts, medical operation instrument parts, therapeutic instrument parts, pliers, hammers, measures, gimlets, files, saws, nails, chisels, planes, drills, fixing tools, clams, whetstone bases, screws, bolts, nuts, machine screws, hoes, axes, shovels, cooking pots and pans, rice-cooking pots, frying pans, ladles, spoons, forks, knives, can openers, corkscrews, frying turners, frying chopsticks, hot plates, kitchen strainers, scrubbing brushes, wastebaskets. litter baskets, pails, washbowls, sprinkling cans, cups, replicas, lighters, character goods, medals, bells, hair pins, hot curler, ashtrays, flower vases, keys, coins, fishing tackles, lures, glasses frames, nail clippers, pinball balls, insect baskets, umbrellas, needle point holders (frogs), needles, pruning shears, gardening poles, gardening frames, gardening trellises, flower baskets, thimbles, garden lanterns, cash boxes, and casters.
(1) that the areal ratio of the β phases are 15% or more, preferably 20% or more;
(2) that the average crystal grain sizes of the α and β phases are 15 µm or less, preferably 10 µm or less; and
(3) that the Sn concentration in the β phase is 1.5% by wt. or more.
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials in one of the forms of a plate, pipe, bar, wire rod and ingot;
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are worked by any working of welding, fusion welding, soldering, bonding, heat cutting, heat working, forging, extrusion, drawing, rolling, shearing, plate forming, roll forming, form rolling, spinning, bending, leveling, high-energy rate working, powder working, cutting and grinding; and
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are surface-treated by any working of metal coating treatment, chemical treatment, surface hardening, nonmetallic coating and painting.
automobiles, bicycles, large and small ships, rolling stock, airplanes, spacecrafts, elevators, playground vehicles, transport equipment, construction machinery, welding machines, metal dies, roller conveyors, heat exchangers, industrial machinery, keyboard instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments, audiovisual equipment, gas and liquid controllers, home-electric equipment, sawing machines, knitting machines, playground equipment, electric outdoor equipment, electric indoor equipment, electric and electronic circuit packages, housing implements, building materials, external and internal housing fixtures, religious implements, precision machinery, optical instruments, measurement instruments, clocks and watches, writing implements, plumbing implements, valves, faucets, decorations, accessories, sports articles, weapons, cans, receptacles, medical instruments, working tools, agricultural implements, construction tools, tableware, daily household utensils, groceries, daily sundries, gardening implements, and gadgets.
transmission parts, engine parts, radiator parts, vehicle bodies, external and internal vehicle parts, driving system parts, brake parts, steering parts, air-conditioning parts, suspension parts, oil-hydraulic pump parts, ship outfit parts, instrument parts, gears, bearings, pulley, power couplings, fuel pipes, exhaust pipes, gaskets, fuel nozzles, engine blocks, machine casings, moles, door handles, wipers, meter parts, alarm parts, air nozzles, axles, wheel bases, valves, pistons, masts, screws, propellers, fans, mechanical handles, gas welder parts, arc welder parts, plasma welder parts, welding torches, torches, metal dies, bearings, mechanical sliding parts, heat exchanger parts, boiler parts, solar water heater parts, musical-instrument pedals, resonator pipes, musical-instrument levers and frames, kettle-drums, cymbals, audio amplifier parts, videoplayer parts, cassette player parts, CD player parts, LD player parts, adjuster knobs, equipment legs, equipment chassis, speaker corns, hot-water supply system parts, electric water heater parts, pressure-reducing valves, relief valves, room heater parts, carburetors, room cooler parts, cooling medium pipes, service valves, flare nuts, oil storage vessels, gas piping, gas nozzles, burners, pump parts, washing machine parts, pinball parts, slot machine parts, automatic vending machine parts, coin slots, coin acceptors, control board parts, printed wiring parts, switch-board electrodes, switch parts, resistor parts, power plug parts, light bulb bases, lamp holder parts, discharge electrodes, water-immersed electrodes, copper wires, battery terminals, solders, architectural fitting parts, housing wall panels, reinforcing bars, building frames, door panels, door knobs, locks, hinges, gate poles, gate doors, fences, outdoor lampshade, outdoor light poles, shutters, mailboxes, sprinklers, flexible tubes, rain-water gutters, roofs, handrails, cooker top plates,, gas cooker burners, perforated water-distributing port plates, drainage plugs, door chains, hangers, sprinkling plates, fixing metals, towel bars, chandelier parts, illumination parts, artistic ornaments, chair legs, table legs, table leaves, furniture handles, furniture rails, shelf adjustment screws, family altar parts, Buddhist statues, candlesticks, bells, camera parts, telescope parts, microscope parts, electron microscope parts, lens mounts, lens holders, wristwatch parts, wall clock parts, table clock parts, watch and clock hands, clock pendulums, parts of ball-point pens, mechanical pencil parts, scissors, cutters, binders, paper clips, drawing pins, scales, rulers, templates, magnets, document trays, telephone table parts, book ends, boring machine parts, stapler parts, pencil sharpener parts, cabinets, drain plugs, rigid PVC pipe joints, drainage ditches, elbow pipe joints, flexible joint bellows, water supply/drainage cocks, water closet joint flanges, pierced earrings, stems, spindles, ball valves, balls, sheet rings, gasket nuts, KCP joints, headers, branching cocks, flexible hoses, hose nipples, faucet bodies, faucet metal fittings, valve bodies, ball taps, stop cocks, single-function faucets, faucets with thermostat, two-valve wall faucets, skid-mounted two-valve faucets, spouts, UB elbows, mixing valves, pendants, finger rings, brooches, nameplates, tiepins, tie bars, bracelets, bag metals, clothing metals, buttons, zipper parts, hooks, belt metals, golf club parts, dumbbells, barbells, sailboat frames, trampoline frames, starting blocks, face guards for kendo, skate blades, ski edges, ski bindings, diving parts, sport gymnasium machines and equipment, bicycle chains, tent fixtures, pistol parts, rifle parts, matchlock parts, sword parts, bullets, fuel cans, paint cans, powder cans, liquid cans, gas cans, bed frames, surgical knives, endoscope parts, dental instrument parts, diagnostic instrument parts, medical operation instrument parts, therapeutic instrument parts, pliers, hammers, measures, gimlets, files, saws, nails, chisels, planes, drills, fixing tools, clams, whetstone bases, screws, bolts, nuts, machine screws, hoes, axes, shovels, cooking pots and pans, rice-cooking pots, frying pans, ladles, spoons, forks, knives, can openers, corkscrews, frying turners, frying chopsticks, hot plates, kitchen strainers, scrubbing brushes, wastebaskets. litter baskets, pails, washbowls, sprinkling cans, cups, replicas, lighters, character goods, medals, bells, hair pins, hot curler, ashtrays, flower vases, keys, coins, fishing tackles, lures, glasses frames, nail clippers, pinball balls, insect baskets, umbrellas, needle point holders (frogs), needles, pruning shears, gardening poles, gardening frames, gardening trellises, flower baskets, thimbles, garden lanterns, cash boxes, and casters.
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials in one of the forms of a plate, pipe, bar, wire rod and ingot;
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are worked by any working of welding, fusion welding, soldering, bonding, heat cutting, heat working, forging, extrusion, drawing, rolling, shearing, plate forming, roll forming, form rolling, spinning, bending, leveling, high-energy rate working, powder working, cutting and grinding; and
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are surface-treated by any working of metal coating treatment, chemical treatment, surface hardening, nonmetallic coating and painting.
automobiles, bicycles, large and small ships, rolling stock, airplanes, spacecrafts, elevators, playground vehicles, transport equipment, construction machinery, welding machines, metal dies, roller conveyors, heat exchangers, industrial machinery, keyboard instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments, audiovisual equipment, gas and liquid controllers, home-electric equipment, sawing machines, knitting machines, playground equipment, electric outdoor equipment, electric indoor equipment, electric and electronic circuit packages, housing implements, building materials, external and internal housing fixtures, religious implements, precision machinery, optical instruments, measurement instruments, clocks and watches, writing implements, plumbing implements, valves, faucets, decorations, accessories, sports articles, weapons, cans, receptacles, medical instruments, working tools, agricultural implements, construction tools, tableware, daily household utensils, groceries, daily sundries, gardening implements, and gadgets.
transmission parts, engine parts, radiator parts, vehicle bodies, external and internal vehicle parts, driving system parts, brake parts, steering parts, air-conditioning parts, suspension parts, oil-hydraulic pump parts, ship outfit parts, instrument parts, gears, bearings, pulley, power couplings, fuel pipes, exhaust pipes, gaskets, fuel nozzles, engine blocks, machine casings, moles, door handles, wipers, meter parts, alarm parts, air nozzles, axles, wheel bases, valves, pistons, masts, screws, propellers, fans, mechanical handles, gas welder parts, arc welder parts, plasma welder parts, welding torches, torches, metal dies, bearings, mechanical sliding parts, heat exchanger parts, boiler parts, solar water heater parts, musical-instrument pedals, resonator pipes, musical-instrument levers and frames, kettle-drums, cymbals, audio amplifier parts, videoplayer parts, cassette player parts, CD player parts, LD player parts, adjuster knobs, equipment legs, equipment chassis, speaker corns, hot-water supply system parts, electric water heater parts, pressure-reducing valves, relief valves, room heater parts, carburetors, room cooler parts, cooling medium pipes, service valves, flare nuts, oil storage vessels, gas piping, gas nozzles, burners, pump parts, washing machine parts, pinball parts, slot machine parts, automatic vending machine parts, coin slots, coin acceptors, control board parts, printed wiring parts, switch-board electrodes, switch parts, resistor parts, power plug parts, light bulb bases, lamp holder parts, discharge electrodes, water-immersed electrodes, copper wires, battery terminals, solders, architectural fitting parts, housing wall panels, reinforcing bars, building frames, door panels, door knobs, locks, hinges, gate poles, gate doors, fences, outdoor lampshade, outdoor light poles, shutters, mailboxes, sprinklers, flexible tubes, rain-water gutters, roofs, handrails, cooker top plates,, gas cooker burners, perforated water-distributing port plates, drainage plugs, door chains, hangers, sprinkling plates, fixing metals, towel bars, chandelier parts, illumination parts, artistic ornaments, chair legs, table legs, table leaves, furniture handles, furniture rails, shelf adjustment screws, family altar parts, Buddhist statues, candlesticks, bells, camera parts, telescope parts, microscope parts, electron microscope parts, lens mounts, lens holders, wristwatch parts, wall clock parts, table clock parts, watch and clock hands, clock pendulums, parts of ball-point pens, mechanical pencil parts, scissors, cutters, binders, paper clips, drawing pins, scales, rulers, templates, magnets, document trays, telephone table parts, book ends, boring machine parts, stapler parts, pencil sharpener parts, cabinets, drain plugs, rigid PVC pipe joints, drainage ditches, elbow pipe joints, flexible joint bellows, water supply/drainage cocks, water closet joint flanges, pierced earrings, stems, spindles, ball valves, balls, sheet rings, gasket nuts, KCP joints, headers, branching cocks, flexible hoses, hose nipples, faucet bodies, faucet metal fittings, valve bodies, ball taps, stop cocks, single-function faucets, faucets with thermostat, two-valve wall faucets, skid-mounted two-valve faucets, spouts, UB elbows, mixing valves, pendants, finger rings, brooches, nameplates, tiepins, tie bars, bracelets, bag metals, clothing metals, buttons, zipper parts, hooks, belt metals, golf club parts, dumbbells, barbells, sailboat frames, trampoline frames, starting blocks, face guards for kendo, skate blades, ski edges, ski bindings, diving parts, sport gymnasium machines and equipment, bicycle chains, tent fixtures, pistol parts, rifle parts, matchlock parts, sword parts, bullets, fuel cans, paint cans, powder cans, liquid cans, gas cans, bed frames, surgical knives, endoscope parts, dental instrument parts, diagnostic instrument parts, medical operation instrument parts, therapeutic instrument parts, pliers, hammers, measures, gimlets, files, saws, nails, chisels, planes, drills, fixing tools, clams, whetstone bases, screws, bolts, nuts, machine screws, hoes, axes, shovels, cooking pots and pans, rice-cooking pots, frying pans, ladles, spoons, forks, knives, can openers, corkscrews, frying turners, frying chopsticks, hot plates, kitchen strainers, scrubbing brushes, wastebaskets. litter baskets, pails, washbowls, sprinkling cans, cups, replicas, lighters, character goods, medals, bells, hair pins, hot curler, ashtrays, flower vases, keys, coins, fishing tackles, lures, glasses frames, nail clippers, pinball balls, insect baskets, umbrellas, needle point holders (frogs), needles, pruning shears, gardening poles, gardening frames, gardening trellises, flower baskets, thimbles, garden lanterns, cash boxes, and casters.
(1) that apparent Zn content in the material composition is 37-46% by wt.;
(2) that the solidification rate at the time of casting is 5×101-105K/sec, preferably 102-105K/sec; and
(3) that the cooling rate until the temperature of the castings after solidification is lowered to 400°C or below is 5K/sec or more; and
heating the brass castings up to the recrystallization temperature.metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials in one of the forms of a plate, pipe, bar, wire rod and ingot;
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are worked by any working of welding, fusion welding, soldering, bonding, heat cutting, heat working, forging, extrusion, drawing, rolling, shearing, plate forming, roll forming, form rolling, spinning, bending, leveling, high-energy rate working, powder working, cutting and grinding; and
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are surface-treated by any working of metal coating treatment, chemical treatment, surface hardening, nonmetallic coating and painting.
automobiles, bicycles, large and small ships, rolling stock, airplanes, spacecrafts, elevators, playground vehicles, transport equipment, construction machinery, welding machines, metal dies, roller conveyors, heat exchangers, industrial machinery, keyboard instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments, audiovisual equipment, gas and liquid controllers, home-electric equipment, sawing machines, knitting machines, playground equipment, electric outdoor equipment, electric indoor equipment, electric and electronic circuit packages, housing implements, building materials, external and internal housing fixtures, religious implements, precision machinery, optical instruments, measurement instruments, clocks and watches, writing implements, plumbing implements, valves, faucets, decorations, accessories, sports articles, weapons, cans, receptacles, medical instruments, working tools, agricultural implements, construction tools, tableware, daily household utensils, groceries, daily sundries, gardening implements, and gadgets.
transmission parts, engine parts, radiator parts, vehicle bodies, external and internal vehicle parts, driving system parts, brake parts, steering parts, air-conditioning parts, suspension parts, oil-hydraulic pump parts, ship outfit parts, instrument parts, gears, bearings, pulley, power couplings, fuel pipes, exhaust pipes, gaskets, fuel nozzles, engine blocks, machine casings, moles, door handles, wipers, meter parts, alarm parts, air nozzles, axles, wheel bases, valves, pistons, masts, screws, propellers, fans, mechanical handles, gas welder parts, arc welder parts, plasma welder parts, welding torches, torches, metal dies, bearings, mechanical sliding parts, heat exchanger parts, boiler parts, solar water heater parts, musical-instruments pedals, resonator pipes, musical-instrument levers and frames, kettle-drums, cymbals, audio amplifier parts, videoplayer parts, cassette player parts, CD player parts, LD player parts, adjuster knobs, equipment legs, equipment chassis, speaker corns, hot-water supply system parts, electric water heater parts, pressure-reducing valves, relief valves, room heater parts, carburetors, room cooler parts, cooling medium pipes, service valves, flare nuts, oil storage vessels, gas piping, gas nozzles, burners, pump parts, washing machine parts, pinball parts, slot machine parts, automatic vending machine parts, coin slots, coin acceptors, control board parts, printed wiring parts, switch-board electrodes, switch parts, resistor parts, power plug parts, light bulb bases, lamp holder parts, discharge electrodes, water-immersed electrodes, copper wires, battery terminals, solders, architectural fitting parts, housing wall panels, reinforcing bars, building frames, door panels, door knobs, locks, hinges, gate poles, gate doors, fences, outdoor lampshade, outdoor light poles, shutters, mailboxes, sprinklers, flexible tubes, rain-water gutters, roofs, handrails, cooker top plates,, gas cooker burners, perforated water-distributing port plates, drainage plugs, door chains, hangers, sprinkling plates, fixing metals, towel bars, chandelier parts, illumination parts, artistic ornaments, chair legs, table legs, table leaves, furniture handles, furniture rails, shelf adjustment screws, family altar parts, Buddhist statues, candlesticks, bells, camera parts, telescope parts, microscope parts, electron microscope parts, lens mounts, lens holders, wristwatch parts, wall clock parts, table clock parts, watch and clock hands, clock pendulums, parts of ball-point pens, mechanical pencil parts, scissors, cutters, binders, paper clips, drawing pins, scales, rulers, templates, magnets, document trays, telephone table parts, book ends, boring machine parts, stapler parts, pencil sharpener parts, cabinets, drain plugs, rigid PVC pipe joints, drainage ditches, elbow pipe joints, flexible joint bellows, water supply/drainage cocks, water closet joint flanges, pierced earrings, stems, spindles, ball valves, balls, sheet rings, gasket nuts, KCP joints, headers, branching cocks, flexible hoses, hose nipples, faucet bodies, faucet metal fittings, valve bodies, ball taps, stop cocks, single-function faucets, faucets with thermostat, two-valve wall faucets, skid-mounted two-valve faucets, spouts, UB elbows, mixing valves, pendants, finger rings, brooches, nameplates, tiepins, tie bars, bracelets, bag metals, clothing metals, buttons, zipper parts, hooks, belt metals, golf club parts, dumbbells, barbells, sailboat frames, trampoline frames, starting blocks, face guards for kendo, skate blades, ski edges, ski bindings, diving parts, sport gymnasium machines and equipment, bicycle chains, tent fixtures, pistol parts, rifle parts, matchlock parts, sword parts, bullets, fuel cans, paint cans, powder cans, liquid cans, gas cans, bed frames, surgical knives, endoscope parts, dental instrument parts, diagnostic instrument parts, medical operation instrument parts, therapeutic instrument parts, pliers, hammers, measures, gimlets, files, saws, nails, chisels, planes, drills, fixing tools, clams, whetstone bases, screws, bolts, nuts, machine screws, hoes, axes, shovels, cooking pots and pans, rice-cooking pots, frying pans, ladles, spoons, forks, knives, can openers, corkscrews, frying turners, frying chopsticks, hot plates, kitchen strainers, scrubbing brushes, wastebaskets. litter baskets, pails, washbowls, sprinkling cans, cups, replicas, lighters, character goods, medals, bells, hair pins, hot curler, ashtrays, flower vases, keys, coins, fishing tackles, lures, glasses frames, nail clippers, pinball balls, insect baskets, umbrellas, needle point holders (frogs), needles, pruning shears, gardening poles, gardening frames, gardening trellises, flower baskets, thimbles, garden lanterns, cash boxes, and casters.
(1) that the temperature at the time of extrusion is in the range of 480-650°C, preferably 480-600°C; and
(2) that the sectional reduction ratio at the time of extrusion is 90% or more, preferably 95% or more.
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials in one of the forms of a plate, pipe, bar, wire rod and ingot;
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are worked by any working of welding, fusion welding, soldering, bonding, heat cutting, heat working, forging, extrusion, drawing, rolling, shearing, plate forming, roll forming, form rolling, spinning, bending, leveling, high-energy rate working, powder working, cutting and grinding; and
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are surface-treated by any working of metal coating treatment, chemical treatment, surface hardening, nonmetallic coating and painting.
automobiles, bicycles, large and small ships, rolling stock, airplanes, spacecrafts, elevators, playground vehicles, transport equipment, construction machinery, welding machines, metal dies, roller conveyors, heat exchangers, industrial machinery, keyboard instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments, audiovisual equipment, gas and liquid controllers, home-electric equipment, sawing machines, knitting machines, playground equipment, electric outdoor equipment, electric indoor equipment, electric and electronic circuit packages, housing implements, building materials, external and internal housing fixtures, religious implements, precision machinery, optical instruments, measurement instruments, clocks and watches, writing implements, plumbing implements, valves, faucets, decorations, accessories, sports articles, weapons, cans, receptacles, medical instruments, working tools, agricultural implements, construction tools, tableware, daily household utensils, groceries, daily sundries, gardening implements, and gadgets.
transmission parts, engine parts, radiator parts, vehicle bodies, external and internal vehicle parts, driving system parts, brake parts, steering parts, air-conditioning parts, suspension parts, oil-hydraulic pump parts, ship outfit parts, instrument parts, gears, bearings, pulley, power couplings, fuel pipes, exhaust pipes, gaskets, fuel nozzles, engine blocks, machine casings, moles, door handles, wipers, meter parts, alarm parts, air nozzles, axles, wheel bases, valves, pistons, masts, screws, propellers, fans, mechanical handles, gas welder parts, arc welder parts, plasma welder parts, welding torches, torches, metal dies, bearings, mechanical sliding parts, heat exchanger parts, boiler parts, solar water heater parts, musical-instrument pedals, resonator pipes, musical-instrument levers and frames, kettle-drums, cymbals, audio amplifier parts, videoplayer parts, cassette player parts, CD player parts, LD player parts, adjuster knobs, equipment legs, equipment chassis, speaker corns, hot-water supply system parts, electric water heater parts, pressure-reducing valves, relief valves, room heater parts, carburetors, room cooler parts, cooling medium pipes, service valves, flare nuts, oil storage vessels, gas piping, gas nozzles, burners, pump parts, washing machine parts, pinball parts, slot machine parts, automatic vending machine parts, coin slots, coin acceptors, control board parts, printed wiring parts, switch-board electrodes, switch parts, resistor parts, power plug parts, light bulb bases, lamp holder parts, discharge electrodes, water-immersed electrodes, copper wires, battery terminals, solders, architectural fitting parts, housing wall panels, reinforcing bars, building frames, door panels, door knobs, locks, hinges, gate poles, gate doors, fences, outdoor lampshade, outdoor light poles, shutters, mailboxes, sprinklers, flexible tubes, rain-water gutters, roofs, handrails, cooker top plates,, gas cooker burners, perforated water-distributing port plates, drainage plugs, door chains, hangers, sprinkling plates, fixing metals, towel bars, chandelier parts, illumination parts, artistic ornaments, chair legs, table legs, table leaves, furniture handles, furniture rails, shelf adjustment screws, family altar parts, Buddhist statues, candlesticks, bells, camera parts, telescope parts, microscope parts, electron microscope parts, lens mounts, lens holders, wristwatch parts, wall clock parts, table clock parts, watch and clock hands, clock pendulums, parts of ball-point pens, mechanical pencil parts, scissors, cutters, binders, paper clips, drawing pins, scales, rulers, templates, magnets, document trays, telephone table parts, book ends, boring machine parts, stapler parts, pencil sharpener parts, cabinets, drain plugs, rigid PVC pipe joints, drainage ditches, elbow pipe joints, flexible joint bellows, water supply/drainage cocks, water closet joint flanges, pierced earrings, stems, spindles, ball valves, balls, sheet rings, gasket nuts, KCP joints, headers, branching cocks, flexible hoses, hose nipples, faucet bodies, faucet metal fittings, valve bodies, ball taps, stop cocks, single-function faucets, faucets with thermostat, two-valve wall faucets, skid-mounted two-valve faucets, spouts, UB elbows, mixing valves, pendants, finger rings, brooches, nameplates, tiepins, tie bars, bracelets, bag metals, clothing metals, buttons, zipper parts, hooks, belt metals, golf club parts, dumbbells, barbells, sailboat frames, trampoline frames, starting blocks, face guards for kendo, skate blades, ski edges, ski bindings, diving parts, sport gymnasium machines and equipment, bicycle chains, tent fixtures, pistol parts, rifle parts, matchlock parts, sword parts, bullets, fuel cans, paint cans, powder cans, liquid cans, gas cans, bed frames, surgical knives, endoscope parts, dental instrument parts, diagnostic instrument parts, medical operation instrument parts, therapeutic instrument parts, pliers, hammers, measures, gimlets, files, saws, nails, chisels, planes, drills, fixing tools, clams, whetstone bases, screws, bolts, nuts, machine screws, hoes, axes, shovels, cooking pots and pans, rice-cooking pots, frying pans, ladles, spoons, forks, knives, can openers, corkscrews, frying turners, frying chopsticks, hot plates, kitchen strainers, scrubbing brushes, wastebaskets. litter baskets, pails, washbowls, sprinkling cans, cups, replicas, lighters, character goods, medals, bells, hair pins, hot curler, ashtrays, flower vases, keys, coins, fishing tackles, lures, glasses frames, nail clippers, pinball balls, insect baskets, umbrellas, needle point holders (frogs), needles, pruning shears, gardening poles, gardening frames, gardening trellises, flower baskets, thimbles, garden lanterns, cash boxes, and casters.
heating and then cooling brass whose apparent Zn content is 37-46% by wt.; and
controlling at least one of heating temperature, heating retaining time and cooling rate to select the crystal structure of the brass after cooling from α+γ, α+β and α+β+γ types.
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials in one of the forms of a plate, pipe, bar, wire rod and ingot;
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are worked by any working of welding, fusion welding, soldering, bonding, heat cutting, heat working, forging, extrusion, drawing, rolling, shearing, plate forming, roll forming, form rolling, spinning, bending, leveling, high-energy rate working, powder working, cutting and grinding; and
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are surface-treated by any working of metal coating treatment, chemical treatment, surface hardening, nonmetallic coating and painting.
automobiles, bicycles, large and small ships, rolling stock, airplanes, spacecrafts, elevators, playground vehicles, transport equipment, construction machinery, welding machines, metal dies, roller conveyors, heat exchangers, industrial machinery, keyboard instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments, audiovisual equipment, gas and liquid controllers, home-electric equipment, sawing machines, knitting machines, playground equipment, electric outdoor equipment, electric indoor equipment, electric and electronic circuit packages, housing implements, building materials, external and internal housing fixtures, religious implements, precision machinery, optical instruments, measurement instruments, clocks and watches, writing implements, plumbing implements, valves, faucets, decorations, accessories, sports articles, weapons, cans, receptacles, medical instruments, working tools, agricultural implements, construction tools, tableware, daily household utensils, groceries, daily sundries, gardening implements, and gadgets.
transmission parts, engine parts, radiator parts, vehicle bodies, external and internal vehicle parts, driving system parts, brake parts, steering parts, air-conditioning parts, suspension parts, oil-hydraulic pump parts, ship outfit parts, instrument parts, gears, bearings, pulley, power couplings, fuel pipes, exhaust pipes, gaskets, fuel nozzles, engine blocks, machine casings, moles, door handles, wipers, meter parts, alarm parts, air nozzles, axles, wheel bases, valves, pistons, masts, screws, propellers, fans, mechanical handles, gas welder parts, arc welder parts, plasma welder parts, welding torches, torches, metal dies, bearings, mechanical sliding parts, heat exchanger parts, boiler parts, solar water heater parts, musical-instrument pedals, resonator pipes, musical-instrument levers and frames, kettle-drums, cymbals, audio amplifier parts, videoplayer parts, cassette player parts, CD player parts, LD player parts, adjuster knobs, equipment legs, equipment chassis, speaker corns, hot-water supply system parts, electric water heater parts, pressure-reducing valves, relief valves, room heater parts, carburetors, room cooler parts, cooling medium pipes, service valves, flare nuts, oil storage vessels, gas piping, gas nozzles, burners, pump parts, washing machine parts, pinball parts, slot machine parts, automatic vending machine parts, coin slots, coin acceptors, control board parts, printed wiring parts, switch-board electrodes, switch parts, resistor parts, power plug parts, light bulb bases, lamp holder parts, discharge electrodes, water-immersed electrodes, copper wires, battery terminals, solders, architectural fitting parts, housing wall panels, reinforcing bars, building frames, door panels, door knobs, locks, hinges, gate poles, gate doors, fences, outdoor lampshade, outdoor light poles, shutters, mailboxes, sprinklers, flexible tubes, rain-water gutters, roofs, handrails, cooker top plates,, gas cooker burners, perforated water-distributing port plates, drainage plugs, door chains, hangers, sprinkling plates, fixing metals, towel bars, chandelier parts, illumination parts, artistic ornaments, chair legs, table legs, table leaves, furniture handles, furniture rails, shelf adjustment screws, family altar parts, Buddhist statues, candlesticks, bells, camera parts, telescope parts, microscope parts, electron microscope parts, lens mounts, lens holders, wristwatch parts, wall clock parts, table clock parts, watch and clock hands, clock pendulums, parts of ball-point pens, mechanical pencil parts, scissors, cutters, binders, paper clips, drawing pins, scales, rulers, templates, magnets, document trays, telephone table parts, book ends, boring machine parts, stapler parts, pencil sharpener parts, cabinets, drain plugs, rigid PVC pipe joints, drainage ditches, elbow pipe joints, flexible joint bellows, water supply/drainage cocks, water closet joint flanges, pierced earrings, stems, spindles, ball valves, balls, sheet rings, gasket nuts, KCP joints, headers, branching cocks, flexible hoses, hose nipples, faucet bodies, faucet metal fittings, valve bodies, ball taps, stop cocks, single-function faucets, faucets with thermostat, two-valve wall faucets, skid-mounted two-valve faucets, spouts, UB elbows, mixing valves, pendants, finger rings, brooches, nameplates, tiepins, tie bars, bracelets, bag metals, clothing metals, buttons, zipper parts, hooks, belt metals, golf club parts, dumbbells, barbells, sailboat frames, trampoline frames, starting blocks, face guards for kendo, skate blades, ski edges, ski bindings, diving parts, sport gymnasium machines and equipment, bicycle chains, tent fixtures, pistol parts, rifle parts, matchlock parts, sword parts, bullets, fuel cans, paint cans, powder cans, liquid cans, gas cans, bed frames, surgical knives, endoscope parts, dental instrument parts, diagnostic instrument parts, medical operation instrument parts, therapeutic instrument parts, pliers, hammers, measures, gimlets, files, saws, nails, chisels, planes, drills, fixing tools, clams, whetstone bases, screws, bolts, nuts, machine screws, hoes, axes, shovels, cooking pots and pans, rice-cooking pots, frying pans, ladles, spoons, forks, knives, can openers, corkscrews, frying turners, frying chopsticks, hot plates, kitchen strainers, scrubbing brushes, wastebaskets. litter baskets, pails, washbowls, sprinkling cans, cups, replicas, lighters, character goods, medals, bells, hair pins, hot curler, ashtrays, flower vases, keys, coins, fishing tackles, lures, glasses frames, nail clippers, pinball balls, insect baskets, umbrellas, needle point holders (frogs), needles, pruning shears, gardening poles, gardening frames, gardening trellises, flower baskets, thimbles, garden lanterns, cash boxes, and casters.
(1) that apparent Zn content in the material composition is 37-46% by wt.,
(2) that the solidification rate at the time of casting is 5×101-105K/sec, preferably 102-105K/sec; and
(3) that the cooling rate until the temperature of the castings after solidification is lowered to 400°C or below is 5K/sec or more.
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials in one of the forms of a plate, pipe, bar, wire rod and ingot;
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are worked by any working of welding, fusion welding, soldering, bonding, heat cutting, heat working, forging, extrusion, drawing, rolling, shearing, plate forming, roll forming, form rolling, spinning, bending, leveling, high-energy rate working, powder working, cutting and grinding; and
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are surface-treated by any working of metal coating treatment, chemical treatment, surface hardening, nonmetallic coating and painting.
automobiles, bicycles, large and small ships, rolling stock, airplanes, spacecrafts, elevators, playground vehicles, transport equipment, construction machinery, welding machines, metal dies, roller conveyors, heat exchangers, industrial machinery, keyboard instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments, audiovisual equipment, gas and liquid controllers, home-electric equipment, sawing machines, knitting machines, playground equipment, electric outdoor equipment, electric indoor equipment, electric and electronic circuit packages, housing implements, building materials, external and internal housing fixtures, religious implements, precision machinery, optical instruments, measurement instruments, clocks and watches, writing implements, plumbing implements, valves, faucets, decorations, accessories, sports articles, weapons, cans, receptacles, medical instruments, working tools, agricultural implements, construction tools, tableware, daily household utensils, groceries, daily sundries, gardening implements, and gadgets.
transmission parts, engine parts, radiator parts, vehicle bodies, external and internal vehicle parts, driving system parts, brake parts, steering parts, air-conditioning parts, suspension parts, oil-hydraulic pump parts, ship outfit parts, instrument parts, gears, bearings, pulley, power couplings, fuel pipes, exhaust pipes, gaskets, fuel nozzles, engine blocks, machine casings, moles, door handles, wipers, meter parts, alarm parts, air nozzles, axles, wheel bases, valves, pistons, masts, screws, propellers, fans, mechanical handles, gas welder parts, arc welder parts, plasma welder parts, welding torches, torches, metal dies, bearings, mechanical sliding parts, heat exchanger parts, boiler parts, solar water heater parts, musical-instrument pedals, resonator pipes, musical-instrument levers and frames, kettle-drums, cymbals, audio amplifier parts, videoplayer parts, cassette player parts, CD player parts, LD player parts, adjuster knobs, equipment legs, equipment chassis, speaker corns, hot-water supply system parts, electric water heater parts, pressure-reducing valves, relief valves, room heater parts, carburetors, room cooler parts, cooling medium pipes, service valves, flare nuts, oil storage vessels, gas piping, gas nozzles, burners, pump parts, washing machine parts, pinball parts, slot machine parts, automatic vending machine parts, coin slots, coin acceptors, control board parts, printed wiring parts, switch-board electrodes, switch parts, resistor parts, power plug parts, light bulb bases, lamp holder parts, discharge electrodes, water-immersed electrodes, copper wires, battery terminals, solders, architectural fitting parts, housing wall panels, reinforcing bars, building frames, door panels, door knobs, locks, hinges, gate poles, gate doors, fences, outdoor lampshade, outdoor light poles, shutters, mailboxes, sprinklers, flexible tubes, rain-water gutters, roofs, handrails, cooker top plates,, gas cooker burners, perforated water-distributing port plates, drainage plugs, door chains, hangers, sprinkling plates, fixing metals, towel bars, chandelier parts, illumination parts, artistic ornaments, chair legs, table legs, table leaves, furniture handles, furniture rails, shelf adjustment screws, family altar parts, Buddhist statues, candlesticks, bells, camera parts, telescope parts, microscope parts, electron microscope parts, lens mounts, lens holders, wristwatch parts, wall clock parts, table clock parts, watch and clock hands, clock pendulums, parts of ball-point pens, mechanical pencil parts, scissors, cutters, binders, paper clips, drawing pins, scales, rulers, templates, magnets, document trays, telephone table parts, book ends, boring machine parts, stapler parts, pencil sharpener parts, cabinets, drain plugs, rigid PVC pipe joints, drainage ditches, elbow pipe joints, flexible joint bellows, water supply/drainage cocks, water closet joint flanges, pierced earrings, stems, spindles, ball valves, balls, sheet rings, gasket nuts, KCP joints, headers, branching cocks, flexible hoses, hose nipples, faucet bodies, faucet metal fittings, valve bodies, ball taps, stop cocks, single-function faucets, faucets with thermostat, two-valve wall faucets, skid-mounted two-valve faucets, spouts, UB elbows, mixing valves, pendants, finger rings, brooches, nameplates, tiepins, tie bars, bracelets, bag metals, clothing metals, buttons, zipper parts, hooks, belt metals, golf club parts, dumbbells, barbells, sailboat frames, trampoline frames, starting blocks, face guards for kendo, skate blades, ski edges, ski bindings, diving parts, sport gymnasium machines and equipment, bicycle chains, tent fixtures, pistol parts, rifle parts, matchlock parts, sword parts, bullets, fuel cans, paint cans, powder cans, liquid cans, gas cans, bed frames, surgical knives, endoscope parts, dental instrument parts, diagnostic instrument parts, medical operation instrument parts, therapeutic instrument parts, pliers, hammers, measures, gimlets, files, saws, nails, chisels, planes, drills, fixing tools, clams, whetstone bases, screws, bolts, nuts, machine screws, hoes, axes, shovels, cooking pots and pans, rice-cooking pots, frying pans, ladles, spoons, forks, knives, can openers, corkscrews, frying turners, frying chopsticks, hot plates, kitchen strainers, scrubbing brushes, wastebaskets. litter baskets, pails, washbowls, sprinkling cans, cups, replicas, lighters, character goods, medals, bells, hair pins, hot curler, ashtrays, flower vases, keys, coins, fishing tackles, lures, glasses frames, nail clippers, pinball balls, insect baskets, umbrellas, needle point holders (frogs), needles, pruning shears, gardening poles, gardening frames, gardening trellises, flower baskets, thimbles, garden lanterns, cash boxes, and casters.
(1) that the temperature at the time of extrusion is in the range of 480-650°C, preferably 480-600°C; and
(2) that the sectional reduction ratio at the time of extrusion is 90% or more, preferably 95% or more,
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials in one of the forms of a plate, pipe, bar, wire rod and ingot;
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are worked by any working of welding, fusion welding, soldering, bonding, heat cutting, heat working, forging, extrusion, drawing, rolling, shearing, plate forming, roll forming, form rolling, spinning, bending, leveling, high-energy rate working, powder working, cutting and grinding; and
metals, intermediate products, final products, assemblies of them, and composite products combined with other materials, which are surface-treated by any working of metal coating treatment, chemical treatment, surface hardening, nonmetallic coating and painting.
automobiles, bicycles, large and small ships, rolling stock, airplanes, spacecrafts, elevators, playground vehicles, transport equipment, construction machinery, welding machines, metal dies, roller conveyors, heat exchangers, industrial machinery, keyboard instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments, audiovisual equipment, gas and liquid controllers, home-electric equipment, sawing machines, knitting machines, playground equipment, electric outdoor equipment, electric indoor equipment, electric and electronic circuit packages, housing implements, building materials, external and internal housing fixtures, religious implements, precision machinery, optical instruments, measurement instruments, clocks and watches, writing implements, plumbing implements, valves, faucets, decorations, accessories, sports articles, weapons, cans, receptacles, medical instruments, working tools, agricultural implements, construction tools, tableware, daily household utensils, groceries, daily sundries, gardening implements, and gadgets.
transmission parts, engine parts, radiator parts, vehicle bodies, external and internal vehicle parts, driving system parts, brake parts, steering parts, air-conditioning parts, suspension parts, oil-hydraulic pump parts, ship outfit parts, instrument parts, gears, bearings, pulley, power couplings, fuel pipes, exhaust pipes, gaskets, fuel nozzles, engine blocks, machine casings, moles, door handles, wipers, meter parts, alarm parts, air nozzles, axles, wheel bases, valves, pistons, masts, screws, propellers, fans, mechanical handles, gas welder parts, arc welder parts, plasma welder parts, welding torches, torches, metal dies, bearings, mechanical sliding parts, heat exchanger parts, boiler parts, solar water heater parts, musical-instrument pedals, resonator pipes, musical-instrument levers and frames, kettle-drums, cymbals, audio amplifier parts, videoplayer parts, cassette player parts, CD player parts, LD player parts, adjuster knobs, equipment legs, equipment chassis, speaker corns, hot-water supply system parts, electric water heater parts, pressure-reducing valves, relief valves, room heater parts, carburetors, room cooler parts, cooling medium pipes, service valves, flare nuts, oil storage vessels, gas piping, gas nozzles, burners, pump parts, washing machine parts, pinball parts, slot machine parts, automatic vending machine parts, coin slots, coin acceptors, control board parts, printed wiring parts, switch-board electrodes, switch parts, resistor parts, power plug parts, light bulb bases, lamp holder parts, discharge electrodes, water-immersed electrodes, copper wires, battery terminals, solders, architectural fitting parts, housing wall panels, reinforcing bars, building frames, door panels, door knobs, locks, hinges, gate poles, gate doors, fences, outdoor lampshade, outdoor light poles, shutters, mailboxes, sprinklers, flexible tubes, rain-water gutters, roofs, handrails, cooker top plates,, gas cooker burners, perforated water-distributing port plates, drainage plugs, door chains, hangers, sprinkling plates, fixing metals, towel bars, chandelier parts, illumination parts, artistic ornaments, chair legs, table legs, table leaves, furniture handles, furniture rails, shelf adjustment screws, family altar parts, Buddhist statues, candlesticks, bells, camera parts, telescope parts, microscope parts, electron microscope parts, lens mounts, lens holders, wristwatch parts, wall clock parts, table clock parts, watch and clock hands, clock pendulums, parts of ball-point pens, mechanical pencil parts, scissors, cutters, binders, paper clips, drawing pins, scales, rulers, templates, magnets, document trays, telephone table parts, book ends, boring machine parts, stapler parts, pencil sharpener parts, cabinets, drain plugs, rigid PVC pipe joints, drainage ditches, elbow pipe joints, flexible joint bellows, water supply/drainage cocks, water closet joint flanges, pierced earrings, stems, spindles, ball valves, balls, sheet rings, gasket nuts, KCP joints, headers, branching cocks, flexible hoses, hose nipples, faucet bodies, faucet metal fittings, valve bodies, ball taps, stop cocks, single-function faucets, faucets with thermostat, two-valve wall faucets, skid-mounted two-valve faucets, spouts, UB elbows, mixing valves, pendants, finger rings, brooches, nameplates, tiepins, tie bars, bracelets, bag metals, clothing metals, buttons, zipper parts, hooks, belt metals, golf club parts, dumbbells, barbells, sailboat frames, trampoline frames, starting blocks, face guards for kendo, skate blades, ski edges, ski bindings, diving parts, sport gymnasium machines and equipment, bicycle chains, tent fixtures, pistol parts, rifle parts, matchlock parts, sword parts, bullets, fuel cans, paint cans, powder cans, liquid cans, gas cans, bed frames, surgical knives, endoscope parts, dental instrument parts, diagnostic instrument parts, medical operation instrument parts, therapeutic instrument parts, pliers, hammers, measures, gimlets, files, saws, nails, chisels, planes, drills, fixing tools, clams, whetstone bases, screws, bolts, nuts, machine screws, hoes, axes, shovels, cooking pots and pans, rice-cooking pots, frying pans, ladles, spoons, forks, knives, can openers, corkscrews, frying turners, frying chopsticks, hot plates, kitchen strainers, scrubbing brushes, wastebaskets. litter baskets, pails, washbowls, sprinkling cans, cups, replicas, lighters, character goods, medals, bells, hair pins, hot curler, ashtrays, flower vases, keys, coins, fishing tackles, lures, glasses frames, nail clippers, pinball balls, insect baskets, umbrellas, needle point holders (frogs), needles, pruning shears, gardening poles, gardening, frames, gardening trellises, flower baskets, thimbles, garden lanterns, cash boxes, and casters.
(1) that apparent Zn content in the material composition is 37-46% by wt.;
(2) that the solidification rate at the time of casting is 5×101-105K/sec, preferably 102-105K/sec; and,
(3) that the cooling rate until the temperature of the castings after solidification is lowered to 400°C or below is 5K/sec or more.
(1) that the temperature at the time of extrusion is in the range of 480-650°C, preferably 480-600°C; and
(2) that the sectional reduction ratio at the time of extrusion is 90% or more, preferably 95% or more.