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(11) | EP 1 012 415 B1 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION |
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ARRANGEMENT AT WALL SUPPORT WANDSTÜTZEINRICHTUNG AGENCEMENT DE SUPPORT DE MUR |
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| Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to the European patent granted. Notice of opposition shall be filed in a written reasoned statement. It shall not be deemed to have been filed until the opposition fee has been paid. (Art. 99(1) European Patent Convention). |
[0001] The present invention relates to an arrangement, or system, for mutually joining structural elements, such as walls, building blocks and foundation beams that include at least one load-supporting plate or slab which functions as a supporting element for overlying walls that include at least one load-supporting plate, and serving as a structural element for at least one floor structure, wherein the floor structure includes at least one load-supporting plate, or plate, preferably single-course walls with attached insulation and thin-plate floor structures on which the floor plate is laid.
This rests on the walls and can be attached elastically and provides centric loading.
The walls, in turn, load each other centrally in a vertical direction.
The structural members can be locked together by virtue of the different geometries of the attachments.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] In the construction of, e.g., cellars, split-level houses, multi-storey apartment blocks, single-family dwellings and apartment buildings from concrete elements with concrete walls and concrete floors, there are used in accordance with present-day technology insulated concrete walls together with different types of prefabricated floor constructions.
Thermal bridges are one of the problems encountered with such structures.
A comparison is made especially with single-course concrete walls to which thermal insulation is attached or which have such insulation moulded therein:
The concrete plate of the exterior wall, this concrete plate normally facing inwards, functions as a supporting means for floor structure members, and as a means for supporting overlying exterior walls, which in turn support any further storeys and also the roof of the building. The exterior wall insulation is faced outwardly and is provided with an appropriate surface coating.
Examples of known techniques:
[0003] In the case of known technology, a longitudinally extending aperture is made horizontally in the wall for receiving an intermediate floor structure.
The floor structure must not be clamped in the wall at its supported location, so as to avoid undesirable forces and moments of force that would act to twist apart both floor structure and wall.
Consequently, the wall plate is built into the wall in a curved plane which extends around and beyond the supporting member.
The lower part of respective overlying walls must be given a corresponding shape. These overlying walls may not be supported by the floor structure but shall solely load underlying walls.
[0004] The thickening of the wall concrete that results from this geometry encroaches on the insulation located outside the wall, such that this insulation will be considerably thinner than would otherwise be the case. This also results in an undesirable thermal bridge in the wall structure. Examples of this are illustrated in Figs. 28A and 28B of the present Application and also in Figs. 5 and 10 of Patent Specification SE 501752.
The floor structure is,supported on its beams. Consequently, horizontal forces due to ground pressure and/or wind loads are transmitted into the element via the undersides of the beams. when using reinforcement beams that have relatively weak flanges, it is necessary to reinforce the ends of said beams in order to handle the forces that act eccentrically in relation to the element plate. The wall is provided with a horizontal recess or aperture that accommodates the full thickness or height of the floor structure.
The aforementioned curvature that passes the concrete wall plate around the floor-structure supporting element results in an asymmetric, vertically acting load from the force that acts downwards from the overlying walls, resulting in bending and, at the same time, buckling. This has a deleterious effect on the bearing capacity of the wall.
These asymmetrical bending forces are overcome at present, by providing the concrete wall plates or plates with uniformly disposed, vertical T-beam webs. These webs typically have a c/c of 600 mm. See Fig. 28B of the present Application.
These reinforcements also encroach ono the insulation and give rise to thermal bridges. They must also be reinforced as beams, therewith increasing costs.
Cellular plastic is prepared with recesses at those locations to be filled with concrete for the T-beam webs. This work is also time-consuming and costly.
Further examples of known techniques:
[0005] Fig. 29 included in this Application is a sectional view of exterior wall connections and intermediate floor connections in accordance with Patent Application SE 9100825-0. The exterior wall has an externally located concrete supporting plate. A console-like thickening of the concrete plate serves as a floor structure supporting element.
The floor structure is supported on its concrete plate over its entire width along the wall.
Even though some form of supporting element is placed in the contact area between the wall concrete and the floor structure concrete, there is still obtained a thermal bridge of the worst kind. Firstly, the concrete extends essentially fully from the outside and into the interior of the building, and secondly there is practically no thermal insulation in that part of the wall located adjacent the floor structure supporting element and within a significant distance beneath this element. This construction also results in eccentric loading of the wall plate.
Sound transmission problems
[0006] When storeys are separated by lightweight, thin floor structures, it is difficult to achieve effective sound insulation between adjacent storeys. It is particularly difficult to insulate against impact sounds, e.g. sounds generated by walking, etc. Impact sound impulses are essentially structure-borne. It is therefore desirable to isolate the floor structure plate from the walls at the location of said supporting elements.
One problem in this regard, however, is that the floor structure and the walls must be joined together so as to obtain a stable building structure. In present-day technology, e.g. as described in Patent Application SE 9100825-0, walls and floor structures are cast together, which promotes sound transmission.
The present invention provides a solution to this problem.
Problems associated with ground pressure in building foundations.
[0007] In the case of backfilled walls, such as with split-level houses, it is difficult to achieve stability and tightness between a bottom beam for floating floor over crawl space structures, or basement floor structures, and an overlying wall when both beam and wall are heavily subjected to ground pressure.
It is desired to ensure that the horizontal loads act in the building supporting mat and intermediate floor structure plates respectively. Seen statistically, the join between bottom or base beam and wall results in a joint which makes it difficult to prevent the beam from being pressed into the building by the ground pressure. Consequently, practically all split-level buildings are constructed with ground plates or mats.
New installation and heating concepts provide significant advantages when the basement floor is a floating structure, even in these types of building.
One solution is to place the outer walls directly on a mat, without using bottom beams. However, this creates a problem with regard to the construction of a floating basement floor structure. In all events, it is necessary to use supporting beams to this end, at least at the ends of the basement floor structure. These element construction problems are also encountered in buildings that do not include backfilled walls.
The invention also provides a solution to these problems.
[0008] It is also desired to join together the structural elements of both walls and floor structures such that the building will resist settling of the surrounding earth.
The present invention also solves this problem.
[0009] An example of known technique, with this purpose, is the German patent DE 2120144. There they have put concrete slabs adjacent between rows of tunnel shaped elements. An intermediate floor is formed with help of the slabs formed by the upper parts of the tunnel elements together with said slabs. Please look at
Fig 1 (Abb 1) in the German publication.
The floor slab keeps the tunnel elements together by help of projecting parts from the floor slab fitting in recesses in the edges above the tunnel walls and by letting the slab overlap the joint between two tunnel elements.
[0010] Our invention also gets a similar function as to connect wall units, and to connect slab units by corresponding wall units. Please make a note of, which appears in the text below, that the main purpose with our invention is to eliminate the presence of thermal bridges inside cast in or fastened heat insulation of an outer wall. And to facilitate support of long spanned floor elements having extremely thin slabs, supported solely upon its said thin slabs. Furthermore it also makes possible to use very thin load supporting wall slabs without the risk of breakage of these.
OBJECTS AND MOST SIGNIFICANT CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
[0011] The object of the present invention is to improve the connection between floor structures and walls, and also to eliminate the need of thickening the wall concrete at supporting element locations, and the need for vertical T-beam webs in the load supporting walls.
Another object is to completely eliminate the presence of thermal bridges. According to the invention, the concrete plate is covered by an imperforate insulating layer of essentially uniform thickness in the absence of connections that conduct heat outwardly.
Another object of the invention is to lead vertical loads centrally into the concrete plate of said wall.
Another object of the invention is to provide solutions for connecting walls and floor structures that will enhance stability by transferring horizontally acting forces.
Still another object is to reduce the number of supporting beams required for floating basement floors.
[0012] The object of improving the attachment between floor structures and walls has been met by providing the upper edge of the concrete plate of the supporting walls and/or the bottom edge of the concrete plate of overlying walls and the ends of the floor structures with intermittently occurring recesses or embrasures that are adapted to each other and that have a form similar to the crenels between widely spaced merlons of a battlement. The configuration is also comparable with that of a joiner's splice, e.g. a dovetail joint.
An example of one embodiment:
[0013] The load-supporting wall is given a height such that the upper edge of its concrete plate will reach a level that lies slightly beneath the upper edge of the concrete plate belonging to the floor structure element, and is provided with a plurality of rectangular recesses or apertures in the upper edge of said wall plate. These recesses have a vertical height or depth that corresponds to the bottom edge of the concrete plate belonging to the floor structure element.
The concrete plate belonging to the floor structure element is given a length such that its ends will extend slightly over the concrete plate of said wall, or across the whole of said plate, e.g. up to its outer edge. The plate belonging to the floor structure is provided in the proximity of the supporting element with corresponding rectangular recesses whose depths extend at least to the inner edge of the wall plate, as seen horizontally, where remaining concrete at the ends of the floor structure element, along the wall plate, is given an extension that corresponds to the length of respective recesses in the wall plate.
[0014] The so-called toothed ends of the plate belonging to the floor structure element fit into respective recesses in the wall concrete-plate, with the supporting teeth of the floor structure plate resting on the bottoms of respective recesses in the wall plate.
The supporting forces deriving from the floor structure element are thus transferred into the wall plate essentially centrally, at the same time as an overlying wall having, e.g., a horizontal straight bottom edge rests on the upper edge of the remaining concrete of the lower wall plate without touching or loading the floor structure, and transmits load essentially centrally and vertically to the underlying wall plate. A resilient material may be placed beneath the floor structure support centrally in relation to the load supporting wall, so as to ensure that the forces deriving from the floor structure will be transferred centrally into the load supporting wall. This enables the floor structure to rotate or twist at the supporting point in both instances, in response to different intensities of useful load, without being locked and broken.
[0015] This also enables the use of floor structures that are comprised of thin plates with reinforcement beams and enables the floor structures to be placed with their thin concrete plates on the supporting elements instead of on the floor beams, without risk of the floor plate being broken as a result of being immovable.
This provides several advantages. Horizontal forces deriving from ground pressure or wind power can be readily passed into the floor structure plate, which will then be subjected to essentially centric forces in the plane of said plate. These forces can be handled with the aid of thin plate constructions, which represents a saving in material.
The sparsely-toothed supporting element enables horizontal forces to be readily transferred from long walls into said plate and into gable walls, and vice versa, so as to enhance stability.
[0016] The floor structure elements can be turned with the plate facing either upwards or downwards.
The plate is locked against the effect of separating forces and thermally induced movement, e.g. with the aid of pegs firmly embodied in recesses or apertures in the floor structure plate and corresponding elements in the upper edge of the wall plate at the location of said supporting element.
The upper and lower walls can also be fixed in a corresponding way, with the aid of pegs that have been cast in the walls plates at the locations of said supporting elements.
The toothed supporting elements on the gable and long walls lock the floor structure plate firmly thereto and also fixate the walls at their upper edges, so as to hold the walls in place and reduce the number of connections required.
Stepped recesses:
[0018] The recesses provided in the floor structure plate may also have a greater horizontal depth, so as to obtain a gap inwardly of the wall plate.
This greater depth may have a smaller length extension than the length extension of the recess along the load supporting wall, so as to form a stepped recess which functions as a supporting or fixing element with contact between the concrete plate of said wall and the floor structure plate at the ends of the recess.
The gap between wall and floor structure plate may be used to connect, e.g., electric cables to movable (or permanent) wall-mounted sockets. Alternatively, the gap may be used to conduct heating and ventilation air to the dwelling, from a hollow floor structure.
[0019] Alternative "toothed"-configurations in accordance with the invention.
The possibility of enabling a floor structure element to be placed in wall and floor-structure accommodating recesses also opens up a further, novel possibility of locking walls and floor structures effectively to one another without using the aforedescribed pegs. Alternatively, it enables the use of pegs to be restricted solely for fixing wall elements from storey to storey.
[0020] The upper sides of respective walls can be locked effectively to the short sides and long sides of respective floor structure
elements, by giving the tooth-like projections of the floor structure elements a dovetail configuration when seen in plane.
The sides of the projections are made generally vertical or inclined slightly to the vertical plane and placed towards one another in a dovetail configuration. The broadest part of the tooth-like projections constitutes the end of the floor structure or, in the present case, the outermost part of the long side of the element along the long side of the floor structure element at a load-supporting wall.
The sides of the recesses in the wall plates are given a corresponding oblique form, seen from above, such that the narrowest part of the recess faces towards the floor structure plate.
This prevents separation of the walls from the floor structure. The wall is unable to move outwards or inwards or in a lateral direction.
This provides a number of possibilities of joining walls and floor structure stably together.
One such possibility is found in forming the recesses on respective element parts with such precision as to require the floor structure to be simply offered to and placed in position on the wall plate.
[0021] Another possibility resides in pouring jointing composition in the space present between the sides, or flanks, of tooth-like projections of the wall and floor structure elements.
[0022] Still a further possibility is one providing joint elasticity and sound damping properties.
Inserts are fitted between the sides of the tooth-like projections of the wall elements and the floor structure elements, instead of the aforementioned jointing composition. The inserts may be made of a resilient material and may be given mutually different thicknesses, so as to allow the clearance to vary somewhat.
By leaving a gap above the floor plate and inserting resilient inserts at the sides of the gap and beneath the supporting element, there has been created an elastic joint, which is a prerequisite for sound reduction. At the same time, there was also created an effective bond between long walls and gable walls, such as to achieve a stable structure. The floor structure elements are joined together in a conventional manner to achieve a plate action.
[0023] To facilitate transportation, the wall elements and floor elements will conveniently have a width of 2.4 m. This width has been chosen by way of example, because it fits a module system of 0.3 m. The figure of 2.4 can be "evenly divided" by 8, 6, 4, 3 and 2, thereby providing a number of possible combinations that do not include odd measurements.
A floor structure element that includes reinforcement beams that face downwards can be given a sparser beam pitch than when the beams face upwards, typically a centre-to-centre pitch of 600 mm, which is necessary to give support to a floor plate.
A floor structure element having a width of 2400 mm and with the beams facing downwards and provided with three reinforcement beams will normally give a pitch, or spacing, of 400+800+800+400=2400, so that the floor structure will have a pitch of c/c 800 mm subsequent to being fitted.
If the beams are given instead a pitch of 300+900+900+300=2400 mm, as in the case of the present invention, the outer beams of adjacent elements will be closer together, at a distance of 600 mm. This alternative spacing, or pitch, provides other advantages.
Because the beams lie closer to the edge of the long side of the element plate, the console formed by the floor plate from a loading aspect upon contact with adjacent elements will be shorter. This increases rigidity in respect to load transmission and also provides a stiffer connection between the elements and therewith results in a dynamically more stable floor structure. The element is also more rigid to torsional forces and will therefore have greater resistance to oscillatory forces.
[0024] This alternative also has another favourable effect.
When both walls and the floor structure elements are given a width of 2.4 m in the above example and placed centrally of one another (c.f. Figs. 3b and 4), the beam pitch of 900 mm enables two broad recesses to be made in the floor structure plate between the floor supports. According to the invention, the tooth-like projections on the plate belonging to the supporting wall are located in these recesses. These projections constitute supports for the overlying walls.
Each such wall plate is supported symmetrically by two supporting elements, which is ideal from the aspect of installation. These surfaces are sufficiently large to enable a building that has at least four storeys to be constructed.
In the case of a building-partitioning design, the floor structure plate is made thicker than in the aforedescribed example for sound reduction purposes, therewith enabling the load supporting tooth-like projections to be made narrower and thus provide room for longer tooth-like projections on the wall elements so as to manage greater loads.
It will be observed that the possibility of constructing buildings of this height is because all loads attack the wall plates centrally, in accordance with the solutions provided by the present invention.
[0025] Offset pitch with respect to floor structures vis-a-vis walls:
The invention also provides an advantageous method of fixing and locking the various element parts. Consider a load-supporting wall for the floor structure illustrated in Fig. 3A and Fig. 4. If the joints of the wall elements in the above example are displaced, e.g., a half pitch in relation to the floor structure elements, such that the wall joints will be located centrally beneath the centres of respective floor structure elements, the wall elements will lock the floor structure elements, and vice versa.
The floor structure joints will be located centrally of a wall element and between two tooth-like projections of the wall element.
In turn, the outer tooth-like projections of a floor structure element will hold two wall elements in place and prevent these wall elements from moving apart.
The edges of the floor structure lock respective wall elements in the same way. See Fig. 2 and Fig. 4.
[0026] The above solution in which supporting elements are obtained with tooth-like projections can, of course, be achieved by providing both the floor structure plate and the overlying wall plate with recesses and by providing the underlying wall plate with a straight upper side or with corresponding tooth-like projections of smaller depth.
The contact surfaces of the upper and lower walls between the supporting surfaces of the floor structure can also be made in several mutually adapted levels, to avoid horizontal displacement and to enable the transmission of horizontal forces.
[0027] The invention also enables the cost entailed by supporting floating floor structure elements in a basement floor, when, e.g., desiring to provide an installation space therebeneath as with a floor over crawl space construction.
According to the above, it is also desired to reduce the number of wall joints and therewith place the exterior walls directly on a load supporting mat or like means.
Figs. 7 and 8 are sectional views of the load-supporting walls of a semi-detached house or terraced houses with partitioning walls. Figs. 9A and 11B show where the sections are taken.
In accordance with the present invention, the basement floor support (Fig. 8) is disposed in recesses provided in the wall plate instead of supporting the floor structure on a support beam. Although this supporting method can also be applied at the other end of the floor structure, the following method is more realistic in practice:
Installation is commenced by laying the support beam shown in Fig. 7. The first element in the sectioned wall in Fig. 8 is then raised and supported on the side or outside the house shell.
The floor structure element is lifted into position with its right end somewhat lower than its left end (as seen in the drawing). The right end of said element is inserted into the recesses and the element then lowered into position, first onto the bottoms of respective recesses and then down onto the support beam, which is made of concrete in the illustrated case.
When wishing to mount the first intermediate floor element already in this stage, the wall element in Fig. 7 is lifted.
Both walls can now be braced in a conventional manner against the floor element and the intermediate floor element fitted in place. The next floor element is fitted in the same way. These following elements can be supported initially in those elements that have already been fitted.
This simple procedure requires only one support beam at one end of the floor structure. No supports are required along the long sides of the floor elements, therewith obviating the need of support beams at these positions. When the intermediate floor structure is to be supported by the "long side elements" of the walls, these elements are placed in position prior to the intermediate floor structure.
The elements shown in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11A may also be replaced with a single element according to Fig. 11C. This element can be transported horizontally or while standing on its long side. The position in which the element is transported will be decided by prevailing handling possibilities. Although the drawings show a two-storey building, it will be understood that the elements may also be used in the construction of a three-storey building if so desired.
The supporting capacity of the wall element with respect to vertical loads has also been greatly increased, since the regions between the recesses consist of non-jointed concrete and because said regions can be pressure-reinforced.
[0028] Alternative wall element geometry in respect of average ceiling heights
In the case of ceiling heights of 2.4-2.5 m, for instance, the height of the wall elements having toothed top and bottom sides will be about 2500+400+-80<=3000 mm.
Elements having a width of 3 m can be transported on the platform of a truck in the majority of I-countries with special permission. When the elements are transported whilst resting on one edge, the total height of the vehicle will be about 4350 mm. This requires a free height of about 4.5 m, such free heights being found along the major roads and highways of I-countries in accordance with the aforegoing, although not in the Eastern European countries. Figs. 12 and 15 illustrate the arrangement of tooth-like projections for the mutual connection of the various structural elements according to the invention. This solution permits the use of typical bottom beams and in the illustrated example in a two-storey building, typical upper storey wall elements with straight top and bottom edge surfaces. It will be observed that the connection of a sealing house bottom fabric, see Fig. 13, can be effectively achieved with a clamping joint despite the toothed element connections. The inverted arrangement of the wall tooth-like projections enables the upper side of the bottom beam to be made straight, in accordance with the invention.
Keyhole
[0029] The support surfaces in the recesses in the wall elements have also been further developed in the this invention.
In the embodiments mentioned above, pegs and recesses have been used for fixating the various element parts. However, simpler, more effective fastening and resilient supporting of respective elements is also desired in this method of using recessed supports.
Figs. 22A and 22B illustrate the supporting projections of a floor structure having dovetail-shaped supporting projections seen in plane, and corresponding recesses in a wall element.
The illustrated wall recess is slightly higher than double the thickness of the support projections and on a level with respective, different plane cross-sections. The upper level has a width which slightly exceeds the greatest width of the support projections, or teeth. The side surfaces, or flank surfaces, of the lower level are adapted to the side surfaces, or flank surfaces, of the support projections.
The recesses obtain a keyhole configuration as seen from the side of the floor structure.
A resilient support insert can be placed in the bottom of the supporting element.
Fig. 22A shows the insertion of an insert down between said side surfaces after fitting the floor structure.
The aforementioned advantages obtained with a dovetail-shaped support element apply in other respects. Other forms of supporting teeth are conceivable. For instance, the teeth may have a T-shape or the side surfaces thereof may be curved when seen from above, with the broadest part innermost in the wall element support.
Jointing and locking vertical wall element parts
[0030] It is very important that the jointing composition between the vertical force-transmitting contact points fills-out the entire surface area and does not run out of the joints when casting, and that said jointing composition will not crumble as a result of movement in the contact surfaces of unevenly heated element parts, for instance.
Fig. 23B is a perspective view of part of the upper portion of a wall plate where the tooth projections of the wall plate have been provided with a recess for retaining jointing composition in the joints. The overlying, upstanding wall element may include a correspondingly adapted recess or a longitudinally extending groove in its bottom edge surface.
The concept is to prevent the bottom and top walls from meeting in a fully sealing connection, but the jointing composition should be squeezed between the opposing top and bottom surfaces, such that the jointing composition will completely fill the cavity and excess compound will seep out through the gap between said element parts. The distance between the wall parts is defined, e.g., by plastic spacing blocks which in assembly are placed on flat surfaces and function to support the element until the jointing composition hardens. This results in a strong joint with good abutment, whilst locking the element parts together, since the jointing composition functions as a locking spring and prevents relative horizontal movement between the parts of said wall elements.
Progressive collapse
[0031] In the case of tall buildings, high-rise buildings, and unsafe fundamental conditions, and when wishing to ensure that the wall elements will not separate when the floor element attachments are highly elastic, the invention provides the possibility of casting a reinforcement readily around the upper edges of respective wall elements.
[0032] In the embodiment illustrated in Figs. 24 and 26A, the insulation has been recessed to provide a groove by means of which a reinforcement can be cast when fitting a prefab. Because the wall plate is not built into the insulation in the case of the present invention, this groove or channel can be placed immediately outside the wall plate. The cross-section dimensions of the channel are determined by the requisite covering concrete layer. This cross-sectional measurement is about 80 mm in the case of a reinforcement rod measuring 12 mm. Although this presents a thermal bridge that must be accepted, the thermal bridge is relatively moderate in comparison with bridges that are created in other present day constructions.
[0033] The main features of the present invention are set forth in the independent Claims, whereas features of further developments of the invention are set forth in the dependent Claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0034]
Fig. 1A illustrates the bottom part of a wall that comprises several juxtaposed element parts. Alternative to the spacing of the elements shown in Fig. 1B.
Fig. 1B illustrates the bottom part of a wall that comprises several juxtaposed element parts. The bottom edge is straight and is intended to lie on the top edge of an underlying wall element in accordance with Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 illustrates the top part of a wall comprised of several juxtaposed element parts. The top part of the wall includes, in accordance with the invention, recesses that co-act with the long side of the plate belonging to the outermost floor structure elements in Fig. 4.
Fig. 3A illustrates the top part of a wall which comprises several juxtaposed element parts. The wall is shown turned through 90 degrees. Alternative spacing of the elements shown in Fig. 3B.
Fig. 3B illustrates the top part of a wall comprising several juxtaposed element parts. The top part of the wall is provided with recesses that co-act with the end sides of the plates belonging to the floor structure elements in Fig. 4. The wall is shown turned through 90 degrees in order to illustrate its co-action with the floor structure elements in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4 is a plane view of a number of floor structure elements that consist of a thin plate or sheet provided with reinforcement beams in a lattice configuration. The ends of the plate include recesses, in accordance with the invention, that co-act with the upper sides of the wall element shown in Fig. 3. The recesses in the gable plate are adapted for co-action with the upper sides of the wall elements in Fig. 2.
Fig. 5 is a perspective view of an inner floor structure element according to Fig. 4 having end-located recesses in accordance with the invention.
Fig. 6 is a perspective view of the upper part of a wall element according to Fig. 2 and Fig. 3B with recesses in the upper end of the supporting plate of said element. Insulation mounted on the outside of an exterior wall is indicated in chain lines.
Fig. 7 is a sectional view of a building with the exterior wall similar to Fig. 9. The plate belonging to the intermediate floor structure is placed on the upper edge of the concrete plate belonging to the exterior wall. The basement floor structure rests on a separate foundation beam on so-called mats. The section is taken on the line A-A in Fig. 9.
Fig. 8 is a sectioned view of the building taken together with the view in Fig. 7, and shows the partition wall of the neighbouring building similar to Figs. 10, 11A and 11B. The plate belonging to the intermediate floor structure is placed on the upper edge of the concrete plate belonging to the partition wall. The ends of the plate belonging to the basement floor structure are inserted into recesses in the plate belonging to respective wall elements. The section is taken on the line B-B in Fig. 11B.
Fig. 9A illustrates the wall of Fig. 7 consisting of several element parts. The bottom edge of the wall element of the upper storey is straight and intended to rest on the upper edge of the wall elements of the storey below, the upper parts of these wall elements being provided with recesses in accordance with the invention. The ceiling of the lower storey is shown beneath the intermediate floor structure. Section A-A, see Fig. 7.
Fig. 9B shows the floor structure elements mounted in position. The basement floor structure rests on a foundation beam according to Fig. 7.
Fig. 10 shows the wall elements of the upper storey during fitting of said elements. The basement floor structure and the intermediate floor structure shall be mounted in position first.
Fig. 11A illustrates a wall element according to Fig. 8 belonging to the bottom storey and having a height adapted to stand on mats or a sole plate and extending to the upper storey so as to support the intermediate floor structure. Recesses are provided for supporting the basement floor structure on a level with the plate of said basement floor structure.
Fig. 11B illustrates a fitted prefabricated element according to Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 10 and Fig. 11A in a two-storey building. Section B-B, see Fig. 8.
Fig. 11C shows a wall element in one piece from the foundation to the roof of a building, provided with recesses for supporting both the basement floor structure and the intermediate floor structure. The false ceiling is indicated at the top edge of the upper wall.
Fig. 12A is a sectioned view of a building with the exterior wall similar to that in Fig. 15. The plate belonging to the intermediate floor structure is supported on the upper edge of the concrete plate belonging to the exterior wall. The toothed ends of the basement floor structure rest on a separate foundation beam that has a straight top edge surface. Section C-C, see Fig. 15.
Fig. 12B is a sectioned view of the building in Fig. 12A and shows a double apartment-partition wall. The toothed plate of the intermediate floor structure is supported on the top edge surface of the concrete plate belonging to the partition wall. The basement floor structure rests on a foundation beam which is shared commonly with the neighbouring apartment and which has a straight top edge.
Fig. 13 is a sectioned view of part of the T-shaped foundation beam shown in Fig. 12A. The Figure shows how a tarpaulin-like fabric that seals the building from beneath can be readily connected in spite of the toothed supports according to the invention, and used in the connection between wall elements and floor structure elements. The wall elements are constructed in accordance with Fig. 15.
Fig. 14 is a cross-sectional view of one of the floor structure elements used in the illustrated embodiments, with a beam pitch or spacing of 300, 900, 900, 300 mm.
Fig. 15A illustrates the walls shown in Fig. 12. The wall elements of both storeys are comprised of horizontally extending parts. The bottom edges of respective upper storey wall elements are straight and are intended to rest on the upper edges of the upper sides of the lower storey, in accordance with the invention. The wall elements of the bottom storey have tooth-like projections on their respective top and bottom side surfaces. The recesses defined between these projections provide the supporting tooth-like projections of respective floor structures. Section D-D, see Fig. 12 (and Fig. 13).
Fig. 16 illustrates the bottom part of a wall element that has a straight bottom edge which is intended to rest on the element shown in Fig. 17A.
Fig. 17A shows the upper part of a wall element that includes recesses in the upper edge adapted to the thickness of a floor structure plate. The wall element shown in Fig. 16 forms an upper lomit of the recess.
Fig. 17B shows the connection between an upper and a lower element with the dividing plane located centrally in the recesses for the floor structure plate, for locking of the upper and lower elements with the aid of the recesses in the floor structure plate, formed in the manner shown in Figs. 20A. 20C and 21B.
Fig. 17C shows a wall element connection with tooth-like projections in the bottom edge of the upper wall element. The top edge of the lower wall element is straight.
Fig . 18A illustrates in plane part of the upper edge of a wall element. The recesses have straight side surfaces and are adapted for co-action with the floor structure element shown in Fig. 18B and Fig. 18C. The upper edges of the wall element are cross-hatched. The bottom of respective recesses includes a locking peg accommodating opening.
Fig. 18B shows in plane the end of the plate of a floor structure element provided with recesses for co-action with the wall plate shown in Fig. 18A. The supporting tooth of the element includes a locking peg accommodating opening.
Fig. 18C shows in plane one end of the plate of a floor structure element provided with recesses for co-action with the wall plate shown in Fig. 18A. Recess with supportive shoulders. C.f. also Fig. 21A.
Fig. 19A shows in plane part of the upper edge of a wall element. The recesses have oblique side surfaces adapted for co-action with floor structure elements according to Fig. 19B and Fig. 19C. The upper edges of the wall element are crossed. The bottom of respective recesses includes a locking peg receiving opening.
Fig. 19B shows in plane one end of the plate of a floor structure element that includes recesses having oblique side surfaces adapted for co-action with the wall plate shown in Fig. 19A. The supporting tooth of the element includes a locking peg receiving opening.
Fig. 19C shows in plane one end of the plates of a floor structure element that includes recesses adapted for coaction with the wall plate shown in Fig. 19A. The recess includes shoulders that function to fixate the inner edge of the wall element plate of the Fig. 19A embodiment.
Fig. 20A is a sectioned view of a recess for supporting a floor structure element. The recess is constructed at levels to produce a keyhole-like opening that has different geometries in its vertical direction.
Fig. 20B is, in principle, similar to Fig. but with the element being shown in the absence of a wall.
Fig. 20C is, in principle, similar to Fig. 19C but with the element being shown in the absence of a wall.
Fig. 21A illustrates in perspective a recess 16 that has oblique sides 22 and shoulders 23 in accordance with Fig. 18C.
Fig. 21B is a perspective view of a recess configured in accordance with Fig. 19C.
Fig. 22A is a perspective view of one end of the recesses and supporting tooth-like projections of a floor structure element, said recesses and projections having oblique side surfaces and shoulders in accordance with Fig. 20C. Inserts are adapted to and inserted down between the oblique side surfaces of the wall recesses and tooth-like projections of the floor structure, for fixing purposes.
Fig. 22B is a perspective view of a recess for supporting a floor structure element. Recess on levels with a keyhole-like opening that has different geometries in a vertical direction.
Fig. 23A is a perspective view of part of the upper portion of a wall plate, where the uppermost portion of the wall plate has an additional level for fixating the wall element standing above said portion.
Fig. 23B is a perspective view of part of the upper portion of a wall plate, where the uppermost portion of said wall plate is recessed at 39 so as to retain jointing composition.
Fig. 24A is a vertical section view showing the plate of a floor structure element resting on the wall plate, and also showing a recess for fixating the floor structure element to the wall element in which a peg has been embodied. The Figure also shows a channel in the form of a ditch-like recess formed in the inner part of the wall insulation in the upper edge thereof, for casting a reinforced beam string subsequent to mounting the floor structure.
Fig. 24B illustrates part of the support and the reinforcing string shown in Fig. 20A.
Fig. 25A is a vertical sectional view that shows the supporting tooth-like projections of a floor structure element resting on the wall plate with a clearance beneath and above the element plate that enables turning movement.
Fig. 25B illustrates part of the plate support shown in Fig. 25A.
Fig. 25C illustrates the play or clearance between the wall and a beam flange.
Fig. 26A illustrates in plane part of the upper portion of a wall that consists of several element parts. A cast reinforced string is shown in hatch. Detailed sections, see Fig. 20. Parts of different embodiments of milled grooves 37 for affixing the insulation 8.
Fig. 26B illustrates in plane part of a floor structure element which is intended to be mounted on the wall shown in Fig. 21A.
Fig. 27A is an enlarged view of part of a floor structure element shown in Fig. 7 or in Fig. 12 resting on its supporting tooth-like projections on the wall plate with clearance beneath and above the element plate to allow turning movement.
Fig. 27B shows part of the plate support shown in Fig. 27A.
Fig. 27C shows a clearance between the wall and a beam flange.
Fig. 28A illustrates an example of a known technique. The Figure shows in section the connection of a cellar wall and an intermediate floor structure and the wall of an upper storey.
Fig. 28B illustrates an example of a known technique. The Figure shows exterior walls and intermediate floor structures according to Fig. 28A. Also shown in the Figure are T-beam webs for strengthening the concrete wall plate.
Fig. 29 illustrates an example of a known technique and illustrates in section connections of exterior walls and intermediate floor structures according to Swedish Patent Application SE 9100825-0.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLIFYING EMBODIMENTS
[0035]
Fig. 1A is a schematic illustration of a bottom part of a wall structure that includes
several wall elements in juxtaposed relationship, with a load supporting plate 1,
a concrete plate. Several element parts are located side-by-side.
The bottom edge 11 is straight and is intended to stand on the upper edge 12 of respective
underlying wall elements 2 constructed in accordance with Fig. 2. Alternative to the
element spacing or pitch in Fig. 1B.
Fig. 1B illustrates the lower part of a wall which includes several element parts 1 in juxtaposed relationship. The bottom edge 11 is straight and is intended to stand on the upper edge 12 of respective underlying wall elements 2, in accordance with Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 illustrates the upper part 12 of a wall 2 that comprises several element parts in juxtaposed relationship. In accordance with the invention, the upper wall-part 12 includes recesses 14 adapted to the long side of the plate belonging to the outermost floor structure element shown in Fig. 4. The tooth-like wall projections extend over the tooth-like projections of the floor structure and beneath the wall supporting plate 2, so as to support an overlying wall on its supporting plate 1. The thickness of the floor structure plate is indicated with chain lines on a level with the recesses. A false ceiling 38 is indicated in the bottom edge of the floor structure.
Fig. 3A illustrates the upper part of a wall that comprises several element parts in juxtaposed relationship. The wall is shown turned through an angle of 90 degrees. Alternative to the spacing or pitch of the wall elements in Fig. 3B.
Fig. 3B illustrates the upper part of an underlying wall 2 that comprises several element parts in juxtaposed relationship. The upper part is provided with recesses 14 that are adapted to the end-related supporting teeth 14 of the plates belonging to the floor structure elements shown in Fig. 4. The wall is shown turned through 90 degrees, so as to illustrate its coaction with the floor structure elements 4, 5 in Fig. 4. The floor structure plate is indicated with chain lines.
Fig. 4 illustrates from above a number of floor structure elements 4, 5 comprised of a thin plate that includes reinforcement beams 6 in a lattice configuration. The ends of said plate are provided with recesses 16 which, in accordance with the invention, coact with tooth-like projections 13 on the upper sides of respective wall elements shown in Fig. 3. Recesses 16 provided along the sides of said elements 4, 5 are adapted for coaction with the upper sides of the wall elements shown in Fig. 2. The inner sides of said walls are indicated with chain lines.
Fig. 5 is a perspective view of an inner floor structure element 4, 5 according to Fig. 4, with recesses 16 provided at the ends thereof, said recesses being adapted to coact with the tooth-like projections 13 of the wall shown in Fig. 6. The load supporting projections 15 defined between the recesses in the floor structure plate are adapted for coaction with the recesses 14 in the load supporting wall of Fig. 6, in accordance with the invention.
Fig. 6 is a perspective view of the upper part of a wall element 2 according to Figs. 2 and 3B or according to Fig. 5, with recesses 14 and tooth-like projections 13 in the upper end of the supporting plate 2 belonging to said element. Insulation 8 mounted on the outside of an exterior wall is indicated with chain lines.
Fig. 7 illustrates a section of a building where the exterior wall 1, 2 is comprised of several element parts 1, 2, similar to Fig. 9. The intermediate floor structure 5 is placed with the supporting tooth-like projections of its plate resting on the upper edge of the concrete plate belonging to said exterior wall. The basement floor structure 4 rests on a separate foundation beam 9. The exterior wall 2 and the edge beam 8 rest on ground mats. Section A-A, see Fig. 9.
Fig. 8 illustrates a section of a building together with Fig. 7, where the partitioned wall that separates the building 7 from the building 8 is comprised of several element parts 1, 2, similar to Figs. 10, 11A and 11B. The intermediate floor structure 5 is placed with the supporting tooth-like projections 15 of its plate resting on the upper edge of the recesses provided in the concrete plate belonging to said partition wall. The basement floor structure 4 is supported with the ends of its plate inserted into apertures 20 in the wall element plate 2. Section B-B, see Fig. 11B.
Fig. 9A illustrates the wall of Fig. 7 comprising several element parts. The bottom edge of the wall element 1 of the upper storey is straight and is intended to stand on the upper edges 13 of respective wall elements 2 belonging to the lower storey, these upper edges being provided with recesses 14 in accordance with the invention. Section A-A in Fig. 7.
Fig. 9B shows floor structure elements 4, 5 mounted in position, with the basement floor structure 4 resting on a foundation beam 9 in accordance with the Fig. 7 illustration.
Fig. 10 shows the wall elements of the upper storey 1 during fitting of said elements. The basement floor structure 4 and the intermediate floor structure 5 shall be mounted in position first.
Fig. 11A illustrates a bottom storey wall element 2 according to Fig. 8, whose height is adapted such as to enable said wall element to stand on so-called mats or base plates and reach to the upper storey and there support the intermediate floor structure 5. With the intention of eliminating the requirement of foundation beams for supporting the basement floor structure, recesses 20 have been provided in the wall element 2 on a level with the basement floor structure plate, for mounting said basement. floor structure. The height of the recesses, or apertures 20, has been made slightly greater than the thickness of the floor structure plate, in order to facilitate instalment and fixing of the floor structure 4 to the wall 2. These apertures are covered by skirting boards in the finished building.
Fig. 11B shows a prefabricated element fitted in a two-storey building with the false ceilings 33 being indicated at the upper edge of the upper wall 1 and beneath the intermediate floor structure 5. Section B-B, see Fig. 8.
Fig. 11C illustrates a single-piece wall element 33 that extends from the building foundation to the roof of said building and provided with apertures 20 for supporting both the basement floor structure and the intermediate floor structure.
Fig. 12A illustrates a section of a building where the exterior wall consists of several element parts 1, 2 similar to Fig. 15. The intermediate floor structure 5 is supported with its plate resting on the upper edge surface of respective apertures or recesses formed in the concrete plate belonging to the exterior wall. The basement floor structure 4 has teeth-like projections at the ends thereof and rests on a separate foundation beam 10, whose inner web coincides with the wall 2 of the lower storey. The foundation beam has a straight upper edge and has a broader base for stability and surface pressure. The exterior wall 2 of the lower storey in accordance with section C-C in Fig. 15.
Fig. 12B shows a section of the building in Fig. 12A, and also shows an apartment-separating, double partition wall 1, 2. The intermediate floor structure 5 is supported by its toothed plate 15 on the upper edge of the surface of the apertures or recesses 14 provided in the concrete plate belonging to said partition wall. The basement floor structure 4 rests on a foundation beam 10 which is common to the two buildings and which has a straight upper edge surface.
Fig. 13 is a sectioned view of part of the T-shaped foundation beam 10 shown in Fig. 12A. The vertical part or plate forms a supporting member 2 for the floor structure and the supporting member 1 of the overlying wall, this supporting member having the form of a concrete plate with a toothed bottom part in the illustrated case. See Fig. 15. The Figure. shows how a tarpaulin-like cloth 34 can be mounted in the connection between wall element and floor structure element so as to seal the bottom of the building, despite the tooth-like projections of the supporting means. The wall elements 1, 2 are constructed in accordance with Fig. 15. Ground insulation 36 is placed beneath the cloth 34.
Fig. 14 is a cross-sectional view of one of the floor structure elements 4, 5 used in the present examples. Reinforcing beams 6.
Figs. 15A and 15B are respective illustrations of the walls shown in Fig. 12. The wall elements of both storeys consist of horizontal, elongated parts. The bottom edge of the wall element 1 of the upper storey is straight, as shown at 11, and is intended to stand on the supporting tooth-like projections 13 on the upper side of the supporting element 2 of the lower storey, in accordance with the invention. The wall element 2 of the bottom storey is provided with tooth-like elements 13 on both its top and bottom sides. The recesses 14 between these tooth-like projections accommodate the supporting tooth-like projections 15 of respective floor structures. Shown in the Figures are openings 18 for receiving wall pegs 17. Section D-D, see Fig. 12 (and Fig. 13). The foundation beam forms means 2 for supporting basement floor structures and means 1 for supporting overlying walls.
Fig. 16 illustrates the bottom part of a wall element that has a straight bottom edge 11 and is intended to rest on the element 2 in Fig. 17A.
Fig. 17A shows the upper part of a wall element 2 whose upper edge includes recesses 14 adapted to the thickness of a floor structure plate. The wall element shown in Fig. 16 forms an upper limit of the recess.
Fig. 17B illustrates the connection between a top and a bottom element having tooth-like projections 13 in both the bottom edge of the upper element 1 and the top edge of the lower element 2. The dividing plane is shown centrally in the recesses 13 of the floor structure plate. When the wall recesses 14 are given oblique side surfaces 21, e.g. in accordance with Fig. 19A, and the supporting tooth-like projections 15 in the floor structure plate are given a dovetail configuration in accordance with Figs. 20B and 20C, the top and bottom elements 1, 2 will be locked with the aid of said recesses while obviating the need or anchoring pegs.
Fig. 17C shows a wall element connection with tooth-like projections on the bottom edge of the upper wall element. The top edge of the lower wall element 2 is straight.
Fig. 18A illustrates from above part of the upper edge of a wall element. The recesses 19 have straight side surfaces and are adapted for coaction with floor structure elements according to Figs. 18B and 18C. The tooth-like projections 13 of the top edges of the wall element are marked with a cross. An opening 19 for receiving a locking peg 17 is shown at the bottom of the recess 14.
Fig. 18B illustrates from above the end of a plate belonging to a floor structure element and having supporting tooth-like projections 15 adapted for coaction with the recesses 14 in the wall plate shown in Fig. 18A. As will be seen from the Figure, the supporting tooth-like projection of the element includes an opening for receiving a locking peg. The recess has a depth adapted to leave a gap 24 adjacent the wall.
Fig. 18C illustrates from above the end of the plate of a floor structure element that includes recesses adapted for co-action with the wall plate shown in Fig. 18A. The recesses include shoulders 23 for fixing against the inner edge of the wall element plate shown in Fig. 18A. C.f. also Fig. 21A.
Fig. 19A shows part of the upper edge of a wall element from above. The recesses have oblique sides and are adapted to co-act with the supporting tooth-like projections 14 of the floor structure element, said projections having a dovetail shape in accordance with Figs. 19B and 19C. The upper edges of the wall element are marked with a cross. A locking peg receiving opening 19 is provided in the bottom of the recess.
Fig. 19B shows from above the end of the plate of a floor structure element that includes recesses with oblique sides for co-action with the wall plate shown in Fig. 19A. The depth is adapted to provide a gap 24 adjacent the wall. The elements are fixated by means of locking pegs 17.
Fig. 19C shows from above the end of the plate of a floor structure element that includes recesses for co-action with the wall plate shown in Fig. 19A. The recess includes shoulders 24 for fixing against the inner edge of the wall element plate shown in Fig. 19A.
Fig. 20A is a sectioned view through a wall element on a level with the recesses for
supporting floor structure elements. The recess is stepped at different levels, see
Fig. 22B, and has the configuration of a keyhole opening with different geometries
in a vertical direction.
In principle, Fig. 20B is similar to Fig. 19B but with the element being shown in
the absence of a wall.
Fig. 20C is in principle similar to the embodiment shown in Fig. 19C, but with the element shown in the absence of a wall.
Fig. 21A illustrates in perspective a recess 16 that has oblique sides 22 and shoulders 23 in accordance with Fig. 18C.
Fig. 21B illustrates in perspective a recess 16 that has oblique sides 22 and shoulders 23 in accordance with Fig. 19C.
Fig. 22A is a perspective view of the end of a floor structure element having recesses 16 and supporting tooth-like projections 15 with oblique side surfaces 22 and shoulders 23 according to Fig. 20C. The floor structure is locked to the wall with the aid of two inserts 25 which are adapted to be fitted in and inserted down between the oblique sides of the recesses 14, 20 and the floor structure supporting tooth-like projections 15.
Fig. 22B is a perspective view of an aperture 20 for supporting a floor structure element. The aperture is comprised of levels 27, 28 with a keyhole-like opening that has different geometries in a vertical direction. The upper part 28 of the aperture has straight sides so as to be able to accommodate the oblique sides 22 of the tooth-like projections 15 of a floor structure element in assembly. The bottom part 27 of the aperture has oblique sides 21 with the broadest part of the bottom part of said aperture innermost and the narrow part facing towards the floor structure element, for co-action with tooth-like projections 15 of the floor structure element configured in accordance with Figs. 20B or 20C and Fig. 22A. When the supporting tooth-like projection 15 of the floor structure has been lowered down into the bottom part 27 of said aperture, the tooth-like projection is unable to move outwards due to the fact that the wall opening is smaller than the wider part of said projection. When the tooth-like projection of a floor structure is configured in accordance with Fig. 20C, the floor structure element is unable to move either outwards or inwards in the aperture 20.
Fig. 23A is a perspective view of parts of the upper portion of a wall plate 2, where the tooth-like projections 13 of the wall plate have been given an extra level 26 for securing a wall element 1 standing on said wall plate and having corresponding recesses in its bottom edge surface.
Fig. 23B is a perspective view of part of the upper portion of a wall plate 2 where the tooth-like projection of said plate includes a recess 39 for retaining jointing composition in the joint. The wall element 1 standing on the wall plate may have a corresponding recess or groove in its bottom surface for securing the wall element portions against temperature-induced movements, etc., as an alternative to using pegs.
Fig. 24A is a vertical sectional view of a floor structure element 5 resting on a supporting tooth-like projection 15 on the wall plate. Also shown in the Figure is an opening for receiving a peg 17 cast in the wall element and functioning to secure the floor structure element. The Figure also shows a channel 31 formed in the upper edge of the inner part of the wall insulation 8, in which a reinforced beam string 32 is cast after fitting the floor structure. The reinforced string can be cast around the entire building and functions to reinforce the prefabricated construction against so-called progressive collapse. This solution proposed in accordance with the invention satisfies official requirements in the case of certain building applications. If the wall elements have no joints or splices or if such joints or splices are widely spaced, the channels can be positioned locally adjacent these joints or splices and anchored to the wall elements with precast anchoring bars.
Fig. 24B shows part of the support and the reinforcement string shown in Fig. 24A. The Figure also shows a pad 29 beneath the supporting tooth-like projection 15.
Fig. 25A is a vertical section view of a floor structure element 5 and shows the tooth-like projections 15 of said element resting on the bottom of a recess in an underlying wall plate. The Figure also shows the presence of horizontal gaps that provide a clearance 30 beneath and above the element plate so as to allow said plate to turn when subjected to load without risk of the plate fracturing. The overlying wall element has a straight bottom surface and the lowermost supporting surface 3 is comprised of a sill or batten of a wooden studwork structure.
Fig. 25B illustrates part of the plate support according to Fig. 25A. The plate rests on a resilient pad 29. This also acts to centre the load onto the centre of the wall plate 2.
Fig. 25C is a detailed view of a gap or clearance 30 provided between the wall 2 and a beam flange 7 so as to avoid contact with a flange that is not suited for transferring horizontal forces.
Fig. 26A illustrates from above the upper part of a wall 2 that consists of several wall elements, or in the illustrated case a foundation beam 10 consisting of several parts. A cast reinforced string 32 is shown in cross-hatch. Detailed sections, see Fig. 24.
Fig. 26B illustrates from above part of a floor structure element 4, 5 intended to be mounted on the wall 2 or on the foundation beam 10 shown in Fig. 26A.
Fig. 27A is an enlarged view of part of the support of a floor structure element whose supporting tooth-like projections rest on the wall plate with a clearance beneath and above the element plate to provide an angular turning facility.
Fig. 27B illustrates part of the plate support shown in Fig. 27A.
Fig. 27C illustrates a clearance between the wall and a beam flange 7.
An element that includes plates with homogenous reinforcement beams, e.g. so-called TT-cassettes.
Or prefabricated plate-like reinforced cast bottoms, so-called Filigranelement with on-site cast concrete on top, where the prefabricated plate includes supporting tooth-like projections in accordance with the invention.
On-site cast homogenous floor structure plates, cast on moulds or forms, can also be joined to the supporting walls provided with recesses in accordance with the invention.
The described and illustrated embodiments solely include walls and foundation beams that include thin, preferably vertical, plates with attached insulation. It will be understood, however, that the invention can be applied equally as well to on-site cast wall elements or prefabricated elements that consist of other material compositions, for instance have different densities and/or porosities and supporting capacities in different layers.