The present invention relates to a composition for vapor deposition, and to a method for producing an optical element with an antireflection film and to an optical element. In particular, the invention relates to a method for producing a composition for vapor deposition and to a composition for vapor deposition capable of forming a high-refraction layer even in low-temperature vapor deposition, and therefore ensuring an antireflection film having good scratch resistance, good chemical resistance and good heat resistance, of which the heat resistance lowers little with time; and also relates to a method for producing an optical element having such an antireflection film, and to the resulting optical element.
For improving the surface reflection characteristics of an optical element that comprises a synthetic resin, it is well known to form an antireflection film on the surface of the synthetic resin. To enhance the antireflectivity of the film a laminate of alternate low-refraction and high-refraction is generally used. In particular, for compensating for the drawback of synthetic resins that are easy to scratch, silicon dioxide is often used for the vapor source to form low-refraction layers on the substrates, as the film formed is hard. On the other hand, zirconium dioxide, tantalum pentoxide and titanium dioxide are used for the vapor sources to form high-refraction layers on the substrates. Especially for forming an antireflection film of lower reflectivity, selected are substances of higher refractivity for the high-refraction layers of the antireflection film. For this, titanium dioxide is generally used.
Nasu H et al, J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. (Japan), vol. 104, pp. 777 - 780 (1996) discloses sol-gel preparation of amorphous Nb2O5-TiO2 films which contain titanium dioxide and niobium pentoxide with the ratios of mol% of TiO2 to that of Nb2O5 being 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50. After drying, the films were heat-treated at 300° and 500°, respectively.
90:10 mol% TiO2 - Nb2O5 composition which is equivalent to the TiO2:Nb2O5 weight ratio of approximately 2.7:1, has also been disclosed by US 4 940 636 A (column 6, lines 25-33).
One of the manufacturing methods of TiO2:Nb2O5 layers involved evaporating simultaneously titanium and niobium as metals in two crucibles with the aid of electron beams and co-deposited onto a heated substrate in a reactive oxygen atmosphere. Such layers were then used as high-refrative index layers in an optical interference filter alternated with amorphous SiO2 layers.
JP 2000119062 discloses a sputtering target composed of 0.01-10 wt.% of glass-forming oxides consisting of Nb2O5, V2O5, B2O3, SiO2 and P2O5, 0.01-20 wt.% of Al2O3+Ga2O3, and, as necessary, 0.01-5 wt.% of ZrO2 and/or TiO2, for producing an optical disk-protective film of low reflectivity with high light transmittance through diminishing particle generation during sputtering operation, thereby reducing the frequency of suspending or stopping the sputtering operation to effect raising film production efficiency.
However, the vapor source prepared by sintering titanium dioxide powder, when heated with electron beams for vaporizing it to be deposited on substrates, is decomposed into TiO(2-x) and generates oxygen gas. The thus-formed oxygen gas exists in the atmosphere around the vapor source, and oxidizes the vapor of TiO(2-x) from the source before the vapor reaches the substrates. Therefore, a film of little light absorption is formed on substrates from the vapor source. On the other hand, however, the oxygen gas interferes with the vapor component that runs toward the substrates, and therefore retards the film formation on the substrates. In addition, when the vapor source, prepared by sintering titanium dioxide powder, is heated with electron beams, it melts, and is therefore generally used as a liner. At this stage, the electroconductivity of the TiO(2-x) vapor increases, and the electrons of the electron beams applied to the vapor source therefore escape to the liner. This causes electron beam loss, and the vapor deposition system therefore requires a higher power which is enough to compensate for the loss. On the other hand, when pellets only made of titanium dioxide are used for vapor deposition, the speed of film formation is low. When electron beams are applied, it was problematic in that the pellets are readily cracked.
The problem with optical elements comprising a synthetic resin is that the heating temperature in vapor deposition for the structures cannot be increased. Because of this limitation, therefore, the density of the film formed from titanium dioxide in such optical elements cannot be made satisfactory, and the film refractivity is not satisfactorily high. In addition, the scratch resistance and the chemical resistance of the film are also not satisfactory. To compensate for the drawbacks, ion-assisted vapor deposition is generally employed, but the ion gun unit for it is expensive, therefore increasing the production costs.
Optical elements comprising a synthetic resin, especially lenses for spectacles, are generally planned so that an organic hard coat film is formed on a plastic lens substrate for improving the scratch resistance of the coated lenses, and an inorganic antireflection film is formed on the hard coat film. For spectacle lenses, new optical elements having an antireflection film of superior antireflectivity are now desired, in which the antireflection film is desired to have superior abrasion strength and good heat resistance, and its heat resistance is desired not to lower with time.
We, the present inventors, have made the invention in order to solve the problems as outlined above. The first object of the invention is to provide a composition which is suitable for vapor deposition; of which the advantages are such that the composition can form a high-refraction layer even on synthetic resin substrates that must be processed for vapor deposition thereon at low temperatures, within a short period of time and without using an ion gun unit or a plasma unit; not detracting from the good physical properties intrinsic to the high-refraction layer formed, that the high-refraction layer formed has high refractivity; that the antireflection film comprising the high-refraction layer formed on such synthetic resin substrates has good scratch resistance, good chemical resistance and good heat resistance, and that the heat resistance of the antireflection film lowers little with time.
The second object of the invention is to provide an optical element comprising a synthetic resin substrate with an antireflection film formed thereon, in which the antireflection film has good scratch resistance, good chemical resistance and good heat resistance, and the heat resistance of the antireflection film lowers little with time, and also to provide a method for the manufacture thereof.
We, the present inventors, assiduously studied to develop plastic lenses for spectacles having the above-mentioned desired properties, and as a result, have found that, when an antireflection film is formed through vapor deposition on a plastic lens substrate from a vapor source prepared by sintering a mixture of titanium dioxide niobium pentoxide and zirconium dioxide and/or ythium pentoxide as mandatory constituents then we can attain the above-mentioned objects, leading to the invention.
Specifically, the invention provides a composition obtainable by sintering a powder mixture essentially consisting of
The invention is described in detail hereunder.
The method for producing the present composition for vapor deposition comprises sintering a powder mixture essentially consisting of
The method for preparing the present composition comprises the sintering of a mixture containing, among others, titanium dioxide powder and niobium pentoxide powder. The composition containing titanium dioxide and niobium pentoxide can be prepared by mixing titanium dioxide powder and niobium pentoxide powder. In this method, niobium pentoxide melts first as its melting point is low, and thereafter titanium dioxide melts. In the melting and vaporizing process, since the vapor pressure of the molten titanium dioxide is higher than that of the molten niobium pentoxide, the amount of titanium dioxide vapor that reaches the substrate is generally higher than that of the niobium pentoxide vapor. In addition, since the oxygen gas partial pressure resulting from the titanium dioxide decomposition is low, rapid film formation on the substrate is possible even if the power of electron beams applied to the vapor source is low. The compositional ratio of titanium dioxide to niobium pentoxide is such that the amount of titanium dioxide (calculated in terms of TiO2) therein is from 30 to 75 % by weight, preferably from 30 to 50 % by weight, and that of niobium pentoxide (calculated in terms of Nb2O5) is from 25 to 70 % by weight, preferably from 50 to 70 % by weight.
If the composition ratio of niobium pentoxide is larger than 70 % by weight, the amount of niobium pentoxide that reaches the substrate in lack of oxygen increases, and, in addition, the oxygen gas resulting from titanium dioxide decomposition decreases. Below this value, it may be possible to achieve a particularly low light absorption of the antireflection film .
To prepare the composition for vapor deposition of the invention, the vapor source mixture may be pressed by any suitable conventional method. For example, a pressure of at least 200 kg/cm2 may be used, and the pressing speed can be controlled such that the pressed blocks contain no air gaps therein. The temperature at which the pressed blocks are sintered varies, depending on the compositional ratio of the oxide components of the vapor source composition, but may be in the range of from 1000 to 1400°C. The sintering time may be determined, depending the sintering temperature, etc., and may be generally in the range of from 1 to 48 hours.
When heated with electron beams, the composition for vapor deposition that comprises titanium dioxide and niobium pentoxide melts and often forms bumps and/or splashes. The splashes of the composition, if formed in the process of forming an antireflection film from the composition, reach the substrates that are being processed into coated products, thereby to cause pin holes, film peeling and deficiency by foreign matters. In addition, the splashes lower the properties including the chemical resistance and the heat resistance of the antireflection film formed. To prevent the composition from forming bumps and splashes, zirconium oxide and/or yttrium oxide are added to a mixture of titanium dioxide powder and niobium pentoxide powder, and to sinter the resulting mixture into the composition for vapor deposition of the invention. The total amount of zirconium oxide (calculated in terms of ZrO2) and/or yttrium oxide (calculated in terms of Y2O3) to be added is from 3 to 46 parts by weight, preferably from 10 to 20 parts by weight, relative to 100 parts by weight of the total amount of titanium dioxide and niobium pentoxide.
Regarding its layer constitution, the antireflection film includes a two-layered film of λ/4 - λ/4 (in this patent application, unless otherwise specified, λ is generally in the range of 450 to 550 nm. A typical value is 500 nm), and a three-layered film of λ/4 - λ/4 - λ/4 or λ/4 - λ/2 - λ/4. Not being limited thereto, the antireflection film may be any other four-layered or multi-layered film. The first low-refraction layer nearest to the substrate may be any of known two-layered equivalent films, three-layered equivalent films or other composite films.
The substrate of the optical element of the invention is preferably formed of a synthetic resin. For this, for example, methyl methacrylate homopolymers are usable, as well as copolymers of methyl methacrylate and one or more other monomers, diethylene glycol bisallyl carbonate homopolymers, copolymers of diethylene glycol bisallyl carbonate and one or more other monomers, sulfur-containing copolymers, halogen-containing copolymers, polycarbonates, polystyrenes, polyvinyl chlorides, unsaturated polyesters, polyethylene terephthalates, polyurethanes, etc.
For forming an antireflection film on such a synthetic resin substrate, it is desirable that a hard coat layer containing an organosilicon polymer is first formed on the surface of the synthetic resin substrate in a method of dipping, spin coating or the like, and thereafter the antireflection film is formed on the hard coat layer. Hard coat layers and their preparation are disclosed in EP 1 041 404. For improving the adhesiveness between the synthetic resin substrate and the antireflection film, the scratch resistance, etc., it is desirable to dispose a primer layer between the synthetic resin substrate and the antireflection film or between the hard coat layer formed on the surface of the synthetic resin substrate and the antireflection film. The primer layer may be, for example, a vapor deposition film of silicon oxide or the like. Suitable primer layers are disclosed in EP 0 964 019.
The antireflection film may be formed, for example, in the manner mentioned below.
Preferably, silicon dioxide is used for the low-refraction layers of the antireflection film for improving the scratch resistance and the heat resistance; and the high-refraction layers can be formed by heating pellets that are prepared by mixing titanium dioxide (TiO2) powder, niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) powder, and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) powder and/or yttrium oxide (Y2O3) powder, then pressing the resulting mixture and sintering it into pellets, and evaporating it, for example, with electron beams to thereby deposit the resulting vapor onto a substrate. In that manner, the antireflection film is formed on the substrate. Using such sintered material is preferred, as the time for vapor deposition can be shortened.
If desired, the composition for vapor deposition of the invention may further contain any other metal oxides such as Ta2O5, Al2O3 and the like as long as they are not detracting from the above-mentioned effects of the composition. Preferably, the total amount of other metal oxides is in the range of 2 to 30 wt%.
In the method of producing an optical element in the invention, for example, the high-refraction layers may be formed by vaporizing the composition by using any method of vacuum evaporation, sputtering, ion plating or the like under ordinary conditions. Concretely, the composition for vapor deposition is vaporized to form a mixed oxide vapor, and the resulting vapor is deposited on a substrate.
The composition for vapor deposition of the invention can form high-refraction layers even on a synthetic resin substrate which should be kept at low temperatures ranging from 65 tp 100°C during the vapor deposition, and the scratch resistance, the chemical resistance and the heat resistance of the antireflection film thus formed are all good, and, in addition, the heat resistance of the antireflection film lowers little with time.
The composition for vapor deposition of the invention may be used not only as an antireflection film for lenses for spectacles but also for lenses for cameras, monitor displays, windshields for automobiles, and even for optical filters, etc.
The invention is described in more detail with reference to the following Examples, which, however, are not intended to restrict the scope of the invention. Examples 1 to 3, and Comparative Example 1 (Production of composition for vapor deposition):
Titanium dioxide, niobium pentoxide, zirconium oxide and yttrium oxide were mixed in a composition ratio as in Table 1, pressed, and sintered at 1250°C for 1 hour, to prepare pellets as a composition for vapor deposition.
Using the pellets, a single-layered high-refraction film was formed, having a thickness of 1/2 λ (λ = 500 nm) on a flat glass substrate in a mode of vacuum evaporation. According to the test methods mentioned below, the samples were tested for (1) the melt condition of the composition for vapor deposition, (2) the attachment condition of fine particles, (3) the absorbance, (4) the refractivity, and (5) the speed of film formation. The results are given in Table 1.
The melt condition of the composition for vapor deposition during deposition was checked and evaluated according to the following criteria:
After vapor deposition, the attachment condition of fine particles on the flat glass substrate by splashing, etc in vapordeposition was checked and evaluated according to the following criteria:
The spectral transmittance and the spectral reflectance of the substrate coated with the single-layered 1/2 λ film were measured with a spectrophotometer. From the measured data, the luminous transmittance and the luminous reflectance were obtained. The absorbance was obtained according to a numerical formula, 100 % - (luminous transmittance + luminous reflectance).
Using a spectrophotometer, the spectral reflectance of the single-layered 1/2 λ film formed on the flat glass substrate was measured. The refractive index of the glass substrate, the distributed data and the measured data were used as input in an optimized program.
In the process of forming the single-layered 1/2 λ film, electron beams were applied to the film under the condition mentioned below, and the thickness of the film formed on the glass substrate was measured with a spectrophotometer. The data was divided by the actual time spent for the film formation to obtain the speed of film formation (Å/sec).
Condition for exposure to electron beams:
Table 1
As in Table 1, Examples 1 to 3 are all superior to Comparative Example 1 with respect to the melt condition, the attachment condition of fine particles, the refractive index and the speed of film formation. Examples 2 and 3 are particularly good with respect to the refractive index and the speed of film formation.
For the synthetic resin to be provided with an antireflection film, a plastic lens (CR-39: substrate A) was prepared that was made of diethylene glycol bisallyl carbonate (99.7 % by weight) as a major component and containing a UV absorbent, 2-hydroxy-4-n-octoxybenzophenone (0.03 % by weight), and having a refractive index of 1.499.
The plastic lens was dipped in a coating solution containing 80 mol% of colloidal silica and 20 mol% of γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, and cured to form thereon a hard coat layer (having a refractive index of 1.50).
The plastic lens coated with the hard coat layer was heated at 65°C, and a first layer of low refractivity (having a refractive index of 1.46 and a thickness of 0.5 λ (λ = 500 nm)) was formed thereon through vacuum evaporation of SiO2 (at a vacuum degree of 2 x 10-5 Torr). The first layer is nearest to the substrate. Next, a second layer of high refractivity (having a thickness of 0.0502 λ) was formed thereon through vapor deposition of the pellets that had been prepared in Example 1, for which the pellets were heated with an electronic gun (current: 180 to 190 mA); and a third layer of low refractivity (having a refractive index of 1.46 and a thickness of 0.0764 λ) was formed thereon also through vacuum evaporation of SiO2. With that, a fourth layer of high refractivity (having a thickness of 0.4952 λ) was formed thereon through vapor deposition of the pellets that had been prepared in Example 1, for which the pellets were heated with the electronic gun (current: 180 to 190 mA); and a fifth layer of low refractivity (having a refractive index of 1.46 and a thickness of 0.2372 λ) was formed thereon also through vacuum evaporation of SiO2 to form an antireflection film. Further, the back of the thus-coated plastic lens was also coated with an antireflection film of the same constitution. Both surfaces of the plastic lens were thus coated with the 5-layered antireflection film.
The antireflection film-coated plastic lens was tested for (6) the scratch resistance, (7) the adhesiveness, (8) the luminous reflectance, (9) the luminous transmittance, (10) the absorbance, (11) the heat resistance and (12) the heat resistance with time, according to the methods mentioned below. The results are given in Table 2.
The surface of the plastic lens was rubbed with steel wool of #0000 and under a weight of 1 kg being applied thereto. After 10 strokes of rubbing, the surface condition of the lens was checked and evaluated according to the following criteria:
According to JIS-Z-1522, the surface of the antireflection film-coated plastic lens was cut to have 10 x 10 cross-cuts, and tested three times for cross-cut peeling with an adhesive tape, Cellotape (a trade name, produced by Nichiban Corp.). The number of the remaining cross-cuts of original 100 cross-cuts was counted.
Using a automatic spectrophotometer, U-3410 made by Hitachi, Ltd., the luminous reflectance was measured.
Using a spectrophotometer, U-3410 made by Hitachi, Ltd., the luminous transmittance was measured.
The absorbance was derived from the luminous transmittance of (8) and the luminous reflectance of (9). Concretely, the absorbance is represented by a numerical formula, 100 % - (luminous transmittance + luminous reflectance).
Immediately after having been coated with the antireflection film through vapor deposition, the plastic lens was heated in an oven for 1 hour, and checked as to whether it was cracked or not. Concretely, it was heated first at 50°C over a period of 60 minutes, and the temperature was elevated at intervals of 5°C (of a duration of 30 minutes for each interval), and the temperature at which it was cracked was read.
The plastic lens was, immediately after having been coated with the antireflection film, exposed to the open air for 2 months, and then heated in an oven for 1 hour and checked as to whether it was cracked or not. Concretely, it was heated first at 50°C over a period of 60 minutes, and the temperature was elevated at intervals of 5°C (of a duration of 30 minutes for each interval), and the temperature at which it was cracked was read.
In the same manner as in Example 4, both surfaces of the substrate were coated with a 5-layered antireflection film, for which, however, the pellets that had been prepared in Example 3 and not those prepared in Example 1 were used for forming the 2nd and 4th layers.
The antireflection film-coated plastic lens was tested for the properties (6) to (12) as described above. The results are given in Table 2.
In the same manner as described in Example 4, both surfaces of the substrate were coated with a 5-layered antireflection film, for which, however, the pellets that had been prepared in Comparative Example 1 and not those prepared in Example 1 were used for forming the 2nd and 4th layers.
The antireflection film-coated plastic lens was tested for the properties (6) to (12) as described above. The results are given in Table 2.
142 parts by weight of an organosilicon compound, γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, were put into a glass container, to which were dropwise added 1.4 parts by weight of 0.01 N hydrochloric acid and 32 parts by weight of water with stirring. After the dropwise addition, this was stirred for 24 hours to obtain a solution of hydrolyzed γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane. To the solution, 460 parts by weight of stannic oxide-zirconium oxide composite sol (dispersed in methanol, having a total metal oxide content of 31.5 % by weight and having a mean particle size of from 10 to 15 millimicrons) were added, 300 parts by weight of ethyl cellosolve, 0.7 parts by weight of a lubricant, silicone surfactant, and 8 parts by weight of a curing agent, aluminum acetylacetonate. After having been well stirred, this was filtered to prepare a coating solution.
A plastic lens substrate (a plastic lens for spectacles made by Hoya Corporation, EYAS (a trade name) having a refractive index of 1.60) was pretreated with an aqueous alkali solution, and dipped in the coating solution. After having been thus dipped therein, this was taken out at a pulling rate of 20 cm/min. Then, this was heated at 120°C for 2 hours, to form a hard coat layer.
The plastic lens coated with the hard coat layer was heated at 80°C, and a first layer of low refractivity (having a refractive index of 1.46 and a thickness of 0.47 λ (λ = 500 nm)) was formed thereon through vacuum evaporation of SiO2 (at a pressure of 2 x 10-5 Torr). The first layer is nearest to the substrate. Next, a second layer of high refractivity (having a thickness of 0.0629 λ) was formed thereon through vapor deposition of the pellets that had been prepared in Example 1, for which the pellets were heated with an electronic gun (current: 180 to 190 mA); and a third layer of low refractivity (having a refractive index of 1.46 and a thickness of 0.0528 λ) was formed thereon also through vacuum evaporation of SiO2. With that, a fourth layer of high refractivity (having a thickness of 0.4432 λ) was formed thereon through vapor deposition of the pellets that had been prepared in Example 1, for which the pellets were heated with the electronic gun (current: 180 to 190 mA); and a fifth layer of low refractivity (having a refractive index of 1.46 and a thickness of 0.2370 λ) was formed thereon also through vacuum evaporation of SiO2, to an antireflection film. Further, the back of the thus-coated plastic lens was also coated with an antireflection film of the same constitution. Both surfaces of the plastic lens were thus coated with the 5-layered antireflection film.
The antireflection film-coated plastic lens was tested for the properties (6) to (12) as specified above. The results are given in Table 3.
In the same manner as in Example 6, both surfaces of the substrate were coated with a 5-layered antireflection film, for which, however, the pellets that had been prepared in Example 3 and not those prepared in Example 1 were used for forming the 2nd and 4th layers.
The antireflection film-coated plastic lens was tested for the properties (6) to (12) as specified above. The results are given in Table 3.
In the same manner as in Example 6, both surfaces of the substrate were coated with a 5-layered antireflection film, for which, however, the pellets that had been prepared in Comparative Example 1 and not those prepared in Example 1 were used for forming the 2nd and 4th layers.
The antireflection film-coated plastic lens was tested for the properties (6) to (12) as specified above. The results are given in Table 3.
100 parts by weight of an organosilicon compound, γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane was put into a glass container, to which were added 1.4 parts by weight of 0.01 N hydrochloric acid and 23 parts by weight of water with stirring. After the addition, this was stirred for 24 hours to obtain a solution of hydrolyzed γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane. On the other hand, 200 parts by weight of an inorganic particulate substance, composite sol of particulates made of titanium oxide, zirconium oxide and silicon oxide as major components (dispersed in methanol, having a total solid content of 20 % by weight and having a mean particle size of from 5 to 15 nm - in this, the atomic ratio of Ti/Si in the core particles is 10, and the ratio by weight of the shell to the core is 0.25) was mixed with 100 parts by weight of ethyl cellosolve, 0.5 parts by weight of a lubricant, silicone surfactant, and 3.0 parts by weight of a curing agent, aluminum acetylacetonate. The resulting mixture was added to the hydrolyzed γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, and well stirred. This was filtered to prepare a coating solution.
A plastic lens substrate (a plastic lens for spectacles made by Hoya Corporation, Teslalid (a trade name), having a refractive index of 1.71) was pretreated with an aqueous alkali solution, and dipped in the coating solution. After having been thus dipped therein, this was taken out at a pulling rate of 20 cm/min. Then, the plastic lens was heated at 120°C for 2 hours, to form a hard coat layer.
The plastic lens coated with the hard coat layer was heated at 80°C, and a first layer of low refractivity (having a refractive index of 1.46 and a thickness of 0.069 λ (λ = 500 nm)) was formed thereon through vacuum evaporation of SiO2 (at a pressure of 2 x 10-5 Torr). The first layer is nearest to the substrate. Next, a second layer of high refractivity (having a thickness of 0.0359 λ) was formed thereon through vapor deposition of the pellets that had been prepared in Example 1, for which the pellets were heated with an electronic gun (current: 180 to 190 mA); and a third layer of low refractivity (having a refractive index of 1.46 and a thickness of 0.4987 λ) was formed thereon also through vacuum evaporation of SiO2. With that, a fourth layer of high refractivity (having a thickness of 0.0529 λ) was formed thereon through vapor deposition of the pellets that had been prepared in Example 1, for which the pellets were heated with the electronic gun (current: 180 to 190 mA); a fifth layer of low refractivity (having a refractive index of 1.46 and a thickness of 0.0553 λ) was formed thereon through vacuum evaporation of SiO2; a sixth layer of high refractivity (having a thickness of 0.4560 λ) was formed thereon through vapor deposition of the pellets that had been prepared in Example 1, for which the pellets were heated with the electronic gun (current: 180 to 190 mA); and a seventh layer of low refractivity (having a refractive index of 1.46 and a thickness of 0.2422 λ) was formed thereon through vacuum evaporation of SiO2, to form an antireflection film. Further, the back of the thus-coated plastic lens was also coated with an antireflection film of the same constitution. Both surfaces of the plastic lens were thus coated with the 7-layered antireflection film.
The antireflection film-coated plastic lens was tested for the properties (6) to (12) as specified above. The results are given in Table 4.
In the same manner as in Example 8, both surfaces of the substrate were coated with a 7-layered antireflection film, for which, however, the pellets that had been prepared in Example 3 and not those prepared in Example 1 were used for forming the 2nd, 4th and 6th layers.
The antireflection film-coated plastic lens was tested for the properties (6) to (12) as specified above. The results are given in Table 4.
In the same manner as in Example 8, both surfaces of the substrate were coated with a 7-layered antireflection film, for which, however, the pellets that had been prepared in Comparative Example 1 and not those prepared in Example 1 were used for forming the 2nd, 4th and 6th layers.
The antireflection film-coated plastic lens was tested for the properties (6) to (12) as above. The results are given in Table 4.
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
As in Tables 2 to 4, the antireflection film-coated plastic lenses of Examples 4 to 9, for which the pellets of Example 1 or 3 were used, are better than the antireflection film-coated plastic lenses of Comparative Examples 2 to 4, for which the pellets of Comparative Example 1 were used, in the scratch resistance and the heat resistance, and, in addition, the heat resistance with time of the former lowered little after exposure to the weather, as compared with that of the latter. From the data of the antireflection film-coated plastic lenses of Examples 5, 7 and 9, for which the composition ratio of niobium pentoxide in the pellets of Example 3 was increased, it is understood that the refractivity and also the absorbance of the coated lenses are lowered.
The inventive examples of the present application describe preferred embodiments of the present invention. However, compositions having compositional ratios between the compositions of the examples are also preferred. Similarly, antireflection films having thicknesses between those disclosed in the examples are also preferred. Finally, optical elements, having layer structures between those disclosed in the examples are also preferred.
As described in detail hereinabove, the composition for vapor deposition of the invention can form a high-refraction layer even on synthetic resin substrates that must be processed at low temperatures for vapor deposition thereon, within a short period of time and without using an ion gun unit or a plasma unit, not detracting from the good physical properties intrinsic to the high-refraction layer formed, that the high-refraction layer formed has high refractivity; and the antireflection film comprising the high-refraction layer formed on such synthetic resin substrates has good scratch resistance, good chemical resistance and good heat resistance, and the heat resistance of the antireflection film lowers little with time.
In addition, the antireflection film-coated optical element obtained according to the method of the invention has good scratch resistance, good chemical resistance and good heat resistance, and its heat resistance lowers little with time. Specifically, the antireflection film that coats the optical element ensures good UV absorption of titanium dioxide therein, and the coated optical element is favorable for plastic lenses for spectacles.