Method of adhering coatings to substrates

Description

[0001] This invention is concerned with improving the adhesion of coatings to substrates. More particularly, though not exclusively, this invention is concerned with a method for improving the adhesion of a coating to aluminum, galvinized steel, vinyl, PVC, TPO, Hypalon®, pressure treated wood, plywood and bitumenous substrates, as well as chalky acrylic coated surfaces of such substrates.

[0002] EPDM and asphalt membranes encompass about 70% of the total roofing market. A large portion of the remaining market consists of various metal substrates, such as aluminum and galvanized steel. Other substrates used comprise single ply substrates made from PVC (polyvinyl chloride), TPO (thermoplastic polyolefin) and Hypalon®. Hypalon is a trade name for a synthetic rubber produced by DuPont Dow. It is described as a chlorosulfonated polyethylene and is produced as white chips. It can be used for the production of many products, including sheet roofing substrates and protective / decorative coatings. Still other substrates used comprise spray applied polyurethane foam. All of these substrates can benefit from the use of a coating to improve aesthetics, reduce energy costs, and improve durability.

[0003] The architectural coatings industry use paints to coat similar substrates used in the roofing market. The paint market has somewhat different performance criteria than coatings used in roofing; i.e. paints are applied thinner (3 to 8 dry mls versus 20 to 25 dry mls for roof mastics) and paints are not expected to perform in areas where water ponding is prevalent. Many of the metals used in the roofing market are used for applications in the architectural markets. Metal used in both the architectural and roofing markets can be factory applied as well as painted at the job site. The architectural coatings industry utilize many other substrates, not prevalent in the roofing market. Pressure treated wood, chalky acrylic and factory applied coatings to aluminum and vinyl substrates are examples of commonly used materials that can be painted. Coating these substrates is necessary because of degradation and weathering. Weathered substrates that have been previously painted frequently have chalky surfaces that are difficult to adhere to, yet need to be re-coated to prevent degradation of the substrate.

[0004] In either the roofing or architectural industry the key criteria for the coating is the ability of this coating to adhere well to the substrate. Cleaning with water before coating may improve adhesion of the coating as compared to not rinsing the substrate surface and cleaning with detergents has also shown to help. The detergent of the present invention exhibits an ability to significantly improve adhesion properties of substrates to coatings. Several substrates have shown to be difficult to adhere to, such as aluminum, galvanized steel, pressure treated wood and weather treated pine. The use of the aqueous detergent composition and method of the present invention has improved adhesion to such substrates.

[0005] A coating system which displays good adhesion and superior resistance to blistering, especially when exposed to ponded water is disclosed in US-A-5059456. This system relies upon the use of a water-based tiecoat between the membrane and the coating. The tiecoat consists of a water-insoluble latex polymer and multivalent metal ion, wherein the latex polymer comprises units such as would result from preparation from a monomer mixture comprising at least 20 weight %, based on the weight of the monomer mixture, of at least one hydrophobic monomer selected from the group consisting of (C₄-C₂₀ )-alkyl methacrylates and (C₈-C₂₀)-alkyl acrylates, and from 3.0 weight % to 7.5 weight % of methacrylic acid, based on the weight of the monomer mixture, and where the latex polymer has a glass transition temperature of from -20°C to 5°C, and where the molar ratio of the multivalent metal ion to the methacrylic acid in the latex polymer is from about 1:1 to about 0.375:1. The tiecoat is applied to a membrane before subsequent application of a coating. Though this system offers properties of adhesion and resistance to blistering which are superior to conventional mastic systems on bituminous membranes, there is no disclosure of coating aluminum, galvinized steel or pressure treated wood substrates.

[0006] It is an object of the present invention to provide a coating system that offers improved adhesion on aluminum, galvinized steel, vinyl, PVC, TPO, Hypalon®, pressure treated wood, plywood and bitumenous substrates, as well as chalky acrylic coated surfaces of such substrates.

[0007] In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method for improving the adhesion between a coating and a substrate, which method comprises:

(A) selecting a substrate from the group consisting of aluminum, galvinized steel, vinyl, polyvinyl chloride, thermoplastic polyolefin, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, pressure treated wood, plywood and chalky acrylic coated surfaces thereof;

(B) treating a surface of the substrate with an aqueous detergent composition; then

(C) rinsing said surface of the substrate with water to remove said detergent composition; and then

(D) applying a coating composition to said rinsed surface of the substrate, wherein said aqueous detergent composition has a pH greater than 8 and comprises from 1 to 10 % by weight phosphate and from 1 to 10 % by weight silicate.

[0008] Surprisingly, it has been found that by pre-treating a substrate with said detergent composition before applying a conventional coating composition, a synergistic improvement in adhesion between the substrate and coating can be achieved. The surprising advantages of the present invention may be measured for both coatings applied on newly laid substrates and coatings applied on old substrates that have been previously coated and left for an extended period of time.

[0009] Preferably, the substrate for application of the invention is aluminum, galvinized steel, vinyl, PVC, Hypalon®, pressure treated wood or plywood. Preferably, the aqueous detergent composition of the present invention is allowed to sit for five (5) minutes, followed by the rinsing step. Preferably the rinsing step includes both a power wash at a pressure of 193 x 10⁵ N/m² (2500 psi) and a non-presured rinse.

[0010] The coating composition may be any composition traditionally used in coating such sunbstrates, preferably comprising a water-insoluble latex polymer binder, having a glass transition temperature of from -45°C to 50°C (as measured by the Fox equation), which is preferably acrylic or styrene/acrylic. In addition to the latex polymer, the composition will comprise at least one or more of the following components: pigments, extenders, dispersants, surfactants, coalescents, wetting agents, thickeners, rheology modifiers, drying retarders, plasticizers, biocides, mildewicides, defoamers, colorants, waxes, dirt pick-up retarders, adhesion promoters, zinc oxide and solid silica. The coating composition is preferably an architectural roof coating composition or mastic coating composition. The binder used in the coating composition is preferably a commercially available binder useful for such applications, such as a binder selected from the group including Rhoplex AC-261, Rhoplex EC-1791, Rhoplex 2019R and Rhoplex EC-2885 available from Rohm and Haas Company; Acronal NX 3250 available from BASF AG and DA26NA available from Dow. More preferably, the binder is selected from the group including Rhoplex AC-261, Rhoplex EC-1791, Rhoplex EC-2885 and Acronal NX 3250. Rhoplex AC-261 and Rhoplex EC-1791 are the most preferred coating compositions.

[0011] The aqueous detergent composition comprises from 1 to 10%, preferably 2 to 8 %, more preferably 3 to 6%, by weight of said composition of a mono- or polyphosphate or a mixture of such phosphates, preferably selected from the group consisting of trisodium phosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate and tripotassium phosphate. Trisodium phosphate is the most preferred. The aqueous detergent composition comprises from 1 to 10%, preferably 2to 8 %, more preferably 3 to 6%, by weight of said composition of a meta-, ortho- or para-silicate or a mixture of such silicates, preferably selected from the group consisting of sodium metasilicate and potassium metasilicate. Sodium metasilicate is the most preferred. The phosphates and silicates useful in the detergent composition are those commonly used in conventional detergent compositions, such as in dishwashing and clothes-washing detergents.

[0012] The aqueous detergent composition may also comprise other components typically found in aqueous detergent composition. For example, the composition may comprise up to 5%, preferably up to 2%, by weight of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of octylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol, octyphenoxy polyethoxy ethylphosphate, polyethylene glycol and phosphoric acid.

[0013] The aqueous detergent composition has a pH of above 8, preferably a pH from 9 to 14, and most preferably a pH from 12 to 14.

[0014] The best results are obtained from the present invention when all the surface of the substrate is contacted with the detergent composition. The detergent composition may be spread over the surface by spray application methods or with the aid of a stiff brush. The detergent composition should preferably be left to stand in contact with the surface of the membrane for a minimum of five (5) minutes. For example, though an improvement in adhesion of a coating may be measured when the detergent composition is left to treat the surface for less than 30 seconds, the best results are achieved when the detergent composition is allowed to contact the surface for at least 5 minutes. A contact time significantly over 5 minutes will tend not to lead to any significant further improvements in adhesion, though in practice contact times may be 10 to 30 minutes depending on the size of the substrate and the speed of the operator. Permitting the detergent to dry on the surface before rinsing may not be detrimental to the method of the present invention, provided the surface is rinsed well afterwards to remove the detergent.

[0015] The best results are obtained from the present invention when rinsing the substrate's surface removes substantially all of the detergent composition. High efficiency rinsing may involve the use of a stiff brush and/or the use of a high pressure hose. Typically, the high pressure hose will release rinse water at 193 x 10⁵ N/m² (2500 psi).

[0016] The following Examples, including Comparative Examples, are given solely for the purpose of illustrating the invention and are in no way to be considered limiting.

Tests

[0017] In the examples, the coatings are subjected to dry and wet adhesion tests. These are performed in accordance with ASTM Protocol D903.

Example 1 - Preparation of aqueous detergent composition

[0018] An aqueous detergent composition, with the formulation indicated in Table 1, was prepared by mixing the components in the prescribed amounts in a pail. The composition was mixed in the pail until all components appeared to have dissolved. The aqueous detergent composition was prepared in in accordance with the present invention and has a pH above 13.

Table 1 Aqueous Detergent Composition

Detergent Components	Parts by Weight
Sodium Metasilicate	5
Soap	2.4
Trisodium phosphate	5
Water	87.8

Soap = 127 parts octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol 58.5 parts octylphenoxypolyethoxyethylphosphate 3.9 parts polyethylene glycol 11.7 parts phosphoric acid 18.9 parts water

Example 2- Substrate preparation

[0019] Various substrates, as shown in Example 3, were laid flat on a surface. The upper surface of each substrate was then washed with tap water using a high pressure hose. After washing with water, 30 cm² sections of each substrate was then treated with the detergent composition of Example 1, by spray application of about 100 cm³ of detergent composition over the surface to be treated and brushing the composition over the surface and allowing it to stand for 5 minutes. Then the detergent composition was washed away with tap water from a high pressure hose at 193 x 10⁵ N/m² (2500 psi).

[0020] Each of the treated sections and a section not treated with detergent on each substrate was then coated in a conventional manner with a general composition as shown below in Tables 2.1 through 2.4.

Table 2.1 Coating Formulation EC-1791

GRIND:	INGREDIENTS	kg/378.54 liters (lbs/100 gal)
A.	Water	69.2 (152.5)
	Tamol® 850	2.2 (4.8)
	KTPP	0.6 (1.4)
	Nopco NXZ	0.9 (1.9)
B.	Duramite	191.5 (422.2)
	Ti-Pure R-960	31.9 (70.4)
	Kadox 915	21.3 (46.9)

LETDOWN:
C.	Rhoplex® EC-1791 (55%)	213.5 (470.6)
	Nopco NXZ	0.9 (1.9)
D.	Texanol	3.2 (7.0)
	Skane® M-8	1.0 (2.1)
E.	NH4OH (28%)	0.5 (1.0)
F.	Propylene Glycol	11.1 (24.4)
	Natrosol 250 MXR	1.9 (4.2)

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS:
Solids Content, %
by Weight		66.9
by Volume		50.8
PVC		43.0
Density, kg/l		1.45 (12.1 lbs/gal)
Viscosity, KU		95.0
PH		8.6

Tamol 850 is a surfactant available from Rohm and Haas Company

KTPP is potassium tripolyphosphate

Nopco NXZ is available from Henkel Corp

Duramite is available from ECC America, Inc

Ti-Pure R-960 is titanium dioxide available from E I DuPont de Nemours., Inc

Kadox is available from Zinc Corp. of America

Texanol is available from Eastman Kodak

Skane M-8 is a mildewcide available from Rohm and Haas Company Natrosol 250 MAR is available from Aqualon, Inc.

Table 2.2 Coating Formulation MB-3640

Grind	INGREDIENTS	kg/378.54 liters (lbs/100gal)
A	Water	65.8 (145.0)
	Tamol 165A	2.59 (5.7)
	Aqueous Ammonia(28%)	1.36 (3.0)
	Nopco NXZ	1.36 (3.0)
	Duramite	178.04 (392.5)
	TiPure R-960	28.35 (62.5)
B. Letdown Phase under mild agitation
	Nopco NXZ	1.36 (3.0)
	Lipacryl® MB-3640	222.3 (490.1)
C. Premix B: Premix the following ingredients and add slowly while stirring.
	Water	5.76 (12.7)
	Texanol	2.72 (6.0)
	Skane M-8	1.36 (3.0)
D. Premix C: Premix the following ingredients and add slowly while string. Mix for a minimum of 15 minutes or until consistency is smooth.
Propylene Glycol		4.53 (10.0)
Natrosol®250HR		1.81 (4.0)
E. Adjust pH to 9.0-10.0 with
Aqueous Ammonia(28%)
Physical Constants:
Solids Content, %
By weight	64.3
By Volume	50.1
PVC	38.8
Density, lbs/gal	11.4
PH	9.0-10.0

Table 2.3 Coating Formulation AC-261 or ML 200 Sheen

Grind	INGREDIENTS	kg/378.54 liters
		(lbs/100gal)
A	Tamol 731(25%)	7.24(15.97)
	Propylene Glycol	34.8(76.72)
	Foamaster VL	0.48(1.06)
	Rozone 2000	1.18(2.60)
	Acrysol RM-825	0.53(1.19)
	Water	45.36(100.00)
	Ti-Pure R-902	120.72(266.15)
	Minex 4	48.29(106.47)
Letdown
B	Rhoplex AC-261 or Rhoplex ML-200	205.2(452.47)
C	Texanol	10.14(22.36)
D	Foamaster VL	0.48(1.06)
E	Acrysol RM-2020	12.07(26.60)
F	Water	26.92(59.34)
Physical Constants:
Solids Content, %
By weight	53.99
By Volume	37.36
PVC	35.00
Density, lbs/gal	11.3
pH	9.0-10.0

Table 2.4 Coating Formulation for Test Sample

Grind	INGREDIENTS	kg/378.54 liters
		(lbs/100gal)
A	Natrasol 250 MHR(2.5%)	45.36 (100)
	Ethylene Glycol	9.43 (20.8)
	Propylene Glycol	13.2(29.2)
	Tamol 1124	1.7(3.8)
	Colloids 643	0.8(1.7)
	Rozone	2.6(5.7)
	Ti-Pure R-902	52.6(120.7)
	Icecap K	5.2(12.1)
	Celite 281	15.6 (36.2)

Letdown
B	OP-96	41.5(96.67)
C	Rhoplex ML-200	131.0(288.7)
D	Texanol	4.1(9.3)
E	Colloids 643	0.7(1.7)
F	Aq Ammonia(28%)	0.2(0.5)
G	RM-2020	5.2(12.0)
H	Water	55.2(121.7)

Physical Constants:
Solids Content, %
By weight
By Volume	30.0
PVC	45.00
Density, lbs/gal	11.3

Example 3 - Testing different coating compositions on various substrates

[0021] The dry and wet adhesion properties and blister properties of different commercially available coating compositions were evaluated on various substrates, as described above, with the aqueous detergent composition of Example 1. The results are shown in Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6.

Table 3 180 Degree Peel Adhesion For Dry Film Coating Applications of 8-10 mils Measured in Newtons/Meter

	7 Day Testing Time Dry Condition		7 Day Testing Time Dry / 4 Hour Wet Condition
Substrate	Without Detergent Treatment	With Detergent Treatment	Without Detergent Treatment	With Detergent Treatment
- coating binder
Galvanized Steel
- Rhoplex AC-261	350	788	350	455
- Rhoplex EC-1791	438	438	245	333
Aluminum Panel
- Rhoplex AC-261	140	1015	228	455
- Rhoplex EC-1791	262	490
Aluminum Siding with chalky acrylic coated surface
- Rhoplex ML-200	000	350
- Rhoplex EC-1791	403	490
Substrate	Without Detergent Treatment	With Detergent Treatment	Without Detergent Treatment	With Detergent Treatment
- coating binder
Vinyl Siding
- Rhoplex ML-200	438	525	53	175
- Rhoplex EC-1791	490	508	210	525
Pressure Treated White Pine
- Rhoplex AC-261	875	963	525	613
Plywood;T-11
- Rhoplex ML-200	438	613

Table 4 180 Degree Peel Adhesion For Dry Film Coating Applications of 18-20 mils Measured in Newtons/Meter

	7 Day Testing Time Dry Condition		7 Day Testing Time Dry / 4 Hour Wet Condition
Substrate	Without Detergent Treatment	With Detergent Treatment	Without Detergent Treatment	With Detergent Treatment
- coating binder
PVC Single Ply
- Rhoplex EC-1791	263	298	175	438
Hypalon® Single Ply
- Rhoplex EC-1791	315	403	158	438
Aged Modified Bitumen
- MB-3640	228	350

Hypalon is a registered trademark of DuPont Dow.

Table 5 Adhesion To Chalky Acrylic Coated Aluminum Siding

Conditions	Panel #1		Panel #2
	Water Rinse Only		Detergent then power wash rinse
Sample	X Hatch	Knife	X Hatch	Knife
24 Hour Dry
Behr® Premium Exterior Flat	20%	2	100%	8
Test Sample Coating	10%	2	100%	8
45 PVC/30VS Flat
24 Hour Dry 4 Hours Fog
Behr® Premium Exterior Flat	20%	4	100%	8
Test Sample Coating	0%	2	100%	6
45 PVC/30VS Flat
7 Day Dry
Behr® Premium Exterior Flat	0%	4	100%	8
Test Sample Coating	0%	4	100%	8
45 PVC/30VS Flat
7 Day Dry, 4 Hours Fog
Behr® Premium Exterior Flat	0%	2	100%	8
Test Sample Coating	0%	2	100%	6
45 PVC/30VS Flat

PVC means pigment volume concentration.

VS means volume solids.

X Hatch or Grid Tape Adhesion

[0022] Place a comb-like metal template on the surface of the test paint and run the Stanley Utility Knife or Excel Adhesion Knife through each slit, thus inscribing 11 parallel cuts in the paint film. Wear a leather glove on the hand holding the template to avoid cuts. The template is then rotated 90° and placed over the same area, and a second set of 11 cuts is made. The horizontal and vertical cuts form a 100 square test area (the Gardner Adhesion Knife produces similar test areas). One inch wide Permacel™ tape with a 10.16 cm (4 inch) overlap at one end to form a pull tab is applied over the test area. The tape is rubbed with an eraser to assure good contact over the test area, and then using the overlap for grip, the tape is pulled quickly at a 180° angle from the substrate. Then immediately determine knife peel adhesion. These tests should be performed as quickly as possible because adhesion improves with drying exposure in air.

Knife Peel Test

[0023] Make two knife cuts through the test film with the Excel Adhesion Knife, forming an X intersecting at about a 30° angle. For difficult or hard to cut substrates, the Stanley Utility Knife can be used. Using the point of the Excel Adhesion Knife, attempt to peel the latex paint from the substrate, at the point of intersection. The degree of peeling difficulty is subjectively rated according to the following chart:

Knife Peel Rating:

[0024] 

10 - no peeling

9 - very difficult

8 - difficult

7 - moderately difficult

6 - slightly to mod. Difficult

5 - slightly difficult

4 - fairly easy

3 - easy

2 - very easy

1 - falls off

[0025] Each of the samples for Table 6 were tested in accordance with the ASTM D 714 rating scale, rated for both blister size and density.

Table 6 Blistering of Chalky Acrylic Coated Aluminum Siding

Conditions	Panel #1		Panel #2
	Water Rinse Only		Detergent then power wash rinse
Sample	Size	Density	Size	Density
24 Hour Dry 4 Hours Fog
Behr® Premium Exterior Flat	#8	Moderate	10	10
Test Sample Coating	#8	Few	10	10
45 PVC/30VS Flat
7 Day Dry, 4 Hours Fog
Behr® Premium Exterior Flat	#6	Moderate	10	10
Test Sample Coating	#10	10	10	10
45 PVC/30VS Flat

PVC means pigment volume concentration.

VS means volume solids.

[0026] It is shown in Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6 that improvement in adhesion and blister ratings between a coating composition and various substrates are improved through the pre-treatment of the substrate with the aqueous detergent composition of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for improving the adhesion between a coating and a substrate, which method comprises:

(A) selecting a substrate from the group consisting of aluminum, galvanized steel, vinyl, polyvinyl chloride, thermoplastic polyolefin, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, pressure treated wood, plywood and chalky acrylic coated surfaces thereof

(B) treating a surface of the substrate with an aqueous detergent composition; then

(C) rinsing said surface of the substrate with water to remove said detergent composition; and then

(D) applying a coating composition to said rinsed surface of the substrate, wherein said aqueous detergent composition has a pH greater than 8 and comprises from 1 to 10 % by weight phosphate and from 1 to 10 % by weight silicate.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the phosphate is a monophosphate.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the monophosphate is trisodium phosphate.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the silicate is a metasilicate.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the metasilicate is sodium metasilicate.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the pH of the detergent composition is in the range of 9 to 14.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating is a mastic or paint coating.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the rinsing comprises a power wash at a pressure of at least 193 x 10⁵ N/m² (2500 psi).

Ansprüche

1. Verfahren zum Verbessern der Haftung zwischen einer Beschichtung und einem Substrat, wobei das Verfahren

(A) das Auswählen eines Substrates aus der Gruppe, bestehend aus Aluminium, galvanisiertem bzw. verzinktem Stahl, Vinyl, Polyvinylchlorid, thermoplastischem Polyolefin, chlorsulfoniertem Polyethylen, druckbehandeltem Holz, Sperrholz und kalkhaltigen acrylbeschichteten Oberflächen davon,

(B) das Behandeln einer Oberfläche des Substrats mit einer wässerigen Reinigungsmittelzusammensetzung, anschließend

(C) das Abspülen der Oberfläche des Substrates mit Wasser, um die Reinigungsmittelzusammensetzung zu entfernen, und anschließend

(D) das Aufbringen einer Beschichtungszusammensetzung auf die abgespülte Oberfläche des Substrates, wobei die wässerige Reinigungsmittelzusammensetzung einen pH-Wert von größer als 8 aufweist und von 1 bis 10 Gew.-% Phosphat und von 1 bis 10 Gew.-% Silicat umfasst,

umfasst.

2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Phosphat ein Monophosphat ist.

3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, wobei das Monophosphat Trinatriumphosphat ist.

4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Silicat ein Metasilicat ist.

5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4, wobei das Metasilicat Natriummetasilicat ist.

6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei der pH-Wert der Reinigungsmittelzusammensetzung in einem Bereich von 9 bis 14 liegt.

7. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Beschichtung eine Mastix- oder Anstrichbeschichtung ist.

8. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Spülen ein Pulverreinigen bei einem Druck von mindestens 193 x 10⁵ N/m² (2500 psi) umfasst.

Revendications

1. Méthode pour améliorer l'adhérence entre un revêtement et un substrat, cette méthode comprenant :

(A) la sélection d'un substrat dans le groupe constitué par l'aluminium, l'acier galvanisé, le vinyle, le chlorure de polyvinyle, les polyoléfines thermoplastiques, le polyéthylène chlorosulfoné, le bois traité sous pression, le contreplaqué et les surfaces de ces matériaux recouvertes d'acrylique et altérées par farinage ;

(B) le traitement d'une surface du substrat par une composition détergente aqueuse ; puis

(C) le rinçage de ladite surface du substrat par de l'eau, pour éliminer ladite composition détergente ; puis

(D) l'application d'une composition de revêtement sur ladite surface rincée du substrat,

où ladite composition détergente aqueuse a un pH supérieur à 8 et comprend de 1 à 10 % en masse de phosphate et de 1 à 10 % en masse de silicate.

2. Méthode selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle le phosphate est un monophosphate.

3. Méthode selon la revendication 2, dans laquelle le monophosphate est le phosphate trisodique.

4. Méthode selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle le silicate est un métasilicate.

5. Méthode selon la revendication 4, dans laquelle le métasilicate est le métasilicate de sodium.

6. Méthode selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle le pH de la composition détergente est dans l'intervalle de 9 à 14.

7. Méthode selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle le revêtement est un mastic ou une peinture.

8. Méthode selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle le rinçage comprend un lavage sous pression sous une pression d'au moins 193 × 10⁵ N/m² (2500 psi).