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(11) | EP 1 258 861 A2 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
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| (54) | Method for reproducing the sound of an accordion electronically |
| (57) Method for electronically reproducing the sound of an acoustic accordion, that is
provided with a number of keys/buttons, which can be pressed individually so as to
excite a corresponding number of reeds that are coupled with every single key/button;
for electronically reproducing the sound generated by pressing each key/button (3),
the sounds that are characteristic of each reed that is coupled with a key/button
(3) are generated individually and electronically. |
[0001] The present invention relates to a method for reproducing the sound of an accordion electronically.
[0002] An acoustic accordion is a musical instrument provided with a bellow pumping air towards some valves, which are controlled by a number of corresponding keys/buttons divided into two keyboards (one being controlled by the right hand and the other one controlled by the left hand). Each valve and consequently each key/button is capable of sending the air that is pumped by the bellow to a series of corresponding reeds, which are all coupled with the same valve, belong to different footages and vibrate basically together to produce the note associated with that particular key/button. Moreover the acoustic accordion is provided with a series of registers capable of modifying the features of the sound produced by pressing keys/buttons because they can either let some reeds relating to some corresponding footages vibrate or prevent them from vibrating. Every single reed in an acoustic accordion commonly consists of a thin plate provided with a hole to let air coming from the corresponding valve flow through it, whereby such hole can be stopped by closing a small window that is controlled by a corresponding register.
[0003] Electronic accordions are available on the market, which are provided with a bellow coupled with a pressure sensor so as to generate a pressure signal that is proportional to the pressure of the air being pumped by the bellow; they are also provided with keyboards which are coupled with a number of sensors so as to generate a series of keyboard signals reproducing the pressure of keys/buttons; the pressure signal and the keyboard signals are transmitted to a sound module capable of generating the corresponding accordion sound electronically. The operation of the current sound modules is based on sampling and storing characteristic sounds being produced by individual keys/buttons; on pressing a key/button the sound module reproduces the characteristic sound of that key/button as long as such key/button is released.
[0004] By comparing the sound produced by an acoustic accordion with the sound produced by the state-of-the-art electronic accordions, it becomes clear that the quality level of the sound produced by electronic accordions is rather poor and it's not suited to professional or semi-professional performances.
[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for the electronic reproduction of the accordion sound, which is deprived of the above described inconveniences whose implementation is, however, easy and cost-effective at the same time.
[0006] According to the present invention a method for reproducing the accordion sound electronically is provided as stated in Claim 1.
[0007] The present invention is described here below with reference to the associated drawings, which show an example of its non restrictive implementation, whereby:
- Figure 1 shows an electronic accordion operating according to the method for the electronic reproduction of the sound that is the object of the present invention; and
- Figure 2 shows the schematic operation of some devices provided in the electronic accordion shown in Fig. 1; and
- Figure 3 shows the temporal evolution of some physical magnitudes relating to the electronic accordion shown in Fig. 1.
[0008] In the Fig. 1, the number 1 corresponds to the electronic accordion on the whole, whose external appearance is extremely similar to that of an acoustic accordion: it has two keyboards 2, which respectively consist of a number of keys/buttons 3 to play as well as of two selectors 4, each one comprising a number of registers 5 to be used to modify the sound features. Inside the electronic accordion 1 a bellow is built in, whose structure is identical to that of the bellow of an acoustic accordion; it pumps air towards an electromechanical pressure sensor 7 (which is basically a common sensor) capable of generating a signal A in realtime, such signal being coded in a standard manner and proportional to the air pressure P that is pumped by the bellow 6.
[0009] Every key/button 3 is connected with a corresponding sensor 8, that is capable of generating a corresponding T signal, such signal being coded in a standard manner and showing the position of the very key/button 3; according to two different alternative embodiments, each T signal is either a binary signal indicating just that the key/button 3 is pressed/released or a more complex signal indicating also the dynamic pressure/release of the corresponding key/button 3.
[0010] The dynamics of the pressure/release of a key/button 3 is commonly determined by as pressure/release velocity, that is the overall time duration of the pressing/releasing action.
[0011] Each register 5 is connected with a corresponding sensor 9, which is capable of generating a corresponding signal R, such signal being coded in a standard manner and indicating the position of a precise register 5 by means of a binary signal.
[0012] As shown in Fig. 2, the sensor 7, the sensors 8 and the sensors 9 are connected with a control unit 10, which utilizes a MIDI interface 11 to send the A, T and R signals to a sound module 12 in realtime, whereby such module is provided with its own MIDI interface 13; the sound module 12 is capable of generating the characteristic accordion sounds electronically and it's housed inside the electronic accordion 1. According to a different embodiment, which is not shown herein, the sound module 12 is located outside the electronic accordion 1 and it's connected with the electronic accordion 1 by means of its own MIDI interface 13; in this case, the sound module 12 could receive the A, T and R signals also from sources other than the electronic accordion 1; the A signal, for example, could come from a pedal, the T signals could come from a standard keyboard and the R signals could come from a common selector. Obviously, the sound module 12 is provided not only with a MIDI interface 13 but also with a standard not-amplified audio output 14 to control a sound amplifier (not shown).
[0013] If the electronic accordion 1 were an acoustic accordion, each key/button 3 in the keyboard 2 would be capable of opening a valve that sends the air pumped by the bellow 6 towards a number of reeds, which are all coupled with the same valve and therefore with the same key/button 3; so different footages belong to the same key/button 3 and they vibrate practically together to produce the note coupled with that key/button 3. If the electronic accordion 1 were an acoustic accordion, the registers 5 of the selectors 4 would be capable of altering the sound features, thus inhibiting or letting some reeds relating to some footages vibrate.
[0014] The sound module 12 comprises a memory 15, a processor 16 and a series of sound generators 17, that can be controlled by the processor 16 individually, so as to generate a sound according to the specifications provided by the very processor 16. In the memory 15 a series of sounds are stored, that are obtained by sampling the sounds produced by the various components of an acoustic accordions; in particular, in the memory 15 the characteristic sounds produced by the vibration of every single reed with both open and stopped valve are stored as well as all the noises produced whenever every single key/button 3 is released and consequently the corresponding valve is stopped. Moreover, in the memory 15 a table is stored to assign all those reeds to each key/button 3 that would be associated with that very key/button 3 in an acoustic accordion; by means of such table the processor 16 is capable of selecting the characteristic reed sounds associated with every single key/button 3 quickly.
[0015] When playing, a user selects the position of the registers 5 in the selectors 4, presses and releases the keys/buttons 3 in the keyboards 2 and operates the bellow 6; due to these actions the control unit 10 receives the temporal evolution of the corresponding signals A, T and R, from the sensors 7, 8 and 9 in realtime. The signals A, T and R are sent from the control unit 10 to the sound module 12 by means of the MIDI interfaces 11 and 13.
[0016] Depending on the R signals generated by the position of the registers 5, the processor 16 in the sound module 12 sets the values of the some control variables VC, which are stored in the memory 15 and are used, according to a detailed procedure, which is better explained further ahead, so as to define certain features of the sounds being generated by the sound module 12.
[0017] Depending on the A and T signals, the processor 16 in the sound module 12 controls the sound generators 17 in order to reproduce the sound of the electronic accordion 1. In particular, the processor 16 detects all variations occurring in the T signals, that is it detects all the commands given by the user to the keys/buttons 3 in the keyboards 2 (both types, when pressing the key/button 3 as well as when releasing the key/button 3) so as to get one or more sound generators 17 either started up or turned off according to some parameters which depend not only on the T signals but also on the A signals as well as on the VC control variables (these being in their turn dependent on the R signals).
[0018] When the user presses a key/button 3 in the keyboards 2, a corresponding variation in the related T signal is generated; such variation in the related T signal is detected by the processor 16, which acquires from the memory 15 the characteristic sounds of those reeds with open valve that would be coupled with the pressed key/button 3 in an acoustic accordion, excludes inactive reeds depending on the values of the VC control variables (i.e. the position of the registers 5) and drives a sound generator 17 corresponding to every operating reed according to a procedure, that is explained in detail further ahead, in order to make the sound generator 17 reproduce the characteristic sound of that very reed. This way the sound generated by pressing a key/button 3 is reproduced by composing all the characteristic sounds of a reed that is combined with a pressed key/button 3, those characteristic sounds being generated individually. Obviously the amplitude (volume) of the characteristic sound being generated by the operating reeds with opened valve is not constant and it depends on the P value relating to the pressure of the air pumped by the bellow 6, according to a bijective function that is stored in the memory 15 and is obtained in an experimental way.
[0019] When a key/button 3 in the keyboards 2 is released, a corresponding variation in the related T signal is generated; such variation in the related T signal is detected by the processor 16, which, according to a procedure explained in detail further ahead, switches off the sound generators 17 that are reproducing the characteristic sounds of those reeds, which would be coupled with the release key/button 3 in an acoustic accordion.
[0020] To achieve the highest possible fidelity level when reproducing the sound of an acoustic accordion, the processor 16 in the sound module 12 takes into account the mechanical inertia that a real reed would have, this mechanical inertia requires a certain pressure value P of the air being pumped by the bellow 6 in order to let a reed vibrate and causes some delays between the instant when a key/button 3 is pressed/released and the instant when a corresponding reed starts/stops vibrating. In combination with the characteristic sound produced by the vibration of a single reed, some data concerning the inertia of the very reed are stored in the memory 15; in particular, such data consist in the Pon value of the P pressure relating to the air pumped by the bellow 6 at which the reed starts to vibrate, the Poff value of the P pressure relating to the air pumped by the bellow 6 at which the reed stops vibrating (the Pon value is usually higher than the Poff value) and the parameters of an up/down sound ramp S ranging from 0 up to the nominal value and backwards.
[0021] Of course each reed is characterized by its own data relating to its inertia that are usually different from one reed to another.
[0022] Each ramp S is just a function normalized between 0 and 1 and it's used as a multiplier of the volume generated by a sound generator 17 so as to obtain a progressive increase/decrease of the sound generated by the very sound generator 17. Each ramp S is preferably an exponential function of the first order that is determined by the value of its time constant; moreover, each ramp S can be either symmetric, that is it can use the same time constant for both increase and decrease, or asymmetric, that is the time constant used for the increase is different from the time constant used for the decrease.
[0023] As shown in Fig. 3, in the moment t0 the user presses a key/button 3 in the keyboards 2, so a consequent corresponding variation in the related T signal is generated; such variation in the related T signal is detected by the processor 16, which acquires from the memory 15 the corresponding sound with opened valve, the corresponding Pon and Poff values and all the features of the corresponding ramp S, all of them being characteristic of each reed that would be coupled with a pressed key/button 3 in an acoustic accordion (while non operating valves would be left out depending on the values given to the VC control variables).
For each reed coupled with the pressed key/button 3 and for the whole time period in which the key/button 3 is kept pressed the processor 16 operates a corresponding sound generator 17 in order to generate the characteristic sound with opened valve in that very reed; the generation volume of the sound generator 17 is modulated by a signal being normalized between 0 and 1 (indicated by the N character in the Fig. 3), which is kept at the 0 value as long as the real pressure P is lower than the corresponding Pon value, then it's gradually increased to the 1 value by means of the related increase ramp S if the real pressure P becomes higher than the corresponding Pon value (instant t1), it's kept at the 1 value as long as the real pressure P exceeds the corresponding Poff value, and it's gradually decreased to the 0 value by means of the related decrease ramp S if the real pressure P becomes lower than the corresponding Poff value (instant t3).
[0024] According to a preferred embodiment, the increase ramp S related to each reed is continuously modified depending on the real pressure P value related to the air pumped by the bellow 6 (i.e. depending on the ratio between the P value and the corresponding Pon and/or Poff value) and depending on the time elapsed from the last release of the key/button 3 associated with that very reed; in particular, the duration of the increase ramp S is reduced in a manner that is directly depending on the value P and inversely depending on the time elapsed from the latest release of the key/button 3. By acting as described above, the fact is simulated that a reed in an acoustic accordion starts vibrating within a shorter time if the pressure of the air pumped by the bellow is high and if that reed is still moving. Alternatively, instead of the time elapsed from the latest release of the key/button 3, the pressure density of a key/button 3 can be used, that is the number of times when a key/button 3 has been pressed in a certain temporal window.
[0025] In a classical accordion, when a key/button is released and the corresponding valve is closed, each reed associated with that valve does not stop vibrating instantaneously because of its own mechanical inertia; moreover, when the valve is stopped, the vibrating reed does not give off any harmonic sound as when its valve is open any longer but it starts emitting a metallic and partially distorted sound, whose amplitude (volume) gradually decreases and fades out. The bigger a reed is the louder its metallic sound is; the amplitude and the duration of such metallic sound depend on both the value of the air pressure in the moment when the valve is closed as well as the time interval in which the reed was vibrating because the valve was open.
[0026] When a key/button 3 in the keyboards 2 is released, a corresponding variation in the T signal is generated; this variation in the related T signal is detected by the processor 16, which switches off the sound generators 17 that are reproducing the characteristic sounds of the reeds that would be coupled with the key/button in 3 in an acoustic accordion. To switch each sound generator 17 off, that is currently generating the characteristic sound with open valve of a related reed, the processor 16 acquires the characteristic sound produced by the same corresponding reed with a stopped valve from the memory 15 and it drives the sound generator 17 so as to make it generate such characteristic sound with stopped valve and with an amplitude and duration that depend on the instantaneous value of the air pressure P in the bellow 6 on releasing the key/button 3 as well as on the time interval for which the key/button 3 has been kept pressed; in particular the characteristic sound with closed valve is generated with a volume which is gradually extinguished by the modulation of an exponential ramp.
[0027] In an acoustic accordion, when a key is released, the related valve is consequently closed thus generating an harmonic closing noise, which is clearly perceived by the ear of an expert listener even though it's rather low.
[0028] When a key/button 3 in the keyboards 2 is released, a consequent variation in the related T signal is generated; such variation in the related T signal is detected by the processor 16, which acquires both the number of the released key/button 3 as well as the release dynamics (that is the release velocity).
[0029] In order to reproduce the closing valve noise, when a key/button 3 is released, the processor 16 acquires from the memory 15 the characteristic closing sound of the related valve and it operates a sound generator 17 so as to reproduce such closing sound with an amplitude (i.e. volume) and a duration which depend on the release dynamics; in particular, the amplitude and the duration of the closing sound increase as the release velocity increase. According to a preferred embodiment, each closing sound is reproduced with an amplitude, namely a volume, that is consistently decreasing in a time period starting from a maximum value down to the zero value (at which a the corresponding sound generator 17 is switched off) by means of an exponential ramp.
To better simulate the behavior of an acoustic accordion, at regular time intervals the processor 16 acquires the pressure value P relating to the air pumped by the bellow 6 and compares such value with the pre-determined threshold value Ps, that is stored in the memory 15; when the value P exceeds the value Ps the sound produced by each operating sound generator 17 reproducing the vibration of a corresponding reed is altered by decreasing the pitch of the very sound by a corresponding quantity I, that is stored in the memory 15, is peculiar to each reed and is either constant or variable in a manner being directly dependent on the value of the pressure P. Each quantity I is characteristic of a corresponding reed and usually the lower the sound produced by a reed is, the higher the quantity is (the quantity may even be zero for the highest notes). Obviously when the P value becomes smaller than the Ps value, the pitch decrease is eliminated and the sound produced by each operating sound generator 17 reproducing the vibration of the corresponding reed is given its original pitch back. When increasing the volume, that is when increasing the pressure P of the air pumped by the bellow, the pitch decrease by the quantity I per single operating reed brings about a richer sound due to possible beat or untuning effects.
[0030] An acoustic accordion can be tuned up so as to acquire the so-called "musette" tone, which requires some slight tuning differences among reeds of the same footage so as to originate beat occurrences in its sound that provoke a "tremolo" effect of the sound. When the user acts on a corresponding register 5 in the electronic accordion 1 to select the "musette" tone, the processor 16 changes the value of a related control variable VC in the memory 15 in order to start the "musette " function; this function slightly alters the pitch of some sounds that are characteristic of certain reeds in order to simulate the tuning differences when such characteristic sounds are retrieved from the memory 15 to be reproduced by the corresponding sound generators 17. The characteristic sound of every reed is modified by a corresponding quantity, which is usually peculiar to each reed, and whose value can be adjusted by the user by means of an adjusting parameter.
[0031] As described above, it is clear that the sound of the electronic accordion 1 produced by the sound module 12 features both the timbre variance, namely the sound is shaped by the pressure of the air pumped by the bellow 7, as well as the articulation, namely the sound is modified to take all the peculiarities of an acoustic accordion into account.
1. A method for electronically reproducing the sound of an acoustic accordion, that is
provided with a number of first keys/buttons, whereby each of them can be pressed
to control a related valve, thus exciting a corresponding number of reeds that are
coupled with said first key/button; such method providing for continually detecting
the pressure of second keys/buttons (3), each of them corresponding to said first
key/button as well as for electronically reproducing the sound produced by the corresponding
first key on pressing a second key/button (3); such method being characterized by the fact that the characteristic sound produced by the vibration of every single
reed is corresponding with the single reed; and whereby, on pressing each of said
second keys/buttons (3), the characteristic sounds relating to each reed coupled with
the first key are generated individually and electronically, so as to reproduce the
sound of the corresponding first key/button by composing the characteristic sounds
of each reed being coupled with that very first key/button.
2. A method according to claim 1, whereby said characteristic sounds produced by the
vibration of said reeds are divided into a series of groups called footages, that
can be activated or deactivated by corresponding selectors (4, 5); on pressing each
said second key/button (3) the characteristic sounds belonging to an active footage
are generated individually and electronically and they are produced by reeds coupled
with the corresponding first key/button.
3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, whereby the value of a pressure variable (P) is
continually detected, which can be associated to the pressure of the air pumped by
a bellow in an acoustic accordion; the characteristic sound of each reed being generated
individually with an amplitude that depends directly on the value of said pressure
variable (P).
4. A method according to the claims from 1 through 3, whereby the value of a pressure
variable (P) is continually detected, which can be associated to the pressure of the
air pumped by a bellow in an acoustic accordion; the electronic generation of the
characteristic sound of each reed is started only when said pressure variable (P)
results to exceed a first pre-determined threshold value (Pon).
5. A method according to claim 4, whereby in an initial stage of the electronic generation
of a characteristic sound relating to a single reed, the generation amplitude of the
characteristic sound is modulated by means of an exponential increase ramp starting
from the zero value up to a regular value to reach gradually.
6. A method according to the claim 4 or 5, whereby the electronic generation of the characteristic
sound relating to every single reed is interrupted if said pressure variable (P) results
to be lower than a second pre-determined threshold value (Poff).
7. A method according to claim 6, whereby the electronic generation of the characteristic
sound relating to every single reed is interrupted by means of an exponential decrease
ramp (S), which brings the generation amplitude relating to the very characteristic
sound gradually to the zero value.
8. A method according to claim 6 or 7, whereby said first threshold value (Pon) exceeds said second threshold value (Poff).
9. A method according to claims from 4 through 8, whereby each said threshold value is
peculiar to each said characteristic reed sound.
10. A method according to claim 5 or 8, whereby the value of a time constant of each said
ramp (S) depends on the value of said pressure variable (P) and/or on the time interval
elapsed from the latest release of the associated second key (3).
11. A method according to claims 5 and 8, whereby said increase ramp (S) and said decrease
ramp (S) feature different time constants.
12. A method according to claims from 1 through 11, whereby in an initial stage of the
electronic generation of the characteristic sound relating to every reed the amplitude
of the characteristic sound is modulated by means of an exponential ramp (S) starting
from the zero value and rising gradually up to a regular value.
13. A method according to one of the claims from 1 through 12, whereby on releasing said
second key (3), said electronic generation of the characteristic sound relating to
each corresponding first key/button is interrupted by means of an exponential decrease
ramp, which gradually decreases the generation amplitude of the very characteristic
sound down to zero.
14. A method according to claim 13, whereby both the characteristic sound produced by
the vibration of the very reed with its corresponding opened valve as well as the
characteristic sound produced by the vibration of the very reed with its corresponding
closed valve are corresponding with the single reed; on pressing said second key/button
(3) the characteristic sound with open valve of each reed associated with the corresponding
first key is electronically generated; on releasing the second key (3) the electronic
generation of the characteristic sound with open valve of each reed associated with
the corresponding first key is replaced by the electronic generation of the characteristic
sound with closed valve.
15. A method according to claim 14, whereby said electronic generation of the characteristic
sound with closed valve occurs with a progressively decreasing amplitude so as to
reach the zero value by means of an exponential ramp.
16. A method according to claims from 1 through 15, whereby the value of a pressure value
(P) is detected, that can be associated with the pressure of the air pumped by a bellow
in a classical accordion; when the value of said pressure variable (P) exceeds a pre-determined
threshold value (Ps), the electronic generation of each said characteristic reed sound is modified by
decreasing the pitch of a determined first quantity (I).
17. A method according to claim 16, whereby said determined first quantity (I) is peculiar
to each said characteristic reed sound.
18. A method according to claim 16 or 17, wherein said determined first quantity (I) is
variable and depends directly on the value of said pressure variable (P).
19. A method according to one of the claims between 1 and 18, whereby in order to reproduce
a tone called "musette" the pitch of at least some characteristic reed sounds is modified
by a second determined quantity.
20. A method according to claim 19, wherein said second determined quantity is peculiar
to each said characteristic reed sound .
21. A method according to claim 19 or 20, wherein the value of said determined quantity
can be set by the user by means of an adjusting parameter.
22. A method according to one of the claims from 1 through 21, whereby the characteristic
sound produced by closing its corresponding valve is corresponding with the single
reed for each said first key; on releasing the second key (3) the characteristic sound
produced by closing the valve of the corresponding first key is electronically generated.
23. A method according to claim 22, whereby said electronic generation of the characteristic
sound produced by closing the valve occurs with an amplitude that decreases progressively
during time by means of an exponential ramp so as to reach the zero value.
24. A method according to claim 22 or 23, whereby the duration and amplitude of said electronic
generation of the characteristic sound produced by closing the valve depends on the
release dynamics of the second key (3).
25. A method for electronically reproducing the sound of an acoustic accordion, that is
provided with a number of first keys/buttons, whereby each of them can be pressed
to control a related valve, thus exciting a corresponding number of reeds that are
coupled with said first key/button; such method providing for continually detecting
the pressure of second keys/buttons (3), each of them corresponding to said first
key/button as well as for electronically reproducing the sound produced by the corresponding
first key on pressing a second key/button (3); the characteristic sound produced by
closing its corresponding valve is corresponding with the single reed for each said
first key; on releasing the second key (3) the characteristic sound produced by closing
the valve of the corresponding first key is electronically generated.
26. An electronic accordion (1) comprising a series of keys/buttons (3), a bellow (6)
and a sound module (12), that is capable of reproducing the sound of an acoustic accordion
when said keys/buttons (3) are pressed; it also comprises a memory (15), a processor
(16) and a series of sound generators (17); the electronic accordion (1) being characterized by the fact that said memory (15) is capable of storing the characteristic sound produced
by the vibration of several single reeds for each key/button (3), wherein each reed
can be associated with the very key/button (3); after pressing a key/button (3) said
processor (16) being capable to control a number of sound generators (17) that equals
to the number of reeds that can be associated with the very key/button (3) in order
to generate the characteristic sound for each reed that can be associated with the
pressed key/button (3) electronically and individually.
27. An electronic accordion (1) according to claim 26, that is capable of operating according
to the method explained in the claims from 1 through 25.
28. An electronic musical instrument comprising:
- a sound generator generating a sound which consists of a plurality of overtones;
- a pitch shifter shifting the pitch of each overtone respectively from the original value to a specific value;
the specific value being lower than the original value and the pitch difference between the specific value and the original value being defined by volume and overtone.29. An electronic musical instrument comprising:
- an input device inputting linear value;
- a sound generator generating a sound which consists of a plurality of overtones;
- a controlling device controlling the sound generator to start generating a sound when the input value is higher than the specific first value, and to finish generating a sound when the input value is lower than the specific second value;
the specific first value and the specific second value being defined by each overtone.