Image coding method and apparatus, and image decoding method and apparatus

Abstract

 An image input unit (12) acquires key frames. A scene change detector (20) detects a scene change inbetween the key frames, and notifies a matching processor (14), which (14) then skips generation of correspondence data. A stream generator (16) generates a coded data stream in a manner that key frames and the correspondence data are incorporated when there is no scene change, while key frames and correspondence disable data are incorporated when there is a scene change.

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to an image processing technology, and it particularly relates to method and apparatus for coding and decoding images, with emphasis on compression of moving pictures.

[0002] The MPEG (Motion Picture Expert Group) which is de facto world standard of motion compression has expanded its targeted area to transmission media such as network and broadcast, from mere storage media such as CDs. There is no doubt that the digitization of the broadcast has prevailed around the MPEG compression coding technology. A barrier that has existed between the broadcast and the communications disappears, and the diversification of service-providing businesses becomes indispensable. Thus, we are facing the situation where it is hard to predict how the digital culture would evolve in this age of broadband.

[0003] Even in such the chaotic situation, there is one thing certain about the direction on the compression technology of motion pictures. That is the consistency where both higher compression rate and image quality shall be achieved. It is the well-known fact that block distortion in MPEG is sometimes responsible for keeping the compression rate from being improved.

[0004] The present invention has been made in view of the foregoing circumstances and an object thereof is to provide a desired compression technology for the motion pictures. In what follows, an image decoding technology and an image coding technology are described mainly with reference to the motion pictures. However, the use thereof is not limited to the motion pictures but also includes image effects such as morphing and walkthrough.

[0005] A preferred embodiment according to the present invention relates to an image coding apparatus. This apparatus includes: an image input unit which inputs data of key frames; a scene change detector which detects a scene change when two key frames interpose the scene change therebetween; a correspondence information generator which generates data of correspondence information on two key frames (also referred to as "a pair of normal key frames" hereinafter) which do not interpose the scene change; and
a stream generator which generates a data stream by incorporating the data of correspondence information for the key frames which do not interpose the scene change and by incorporating data (also referred to as "correspondence disable data" hereinafter) that indicate prohibition of correspondence for the key frames (also referred to as "a pair of special key frames" hereinafter) which interpose the scene change.

[0006] A "frame" is a unit of the image. In this patent specification, however, this "frame" will not be distinguished from the "image" unless otherwise necessary. The "scene change" is not necessarily determined objectively, and it may be considered that there is a scene change in a case when there exists a difference, to a certain degree, in images. From another standpoint, it may be stated that the scene change occurs if reproduction images obtained without going through generation of intermediate frames by interpolating key frames and so forth based on correspondence information, turn out to be more desirable than those obtained with the generation of intermediate frames by interpolating the key frames and so forth based on the correspondence information. According to this embodiment, generation of intermediate frames utilizing the correspondence information is prohibited in accordance with decision made at a coding side, or an indication can be made to the effect that such the generation of intermediate frames is at least not recommended.

[0007] The data stream may be formed in a manner that the data of correspondence information and the data that indicate prohibition of correspondence differ in part of data values thereof, for example, data values in headers and thus both can be identified thereby. For example, both can be distinguished from each other by a bit value in a predetermined position.

[0008] The correspondence information generator may extract critical points in respective key frames, and perform a pixel-based matching computation based on a correspondence relation between the critical points. In so doing, the correspondence information generator may multiresolutionalize respective key frames by extracting critical points thereof, and specify a correspondence relation between the critical points, in sequence starting from a coarse level of multiresolution.

[0009] Another preferred embodiment according to the present invention relates to an image coding method. This method includes: detecting a scene change when two key frames interpose a scene change therebetween; generating data of correspondence information on two key frames which do not interpose the scene change; and generating data that indicate prohibition of correspondence on two key frames which interpose the scene change.

[0010] Still another preferred embodiment according to the present invention relates to an image decoding apparatus. This apparatus includes: a stream input unit which inputs a data stream including at least data of correspondence information between key frames; an intermediate image generator which generates an intermediate frame, based on the data of correspondence information included in the inputted data stream and data of the key frames; and a scene change detector which detects correspondence disable data to be inserted into the inputted data stream when a scene change is detected in between key frames in an image coding apparatus. In this structure, the intermediate image generator stops generation of an intermediate frame when the correspondence disable data are detected.

[0011] The scene change detector may identify the data of correspondence information and the correspondence disable data, based on a difference between data structures thereof. Moreover, the scene change detector may detect ratio data, included in the correspondence disable data, which indicate a temporal position of the scene change against two key frames which interpose the scene change.

[0012] The intermediate image generator may control in a manner that the two key frames which interpose the scene change is switched at a timing based on the ratio data and displayed. Thus, for example, if there is provided a display controller, the ratio data may be notified to the display controller as they are, or the first key frame of the pair of the special key frames may be outputted repeatedly until the timing and the second key frame thereof may be outputted repeatedly after the timing.

[0013] Still another preferred embodiment according to the present invention relates to an image decoding method. This method includes: generating an intermediate frame, based on data of correspondence information included in a data stream and data of key frames; and detecting correspondence disable data to be inserted into the data stream when a scene change is detected in between key frames in an image coding apparatus. In this structure, generation of an intermediate frame is stopped when the correspondence disable data are detected.

[0014] Still another preferred embodiment according to the present invention relates to an image coding apparatus. This apparatus includes: an image input unit which inputs data of key frames; a scene change detector which detects a first key frame and a second key frame which interpose a scene change at before and after the scene change, respectively; and a correspondence data generator which generates data of correspondence information between arbitrary two key frames. In this structure, when the first key frame and the second key frame are detected, a third key frame and a fourth key frame, disposed at before and after the scene change, respectively, whose interval therebetween is narrower than that between the first key frame and the second key frame are inputted to the correspondence data generator, so that the data of correspondence information between the first key frame and the third key frame as well as between the second key frame and the fourth key frame are generated.

[0015] In this embodiment, at before and after the scene change the data of correspondence information are generated with the interval being further narrowed. Therefore, even in a case when the data of correspondence information are treated invalid because the data cross over a scene change, more detailed data of correspondence information are obtained respectively at before and after the scene change, thus facilitating to obtain desired reproduction images until immediately before the scene change at a decoding side at a later stage.

[0016] The scene change detector may dispatch a request to acquire the third key frame and the fourth key frame from an arbitrary place, for example, a storage, within the image coding apparatus or may dispatch the request to acquire them from an external place outside the image coding apparatus. The third key frame and the fourth key frame may be inputted only when the interval between the first key frame and the second key frame exceeds a predetermined value.

[0017] Still another preferred embodiment according to the present invention relates to an image coding method. This method includes: detecting a scene change in data of moving pictures; setting another two key frames at before and after the scene change, besides key frames set at a portion excluding the scene change; and generating data of correspondence information between adjacent key frames, after the setting.

[0018] In each of the above-described embodiments, the technology utilized to derive the correspondence information may be an application of the matching technology (referred to as "base technology" hereinafter) proposed by Japanese Patent No. 2927350 which is owned by the same assignee as the present patent specification.

[0019] It is to be noted that any arbitrary replacement or substitution of the above-described structural components and the steps, expressions replaced or substituted in part or whole between a method and an apparatus as well as addition thereof, and expressions changed to a computer program, recording medium or the like are all effective as and encompassed by the present embodiments.

[0020] Moreover, this summary of the invention does not necessarily describe all necessary features so that the invention may also be sub-combination of these described features.

[0021] The invention will be now described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, throughout which like parts are referred to by like references, and in which:

Fig. 1(a) is an image obtained as a result of the application of an averaging filter to a human facial image.

Fig. 1(b) is an image obtained as a result of the application of an averaging filter to another human facial image.

Fig. 1(c) is an image of a human face at p^(5,0) obtained in a preferred embodiment in the base technology.

Fig. 1(d) is another image of a human face at p^(5,0) obtained in a preferred embodiment in the base technology.

Fig. 1(e) is an image of a human face at p^(5,1) obtained in a preferred embodiment in the base technology.

Fig. 1(f) is another image of a human face at p^(5,1) obtained in a preferred embodiment in the base technology.

Fig. 1(g) is an image of a human face at p^(5,2) obtained in a preferred embodiment in the base technology.

Fig. 1(h) is another image of a human face at p^(5,2) obtained in a preferred embodiment in the base technology.

Fig. 1(i) is an image of a human face at p^(5,3) obtained in a preferred embodiment in the base technology.

Fig. 1(j) is another image of a human face at p^(5,3) obtained in a preferred embodiment in the base technology.

Fig. 2(R) shows an original quadrilateral.

Fig. 2(A) shows an inherited quadrilateral.

Fig. 2(B) shows an inherited quadrilateral.

Fig. 2(C) shows an inherited quadrilateral.

Fig. 2(D) shows an inherited quadrilateral.

Fig. 2(E) shows an inherited quadrilateral.

Fig. 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between a source image and a destination image and that between the m-th level and the (m-1)th level, using a quadrilateral.

Fig. 4 shows the relationship between a parameter η (represented by x-axis) and energy C_f (represented by y-axis).

Fig. 5(a) is a diagram illustrating determination of whether or not the mapping for a certain point satisfies the bijectivity condition through the outer product computation.

Fig. 5(b) is a diagram illustrating determination of whether or not the mapping for a certain point satisfies the bijectivity condition through the outer product computation.

Fig. 6 is a flowchart of the entire procedure of a preferred embodiment in the base technology.

Fig. 7 is a flowchart showing the details of the process at S1 in Fig. 6.

Fig. 8 is a flowchart showing the details of the process at S10 in Fig. 7.

Fig. 9 is a diagram showing correspondence between partial images of the m-th and (m-1)th levels of resolution.

Fig. 10 is a diagram showing source hierarchical images generated in the embodiment in the base technology.

Fig. 11 is a flowchart of a preparation procedure for S2 in Fig. 6.

Fig. 12 is a flowchart showing the details of the process at S2 in Fig. 6.

Fig. 13 is a diagram showing the way a submapping is determined at the 0-th level.

Fig. 14 is a diagram showing the way a submapping is determined at the first level.

Fig. 15 is a flowchart showing the details of the process at S21 in Fig. 12.

Fig. 16 is a graph showing the behavior of energy C

corresponding to f^(m,s) (λ=iΔλ) which has been obtained for a certain f^(m,s) while varying λ.

Fig. 17 is a diagram showing the behavior of energy C

corresponding to f⁽ⁿ⁾ (η=iΔη)(i=0,1,...) which has been obtained while varying η.

Fig. 18 is a diagram showing a structure of an image coding apparatus according to an embodiment.

Fig. 19 shows a state in which a scene change is included in a flow of key frames.

Fig. 20 shows a structure of a data stream generated by a stream generator.

Fig. 21 shows a structure of a correspondence data file generated by a matching processor.

Fig. 22 shows a structure of a correspondence disable file generated by a matching processor or a scene change detector.

Fig. 23 is a diagram showing a structure of an image decoding apparatus according to an embodiment.

Fig. 24 shows the principle on which intermediate frames are generated by an intermediate image generator in the image decoding apparatus.

Fig. 25 shows an operation of a modified example for the image coding apparatus.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0022] The invention will now be described based on the preferred embodiments, which do not intend to limit the scope of the present invention, but exemplify the invention. All of the features and the combinations thereof described in the embodiment are not necessarily essential to the invention.

[0023] At first, the multiresolutional critical point filter technology and the image matching processing using the technology, both of which will be utilized in the preferred embodiments, will be described in detail as "Base Technology". Namely, the following sections [1] and [2] belong to the base technology, where [1] describes elemental techniques and [2] describes a processing procedure. These techniques are patented under Japanese Patent No. 2927350 and owned by the same assignee of the present invention, and they realize an optimal achievement when combined with the present invention. However, it is to be noted that the image matching techniques which can be adopted in the present embodiments are not limited to this.

[0024] In Figs. 18 to 25, image data coding and decoding techniques utilizing, in part, the base technology will be described in a specific manner.

Base Technology

[1] Detailed description of elemental techniques

[1.1] Introduction

[0025] Using a set of new multiresolutional filters called critical point filters, image matching is accurately computed. There is no need for any prior knowledge concerning objects in question. The matching of the images is computed at each resolution while proceeding through the resolution hierarchy. The resolution hierarchy proceeds from a coarse level to a fine level. Parameters necessary for the computation are set completely automatically by dynamical computation analogous to human visual systems. Thus, There is no need to manually specify the correspondence of points between the images.

[0026] The base technology can be applied to, for instance, completely automated morphing, object recognition, stereo photogrammetry, volume rendering, smooth generation of motion images from a small number of frames. When applied to the morphing, given images can be automatically transformed. When applied to the volume rendering, intermediate images between cross sections can be accurately reconstructed, even when the distance between them is rather long and the cross sections vary widely in shape.

[1.2] The hierarchy of the critical point filters

[0027] The multiresolutional filters according to the base technology can preserve the intensity and locations of each critical point included in the images while reducing the resolution. Now, let the width of the image be N and the height of the image be M. For simplicity, assume that N=M=2n where n is a positive integer. An interval [0, N] ⊂ R is denoted by I. A pixel of the image at position (i, j) is denoted by p^(i,j) where i,j . I.

[0028] Here, a multiresolutional hierarchy is introduced. Hierarchized image groups are produced by a multiresolutional filter. The multiresolutional filter carries out a two dimensional search on an original image and detects critical points therefrom. The multiresolutinal filter then extracts the critical points from the original image to construct another image having a lower resolution. Here, the size of each of the respective images of the m-th level is denoted as 2^mX2^m (0 ≤ m ≤ n). A critical point filter constructs the following four new hierarchical images recursively, in the direction descending from n.

where let

[0029] The above four images are referred to as subimages hereinafter. When min_{x t x+1} and max_{x t x+1} are abbreviated to and α and β, respectively, the subimages can be expressed as follows.

[0030] Namely, they can be considered analogous to the tensor products of α and β. The subimages correspond to the respective critical points. As is apparent from the above equations, the critical point filter detects a critical point of the original image for every block consisting of 2 X 2 pixels. In this detection, a point having a maximum pixel value and a point having a minimum pixel value are searched with respect to two directions, namely, vertical and horizontal directions, in each block. Although pixel intensity is used as a pixel value in this base technology, various other values relating to the image may be used. A pixel having the maximum pixel values for the two directions, one having minimum pixel values for the two directions, and one having a minimum pixel value for one direction and a maximum pixel value for the other direction are detected as a local maximum point, a local minimum point, and a saddle point, respectively.

[0031] By using the critical point filter, an image (1 pixel here) of a critical point detected inside each of the respective blocks serves to represent its block image (4 pixels here). Thus, resolution of the image is reduced. From a singularity theoretical point of view, α(x)α(y) preserves the local minimum point(minima point),β(x)β(y) preserves the local maximum point(maxima point), α(x)β(y) andβ(x)α(y) preserve the saddle point.

[0032] At the beginning, a critical point filtering process is applied separately to a source image and a destination image which are to be matching-computed. Thus, a series of image groups, namely, source hierarchical images and destination hierarchical images are generated. Four source hierarchical images and four destination hierarchical images are generated corresponding to the types of the critical points.

[0033] Thereafter, the source hierarchical images and the destination hierarchical images are matched in a series of the resolution levels. First, the minima points are matched using p^(m,0). Next, the saddle points are matched using p^(m,1) based on the previous matching result for the minima points. Other saddle points are matched using p^(m,2). Finally, the maxima points are matched using p^(m,3).

[0034] Figs. 1(c) and 1(d) show the subimages p^(5,0) of the images in Figs. 1(a) and 1(b), respectively. Similarly, Figs. 1(e) and 1(f) show the subimages p^(5,1). Figs. 1(g) and 1(h) show the subimages p^(5,2). Figs. 1(i) and 1(j) show the subimages p^(5,3). Characteristic parts in the images can be easily matched using subimages. The eyes can be matched by p^(5,0) since the eyes are the minima points of pixel intensity in a face. The mouths can be matched by p^(5,1) since the mouths have low intensity in the horizontal direction. Vertical lines on the both sides of the necks become clear by p^(5,2). The ears and bright parts of cheeks become clear by p^(5,3) since these are the maxima points of pixel intensity.

[0035] As described above, the characteristics of an image can be extracted by the critical point filter. Thus, by comparing, for example, the characteristics of an image shot by a camera and with the characteristics of several objects recorded in advance, an object shot by the camera can be identified.

[1.3] Computation of mapping between images

[0036] The pixel of the source image at the location (i,j) is denoted by p

and that of the destination image at (k,l) is denoted by q

where i, j, k, l ∈ I. The energy of the mapping between the images (described later) is then defined. This energy is determined by the difference in the intensity of the pixel of the source image and its corresponding pixel of the destination image and the smoothness of the mapping. First, the mapping f^(m,0):p^(m,0) . q^(m,0) between p^(m,0) and q^(m,0) with the minimum energy is computed. Based on f^(m,0), the mapping f^(m,1) between p^(m,1) and q^(m,1) with the minimum energy is computed. This process continues until f^(m,3) between p^(m,3) and q^(m,3) is computed. Each f^(m,i) (i = 0,1,2,...) is referred to as a submapping. The order of i will be rearranged as shown in the following (3) in computing f^(m,i) for the reasons to be described later.

where σ(i)∈{0,1,2,3}.

[1. 3. 1] Bijectivity

[0037] When the matching between a source image and a destination image is expressed by means of a mapping, that mapping shall satisfy the Bijectivity Conditions (BC) between the two images (note that a one-to-one surjective mapping is called a bijection). This is because the respective images should be connected satisfying both surjection and injection, and there is no conceptual supremacy existing between these images. It is to be to be noted that the mappings to be constructed here are the digital version of the bijection. In the base technology, a pixel is specified by a grid point.

[0038] The mapping of the source subimage (a subimage of a source image) to the destination subimage (a subimage of a destination image) is represented by f^(m,s): I/2^n-m X I/2^n-m . I/2^n-m X I/2^n-m (s = 0,1,...), where f

= (k,l) means that p

of the source image is mapped to q

of the destination image. For simplicity, when f(i,j)=(k,l) holds, a pixel q_(k,l) is denoted by q_f(i,j).

[0039] When the data sets are discrete as image pixels (grid points) treated in the base technology, the definition of bijectivity is important. Here, the bijection will be defined in the following manner, where i,i',j,j',k and 1 are all integers. First, each square region (4)

on the source image plane denoted by R is considered, where i = 0, ..., 2^m-1, and j = 0, ..., 2^m-1. The edges of R are directed as follows.

[0040] This square will be mapped by f to a quadrilateral on the destination image plane. The quadrilateral (6)

denoted by f^(m,s)(R) should satisfy the following bijectivity conditions(BC).

1. The edges of the quadrilateral f^(m,s)(R) should not intersect one another.

2. The orientation of the edges of f^(m,s)(R) should be the same as that of R (clockwise in the case of Fig. 2).

3. As a relaxed condition, retraction mapping is allowed.

[0041] The bijectivity conditions stated above shall be simply referred to as BC hereinafter.

[0042] Without a certain type of a relaxed condition, there would be no mappings which completely satisfy the BC other than a trivial identity mapping. Here, the length of a single edge of f^(m,s)(R) may be zero. Namely, f^(m,s)(R) may be a triangle. However, it is not allowed to be a point or a line segment having area zero. Specifically speaking, if Fig. 2(R) is the original quadrilateral, Figs. 2(A) and 2(D) satisfy BC while Figs 2(B), 2(C) and 2(E) do not satisfy BC.

[0043] In actual implementation, the following condition may be further imposed to easily guarantee that the mapping is surjective. Namely, each pixel on the boundary of the source image is mapped to the pixel that occupies the same locations at the destination image. In other words, f(i,j)=(i,j) (on the four lines of i=0, i=2^m-1, j=0, j=2^m-1). This condition will be hereinafter referred to as an additional condition.

[1. 3. 2] Energy of mapping

[1. 3. 2. 1] Cost related to the pixel intensity

[0044] The energy of the mapping f is defined. An objective here is to search a mapping whose energy becomes minimum. The energy is determined mainly by the difference in the intensity of between the pixel of the source image and its corresponding pixel of the destination image. Namely, the energy C

of the mapping f^(m,s) at(i,j) is determined by the following equation (7).

where V(p

) and V(q

) are the intensity values of the pixels p

and q

respectively. The total energy C^(m,s) of f is a matching evaluation equation, and can be defined as the sum of C

as shown in the following equation (8).

[1. 3. 2. 2] Cost related to the locations of the pixel for smooth mapping

[0045] In order to obtain smooth mappings, another energy D_f for the mapping is introduced. The energy D_f is determined by the locations of p

and q

(i=0,1,...,2^m-1, j=0,1,...,2^m-1), regardless of the intensity of the pixels. The energy D

of the mapping f^(m,s) at a point (i,j) is determined by the following equation (9).

where the coefficient parameter η which is equal to or greater than 0 is a real number. And we have



where

and f(i',j') is defined to be zero for i'<0 and j'<0. E₀ is determined by the distance between (i,j) and f(i,j). E₀ prevents a pixel from being mapped to a pixel too far away from it. However, E₀ will be replaced later by another energy function. E₁ ensures the smoothness of the mapping. E₁ represents a distance between the displacement of p(i,j) and the displacement of its neighboring points. Based on the above consideration, another evaluation equation for evaluating the matching, or the energy D_f is determined by the following equation (13).

[1. 3. 2. 3] Total energy of the mapping

[0046] The total energy of the mapping, that is, a combined evaluation equation which relates to the combination of a plurality of evaluations, is defined as λC

+ D

, where λ≧0 is a real number. The goal is to detect a state in which the combined evaluation equation has an extreme value, namely, to find a mapping which gives the minimum energy expressed by the following (14).

[0047] Care must be exercised in that the mapping becomes an identity mapping if λ=0 and η=0 (i.e., f^(m,s)(i,j)=(i,j) for all i=0,1,...,2^m-1 and j=0,1,...,2^m-1). As will be described later, the mapping can be gradually modified or transformed from an identity mapping since the case of λ=0 and η=0 is evaluated at the outset in the base technology. If the combined evaluation equation is defined as C

+ λD

where the original position of λ is changed as such, the equation with λ=0 and η=0 will be C

only. As a result thereof, pixels would be randomly corresponded to each other only because their pixel intensities are close, thus making the mapping totally meaningless. Transforming the mapping based on such a meaningless mapping makes no sense. Thus, the coefficient parameter is so determined that the identity mapping is initially selected for the evaluation as the best mapping.

[0048] Similar to this base technology, the difference in the pixel intensity and smoothness is considered in the optical flow technique. However, the optical flow technique cannot be used for image transformation since the optical flow technique takes into account only the local movement of an object. Global correspondence can be detected by utilizing the critical point filter according to the base technology.

[1. 3. 3] Determining the mapping with multiresolution

[0049] A mapping f_min which gives the minimum energy and satisfies the BC is searched by using the multiresolution hierarchy. The mapping between the source subimage and the destination subimage at each level of the resolution is computed. Starting from the top of the resolution hierarchy (i.e., the coarsest level), the mapping is determined at each resolution level, while mappings at other level is being considered. The number of candidate mappings at each level is restricted by using the mappings at an upper (i.e., coarser) level of the hierarchy. More specifically speaking, in the course of determining a mapping at a certain level, the mapping obtained at the coarser level by one is imposed as a sort of constraint conditions.

[0050] Now, when the following equation (15) holds,

p

and q

are respectively called the parents of p

and q

, where └x┘ denotes the largest integer not exceeding x. Conversely, p

and q

are the child of p

and the child of q

, respectively. A function parent(i,j) is defined by the following (16).

[0051] A mapping between p

and q

is determined by computing the energy and finding the minimum thereof. The value of f^(m,s)(i,j)=(k,l) is determined as follows using f(m-1,s) (m=1,2,...,n). First of all, imposed is a condition that q

should lie inside a quadrilateral defined by the following (17) and (18). Then, the applicable mappings are narrowed down by selecting ones that are thought to be reasonable or natural among them satisfying the BC.

where

[0052] The quadrilateral defined above is hereinafter referred to as the inherited quadrilateral of p

. The pixel minimizing the energy is sought and obtained inside the inherited quadrilateral.

[0053] Fig. 3 illustrates the above-described procedures. The pixels A, B, C and D of the source image are mapped to A', B', C' and D' of the destination image, respectively, at the (m-1)th level in the hierarchy. The pixel p

should be mapped to the pixel q

which exists inside the inherited quadrilateral A'B'C'D'. Thereby, bridging from the mapping at the (m-1)th level to the mapping at the m-th level is achieved.

[0054] The energy E₀ defined above is now replaced by the following (19) and (20)



for computing the submapping f^(m,0) and the submapping f^(m,s) at the m-th level, respectively.

[0055] In this manner, a mapping which keeps low the energy of all the submappings is obtained. Using the equation (20) makes the submappings corresponding to the different critical points associated to each other within the same level in order that the subimages can have high similarity. The equation (19) represents the distance between f^(m,s)(i,j) and the location where (i,j) should be mapped when regarded as a part of a pixel at the (m-1)the level.

[0056] When there is no pixel satisfying the BC inside the inherited quadrilateral A'B'C'D', the following steps are taken. First, pixels whose distance from the boundary of A'B'C'D' is L (at first, L=1) are examined. If a pixel whose energy is the minimum among them satisfies the BC, then this pixel will be selected as a value of f^(m,s)(i,j). L is increased until such a pixel is found or L reaches its upper bound L

. L

is fixed for each level m. If no such a pixel is found at all, the third condition of the BC is ignored temporarily and such mappings that caused the area of the transformed quadrilateral to become zero (a point or a line) will be permitted so as to determine f^(m,s)(i,j), If such a pixel is still not found, then the first and the second conditions of the BC will be removed.

[0057] Multiresolution approximation is essential to determining the global correspondence of the images while preventing the mapping from being affected by small details of the images. Without the multiresolution approximation, it is impossible to detect a correspondence between pixels whose distances are large. In the case where the multiresolution approximation is not available, the size of an image will be limited to the very small one, and only tiny changes in the images can be handled. Moreover, imposing smoothness on the mapping usually makes it difficult to find the correspondence of such pixels. That is because the energy of the mapping from one pixel to another pixel which is far therefrom is high. On the other hand, the multiresolution approximation enables finding the approximate correspondence of such pixels. This is because the distance between the pixels is small at the upper (coarser) level of the hierarchy of the resolution.

[1. 4] Automatic determination of the optimal parameter values

[0058] One of the main deficiencies of the existing image matching techniques lies in the difficulty of parameter adjustment. In most cases, the parameter adjustment is performed manually and it is extremely difficult to select the optical value. However, according to the base technology, the optimal parameter values can be obtained completely automatically.

[0059] The systems according to this base technology includes two parameters, namely, λ and η, whereλ and η represent the weight of the difference of the pixel intensity and the stiffness of the mapping, respectively. The initial value for these parameters are 0. First, λ is gradually increased from λ=0 while η is fixed to 0. As λ becomes larger and the value of the combined evaluation equation (equation (14)) is minimized, the value of C

for each submapping generally becomes smaller. This basically means that the two images are matched better. However, if λ exceeds the optimal value, the following phenomena (1 - 4) are caused.

1. Pixels which should not be corresponded are erroneously corresponded only because their intensities are close.

2. As a result, correspondence between images becomes inaccurate, and the mapping becomes invalid.

3. As a result, D

in the equation 14 tends to increase abruptly.

4. As a result, since the value of the equation 14 tends to increase abruptly, f^(m,s) changes in order to suppress the abrupt increase of D

. As a result, C

increases.

[0060] Therefore, a threshold value at which C

turns to an increase from a decrease is detected while a state in which the equation (14) takes the minimum value with λ being increased is kept. Such λ is determined as the optimal value at η=0. Then, the behavior of C

is examined while η is increased gradually, and η will be automatically determined by a method described later. λ will be determined corresponding to such the automatically determined η.

[0061] The above-described method resembles the focusing mechanism of human visual systems. In the human visual systems, the images of the respective right eye and left eye are matched while moving one eye. When the objects are clearly recognized, the moving eye is fixed.

[1. 4. 1] Dynamic determination of λ

[0062] λ is increased from 0 at a certain interval, and the a subimage is evaluated each time the value of λ changes. As shown in the equation (14), the total energy is defined by λC

+D

. D

in the equation (9) represents the smoothness and theoretically becomes minimum when it is the identity mapping. E₀ and E₁ increase as the mapping is further distorted. Since E₁ is an integer, 1 is the smallest step of D

. Thus, that changing the mapping reduces the total energy is impossible unless a changed amount (reduction amount) of the current λC

is equal to or greater than 1. Since D

increases by more than 1 accompanied by the change of the mapping, the total energy is not reduced unless λC

is reduced by more than 1.

[0063] Under this condition, it is shown that C

decreases in normal cases as λ increases. The histogram of C

is denoted as h(l), where h(l) is the number of pixels whose energy C

is l². In order that λ l² ≧1, for example, the case of l²=1/λ is considered. When λ varies from λ₁ to λ₂, a number of pixels (denoted A) expressed by the following (21)

changes to a more stable state having the energy (22) which is

[0064] Here, it is assumed that all the energy of these pixels is approximated to be zero. It means that the value of C

changes by (23).

As a result, the equation (24) holds.

Since h(l)>0 , C

decreases in normal case. However, when λ tends to exceed the optimal value, the above phenomenon that is characterized by the increase in C

occurs. The optimal value of λ is determined by detecting this phenomenon.

[0065] When

is assumed where both H(h>0) and k are constants, the equation (26) holds.

Then, if k≠-3, the following (27) holds.

The equation (27) is a general equation of C

(where C is a constant).

[0066] When detecting the optimal value of λ, the number of pixels violating the BC may be examined for safety. In the course of determining a mapping for each pixel, the probability of violating the BC is assumed p₀ here. In that case, since

holds, the number of pixels violating the BC increases at a rate of the equation (29).

Thus,

is a constant. If assumed that h(l)=Hl^k, the following (31), for example,

becomes a constant. However, when λ exceeds the optimal value, the above value of (31) increases abruptly. By detecting this phenomenon, whether or not the value of B₀λ^3/2+k/2/2^m exceeds an abnormal value B_0thres exceeds is inspected, so that the optimal value of can be determined. Similarly, whether or not the value of B₁λ^3/2+k/2/2^m exceeds an abnormal value B_1thres, so that the increasing rate B₁ of pixels violating the third condition of the BC is checked. The reason why the fact 2^m is introduced here will be described at a later stage. This system is not sensitive to the two threshold values B_0thres and B_1thres. The two threshold values B_0thres and B_1thres can be used to detect the excessive distortion of the mapping which is failed to be detected through the observation of the energy C

.

[0067] In the experimentation, the computation of f^(m,s) is stopped and then the computation of f^(m,s+1) is started when λ exceeded 0.1. That is because the computation of submappings is affected by the difference of mere 3 out of 255 levels in the pixel intensity when λ>0.1, and it is difficult to obtain a correct result when λ>0.1.

[1. 4. 2] Histogram h(l)

[0068] The examination of CC

does not depend on the histogram h(1). The examination of the BC and its third condition may be affected by the h(1). k is usually close to 1 when (λ , C

is actually plotted. In the experiment, k=1 is used, that is, B₀λ² and B₁λ² are examined. If the true value of k is less than 1, B₀λ² and B₁λ² does not become constants and increase gradually by the factor of λ^(1-k)/2. If h(l) is a constant, the factor is, for example, λ^1/2. However, such a difference can be absorbed by setting the threshold B_0thres appropriately.

[0069] Let us model the source image by a circular object with its center at(x₀,y₀) and its radius r, given by:

and the destination image given by:

with its center at(x₁,y₁) and radius r. Let c(x) has the form of c(x)=x^k. When the centers (x₀,y₀) and (x₁,y₁) are sufficiently far from each other, the histogram h(l) is then in the form of:

[0070] When k=1, the images represent objects with clear boundaries embedded in the backgrounds. These objects become darker toward their centers and brighter toward their boundaries. When k=-1, the images represent objects with vague boundaries. These objects are brightest at their centers, and become darker toward boundaries. Without much loss of generality, it suffices to state that objects in general are between these two types of objects. Thus, k such that -1≦k≦1 can cover the most cases, and it is guaranteed that the equation (27) is generally a decreasing function.

[0071] As can be observed from the above equation (34), attention must be directed to the fact that r is influenced by the resolution of the image, namely, r is proportional to 2^m. That is why the factor 2^m was introduced in the above section [1.4.1].

[1. 4. 3] Dynamic determination of η

[0072] The parameter η can also be automatically determined in the same manner. Initially, η is set to zero, and the final mapping f⁽ⁿ⁾ and the energy C

at the finest resolution are computed. Then, after η is increased by a certain value Δη and the final mapping f⁽ⁿ⁾ and the energy C

at the finest resolution are again computed. This process is repeated until the optimal value is obtained. η represents the stiffness of the mapping because it is a weight of the following equation (35).

[0073] When η is zero, D

is determined irrespective of the previous submapping, and the present submapping would be elastically deformed and become too distorted. On the other hand, when η is a very large value, D

is almost completely determined by the immediately previous submapping. The submappings are then very stiff, and the pixels are mapped to almost the same locations. The resulting mapping is therefore the identity mapping. When the value of η increases from 0, C

gradually decreases as will be described later. However, when the value of η exceeds the optimal value, the energy starts increasing as shown in Fig. 4. In Fig. 4, the x-axis represents η, and y-axis represents C_f.

[0074] The optimum value of η which minimizes C

can be obtained in this manner. However, since various elements affects the computation compared to the case of λ, C

changes while slightly fluctuating. This difference is caused because a submapping is re-computed once in the case of λ whenever an input changes slightly, whereas all the submappings must be re-computed in the case of η. Thus, whether the obtained value of C

is the minimum or not cannot be judged instantly. When candidates for the minimum value are found, the true minimum needs to be searched by setting up further finer interval.

[1. 5] Supersampling

[0075] When deciding the correspondence between the pixels, the range of f^(m,s) can be expanded to R X R (R being the set of real numbers) in order to increase the degree of freedom. In this case, the intensity of the pixels of the destination image is interpolated, so that f^(m,s) having the intensity at non-integer points

is provided. Namely, supersampling is performed. In its actual implementation, f^(m,s) is allowed to take integer and half integer values, and

is given by

[1. 6] Normalization of the pixel intensity of each image

[0076] When the source and destination images contain quite different objects, the raw pixel intensity may not be used to compute the mapping because a large difference in the pixel intensity causes excessively large energy C

relating the intensity, thus making it difficult to perform the correct evaluation.

[0077] For example, the matching between a human face and a cat's face is computed as shown in Figs. 20(a) and 20(b). The cat's face is covered with hair and is a mixture of very bright pixels and very dark pixels. In this case, in order to compute the submappings of the two faces, its subimages are normalized. Namely, the darkest pixel intensity is set to 0 while the brightest pixel intensity is set to 255, and other pixel intensity values are obtained using the linear interpolation.

[1. 7] Implementation

[0078] In the implementation, utilized is a heuristic method where the computation proceeds linearly as the source image is scanned. First, the value of f^(m,s) is determined at the top leftmost pixel (i,j)=(0,0). The value of each f^(m,s)(i,j) is then determined while i is increased by one at each step. When i reaches the width of the image, j is increased by one and i is reset to zero. Thereafter, f^(m,s)(i,j) is determined while scanning the source image. Once pixel correspondence is determined for all the points, it means that a single mapping f^(m,s) is determined.

[0079] When a corresponding point q_f(i,j) is determined for p_(i,j), a corresponding point q_f(i,j+1) of p_(i,j+1) is determined next. The position of q_f(i,j+1) is constrained by the position of q_f(i,j) since the position of q_f(i,j+1) satisfies the BC. Thus, in this system, a point whose corresponding point is determined earlier is given higher priority. If the situation continues in which (0,0) is always given the highest priority, the final mapping might be unnecessarily biased. In order to avoid this bias, f^(m,s) is determined in the following manner in the base technology.

[0080] First, when (s mod 4) is 0, f^(m,s) is determined starting from (0,0) while gradually increasing both i and j. When (s mod 4) is 1, it is determined starting from the top rightmost location while decreasing i and increasing j. When (s mod 4) is 2, it is determined starting from the bottom rightmost location while decreasing both i and j. When (s mod 4) is 3, it is determined starting from the bottom leftmost location while increasing i and decreasing j. Since a concept such as the submapping, that is, a parameter s, does not exist in the finest n-th level, f^(m,s) is computed continuously in two directions on the assumption that s=0 and s=2.

[0081] In the actual implementation, the values of f^(m,s)(i,j) (m=0,...,n) that satisfy the BC are chosen as much as possible, from the candidates (k,1) by awarding a penalty to the candidates violating the BC. The energy D_(k,l) of the candidate that violates the third condition of the BC is multiplied by φ and that of a candidate that violates the first or second condition of the BC is multiplied by ψ. In the actual implementation, φ=2 and ψ =100000 are used.

[0082] In order to check the above-mentioned BC, the following test is performed as the actual procedure when determining (k,l)=f^(m,s)(i,j). Namely, for each grid point (k,l) in the inherited quadrilateral of f^(m,s)(j,j), whether or not the z-component of the outer product of

is equal to or greater than 0 is examined, where



Here, the vectors are regarded as 3D vectors and the z-axis is defined in the orthogonal right-hand coordinate system. When W is negative, the candidate is awarded a penalty by multiplying D

by ψ so as not to be selected as much as possible.

[0083] Figs. 5(a) and 5(b) illustrate the reason why this condition is inspected. Fig. 5(a) shows a candidate without a penalty and Fig. 5(b) shows one with a penalty. When determining the mapping f^(m,s)(i,j+1) for the adjacent pixel at (i,j+1), there is no pixel on the source image plane that satisfies the BC if the z-component of W is negative because then q

passes the boundary of the adjacent quadrilateral.

[1. 7. 1] The order of submappings

[0084] In the actual implementation, σ(0)=0, σ(1)=1, σ(2)=2, σ(3)=3, σ(4)=0 were used when the resolution level was even, whileσ(0)=3, σ(1)=2, σ(2)=1, σ(3)=0, σ(4)=3 were used when the resolution level was odd. Thus, the submappings are shuffled in an approximately manner. It is to be noted that the submapping is primarily of four types, and s may be any one among 0 to 3. However, a processing with s=4 was actually performed for the reason described later.

[1. 8] Interpolations

[0085] After the mapping between the source and destination images is determined, the intensity values of the corresponding pixels are interpolated. In the implementation, trilinear interpolation is used. Suppose that a square p_(i,j)p_(i+1,j)p_(i+1,j+1)p_(i,j+1) on the source image plane is mapped to a quadrilateral q_f(i,j)q_f(i+1,j)q_f(i+1,j+1)q_f(i,j+1) on the destination image plane. For simplicity, the distance between the image planes is assumed 1. The intermediate image pixels r(x,y,t) (0≦x≦ N-1, 0≦y≦M-1) whose distance from the source image plane is t (0≦t≦1) are obtained as follows. First, the location of the pixel r(x,y,t), where x,y,t∈R, is determined by the equation (42).

The value of the pixel intensity at r(x,y,t) is then determined by the equation (43).

where dx and dy are parameters varying from 0 to 1.

[1. 9] Mapping on which constraints are imposed

[0086] So far, the determination of the mapping to which no constraint is imposed has been described. However, when a correspondence between particular pixels of the source and destination images is provided in a predetermined manner, the mapping can be determined using such correspondence as a constraint.

[0087] The basic idea is that the source image is roughly deformed by an approximate mapping which maps the specified pixels of the source image to the specified pixels of the destination images and thereafter a mapping f is accurately computed.

[0088] First, the specified pixels of the source image are mapped to the specified pixels of the destination image, then the approximate mapping that maps other pixels of the source image to appropriate locations are determined. In other words, the mapping is such that pixels in the vicinity of the specified pixels are mapped to the locations near the position to which the specified one is mapped. Here, the approximate mapping at the m-th level in the resolution hierarchy is denoted by F(m).

[0089] The approximate mapping F is determined in the following manner. First, the mapping for several pixels are specified. When n_s pixels

of the source image are specified, the following values in the equation (45) are determined.

[0090] For the remaining pixels of the source image, the amount of displacement is the weighted average of the displacement of p(i_h,j_h) (h=0,..., n_s -1). Namely, a pixel p_(i,j) is mapped to the following pixel (expressed by the equation (46)) of the destination image.

where

where

[0091] Second, the energy D

of the candidate mapping f is changed so that mapping f similar to F^(m) has a lower energy. Precisely speaking, D

is expressed by the equation (49).



where κ,ρ≧0. Finally, the mapping f is completely determined by the above-described automatic computing process of mappings.

[0092] Note that E

becomes 0 if f^(m,s)(i,j) is sufficiently close to F^(m)(i,j) i.e., the distance therebetween is equal to or less than

It is defined so because it is desirable to determine each value f^(m,s)(i,j) automatically to fit in an appropriate place in the destination image as long as each value f^(m,s)(i,j) is close to F^(m)(i,j). For this reason, there is no need to specify the precise correspondence in detail, and the source image is automatically mapped so that the source image matches the destination image.

[2] Concrete Processing Procedure

[0093] The flow of the process utilizing the respective elemental techniques described in [1] will be described.

[0094] Fig. 6 is a flowchart of the entire procedure of the base technology. Referring to Fig. 6, a processing using a multiresolutional critical point filter is first performed (S1). A source image and a destination image are then matched (S2). S2 is not indispensable, and other processings such as image recognition may be performed instead, based on the characteristics of the image obtained at S1.

[0095] Fig. 7 is a flowchart showing the details of the process at S1 shown in Fig. 6. This process is performed on the assumption that a source image and a destination image are matched at S2. Thus, a source image is first hierarchized using a critical point filter (S10) so as to obtain a series of source hierarchical images. Then, a destination image is hierarchized in the similar manner (S11) so as to obtain a series of destination hierarchical images. The order of S10 and S11 in the flow is arbitrary, and the source image and the destination image can be generated in parallel.

[0096] Fig. 8 is a flowchart showing the details of the process at S10 shown in Fig. 7. Suppose that the size of the original source image is 2ⁿX2ⁿ. Since source hierarchical images are sequentially generated from one with a finer resolution to one with a coarser resolution, the parameter m which indicates the level of resolution to be processed is set to n (S100). Then, critical points are detected from the images p^(m,0), p^(m,1), p^(m,2) and p^(m,3)of the m-th level of resolution, using a critical point filter (S101), so that the images p^(m-1,0), p^(m-1,1), p^(m-1,2) and p^(m-1,3) of the (m-1)th level are generated (S102). Since m=n here, p^(m,0) =p^(m,1) =p^(m,2) =p^(m,3) =p⁽ⁿ⁾ holds and four types of subimages are thus generated from a single source image.

[0097] Fig. 9 shows correspondence between partial images of the m-th and those of (m-1)th levels of resolution. Referring to Fig. 9, respective values represent the intensity of respective pixels. p^(m,s) symbolizes four images p(m,0) through p^(m,3), and when generating p^(m-1,0), p^(m,s) is regarded as p^(m,0). For example, as for the block shown in Fig. 9, comprising four pixels with their pixel intensity values indicated inside, images p^(m-1,0), p^(m-1,1), p^(m-1,2) and p^(m-1,3) acquire "3", "8", "6" and "10", respectively, according to the rules described in [1.2]. This block at the m-th level is replaced at the (m-1)th level by respective single pixels acquired thus. Therefore, the size of the subimages at the (m-1)th level is 2^m-1X2^m-1.

[0098] After m is decremented (S103 in Fig. 8), it is ensured that m is not negative (S104). Thereafter, the process returns to S101, so that subimages of the next level of resolution, i.e., a next coarser level, are generated. The above process is repeated until subimages at m=0 (0-th level) are generated to complete the process at S10. The size of the subimages at the 0-th level is 1 X 1.

[0099] Fig. 10 shows source hierarchical images generated at S10 in the case of n=3. The initial source image is the only image common to the four series followed. The four types of subimages are generated independently, depending on the type of a critical point. Note that the process in Fig. 8 is common to S11 shown in Fig. 7, and that destination hierarchical images are generated through the similar procedure. Then, the process by S1 shown in Fig. 6 is completed.

[0100] In the base technology, in order to proceed to S2 shown in Fig. 6 a matching evaluation is prepared. Fig. 11 shows the preparation procedure. Referring to Fig. 11, a plurality of evaluation equations are set (S30). Such the evaluation equations include the energy C

concerning a pixel value, introduced in [1.3.2.1], and the energy D

concerning the smoothness of the mapping introduced in [1.3.2.2]. Next, by combining these evaluation equations, a combined evaluation equation is set (S31). Such the combined evaluation equation includes λCD

+D. Using η introduced in [1.3.2.2], we have

In the equation (52) the sum is taken for each i and j where i and j run through 0, 1,... , 2^m-1. Now, the preparation for matching evaluation is completed.

[0101] Fig. 12 is a flowchart showing the details of the process of S2 shown in Fig. 6. As described in [1], the source hierarchical images and destination hierarchical images are matched between images having the same level of resolution. In order to detect global corresponding correctly, a matching is calculated in sequence from a coarse level to a fine level of resolution. Since the source and destination hierarchical images are generated by use of the critical point filter, the location and intensity of critical points are clearly stored even at a coarse level. Thus, the result of the global matching is far superior to the conventional method.

[0102] Referring to Fig. 12, a coefficient parameter η and a level parameter m are set to 0 (S20). Then, a matching is computed between respective four subimages at the m-th level of the source hierarchical images and those of the destination hierarchical images at the m-th level, so that four types of submappings f^(m,s) (s=0, 1, 2, 3) which satisfy the BC and minimize the energy are obtained (S21). The BC is checked by using the inherited quadrilateral described in [1.3.3]. In that case, the submappings at the m-th level are constrained by those at the (m-1)th level, as indicated by the equations (17) and (18). Thus, the matching computed at a coarser level of resolution is used in subsequent calculation of a matching. This is a vertical reference between different levels. If m=0, there is no coarser level and the process, but this exceptional process will be described using Fig. 13.

[0103] On the other hand, a horizontal reference within the same level is also performed. As indicated by the equation (20) in [1.3.3], f^(m,3), f^(m,2) and f^(m,1) are respectively determined so as to be analogous to f^(m,2), f^(m,1) and f^(m,0). This is because a situation in which the submappings are totally different seems unnatural even though the type of critical points differs so long as the critical points are originally included in the same source and destination images. As can been seen from the equation (20), the closer the submappings are to each other, the smaller the energy becomes, so that the matching is then considered more satisfactory.

[0104] As for f^(m,0), which is to be initially determined, a coarser level by one is referred to since there is no other submapping at the same level to be referred to as shown in the equation (19). In the experiment, however, a procedure is adopted such that after the submappings were obtained up to f^(m,3), f^(m,0) is renewed once utilizing the thus obtained subamppings as a constraint. This procedure is equivalent to a process in which s=4 is substituted into the equation (20) and f^(m,4) is set to f^(m,0) anew. The above process is employed to avoid the tendency in which the degree of association between f^(m,0) and f^(m,3) becomes too low. This scheme actually produced a preferable result. In addition to this scheme, the submappings are shuffled in the experiment as described in [1.7.1], so as to closely maintain the degrees of association among submappings which are originally determined independently for each type of critical point. Furthermore, in order to prevent the tendency of being dependent on the starting point in the process, the location thereof is changed according to the value of s as described in [1.7].

[0105] Fig. 13 illustrates how the submapping is determined at the 0-th level. Since at the 0-th level each sub-image is consitituted by a single pixel, the four submappings f^(0,s) is automatically chosen as the identity mapping. Fig. 14 shows how the submappings are determined at the first level. At the first level, each of the sub-images is constituted of four pixels, which are indicated by a solid line. When a corresponding point (pixel) of the point (pixel) x in p^(1,s) is searched within q^(1,s), the following procedure is adopted.

1. An upper left point a, an upper right point b, a lower left point c and a lower right point d with respect to the point x are obtained at the first level of resolution.

2. Pixels to which the points a to d belong at a coarser level by one, i.e., the 0-th level, are searched. In Fig. 14, the points a to d belong to the pixels A to D, respectively. However, the points A to C are virtual pixels which do not exist in reality.

3. The corresponding points A' to D' of the pixels A to D, which have already been defined at the 0-th level, are plotted in q^(1,s). The pixels A' to C' are virtual pixels and regarded to be located at the same positions as the pixels A to C.

4. The corresponding point a' to the point a in the pixel A is regarded as being located inside the pixel A', and the point a' is plotted. Then, it is assumed that the position occupied by the point a in the pixel A (in this case, positioned at the upper right) is the same as the position occupied by the point a' in the pixel A'.

5. The corresponding points b' to d' are plotted by using the same method as the above 4 so as to produce an inherited quadrilateral defined by the points a' to d'.

6. The corresponding point x' of the point x is searched such that the energy becomes minimum in the inherited quadrilateral. Candidate corresponding points x' may be limited to the pixels, for instance, whose centers are included in the inherited quadrilateral. In the case shown in Fig. 14, the four pixels all become candidates.

[0106] The above described is a procedure for determining the corresponding point of a given point x. The same processing is performed on all other points so as to determine the submappings. As the inherited quadrilateral is expected to become deformed at the upper levels (higher than the second level), the pixels A' to D' will be positioned apart from one another as shown in Fig. 3.

[0107] Once the four submappings at the m-th level are determined in this manner, m is incremented (S22 in Fig. 12). Then, when it is confirmed that m does not exceed n (S23), return to S21. Thereafter, every time the process returns to S21, submappings at a finer level of resolution are obtained until the process finally returns to S21 at which time the mapping f⁽ⁿ⁾ at the n-th level is determined. This mapping is denoted as f⁽ⁿ⁾(η=0) because it has been determined relative to η=0.

[0108] Next, to obtain the mapping with respect to other different η, η is shifted by Δη and m is reset to zero (S24). After confirming that new η does not exceed a predetermined search-stop value η_max(S25), the process returns to S21 and the mapping f⁽ⁿ⁾ (η=Δη) relative to the new η is obtained. This process is repeated while obtaining f⁽ⁿ⁾ (η=iΔη) (i=0,1,...) at S21. When η exceeds η_max, the process proceeds to S26 and the optimal η=η_opt is determined using a method described later, so as to let f⁽ⁿ⁾(η=η_opt) be the final mapping f⁽ⁿ⁾.

[0109] Fig. 15 is a flowchart showing the details of the process of S21 shown in Fig. 12. According to this flowchart, the submappings at the m-th level are determined for a certain predetermined η. When determining the mappings, the optimal λ is defined independently for each submapping in the base technology.

[0110] Referring to Fig. 15, s and λ are first reset to zero (S210). Then, obtained is the submapping f^(m,s) that minimizes the energy with respect to the then λ (and, implicitly, η) (S211), and the thus obtained is denoted as f^(m,s)(λ=0). In order to obtain the mapping with respect to other differentλ, λ is shifted by Δλ. After confirming that new λ does not exceed a predetermined search-stop value λ_max (S213), the process returns to S211 and the mapping f^(m,s) (λ=Δλ) relative to the new λ is obtained. This process is repeated while obtaining f^(m,s)(λ-iΔλ) (i=0,1,...). When λ exceeds λ_max, the process proceeds to S214 and the optimal λ=λ_opt is determined , so as to let f⁽ⁿ⁾(λ=λ_opt) be the final mapping f^(m,s) (S214).

[0111] Next, in order to obtain other submappings at the same level, λ is reset to zero and s is incremented (S215). After confirming that s does not exceed 4 (S216), return to S211. When s=4, f^(m,0) is renewed utilizing f^(m,3) as described above and a submapping at that level is determined.

[0112] Fig. 16 shows the behavior of the energy C

corresponding to f^(m,s)(λ = iΔλ) (i = 0,1,...) for a certain m and s while varying λ. Though described in [1.4], as λ increases, CD

normally decreases but changes to increase after λ exceeds the optimal value. In this base technology, λ in which C

becomes the minima is defined as λ_opt. As observed in Fig. 16, even if C

turns to decrease again in the range λ>λ_opt, the mapping will be spoiled by then and becomes meaningless. For this reason, it suffices to pay attention to the first occurring minima value. λ_opt is independently determined for each submapping including f⁽ⁿ⁾.

[0113] Fig. 17 shows the behavior of the energy C

corresponding to f⁽ⁿ⁾(η = iΔη) (i = 0,1,...) while varying η. Here too, C

normally decreases as η increases, but C

changes to increase after η exceeds the optimal value. Thus, η in which C

becomes the minima is defined as η_opt. Fig. 17 can be considered as an enlarged graph around zero along the horizontal axis shown in Fig. 4. Once η_opt is determined, f⁽ⁿ⁾ can be finally determined.

[0114] As described above, this base technology provides various merits. First, since there is no need to detect edges, problems in connection with the conventional techniques of the edge detection type are solved. Furthermore, prior knowledge about objects included in an image is not necessitated, thus automatic detection of corresponding points is achieved. Using the critical point filter, it is possible to preserve intensity and locations of critical points even at a coarse level of resolution, thus being extremely advantageous when applied to the object recognition, characteristic extraction, and image matching. As a result, it is possible to construct an image processing system which significantly reduces manual labors.

[0115] Some extensions to or modifications of the above-described base technology may be made as follows:

(1) Parameters are automatically determined when the matching is computed between the source and destination hierarchical images in the base technology. This method can be applied not only to the calculation of the matching between the hierarchical images but also to computing the matching between two images in general.
For instance, an energy E₀ relative to a difference in the intensity of pixels and an energy E₁ relative to a positional displacement of pixels between two images may be used as evaluation equations, and a linear sum of these equations, i.e., E_tot=αE₀+E₁, may be used as a combined evaluation equation. While paying attention to the neighborhood of the extrema in this combined evaluation equation, α is automatically determined. Namely, mappings which minimize E_tot are obtained for various α's. Among such mappings, α at which E_tot takes the minimum value is defined as an optimal parameter. The mapping corresponding to this parameter is finally regarded as the optimal mapping between the two images.
Many other methods are available in the course of setting up evaluation equations. For instance, a term which becomes larger as the evaluation result becomes more favorable, such as 1/E₁ and 1/E₂, may be employed. A combined evaluation equation is not necessarily a linear sum, but an n-powered sum (n=2, 1/2, -1, -2, etc.), a polynomial or an arbitrary function may be employed when appropriate.
The system may employ a single parameter such as the aboveα, two parameters such as η and λ in the base technology or more than two parameters. When there are more than three parameters used, they are determined while changing one at a time.

(2) In the base technology, a parameter is determined in such a manner that a point at which the evaluation equation C

constituting the combined evaluation equation takes the minima is detected after the mapping such that the value of the combined evaluation equation becomes minimum is determined. However, instead of this two-step processing, a parameter may be effectively determined, as the case may be, in a manner such that the minimum value of a combined evaluation equation becomes minimum. In that case, αE₀+βE₁, for instance, may be taken up as the combined evaluation equation, where α+β=1 is imposed as a constraint so as to equally treat each evaluation equation. The essence of automatic determination of a parameter boils down to determining the parameter such that the energy becomes minimum.

(3) In the base technology, four types of submappings related to four types of critical points are generated at each level of resolution. However, one, two, or three types among the four types may be selectively used. For instance, if there exists only one bright point in an image, generation of hierarchical images based solely on f^(m,3) related to a maxima point can be effective to a certain degree. In this case, no other submapping is necessary at the same level, thus the amount of computation relative on s is effectively reduced.

(4) In the base technology, as the level of resolution of an image advances by one through a critical point filter, the number of pixels becomes 1/4. However, it is possible to suppose that one block consists of 3X3 pixels and critical points are searched in this 3X3 block, then the number of pixels will be 1/9 as the level advances by one.

(5) When the source and the destination images are color images, they are first converted to monochrome images, and the mappings are then computed. The source color images are then transformed by using the mappings thus obtained as a result thereof. As one of other methods, the submappings may be computed regarding each RGB component.

Preferred Embodiments for Image Coding and Decoding

[0116] In the above-described base technology, the correspondence data are generated by computing a matching between key frames and, based on this correspondence information, an intermediate frame is generated. Therefore this technology can be used for the compression of moving pictures; in fact, experiments are beginning to show evidence of both picture quality and compression rate (also termed 'compressibility', hereinafter) superior to those of MPEG. An image coding and decoding technology utilizing the base technology will be described hereinbelow. This image coding and decoding technology, which takes scene changes of moving pictures into consideration, will prove to be an important elemental technique for the base technology and such other technologies which can reproduce excellent images even when a certain considerable length of time interval exists between key frames.

(Coding Side)

[0117] Fig. 18 shows a structure of an image coding apparatus 10 according to an embodiment. The image coding apparatus 10 includes an image input unit 12 which inputs the data on key frame KF_i, a matching processor 14 which generates a correspondence data file C_i,j by computing a matching between key frames, and a stream generator 16 which generates a coded data stream CBS (Coded Bit Stream) (simply referred to as a data stream hereinafter), by incorporating the data of key frames and the correspondence data file. The data stream is stored in a storage 18 as needed. A scene change detector 20 detects a scene change, if any, between key frames, and notifies the matching processor 14 and the stream generator 16 of the scene change.

[0118] While there are a variety of methods for detecting scene changes, the method herein simply determines the presence of a scene change when there is a substantially large difference between two key frames. The difference is determined, for example, by comparing the absolute value or the total sum of squares of the difference between pixel values of corresponding points in two key frames, with a predetermined threshold value.

[0119] Key frames are defined, for instance, by extracting frames of moving pictures at intervals of 0.5 seconds, and intermediate frames, which are the frames between key frames, are generated by interpolation computation based on the correspondence data file at a decoding side. It is to be appreciated here that the image input unit 12 may either input already existing key frames or may be an image photographing device which captures images on its own such as a digital camera.

[0120] The matching processor 14 performs a pixel-by-pixel matching between two key frames, based on critical points or other, applying the base technology or some other arbitrary technology. Unlike the case with the base technology, upon the receipt of notification of the detection of a scene change from the scene change detector 20, generation of correspondence data is skipped for a "special pair of key frames", which is a pair of key frames before and after the scene change. This is because the generation of an interpolated image from the frames before and after a scene change produces a generally meaningless morphing image although there may be some aesthetic effect.

[0121] Fig. 19 shows a flow of key frames which have a scene change therein. Here, nonnegative integers are represented by i and a key frame is denoted by KF_i, and a correspondence data file obtained between KF_i and KF_j is denoted by C_i,j. In this example shown in Fig. 19, there is a scene change between KF₂ and KF₃, and the generation of C_2,3 is thus canceled. Moreover, it is shown that the scene change takes place at a position that divides the time interval between KF₂ and KF₃ at a ratio of s : (1-s).

[0122] Fig. 20 shows a structure of a data stream CBS generated by the stream generator 16 taking the condition in Fig. 19 into consideration. This stream is, to be concrete, KF₀, KF₁, C_0,1, KF₂, C_1,2, KF₃, D_2,3, KF₄, C_3,4, ... The "D_2,3", which is a file for exclusive use with scene change that is inserted in place of the normal correspondence data file C_2,3, is also referred to as a "correspondence disable file" hereinbelow. For more efficient use of memory, it is advantageous in terms of usage efficiency of a memory if the key frame data and the correspondence data file, when they are related to each other, are closer to each other. This is because after either of the key frame data and the correspondence data file is obtained, the data must be held in a buffer memory or the like while the other is waited for. However, it goes without saying that the arrangement of these has a certain degree of freedom.

[0123] Fig. 21 and Fig. 22 show formats of the correspondence data file and the correspondence disable file, respectively. First, the leading bit, which is assigned as "0" and "1" respectively, is so structured that the correspondence data file or the correspondence disable file can be identified. Of course, this part generally corresponds to a header portion that contains a certain amount of information, and this part may be made in a manner that it is possible to identify which of the two by the difference in data within the header. Next, in the case of the correspondence data file C_i,j, the correspondence data between key frames are described, for instance, for each pixel. Then added thereto is the time data for reproduction or display of KF_i and KF_j. This time data is not necessary when key frames are selected at fixed intervals. The time data is, however, required when the intervals can vary. This time data may serve its purpose if it indicates time elapsed from the starting frame KF₀ or the previous key frame (the key frame immediately before) and so forth. It is to be noted that the time data may be gathered at the head of a data stream CBS or be positioned fairly apart from the key frame data.

[0124] In the correspondence disable file D_i,j, on the other hand, there is a description of a parameter "s" which indicates a relative position of the above-described scene change. This parameter can be omitted, and in such a case, the decoding side may interpret it as s=0, 1/2, or 1, and so forth. Where this parameter is omitted, the correspondence disable file itself can be deleted. Then, data on the subsequent key frame (one that comes right after), such as KF_j+1, may be placed closer, and at the same time the header information may indicate that it is the data on a key frame, thus showing implicitly the omission of the correspondence disable file. In this case, too, the correspondence disable instruction can be clearly understood, thus it is interpreted that the "correspondence disable data" is inserted.

(Decoding Side)

[0125] Fig. 23 shows a structure of an image decoding apparatus 40 according to an embodiment. The image decoding apparatus 40 includes a stream input unit 42 which inputs a coded data stream CBS, an intermediate image generator 44 which generates intermediate frames from the stream by interpolation based on the base technology, and a display controller 50 which performs a processing to display the key frames and intermediate frames as moving pictures. Display data generated by the display controller 50 are outputted to a display device where the images are reproduced. A scene change detector 46 is provided inside the intermediate image generator 44.

[0126] Fig. 24 shows the principle on which intermediate frames are generated by the intermediate image generator 44. The processing itself is shown in the base technology, too. Namely, when there are two key frames KF₅ and KF₆ and there is a correspondence data main file C_5,6 thereof, it becomes first evident from this file that a point p₀ (x₀, y₀) on a key frame KF₅ corresponds to a point p₁ (x₁, y₁) on the other key frame KF₆. A point is specified by a coordinate (x_i, y_i) and a pixel value p_i. Thus, a point p_t (x_t, y_t) on an intermediate frame IF_5,6(t) is obtained by interpolating the coordinate and the pixel value on the time axis.

[0127] Referring back to Fig. 23, the scene change detector 46 detects correspondence disable files. When the correspondence disable file is detected, the generation of an intermediate frame by the correspondence data file is skipped. In the case of the data stream shown in Fig. 20, no intermediate frame is generated between KF₂ and KF₃. Instead, a scene change is provided between these key frames. Namely, when D_2,3 is as shown in Fig. 22, the intermediate image generator 44 divides the interval between KF₂ and KF₃ at a ratio of s : (1-s) and outputs KF₂ continuously in the first half and KF₃ continuously in the second half. This accomplishes a nearly desirable reproduction of a scene change, thus making it at least possible to avoid any meaningless morphing image.

[0128] The present invention has been described based on the preferred embodiments. It is to be noted that the present invention is not limited to these embodiments, and various modifications thereto are also effective as the present embodiments.

[0129] As one such example, a modification of the image coding apparatus 10 is described hereinbelow. The structure of this modification is nearly identical to the one shown in Fig. 18. However, the scene change detector 20 sends to the image input unit 12 a request to acquire a new key frame from the outside, whenever necessary. The image input unit 12 communicates the request to an external image data supply source (not shown) and obtains the requested key frame.

[0130] Fig. 25 shows a processing of said modification. Here, a special pair of key frames, where a scene change is detected, is called a "first KF" and a "second KF". If the image input unit 12 acquires key frames at fixed intervals of, for example, 0.5 seconds in a default setting, then this restriction also applies to the interval of the special pair of key frames. However, as described above, no generation of an intermediate frame by interpolation is performed for a scene change, so that images before and after the scene change will be displayed in still pictures.

[0131] In this modification, in order to reduce or eliminate the duration of display by the still pictures, a third KF and a fourth KF, which are located before and after the scene change at a narrower interval than that of the first KF and the second KF, are acquired by a request of the scene change detector 46. This processing may be carried out only when the interval between the first KF and the second KF is greater than a predetermined value. Thereafter, the matching processor 14 computes respective correspondence data between the first KF and the third KF, and between the second KF and the fourth KF, so that the stream generator 16 forms a data stream by incorporating results of the correspondence data computed. In this case, however, the stream generator 16, when generating time data, generates the data taking the presence of the third KF and the fourth KF into consideration.

[0132] Moreover, the image coding apparatus 10 may select key frames on its own from all the frames that it has acquired at the beginning. In this modification, for example, the scene change detector 20 may detect scene changes beforehand in a preprocess and then select pairs of key frames as close to before and after the scene changes as possible.

[0133] Although the present invention has been described by way of exemplary embodiments, it should be understood that many changes and substitutions may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention which is defined by the appended claims.

[0134] Further inventive features of the present embodiments Further inventive features of the present embodiments are defined in the following paragraphs:

1. An image coding apparatus (10), comprising:

an image input unit (12) which inputs data of key frames;

a scene change detector (20) which detects a scene change when two key frames interpose the scene change therebetween;

a correspondence information generator (14) which generates data of correspondence information on two key frames which do not interpose the scene change; and

a stream generator (16) which generates a data stream by incorporating the data of correspondence information for the key frames which do not interpose the scene change and by incorporating data that indicate prohibition of correspondence for the key frames which interpose the scene change.

2. An image coding apparatus (10) according to Paragraph 1, wherein the data stream is formed in a manner that the data of correspondence information and the data that indicate prohibition of correspondence differ in part of data values thereof and thus both can be identified thereby.

3. An image coding apparatus (10) according to Paragraph 1, wherein the data that indicate prohibition of correspondence further include a ratio data that indicate a temporal positional relation between the two scene-change interposing key frames and the scene change.

4. An image coding apparatus (10) according to Paragraph 1, wherein said correspondence information generator (14) extracts critical points in respective key frames, and performs a pixel-based matching computation based on a correspondence relation between the critical points.

5. An image coding apparatus (10) according to Paragraph 4, wherein said correspondence information generator (14) multiresolutionalizes respective key frames by extracting critical points thereof, and specifies a correspondence relation between the critical points, in sequence starting from a coarse level of multiresolution.

6. An image coding apparatus (10) according to Paragraph 1, wherein said correspondence information generator (14) computes matching between key frames, by operating a multiresolutional critical point filter thereon.

7. An image coding method, comprising:

detecting a scene change when two key frames interpose a scene change therebetween;

generating data of correspondence information on two key frames which do not interpose the scene change; and

generating data that indicate prohibition of correspondence on two key frames which interpose the scene change.

8. An image coding method according to Paragraph 7, further comprising generating a data stream by incorporating the data of correspondence information and the data that indicate prohibition of correspondence.

9. An image coding method according to Paragraph 7 wherein the data of correspondence information and the data that indicates prohibition of correspondence are generated so that both the data can be identified.

10. An image coding method according to Paragraph 7, wherein the data that indicate prohibition of correspondence include a ratio data that indicate a temporal positional relation between the two scene-change interposing key frames and the scene change.

11. An image decoding apparatus (40), comprising:

a stream input unit (42) which inputs a data stream including at least data of correspondence information between key frames;

an intermediate image generator (44) which generates an intermediate frame, based on the data of correspondence information included in the inputted data stream and data of the key frames; and

a scene change detector (46) which detects correspondence disable data to be inserted into the inputted data stream when a scene change is detected in between key frames in an image coding apparatus (10),

   wherein said intermediate image generator (44) stops generation of an intermediate frame when the correspondence disable data are detected.

12. An image decoding apparatus (40) according to Paragraph 11, wherein said scene change detector (46) identifies the data of correspondence information and the correspondence disable data, based on a difference between data structures thereof.

13. An image decoding apparatus (40) according to Paragraph 11, wherein said scene change detector (46) detects ratio data, included in the correspondence disable data, which indicate a temporal position of the scene change against two key frames which interpose the scene change.

14. An image decoding apparatus (40) according to Paragraph 13, wherein said intermediate image generator (44) controls in a manner that the two key frames which interpose the scene change is switched at a timing based on the ratio data and displayed.

15. An image decoding apparatus (40) according to Paragraph 14, wherein, said intermediate image generator (44) outputs a first key frame repeatedly until the timing and outputs a second key frame repeatedly after the timing, the first key frame being a key frame that comes before the scene change and the second key frame being other key frame, of the two key frames which interpose the scene change, that comes after the scene change.

16. An image decoding method, comprising:

generating an intermediate frame, based on data of correspondence information included in a data stream and data of key frames; and

detecting correspondence disable data to be inserted into the data stream when a scene change is detected in between key frames in an image coding apparatus (10),

   wherein generation of an intermediate frame is stopped when the correspondence disable data are detected.

17. An image decoding method according to Paragraph 16, wherein the data of correspondence information and the correspondence disable data are identified based on a difference between data structures thereof.

18. An image decoding method according to Paragraph 16, further comprising detecting ratio data, included in the correspondence disable data, which indicate a temporal position of the scene change against two key frames which interpose the scene change.

19. An image decoding method according to Paragraph 18, further comprising switching the two key frames which interpose the scene change at a timing based on the ratio data, so as to be displayed.

20. A computer program executable by a computer, the program comprising the functions of:

detecting a scene change when two key frames interpose a scene change therebetween;

generating data of correspondence information on two key frames which do not interpose the scene change; and

generating data that indicate prohibition of correspondence on two key frames which interpose the scene change.

21. A computer program according to Paragraph 20, the program further comprising the function of:

generating a data stream by incorporating the data of correspondence information and the data that indicates prohibition of correspondence.

22. A computer program executable by a computer, the program comprising the functions of:

generating an intermediate frame, based on data of correspondence information included in a data stream and data of key frames; and

detecting correspondence disable data to be inserted into the data stream when a scene change is detected in between key frames in an image coding apparatus (10),

   wherein generation of an intermediate frame is stopped when the correspondence disable data are detected.

23. An image coding apparatus (10), comprising:

an image input unit (12) which inputs data of key frames;

a scene change detector (20) which detects a first key frame and a second key frame which interpose a scene change at before and after the scene change, respectively; and

a correspondence data generator (14) which generates data of correspondence information between arbitrary two key frames,

   wherein, when the first key frame and the second key frame are detected, the first and second key frames are and a third key frame and a fourth key frame, disposed at before and after the scene change, respectively, whose interval therebetween is narrower than that between the first key frame and the second key frame are inputted to said correspondence data generator, so that the data of correspondence information between the first key frame and the third key frame as well as between the second key frame and the fourth key frame are generated.

24. An image coding apparatus (10) according to Paragraph 23, wherein said scene change detector (20) dispatches a request to acquire the third key frame and the fourth key frame from an arbitrary place within the image coding apparatus (10) or from an external place outside the image coding apparatus (10).

25. An image coding apparatus (10) according to Paragraph 24, wherein the third key frame and the fourth key frame are inputted only when the interval between the first key frame and the second key frame exceeds a predetermined value.

26. An image coding method, comprising:

detecting a scene change in data of moving pictures;

setting another two key frames at before and after the scene change, besides key frames set at a portion excluding the scene change; and

generating data of correspondence information between adjacent key frames, after said setting.

27. An image coding apparatus (10) according to Paragraph 1, wherein said correspondence information generator (14) generates the data of correspondence information in a form such that time data which indicate a timing at which key frames are to be reproduced are contained in the data of correspondence information.

28. An image coding method according to Paragraph 7,

wherein the data of correspondence information are generated in a manner that time data which indicate a timing at which key frames are to be reproduced are contained in the data of correspondence information.

Claims

1. An image coding apparatus (10), comprising:

an image input unit (12) which inputs data of key frames;

a scene change detector (20) which detects a scene change when two key frames interpose the scene change therebetween;

a correspondence information generator (14) which generates data of correspondence information on two key frames which do not interpose the scene change; and

a stream generator (16) which generates a data stream by incorporating the data of correspondence information for the key frames which do not interpose the scene change and by incorporating data that indicate prohibition of correspondence for the key frames which interpose the scene change.

2. An image coding apparatus (10) according to Claim 1, wherein the data stream is formed in a manner that the data of correspondence information and the data that indicate prohibition of correspondence differ in part of data values thereof and thus both can be identified thereby.

3. An image coding apparatus (10) according to Claim 1, wherein the data that indicate prohibition of correspondence further include a ratio data that indicate a temporal positional relation between the two scene-change interposing key frames and the scene change.

4. An image coding method, comprising:

detecting a scene change when two key frames interpose a scene change therebetween;

generating data of correspondence information on two key frames which do not interpose the scene change; and

generating data that indicate prohibition of correspondence on two key frames which interpose the scene change.

5. An image decoding apparatus (40), comprising:

a stream input unit (42) which inputs a data stream including at least data of correspondence information between key frames;

an intermediate image generator (44) which generates an intermediate frame, based on the data of correspondence information included in the inputted data stream and data of the key frames; and

a scene change detector (46) which detects correspondence disable data to be inserted into the inputted data stream when a scene change is detected in between key frames in an image coding apparatus (10),

   wherein said intermediate image generator (44) stops generation of an intermediate frame when the correspondence disable data are detected.

6. An image decoding apparatus (40) according to Claim 5, wherein said scene change detector (20) identifies the data of correspondence information and the correspondence disable data, based on a difference between data structures thereof.

7. An image decoding apparatus (40) according to Claim 5, wherein said scene change detector (20) detects ratio data, included in the correspondence disable data, which indicate a temporal position of the scene change against two key frames which interpose the scene change.

8. An image decoding apparatus (40) according to Claim 7, wherein said intermediate image generator (44) controls in a manner that the two key frames which interpose the scene change is switched at a timing based on the ratio data and displayed.

9. An image decoding apparatus (40) according to Claim 8, wherein, said intermediate image generator (44) outputs a first key frame repeatedly until the timing and outputs a second key frame repeatedly after the timing, the first key frame being a key frame that comes before the scene change and the second key frame being other key frame, of the two key frames which interpose the scene change, that comes after the scene change.

10. An image decoding method, comprising:

generating an intermediate frame, based on data of correspondence information included in a data stream and data of key frames; and

detecting correspondence disable data to be inserted into the data stream when a scene change is detected in between key frames in an image coding apparatus (10),

wherein generation of an intermediate frame is stopped when the correspondence disable data are detected.

11. Computer software having program code for carrying out a method according to claim 4.

12. Computer software having program code for carrying out a method according to claim 10.

Drawing