DUPLEX STEEL ALLOY

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to a stainless steel alloy, more specifically a duplex stainless steel alloy with ferritic-austenitic matrix and with high resistance to corrosion in combination with good structural stability and hot workability. The duplex stainless steel has a content of ferrite of 40-65 volume-% and a well balanced composition, which imparts the material corrosion properties, which make it more suitable for use in chloride-containing environments than earlier been considered being possible.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Over the recent years, the environments in which corrosion resistant metallic materials have been used, has become more aggressive, the requirements on the corrosion properties as well as on their mechanical properties have increased. Duplex steel alloys, which were established as an alternative to until that used steel grades, as for example high alloyed austenitic steels, nickel-base alloys or other high alloyed steels, are not exempted from this development.

[0003] An established measure for the corrosion resistance in chloride-containing environments is the so-called Pitting Resistance Equivalent (abbreviated PRE), which is defined as

where the percentages for each element allude to weight-percent. A higher numerical value indicates a better corrosion resistance in particular against pitting corrosion. The essential alloying elements, which affect this property, are according to the formula Cr, Mo, and N. An example for such a steel grade is evident from EP0220141, which hereby through this reference is included in this description. This steel grade with the denotation SAF2507 (UNS S32750) is mainly alloyed with high contents of Cr, Mo and N. It is consequently developed with regard to this property with above all good resistance to corrosion in chloride environments.

[0004] In recent times also the elements Cu and W have shown to be efficient alloying additions for further optimization of the steel's corrosion properties in chloride environments. The element W has by then been used as substitute for a portion of Mo, as for example in the commercial alloy DP3W (UNS 539274) or zeron100, which contain 2,0% respectively 0,7% W. The later contains even 0,7% Cu with the purpose to increase the corrosion resistance of the alloy in acid environments.

[0005] The alloying addition of tungsten led to a further development of the measure for the corrosion resistance and thereby the PRE-formula to the PREW-formula, which also makes the relationship between the influence of Mo and W on the alloys corrosion resistance clearer:

such as described for example in EP 0 545 753. This publication refers to a duplex stainless alloy with generally improved corrosion properties. The above-described described steel grades have a PRE-number, irrespective method of calculation, which lies above 40.

[0006] From the alloys with good corrosion resistance in chloride environments also SAF 2906 shall be mentioned, which composition appears from EP 0 708 845. This alloy, which is characterized by higher contents of Cr and N compared to for example SAF2507, has shown being especially suitable for use in environments, where resistance to intergranular corrosion and corrosion in ammonium carbamate is of importance, but it has also a high corrosion resistance in chloride-containing environments.

[0007] Furthermore, EP 534 864 describes a duplex stainless steel with high corrosion resistance produced by means of powder metallurgy, and which is intended for use in chloride containing environments.

[0008] US-A-4 985 091 describes an alloy intended for use in hydrochloric and sulfuric acid environments, where mainly intergranular corrosion arises, It is primarily intended as alternative to recently used austenitic steels.

[0009] US-A-6 048 413 describes a duplex stainless alloy as alternative to austenitic stainless steels, intended for use in chloride-containing environments.

[0010] The disadvantage with the above-described alloys, all with high PRE-numbers, is the appearance of hard and brittle intermetallic precipitations in the steel, as for example sigma phase, especially after heat-treating, such as for example by welding under later processing. That results in a harder material with poorer workability and finally a deteriorated corrosion resistance.

[0011] In order to further improve among others the pitting corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steels, an increase of the PRE-number in both the ferrite phase and the austenite phase is required, without for that sake jeopardizing the structural stability or workability of the material. If the composition in the two phases is not equivalent with regard to the active alloying components, one phase becomes more sensitive for pitting and crevice corrosion. Consequently, the phase which is more sensitive to corrosion controls the resistance of the alloy, while the structural stability is controlled by the highest alloyed phase.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0012] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a duplex stainless steel alloy, which shows high corrosion resistance in combination with improved mechanical properties and which is most appropriate for use in environments where a high resistance to general corrosion and localized corrosion is required, such as for example in chloride-containing environments.

[0013] It is another object of the present invention to provide a duplex stainless steel alloy with a content of ferrite in the range of 40 to 65 volume-% and a PRE-number of at least between 46 and 50 in both the austenite and ferrite phase and with an optimum relationship between PRE austenite and PRE ferrite in the range of 0,90 to 1,15; preferably between 0,9 and 1,05.

[0014] It is a further object of the present invention to provide a duplex stainless steel alloy with a Critical Pitting Corrosion Temperature (henceforth abbreviated CPT) value higher than 90°C, preferably higher than 95°C and a Critical Crevice-corrosion Temperature (henceforth abbreviated CCT) value of lowest 50°C in 6% FeCl₃, preferably at least 60°C in 6% FeCl₃.

[0015] It is a further object of the present invention to provide an alloy with impact strength of at least 100 J at room temperature and an elongation after tensile test of at least 25% at room temperature.

[0016] For its high alloying content, the material according to the present invention shows remarkably good workability, in particular hot workability and shall thereby be very suitable to be used for example the production of bars, tubes, such as welded and seamless tubes, plate, strip, wire, welding wire, constructive parts, such as for example pumps, valves, flanges and couplings.

[0017] These objects are fulfilled according to the present invention with duplex stainless steel alloys, which contain (in weight-%) up to 0,03% C, up to 0,5% Si, 24,0-30,0% Cr, 4,9-10,0% Ni, 3,0-5,0% Mo, 0,28-0,5% N, 0-3,0% Mn, 0-0,0030% B, up to 0,010% S, 0-0,03% Al, 0-0,010% Ca, 0-3,0% W, 0-2,0% Cu, 0,5-3,5% Co, 0-0,3% Ru, 0-0.35 Ti, 0-0.35% V balance Fe and inevitable impurities. The ferrite content of the alloy is 40-65 volume-%, the PRE- or PREW-value for both ferrite- and austenite phase is, higher than 45, the PRE or PREW-value for the total composition of the alloy is higher than 46 and the ratio between PRE- or PREW-value for austenite phase and PRE- or PREW-value for the ferrite phase is between 0,90 and 1,15

SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] 

Figure 1 shows CPT-values from tests of the test heats in the modified ASTM G48C test in "Green Death"-solution compared with the duplex steels SAF2507, SAF 2906 as well as the high alloyed austenitic steel 654SMO.

Figure 2 shows CPT-values attained with the help of the modified ASTM G48C test in "Green Death"-solution for the test heats compared with the duplex steel SAF2507 as well as the austenitic steel 654SMO.

Figure 3 shows the average amount of erosion in mm/year in 2%HCl at a temperature of 75°C.

Figure 4 shows the results from hot ductility testing for most of the heats.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0019] A systematic development work has surprisingly shown that one by means of a well-balanced combination of the elements Cr, Mo, Ni, N, Mn and Co can obtain optimal dispensation of the elements in the ferrite and austenite, which enables a very corrosion resistant material with only an insignificant amount of sigma phase in the material. The material obtains also good workability, which enables extruding to seamless tubes, It shows that with the intention to obtain a combination of high corrosion resistance in connection with good structural stability a much narrow combination of the alloying elements in the material is required. The alloy according to the invention contains (in weight-%):

C	max 0,03%
Si	max 0,5%
Mn	0-3,0%
Cr	24,0 - 30,0%
Ni	4,9 - 10,0%
Mo	3,0 - 5,0%
N	0.28-0.5%
B	0-0,0030%
S	max 0,010%
Co	0,5-3,5%
W	0-3,0%
Cu	0-2,0%
Ru	0-0,3%
Al	0-0,03%
Ca	0-0,010%

Ti	0-035%
V	0-0.35

balance Fe and normal occurring impurities. The content of ferrite of the alloy is 40-65 volume-%, the PRE- or PREW-value for both ferrite- and austenite phase is higher than 45, the PRE or PREW-value for the total composition of the alloy is higher than 46 and the ratio between PRE- or PREW-value for austenite phase and PRE- or PREW-value for the ferrite phase is between 0,90 and 1,15.

[0020] Carbon (C) has limited solubility in both ferrite and austenite. The limited solubility implies a risk of precipitation of chromium carbides and the content should therefore not exceed 0,03 weight-%, preferably not exceed 0,02 weight-%.

[0021] Silicon (Si) is utilized as desoxidation agent in the steel production as well as it increases the flowability during production and welding. However, too high contents of Si lead to precipitation of unwanted intermetallic phase, wherefore the content is limited to max 0,5 weight-%, preferably max 0,3 weight-%.

[0022] Manganese (Mn) is added in order to increase the N-solubility in the material. However, it has shown that Mn only has a limited influence on the N-solubility in the type of alloy in question. Instead there are found other elements with higher influence on the solubility. Besides, Mn in combination with high contents of sulfur can give rise to formation of manganese sulfides, which act as initiation-points for pitting corrosion. The content of Mn should therefore be limited to between 0-3,0 weight-%, preferably 0,5-1,2 weight-%.

[0023] Chromium (Cr) is a much active element in order to improve the resistance to a majority of corrosion types. Furthermore, a high content of chromium implies that one gets a very good N-solubility in the material. Thus, it is desirable to keep the Cr-content as high as possible in order to improve the corrosion resistance. For very good amounts of corrosion resistance the content of chromium should be at least 24,0 weight-%, preferably 27,0 -29,0 weight %. However, high contents of Cr increase the risk for intermetallic precipitations, for what reason the content of chromium must be limited up to max 30,0 weight-%.

[0024] Nickel (Ni) is used as austenite stabilizing element and is added in suitable contents in order to obtain the desired content of ferrite. In order to obtain the desired relationship between the austenitic and the ferritic phase with between 40-65 volume-% ferrite, an addition of between 4,9-10,0 weight-% nickel, preferably 4,9-8,0 weight-%, is required.

[0025] Molybdenum Mo) is an active element which improves the resistance to corrosion in chloride environments as well as preferably in reducing acids. A too high Mo-content in combination with that the Cr-contents are high, implies that the risk for intermetallic precipitations increases. The Mo-content in the present invention should lie in the range of 3,0-5,0 weight-%, preferably 3,6-4,7 weight-%, in particular 4,0-4,3 weight-%.

[0026] Nitrogen (N) is a very active element, which increases the corrosion resistance, the structural stability as well as the strength of the material. Further, a high N-content improves the recovering of the austenite after welding, which gives good properties within the welded joint. In order to obtain a good effect of N, at least 0,28 weight-% N should be added. At high contents of N the risk for precipitation of chromium nitrides increases, especially when simultaneously the chromium content is high. Further, a high N-content implies that the risk for porosity increases because of the exceeded solubility of N in the smelt For these reasons the N-content should be limited to max 0,5 weight-%, preferably >0,35 - 0,45 weight-% N is added.

[0027] Boron (B) is added in order to increase the hot workability of the material. At a too high content of Boron the weldability as well as the corrosion resistance could deteriorate. Therefore, the content of boron should be limited to 0,0030 weight-%.

[0028] Sulfur (S) influences the corrosion resistance negatively by forming soluble sulfides. Further, the hot workability deteriorates, for what reason the content of sulfur is limited to max 0,010 weight-%.

[0029] Cobalt (Co) is added in order to improve foremost the structural stability as well as the corrosion resistance. Co is an austenite-stabilizing element. In order to obtain effect should at least 0,5 weight-%, preferably at least 1,5 weight-% be added. Because cobalt is a relatively expensive element, the addition of cobalt is therefore limited to max 3,5 weight-%.

[0030] Tungsten increases the resistance to pitting- and crevice corrosion. But the addition of too high contents of tungsten in combination with that the Cr-contents as well as Mo-contents are high, means that the risk for intermetallic precipitations increases. The W-content in the present invention should lie in the range of 0-3,0 weight-%, preferably between 0,5 and 1,8 weight-%.

[0031] Copper is added in order to improve the general corrosion resistance in acid environments such as sulfuric acid. At the same time Cu influences the structural stability. However, high contents of Cu imply that the solid solubility will be exceeded. Therefore the Cu-content should be limited to max 2,0 weight-%, preferably between 0,5 and 1,5 weight-%.

[0032] Ruthenium (Ru) is added in order to increase the corrosion resistance. Because ruthenium is a very expensive element, the content should be limited to max 0,3 weight-%, preferably more than 0 and up to 0,1 weight-%.

[0033] Aluminum (Al) and Calcium (Ca) are used as desoxidation agents at the steel production. The content of Al should be limited to max 0,03 weight-% in order to limit the forming of nitrides. Ca has a favorable effect on the hot ductility. However, the Ca-content should be limited to 0,010 weight-% in order to avoid an unwanted amount of slag.

[0034] The content of ferrite is important in order to obtain good mechanical properties and corrosion properties as well as good weldability. From a corrosion point of view and a point of view of weldability a content of ferrite between 40-65% is desirable in order to obtain good properties. Further, high contents of ferrite imply that the impact strength at low temperatures as well as the resistance to hydrogen-induced brittleness risks deteriorating. The content of ferrite is therefore 40-65 volume-%, preferably 42-60 volume-%, in particular 45-55 volume-%.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERED EMBODIEMENTS

[0035] In the examples below the composition of a number of test heats is presented, which illustrate the effect of different alloying elements on the properties. Heat 605182 represents a reference composition and is consequently not a part of the field of this invention. Neither shall the remaining heats be considered limiting the invention, but only specifying examples of heats, which illustrate the invention according to the claims. The specified PRE-numbers or -values consider always amounts calculated according to the PREW-formula, even though this is not explicitly mentioned.

EXAMPLE 1

[0036] The test heats according to this example were produced by casting of 170kg ingots in the laboratory, which were hot forged to round bars. Those were hot extruded to bars (round bars as well as flat bars), where test material was taken out from the round bars. Further on the flat bars were annealed before cold rolling took place, thereafter further test material was taken out. From a material engineering point of view, the process can be considered to be representative for the preparation in bigger scale, for example for the production of seamless tubes by the extrusion method, followed by cold rolling. Table 1 shows the composition of the first batch of test heats.

Table 1. Composition for test heats, weight-%.

Heat	Mn	Cr	Ni	Mo	W	Co	V	La	Ti	N
605193	1,03	27,90	8,80	4,00	0,01	0,02	0,04	0,01	0,01	0,36
605195	0,97	27,90	9,80	4,00	0,01	0,97	0,55	0.01	0,35	0,48
605197	1,07	28,40	8,00	4,00	1,00	1,01	0,04	0,01	0,01	0,44
605178	0,91	27,94	7,26	4,01	0,99	0,10	0,07	0,01	0,03	0,44
605183	1,02	28,71	6,49	4,03	0,01	1,00	0,04	0,01	0,04	0,28
605184	0,99	28,09	7,83	4,01	0,01	0,03	0,54	0,01	0,01	0,44
605187	2,94	27,74	4,93	3,98	0,01	0,98	0,06	0,01	0,01	0,44
605153	2,78	27,85	6,93	4,03	1,01	0,02	0,06	0,02	0,01	0,34
605182	0,17	23,48	7,88	5,75	0,01	0,05	0,04	0,01	0,10	0,26

[0037] In purpose to investigate the structural stability samples from every heat were annealed at 900-1150°C with steps of 50°C as well as they were quenched in air, respective water. At the lowest temperatures intermetallic phase was formed. The lowest temperature, where the amount of intermetallic phase became insignificant, was determined with the help of studies in light optical microscope. New samples from respective heat were annealed afterwards at said temperature during five minutes, thereafter the samples were cooled down with the constant cooling rate of -140°C/min to room temperature. Subsequently, the area fraction of sigma phase in the materials was determined with digital scanning of the pictures with back-scattering electrons in a scanning electron microscope. The results appear from Table 2.

[0038] T_max sigma was calculated with Thermo-Calc (TC version N thermodynamic database for steel TCFE99) based on characteristic amounts for all specified elements in the different variations. T_max sigma is the dissolving temperature for the sigma phase, where high dissolving temperatures indicate lower structural stability.

Table 2.

Heat	Heat treatment	Amount σ [vol-%]	Tmax σ
605193	1100°C, 5min	7,5%	1016
605195	1150°C, 5min	32%	1047
605197	1100°C, 6min	18%	1061
605178	1100°C, 5min	14%	1038
605183	1050°C, 5min	0,4%	997
605184	1100°C, 5min	0,4%	999
605187	1050°C, 5min	0,3%	962
605153	1100°C, 5min	3,5%	1032
605182	1100°C, 5min	2,0%	1028

[0039] The purpose of this investigation is to be able to rank the material with regard to the structural stability, i.e. this is not the real content of sigma phase in the samples, which were heat treated and quenched before for example the corrosion testing. One can see that T_max sigma, which was calculated with Thermo-Calc does not directly coincide with the measured amounts of sigma phase, however it is distinct that the test heats with the lowest calculated T_max sigma contain the lowest amount sigma phase during this investigation.

[0040] The pitting corrosion properties of all heats were tested for ranking in the so-called "Green Death"-solution, which consists of 1%FeCl₃, 1 %CuCl₂, 11 % H₂SO₄, 1,2% HCl. The test procedure is equivalent to the pitting corrosion testing according to ASTM G48C, however, it will be carried out in the more aggressive "Green Death"-solution. Further, some of the heats were tested according to ASTMG48C (2 tests per heat). Also the electrochemical testing in 3%NaCl (6 tests per heat) was carried out. The results in form of the Critical Pitting Temperature (CPT) from all tests appear from Table 3, such as the PREW-number (Cr+3,3(Mo+0,5W)+16N) for the total composition of the alloy as well as for austenite and ferrite. The indexing alpha refers to the ferrite and gamma refers to the austenite.

Table 3.

Heat	PRE α	PRE γ	PRE γ/ PRE α	PRE	CPT °C Modified ASTM G48C Green death	CPT °C ASTM G48 C 6% FeCl3	CPT °C 3% NaCl
605193	51,3	49,0	0,9552	46,9	90/90		64
605195	51,5	48,9	0,9495	48,7	90/90		95
605197	53,3	53,7	1,0075	50,3	90/90	>95	>95
605178	50,7	52,5	1,0355	49,8	75/80		94
605183	48,9	48,9	1,0000	46,5	85/85	90	93
605184	48,9	51,7	1,0573	48,3	80/80		72
605187	48.0	54,4	1,1333	48,0	70/75		77
605182	54,4	46,2	0,8493	46,6	75/70	85	62
654SMO					90/85
SAF2507					70/70
SAF2609					60/50
605153	49.6	51,9	1,0464	48,3	8085	85	90

[0041] It is established that there,exists a linear ratio between the lowest PRE-number in the austenite or ferrite and the CPT-value in the duplex steel, but the results in Table 3 show that the PRE-number not solely explains the CPT-values. In Figure 1 the CPT-values from test in the modified ASTM G48C test are shown diagrammatically. The duplex steels SAF2507, SAF2906 as well as the high alloyed austenitic steel 654SMO are included as reference. It is distinct from these results that all test materials show better CPT in the modified ASTM G48C than SAF2507 as well as SAF2906. Furthermore some of the test materials show CPT results in the modified ASTM G48C at the same level as or in excess of 654SMO. The test heat 605183, alloyed with cobalt shows good structural stability at a controlled cooling rate of (-140°C/min) in spite that it contains high contents of chromium as well as of molybdenum, shows better results than SAF2507 and SAF2906. It appears from this investigation that a high PRE does not solely explain the CPT values, without the relationship PRE austenit/PRE ferrite is of extreme weight for the properties of the higher alloyed duplex steels, and a very narrow and exact leveling between the alloying elements is required in order to obtain this optimum ratio, which lies between 0,9-1,15; preferably 0,9-1,05 and simultaneously obtain PRE values of above 46. The relationship PRE austenit/PRE ferrite against CPT in the modified ASTM G48C test for the test heats is given in Table 3.

[0042] The strength at room temperature (RT), 100°C and 200°C and the impact strength at room temperature (RT) have been determined for all heats and are shown as average amount for three tests.

[0043] Tensile test specimen (DR-5C50) were manufactured from extruded bars, Ø 20mm, which were heat treated at temperatures according to Table 2 in 20 minutes followed by cooling down in either air or water (605195, 605197, 605184). The results of the tests are presented in Table 4 and 5. The results of the tensile test show that the contents of chromium, nitrogen and tungsten strongly influence the impact strength of the material. Besides 605153, all heats fulfill the requirement of a 25% elongation at tensile testing at room temperature (RT).

Table 4. Impact strength

Heat	Temperature	Rp0,2	Rp1,0	Rm	A5	Z
		(MPa)	(MPa)	(MPa)	(%)	(%)
605193	RT	652	791	916	29,7	38
	100°C	513	646	818	30,4	36
	200°C	511	583	756	29,8	36
605195	RT	671	773	910	38,0	66
	100°C	563	637	825	39,3	68
	200°C	504	563	769	38,1	64
605197	RT	701	799	939	38,4	66
	100°C	564	652	844	40,7	69
	200°C	502	577	802	35,0	65
605178	RT	712	828	925	27,0	37
	100°C	596	677	829	31,9	45
	200°C	535	608	763	27,1	36
605183	RT	677	775	882	32,4	67
	100°C	560	642	788	33,0	59
	200°C	499	578	737	29,9	52
605184	RT	702	793	915	32,5	60
	100°C	569	657	821	34,5	61
	200°C	526	581	774	31,6	56
605187	RT	679	777	893	35,7	61
	100°C	513	628	799	38,9	64
	200°C	505	558	743	35,8	58
605153	RT	715	845	917	20,7	24
	100°C	572	692	817	29,3	27
	200°C	532	611	749	23,7	31
605182	RT	627	754	903	28,4	43
	100°C	493	621	802	31,8	42

Table 5. Impact Strength

Heat	Annealing [°Clmin]	Cooling	Impact strength [J]	Annealing [°C/min]	Cooling	Impact strength [J]
605193	1100/20	Air	35	1100/20	Water	242
605195	1150/20	Water	223
605197	1100/20	Water	254	1130/20	Water	259
605178	1100/20	Air	62	1100/20	Water	234
605183	1050/20	Air	79	1050/20	Water	244
605184	1100/20	Water	81	1100/20	Air	78
605187	1050/20	Air	51	1100/20	Water	95
605153	1100/20	Air	50	1100/20	Water	246
605182	1100/20	Air	22	1100/20	Water	324

This investigation shows very distinct that water quenching is certainly necessary in order to obtain the best structure and consequently good values for the impact strength. The requirement is 100J at test at room temperature and all heats pass this, except heat 605184 and 605187, where certainly the latter lies very near the requirement.

[0044] Table 6 shows the results from the Tungsten-Inert-Gas remelting test (henceforth-abbreviated TIG), where the heats 005193, 605183, 605184 as well as 605253 show a good structure in the heat affected zone (Heat Affected Zone, henceforth-abbreviated HAZ). The Ti- containing heats show Tin in HAZ. A too high chromium- and nitrogen content results in precipitation of Cr₂ N, which shall be avoided because it deteriorates the properties of the material.

Table 6.

Heat	Precipitations Protective gas Ar (99,99%)
605193	HAZ:OK
605195	HAZ: Large amounts of TIN and σ-phase
605197	HAZ: Small amounts of Cr2N in δ-grains, but not much
605178	HAZ: Cr2N in δ-grains, otherwise OK
605183	HAZ: OK
605184	HAZ: OK
605187	HAZ: Cr2N quite near the metting bond, no precipitations farther out
605153	HAZ:OK
605182	HAZ: TiN and decorated grain boundaries δ/δ

EXAMPLE 2

[0045] In the below-mentioned example the composition of a further number of test heats produced with the purpose to find the optimum composition is given. These heats are modified starting out from the properties of the heats with good structural stability as well as high corrosion resistance, from the results, which were shown in example 1. All heats in Table 7 are included in the composition according to the present invention, where heats 1-8 are included into a statistical test model, while the heats e to n are additional test alloys within the scope of this invention.

[0046] A number of test heats were produced by casting of 270kg ingots, which were hot forged to round bars. Those were extruded to bars, wherefrom test samples were taken. Afterwards the bar was annealed before cold rolling to flat bars was executed, after that further test material was taken out. Table 7 shows the composition for these test heats.

Table 7.

	Heat	Mn	Cr	Ni	Mo	W	Co	Cu	Ru	B	N
1	605258	1,1	29,0	6,5	4,23		1,5			0,0018	0,46
2	605249	1,0	28,8	7,0	4,23		1,5			0,0026	0,38
3	605259	1,1	29,0	6,8	4,23		0,6			0,0019	0,45
4	605260	1,1	27,5	5,9	4,22		1,5			0,0020	0,44
5	605250	1,1	28,8	7,6	4,24		0,6			0,0019	0,40
6	605251	1,0	28,1	6,5	4,24		1,5			0,0021	0,38
7	605261	1,0	27,8	6,1	4,22		0,6			0.0021	0,43
8	605252	1,1	28.4	6.9	4,23		0,5			0,0018	0,37
e	605254	1,1	26,9	6,5	4,8		1,0			0,0021	0,38
f	605256	1.0	28,6	6,5	4,0		3,0			0,0020	0,31
g	605262	2,7	27,6	6,9	3,9	1,0	1,0			0,0019	0,36
h	605263	1,0	28,7	6,6	4,0	1,0	1,0			0,0020	0,40
in	605253	1,0	28,8	7,0	4,16		1,5			0,0019	0,37
j	605266	1,1	30,0	7,1	4,02					0,0018	0,38
k	605269	1,0	28,5	7,0	3,97	1,0	1,0			0,0020	0,45
l	605268	1,1	28,2	6,6	4,0	1,0	1,0	1,0		0,0021	0,43
m	605270	1,0	28,8	7,0	4,2		1,5		0,1	0,0021	0,41
n	605267	1,1	29,3	6,5	4,23			1,5		0,0019	0,38

Table 8. Thermo-Calc

Variant	α-formula empirical	α T-C	PRE total	PRE α	PRE γ	Tmax sigma	Tmax Cr2N
1	46	50	50,2	47,8	50,5	1006	1123
2	52	50	49,1	48,4	49,8	1019	1084
3	45	50	50,2	47,9	52,6	1007	1097
4	46	50	49,2	46,5	49,8	986	1121
5	47	50	49,1	48,5	49,7	1028	1038
6	52	50	48,1	47,1	49,2	998	1086
7	44	50	49,2	46,6	52.0	985	1081
8	46	50	48,1	47,2	49,1	1008	1044
e	46	53	49,3	48,4	49,5	1010	1099
f	65	52	46,7	47,2	46,1	1008	1090
g	48	51	48,4	48,4	48,3	1039	979
h	50	53	50,0	48,4	51,7	1035	1087
i	52	50	49,1	48,4	49,8	1019	1084

[0047] Thermo-Caic-values according to Table 8 (T-C version N thermodynamic database for steel TCFE99) are based on characteristic amounts for all specified elements in the different variations. The PRE-number for the ferrite and austenite is based on their equilibrium composition at 1100°C. T_max sigma is the dissolving temperature for the sigma phase, where high dissolving temperatures indicate lower structural stability.

[0048] The distribution of the alloying elements in the ferrite- and austenite phase was examined with microprobe analysis, the results appear from Table 9.

Table 9.

Heat	Phase	Cr	Mn	Ni	Mo	W	Co	Cu	N
605258	Ferrite	29,8	1,3	4,8	5,0		1,4		0.11
	Austenite	28,3	1,4	7,3	3,4		1,5		0,60
605249	Ferrite	29,8	1,1	5,4	5,1		1,3		0,10
	Austenite	27,3	1,2	7,9	3,3		1,6		0,53
605259	Ferrite	29,7	1,3	5,3	5,3		0,5		0,10
	Austenite	28,1	1,4	7,8	3,3		0,58		0,59
605260	Ferrite	28,4	1,3	4,4	5,0		1,4		0,08
	Austenite	26,5	1,4	6,3	3,6		1,5		0,54
605250	Ferrite	30,1	1,3	5,6	5,1		0,46		0,07
	Austenite	27,3	1,4	8,8	3,4		0,53		0,52
605251	Ferrite	29,6	1,2	5,0	5,2		1,3		0,08
	Austenite	26,9	1,3	7,6	3,5		1,5		0,53
605261	Ferrite	28,0	1,2	4,5	4,9		0,45		0,07
	Austenite	26,5	1,4	6,9	3,3		0,56		0.56
605252	Ferrite	29,6	1,3	5,3	5,2		0,42		0,09
	Austenite	27,1	1,4	8,2	3,3		0,51		0,48
605254	Ferrite	28,1	1,3	4,9	5.8		0,89		0,08
	Austenite	26,0	1,4	7,6	3,8		1,0		0,48
605255	Ferrite	30,1	1,3	5,0	4,7		2,7		0,08
	Austenite	27,0	1,3	7,7	3,0		3,3		0,45
605262	Ferrite	28,8	3,0	5,3	4,8	1,4	0,9		0,08
	Austenite	26,3	3,2	8,1	3,0	0,85	1,1		0,46
605263	Ferrite	29,7	1,3	5,1	5,1	1,3	0,91		0,07
	Austenite	27,8	1,4	7,7	3,2	0,79	1,1		0,51
605253	Ferrite	30,2	1,3	5,4	5,0		1,3		0,09
	Austenite	27,5	1,4	8,4	3,1		1,5		0,48
605266	Ferrite	31,0	1,4	5,7	4,8				0,09
	Austenite	29,0	1,5	8,4	3,1				0,52
605269	Ferrite	28,7	1,3	5,2	5,1	1,4	0,9		0,11
	Austenite	26,6	1,4	7,8	3,2	0,87	1,1		0,52
605268	Ferrite	29,1	1,3	5,0	4,7	1,3	0,91	0,84	0,12
	Austenite	26,7	1,4	7,5	3,2	0,97	1,0	1,2	0,51
605270	Ferrite	30,2	1,2	5,3	5,0		1,3		0,11
	Austenite	27,7	1,3	8,0	3,2		1,4		0,47
605267	Ferrite	30,1	1,3	5,1	4,9			1,3	0,08
	Austenite	27,6	1,4	7,6	3,1			1,8	0,46

[0049] The pitting corrosion properties of all heats have been tested in the "Green Death"- solution (1 %FeCl₃, 1 %CuCl₂, 11 % H₂SO₄, 1,2% HCl) for ranking. The test procedures are the same as pitting corrosion testing according to ASTM G48C, but the testing will be executed in a more aggressive solution than 6%FeCl₃, the so-called "Green Death"-solution. Also the general corrosion testing in 2%HCl (2 tests per heat) was executed for ranking before the dew point testing. The results from all tests appear from Table 10, Figure 2 and Figure 3. All tested heats perform better than SAF2507 in "Green Death"-solution. All heats lie within the identified range of 0,9-1,15; preferably 0,9-1,05 applicable for the ratio PRE austenit/PRE ferrite at the same time as PRE in both austenite and ferrite is in excess of 44 and for most of the heats even considerable in excess of 44. Some of the heats attain even the limit of total PRE 50. It is very interesting to note that heat 605251, alloyed with 1,5 weight-% cobalt, performs almost equivalent with heat 605250, alloyed with 0,6 weight-% cobalt, in "Green Death"-solution in spite of the lower chromium content in heat 605251. It is particularly surprising and interesting because heat 605251 has a PRE-number of ca. 48, which is in excess of some of today's commercial superduplex alloys simultaneously as the T_max sigma-value below 1010°C indicates a good structural stability based on the values in Table 2 in Example 1.

[0050] In Table 10 even PREW-number (%Cr+3,3%(Mo+0,5%W)+16%N) for the total composition of the alloy and PRE in austenite as well as in the ferrite (rounded off) based on composition of the phases are specified as measured with micro probe. Content of ferrite was measured after heat-treating at 1100°C followed by water quenching.

Table 10

Heat	α-halt	PREW Total	PRE α	PRE γ	PREγ/ PREα	CPT °C Green death
605258	48,2	50,3	48,1	49,1	1,021
605249	59,8	48,9	48,3	46,6	0,967	75/80
605259	49,2	50,2	48,8	48,4	0,991
605260	53,4	48,5	46,1	47,0	1,019
605250	53,6	49,2	48,1	46,8	0,974	95/80
605251	54,2	48,2	48,1	46,9	0,976	90/80
605261	50,8	48,6	45,2	46,3	1,024
605252	56,6	48,2	48,2	45,6	0,946	80/75
605254	53,2	48,8	48,5	46,2	0,953	90/75
605255	57,4	46,9	46,9	44,1	0,940	90/80
605262	57,2	47,9	48,3	45,0	0,931
605263	53,6	49,7	49,8	47,8	0,959
605253	52,6	48,4	48,2	45,4	0,942	85/75
605266	62,6	49,4	48,3	47,6	0,986
605269	52,8	50,5	49,6	46,9	0,945
605268	52,0	49,9	48,7	47,0	0,965
605270	57,0	49,2	48,5	45,7	0,944
605267	59,8	49,3	47,6	45,4	0,953

[0051] In order to examine the structural stability in detail the samples were annealed for 20 minutes at 1080°C, 1100°C and 1150°C, thereafter they were quenched in water. The temperature, where the amount of intermetallic phase became insignificant was determined with help of investigations in a light optical microscope. A comparison of the structure of the heats after annealing at 1080°C followed by water quenching indicates which of the heats are more suspect to contain undesired sigma phase. The results are shown in Table 11. Control of the structure shows that the heats 605249, 605251, 605252, 605253, 605254, 605255, 605259, 605260, 605266 as well as 605267 are free from unwanted sigma phase. Moreover, heat 605249, alloyed with 1,5 weight-% cobalt, is free from sigma phase, while heat 605250, alloyed with 0,6 weight-% cobalt, contains a very small amount of sigma phase. Both heats are alloyed with high contents of chromium, approximately 29,0 weight-% and the molybdenum content of approximately 4,25 weight-%. If one compares the compositions of the heats 605249, 605250, 605251 and 605252 with thought on the content of sigma phase, it is very distinct that the range of composition for that optimum material is very narrow, in this case with regard to the structural stability. It further shows that the heat 605268 contains only sigma phase compared to heat 605263, which contains much sigma phase. What mainly distinguishes these heats from each other is the addition of copper to heat 605268. Heat 605266 and also 605267 are free from sigma phase, despite of a high content of chromium the later heat is alloyed with copper. Further, the heats 605262 and 605263 with addition of 1,0 weight-% tungsten show a structure with much sigma phase, while it is interesting to note that heat 605269, also with 1,0 weight-% tungsten but with higher content of nitrogen than 605262 and 605263 shows a considerable smaller amount of sigma phase. Consequently, a very well-leveled balance between the different alloying elements at these high alloying contents is required of for example chromium and molybdenum in order to obtain good structural properties. Table 11 shows the results from the light optical examination after annealing at 1080°C, 20min followed by water quenching. The amount of sigma phase is specified with values from 1 to 5, where 1 represents that no sigma phase was detected in the examination, while 5 represents that a very high content of sigma phase was detected in the examination.

Table 11.

Heat	Sigma phase	Cr	Mo	W	Co	Cu	N	Ru
605249	1	28,8	4,23		1,5		0,38
605250	2	28,8	4,24		0,6		0,40
605251	1	28,1	4,24		1,5		0,38
605252	1	28,4	4,23		0,5		0,37
605253	1	28,8	4,16		1,5		0,37
605254	1	26,9	4,80		1,0		0,38
605255	1	28,6	4,04		3,0		0,31
605258	2	29,0	4,23		1,5		0,46
605259	1	29,0	4,23		0,6		0,45
605260	1	27,5	4,22		1,5		0,44
605261	2	27,8	4,22		0,6		0,43
605262	4	27,6	3,93	1,0	1.0		0,36
605263	5	28,7	3,96	1,0	1,0		0,40
605266	1	30,0	4,02				0,38
605267	1	29,3	4,23			1,5	0,38
605268	2	28,2	3,98	1,0	1,0	1,0	0,43
605269	3	28,5	3,97	1,0	1,0		0,45
605270	3	28,8	4,19		1,5		0,41	0,1

[0052] In Table 12 the results from the impact strength testing of some of the heats are shown. The results are very good, which indicates a good structure after annealing at 1100°C followed by water quenching and the requirement of 100J will be managed with large margin of all tested heats.

Table 12.

Heat	Annealing [°C/min]	Quenching	Impact strength [J]	Impact strength [J]	Impact strength [J]
605249	1100/20	Water	>300	>300	>300
605250	1100/20	Water	>300	>300	>300
605251	1100/20	Water	>300	>300	>300
605252	1100/20	Water	>300	>300	>300
605253	1100/20	Water	258	267	257
605254	1100/20	Water	>300	>300	>300
605255	1100120	Water	>300	>300	>300

[0053] Figure 4 shows the results from the hot ductility testing of the most of the heats. A good workability is of course of vital importance in order to be able to produce the material to product forms such as bars, tubes, such as welded and seamless tubes, plate, strip, wire, welding wire, constructive elements, such as for example pumps, valves, flanges and couplings. The heats 605249,605250, 605251, 605252, 605255, 605266 as well as 605267, the most with nitrogen content around 0,38 weight-% show somewhat improved hot ductility values.

Summary of the test results

[0054] In order to obtain good corrosion properties, simultaneously as the material shows good structural stability, hot workability and weldability the material should be optimized according to the following:

• PRE-number in ferrite should exceed 45, but preferably be at least 47.
• PRE-number in austenit should exceed 45, but preferably be at least 47.
• PRE-number for the entire alloy should preferably be at least 46.
• Relationship PRE austenit/PRE ferrite should lie in the range of 0,9-1,15; preferably in the range 0.9-1,05.
• The content of ferrite should lie in the range preferably 45-55 volume-%.
• T_max sigma should not exceed 1010°C.
• The content of nitrogen should lie in the range 0,28-0,5 weight-%, preferably in the range 0,35-0,48 weight-%, but preferably 0,38-0,40 weight-%.
• The content of cobalt should lie in the range 0-3,5 weight-%, preferably 1,0-2,0 weight-%, but preferably 1,3-1,7 weight-%.
• In order to ensure the high nitrogen solubility, i.e. if the content of nitrogen is in the range 0,38-0,40 weight-% should at least 29 weight-% Cr be added as well as at least 3,0 weight-% Mo, thus the total content of the elements Cr, Mo and N fulfills said requirements on the PRE-number.

Claims

1. Ferritic-austenitic duplex stainless steel alloy, having the following composition, in weight-%:

C	max 0,03
Si	max 0,5
Mn	0 - 3,0
Cr	24,0 - 30,0
Ni	4,9 - 10,0
Mo	3,0 - 5,0
N	0,28 - 0,5
B	0-0,0030
S	max 0,010
Co	0,5-3,5
W	0-3,0
Cu	0-2,0
Ru	0-0,3
Al	0-0,03
Ca	0-0,010
Ti	0-0.35
V	0-0,55

balance Fe and normal occurring impurities, whereby the content of ferrite is 40-65 volume-%, the PRE- or PREW-value for both ferrite- and austenite phase is higher than 45, the PRE or PREW-value for the total composition of the alloy is higher than 46 and the ratio between PRE- or PREW-value for austenite phase and PRE- or PREW-value for the ferrite phase is between 0,90 and 1,15.

2. Alloy according to claim 1, characterized in, that the content of manganese lies between 0,5 and 1,2 weight-%.

3. Alloy according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in, that the content of chromium lies between 27,0 and 29,0 weight-%.

4. Alloy according to claim 1-3, characterized in, that the content of nickel lies between 5,0 and 8,0 weight-%.

5. Alloy according to claim 1-4, characterized in, that the content of molybdenum lies between 3,6 and 4,7 weight-%.

6. Alloy according to claim 1-5, characterized in, that the content of nitrogen lies between 0,35 and 0,45 weight-%.

7. Alloy according to claim 1-5, characterized in, that the content of ruthenium lies between 0 and 0,3 weight-%, preferably higher than 0 and up to 0,1 weight-%.

8. Alloy according to any of antecedent claim, characterized in, that the content of cobalt lies between 0,5 and 3,5 weight-%, preferably between 1,5 and 3,5 weight-%.

9. Alloy according to any of preceding claims, characterized in, that the content of copper lies between 0,5 and 2,0 weight-%, preferably between 1,0 and 1,5 weight-%.

10. Alloy according to any of preceding claims, characterized in, that the content of ferrite lies between 42 and 60 volume-%, preferably between 45 and 55 volume-%.

11. Alloy according to any of preceding claims, characterized in, that the total PRE- or PREW-value of the alloy exceeds 44, whereby PRE = %Cr + 3,3%Mo + 1,6N and PREW = %Cr + 3,3(%Mo + 0,5%W) + 16N, wherein % considers weight-%.

12. Alloy according to claim 11, characterized in, that the PRE- or PREW-value for both ferrite- and austenite phase lies between 47 and 49.

13. Alloy according to claim 11 or 12, characterized in, that the ratio between PRE- or PREW -value for austenite phase and PRE- or PREW-value for the ferrite phase is between 0,9 and 1,05.

14. Alloy according to any of preceding claims for use in chloride-containing environments.

15. Alloy according to any of preceding claims for use in chloride-containing environments in product forms such as bars, tubes, such as welded and seamless tubes, plate, strip, wire, welding wire, constructive parts, such as for example pumps, valves, flanges and couplings.

Ansprüche

1. Ferritisch-austenitische Duplexstahllegierung mit der folgenden Zusammensetzung in Gewichts-%:

C	max. 0,03
Si	max 0,5
Mn	0-3,0
Cr	24,0 - 30,0
Ni	4,9 - 10,0
Mo	3,0 - 5,0
N	0,28 - 0,5
B	0 - 0,0030
S	max. 0,010
Co	0,5 - 3,5
W	0 - 3,0
Cu	0 - 2,0
Ru	0 - 0,3
Al	0 - 0,03
Ca	0 - 0,010
Ti	0 - 0,35
V	0 - 0,55

Rest Fe und normale auftretende Verunreinigungen, wobei der Gehalt an Ferrit 40-65 Volumen-% beträgt, der PRE- oder PREW-Wert für sowohl die Ferrit- als auch die Austenitphase höher als 45 ist, der PRE- oder PREW-Wert für die Gesamtzusammensetzung der Legierung höher als 46 ist und das Verhältnis zwischen dem PRE- oder PREW-Wert für die Austenitphase und dem PRE- oder PREW-Wert für die Ferritphase zwischen 0,90 und 1,15 beträgt.

2. Legierung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Gehalt an Mangan zwischen 0,5 und 1,2 Gewichts-% beträgt.

3. Legierung nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Gehalt an Chrom zwischen 27,0 und 29,0 Gewichts-% liegt.

4. Legierung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Gehalt an Nickel zwischen 5,0 und 8,0 Gewichts-% liegt.

5. Legierung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Gehalt an Molybdän zwischen 3,6 und 4,7 Gewichts-% liegt.

6. Legierung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Gehalt an Stickstoff zwischen 0,35 und 0,45 Gewichts-% liegt.

7. Legierung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Gehalt an Ruthenium zwischen 0 und 0,3 Gewichts-% liegt und vorzugsweise mehr als 0 Gewichts% und bis zu 0,1 Gewichts-% beträgt.

8. Legierung nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Gehalt an Kobalt zwischen 0,5 und 3,5 Gewichts-%, vorzugsweise zwischen 1,5 und 3,5 Gewichts-% liegt.

9. Legierung nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Gehalt an Kupfer zwischen 0,5 und 2,0 Gewichts-%, vorzugsweise zwischen 1,0 und 1,5 Gewichts-% liegt.

10. Legierung nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Gehalt an Ferrit zwischen 42 und 60 Volumen-%, vorzugsweise zwischen 45 und 55 Volumen-% liegt.

11. Legierung nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Gesamt-PRE- oder -PREW-Wert der Legierung 44 übersteigt, wobei PRE = %Cr + 3,3%Mo + 16N und PREW = %Cr + 3,3(%Mo + 0,5%W) + 16N, wobei % Gewichts-% bedeutet.

12. Legierung nach Anspruch 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der PRE- oder PREW-Wert für sowohl die Ferrit- als auch die Austenitphase zwischen 47 und 49 liegt.

13. Legierung nach Anspruch 11 oder 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Verhältnis zwischen dem PRE- oder PREW-Wert für die Austenitphase und dem PRE- oder PREW-Wert für die Ferritphase zwischen 0,9 und 1,05 beträgt.

14. Legierung nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche für die Verwendung in chloridhaltigen Umgebungen.

15. Legierung nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche für die Verwendung in chloridhaltigen Umgebungen in Produktformen, wie beispielsweise Stangen, Rohren, wie beispielsweise geschweißten und nahtlosen Rohren, Platten, Streifen, Draht, Schweißdraht, Bauteilen, wie beispielsweise Pumpen, Ventilen, Flanschen und Kupplungen.

Revendications

1. Alliage d'acier inoxydable duplex austéno-ferritique présentant la composition suivante, en pourcentage en poids :

C	maximum 0,03
Si	maximum 0,5
Mn	0 à 3,0
Cr	24,0 à 30,0
Ni	4,9 à 10,0
Mo	3,0 à 5,0
N	0,28 à 0,5
B	0 à 0,0030
S	maximum 0,010
Co	0,5 à 3,5
W	0 à 3,0
Cu	0 à 2,0
Ru	0 à 0,3
Al	0 à 0,03
Ca	0 à 0,010
Ti	0 à 0,35
V	0 à 0,55

le reste étant du Fe et les impuretés apparaissant normalement, et où la teneur en ferrite est de 40 à 65 % en volume, la valeur PRE ou la valeur PREW pour à la fois la phase ferrite et la phase austénite est supérieure à 45, la valeur PRE ou la valeur PREW pour la composition totale de l'alliage est supérieure à 46 et le rapport entre la valeur PRE ou la valeur PREW pour la phase austénite et la valeur PRE ou la valeur PREW pour la phase ferrite est entre 0,90 et 1,15.

2. Alliage selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la teneur en manganèse est située entre 0,5 et 1,2 % en poids.

3. Alliage selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que la teneur en chrome est située entre 27,0 et 29,0 % en poids.

4. Alliage selon la revendication 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que la teneur en nickel est située entre 5,0 et 8,0 % en poids.

5. Alliage selon la revendication 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que la teneur en molybdène est située entre 3,6 et 4,7 % en poids.

6. Alliage selon la revendication 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que la teneur en azote est située entre 0,35 et 0,45 % en poids.

7. Alliage selon la revendication 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que la teneur en ruthénium est située entre 0 et 0,3 % en poids, de préférence est supérieure à 0 % et jusqu'à 0,1 % en poids.

8. Alliage selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la teneur en cobalt est située entre 0,5 et 3,5 % en poids, de préférence entre 1,5 et 3,5 % en poids.

9. Alliage selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la teneur en cuivre est située entre 0,5 et 2,0 % en poids, de préférence entre 1,0 et 1,5 % en poids.

10. Alliage selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la teneur en ferrite est située entre 42 et 60 % en volume, de préférence entre 45 et 55 % en volume.

11. Alliage selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la valeur PRE ou la valeur PREW de l'alliage dépasse 44, et PRE = % Cr + 3,3 % Mo + 16 N et PREW = % Cr + 3,3(% Mo + 0,5% W) + 16 N, où % représente le pourcentage en poids.

12. Alliage selon la revendication 11, caractérisé en ce que la valeur PRE ou la valeur PREW pour à la fois la phase ferrite et la phase austénite est située entre 47 et 49.

13. Alliage selon la revendication 11 ou 12, caractérisé en ce que le rapport entre la valeur PRE ou la valeur PREW pour la phase austénite et la valeur PRE ou la valeur PREW pour la phase ferrite est entre 0,9 et 1,05.

14. Alliage selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes à utiliser dans des environnements contenant des chlorures.

15. Alliage selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes à utiliser dans des environnements contenant des chlorures dans des formes de produits telles que des barres, des tubes, par exemple des tubes soudés et sans soudure, des plaques, des bandes, du fil, du fil de soudage, des éléments de construction, tels que par exemple des pompes, des vannes, des brides et des dispositifs de couplage.

Drawing