An aluminium based alloy

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to an aluminum based alloy having excellent mechanical properties and suitable for applications in temperature ranges between -420°F to 573°F (-215°C-300°C).

[0002] Aluminum alloys have been used in aerospace and space applications owing to their good combination of strength, ductility and density. Aluminum alloys are, however, limited in their use in temperature above 300°F (150°C) as most aluminum alloys at these elevated temperatures lose their strength due to rapid coarsening of strengthening precipitates.

[0003] There has been considerable effort in the prior art to improve the high temperature strength of aluminum alloys up to and exceeding 500°F (260°C). Prior attempts to improve the high temperature mechanical properties of aluminum alloys have included (a) aluminum-iron and aluminum-chromium based alloys that contain incoherent dispersoids and (b) mechanically alloyed pure aluminum and aluminum alloys strengthened by incoherent oxide particles. The strength of the aluminum alloys provided from approach (a) above tended to degrade at high temperatures due to coarsening of incoherent dispersoids. In addition, these aluminum alloys exhibited lower ductility and fracture toughness due to large volume fraction of incoherent particles. Accordingly, these alloy systems have not found widespread applications particularly with respect to high temperature environments. Some of the alloys considered for approach (b) included commercially pure aluminum, Al-Mg and Al-Ti produced using mechanical alloying process. While these aluminum alloys showed promising strengths at high temperature, these alloys did not find widespread applications in high temperature environments possibly due to lower ductility and fracture toughness. See also U.S. Patent 3,816,080. U.S. Patent 6,248,453 discloses Al-Sc based alloys which contain high volume fractions of strengthening coherent dispersoids. While these alloys are useful at high temperatures, we would prefer a material with higher ductility and fracture toughness. Furthermore, the problem vis-à-vis low ductility and fracture toughness will be increased at cryogenic temperatures.

[0004] None of the prior approaches provides an aluminum alloy having excellent mechanical properties in the temperature range of -420°F and 573°F (-215°C and 300°C).

[0005] According to the present invention there is provided an aluminum alloy comprising aluminum (Al), scandium (Sc), at least one of gadolinium (Gd) and zirconium (Zr), and preferably magnesium (Mg). The aluminum alloy is characterized by an aluminum solid solution matrix and a dispersion of Al₃X having an L1₂ structure where X comprises Sc, and at least one of Gd and Zr. The alloy of the present invention can be produced by any rapid solidification technique that includes melt spinning, atomization, spray deposition, mechanical alloying and cryomilling.

[0006] In accordance with the present invention, it has been found that Gd and/or Zr are excellent alloying elements in addition to Sc to produce thermally stable microstructures based on their low diffusivities and solid solubilities in aluminum. The additions of Gd and Zr also help in controlling strengthening and coarsening kinetics through control in lattice constant of Al₃Sc precipitate by substitution of Gd and Zr as Al₃(Sc, Gd, Zr). Gd and Zr have considerable solubilities in Al₃Sc L1₂ precipitate. Ideally both Gd and Zr are added as alloying elements; however, if only one of these alloying elements is used as an addition to Sc, it is preferred that Gd be the alloying addition.
Magnesium is, preferably, added to increase the lattice constant of aluminum and also provides considerable solid solution strengthening in aluminum. It has been found that when lattice constants of aluminum solid solution and Al₃Sc based precipitates are matched closely, then the precipitate particles are thermally stable at elevated temperatures. The foregoing results in an aluminum alloy with high strength at elevated temperatures.

[0007] Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described in greater detail by way of example only.

[0008] The present invention is drawn to an aluminum based alloy having excellent mechanical properties and suitable for applications in temperature ranges between -420°F to 573°F (-215° to 300°C).

[0009] The aluminum alloy comprises aluminum (Al), scandium (Sc), at least one of gadolinium (Gd) and zirconium (Zr) and preferably magnesium (Mg). In order to achieve higher strength and toughness for a wide temperature range from cryogenic to elevated temperatures, a desired microstructure of the material should have uniform distribution of fine coherent precipitates having lower diffusivity and lower interfacial energy in the aluminum matrix. The matrix should be solid solution strengthened. Solid solution alloying is beneficial to provide additional strengthening and greater work hardening capability. A material with a larger work hardening exponent would strain at higher level without causing any damage resulting in the improved failure strain and toughness.

[0010] Scandium is a potent strengthener in aluminum alloys and forms an Al₃Sc precipitate with aluminum in the equilibrium condition. The Al₃Sc has L1₂ structure that is an ordered face centered cubic (FCC) structure with Sc atoms located in corners and aluminum atoms on the cubic faces. The purpose of this invention is to produce thermally stable microstructure by making Al₃Sc precipitate more resistant to coarsening at elevated temperatures through suitable alloying additions. In accordance with the present invention it has been found that gadolinium and/or zirconium both are excellent alloy elements for this purpose. If only one of the elements are to be added in combination with scandium, gadolinium is preferred; however, ideally both gadolinium and zirconium are added as alloying elements with or without magnesium, preferably with magnesium.

[0011] It has been found that an aluminum alloy having the following composition is particularly useful in the desired temperature range applications: 0.1 to 2.9 wt.% Sc, 0.1 to 20 wt.% Gd, 0.1 to 1.9 wt.% Zr and 1 to 7 wt.% Mg.

[0012] Gadolinium forms Al₃Gd precipitate with Al that is stable up to very high temperature 842°F (450°C) due to its low diffusion coefficient in aluminum. Al₃Gd precipitate has DO₁₉ structure in the equilibrium condition. It has been found that Gd substitutes with Al₃Sc precipitate forming L1₂ ordered phase of Al₃ (Sc_x, Gd_1-x) precipitate resulting in improved thermal and structural stability. Despite large atomic size, Gd has fairly high solubility in Al₃(Sc_x, Gd_1-x) precipitates.

[0013] It has been found that Zr forms Al₃Zr precipitate that has L1₂ structure in the metastable condition and DO₂₃ structure in the equilibrium condition. The Al₃Zr precipitate is highly resistant to coarsening. Similarity in the nature of Al₃Zr and Al₃Sc precipitates would allow complete or partial intersolubility of these phases resulting in the L1₂ ordered Al₃(Sc_xZr_1-x) phase. The Al-Sc-Gd-Zr alloy would form L1₂ ordered precipitate of Al₃(Sc, Gd, Zr) with improved thermal and structural stability which is believed to be due to reduced lattice mismatch between the aluminum matrix and the precipitate. Additionally, this modified Al₃(Sc, Gd, Zr) precipitate is more resistant to dislocation shearing compared to Al₃Sc precipitate, thereby improving mechanical properties of the alloy at room temperature.

[0014] Magnesium is a preferred alloying element because the magnesium (1) increases the lattice parameters of aluminum, (2) provides substantial solid solution strengthening, and (3) decreases density of the resulting aluminum alloy.

[0015] In the present invention, the scandium addition can vary from 0.1 to 2.9 wt.% depending on the processing technique used for producing the material. The phase diagram of Al-Sc indicates an eutectic reaction at 0.5 wt.% of Sc and 1219°F (660°C) resulting in a mixture of aluminum solid solution and Al₃Sc phase. The phase diagram also shows a steep liquidus for hypereutectic compositions. This suggests that casting techniques can be used for Sc composition only up to 0.5 wt.%. For hypereutectic compositions, i.e. Sc greater than 0.5 wt.%, rapid solidification techniques such as melt spinning, atomization or spray deposition utilizing higher cooling rates to process the material. The amount of Sc that can be taken in supersaturation also depends on the cooling rate. Ideally one would like to keep all the Sc in solution to avoid formation of primary particles. Primary particles are usually large in size and therefore, not considered to be beneficial for mechanical properties. The higher limit of 2.9 wt.% Sc has been selected because atomization, that is the most common processing technique, can provide complete supersaturation of Sc up to 3 wt.%.

[0016] Gadolinium addition is from 0.1 to 20 wt.% in the present invention. Although, Gd can be added as high as 20 wt.%, the amount of Gd addition should depend on the solubility of Gd in Al₃Sc precipitate. The preferred composition of Gd would be equivalent to Sc level in terms of atomic percent so that Gd can substitute up to 50% in Al₃(Sc_x, Gd_1-x) precipitate. Since Al-Gd forms eutectic at 23 wt.% Gd composition, slower cooling rate process such as casting may be used for processing of the present alloy. However, rapid solidification technique will be preferred due to the presence of other elements and especially when they are present with hypereutectic compositions.

[0017] Zirconium is present from 0.1 to 1.9 wt.% in the preferred alloy. In the present alloy, the role of Zr is that Al₃Zr precipitate is substituted in Al₃Sc precipitate to control the coarsening kinetics of the alloy. Zr, it has been found, has good solubility in Al₃Sc precipitate. While casting may be used with small Zr additions, rapid solidification will be preferred for larger Zr additions.

[0018] Magnesium is a preferred alloy element in accordance with the present invention in combination with Sc, and Gd and/or Zr. While Mg can vary from 1 to 7 wt.% in the present alloy, it will be preferred to use 4-6 wt.% of Mg to impart sufficient solid solution strengthening and increase in lattice constant to match with Al₃Sc precipitate. If the amount of Mg is higher, it may form Mg₅Al₈ particle that is deleterious to the mechanical properties of alloy. Lower Mg content may not provide sufficient solid solution strengthening. Binary Al-Mg alloy is not a heat treatable alloy. However, it responds to heat treatment in the presence of Sc, Gd and Zr additions especially for cast alloys. Aging temperatures for the cast Al-Sc based alloys are usually very high 400-550°F (205-290°C) that is also indicative of the superior thermal stability of Al₃Sc based precipitate.

[0019] The alloy of the present invention can be processed by any rapid solidification technique utilizing cooling rates in excess of 10³ °C/s. The rapid solidification process includes melt spinning, splat quenching, atomization, spray deposition and laser melting. The particular processing technique is not important. The most important aspect is the cooling rate of the process. Higher cooling rate is required for the alloy with larger amount of solute additions. These processes produce different forms of the product such as ribbon, flake or powder. Atomization is the most commonly used rapid solidification technique to produce large volume of powder. The cooling rate experienced during atomization depends on the powder size and usually varies from 10³-10⁵ °C/s. Finer size (-325 mesh (0.044 mm openings)) of powder is preferred to have maximum supersaturation of alloying elements that can precipitate out during compaction and extrusion of powder. The powder of invented alloy was produced using helium gas atomization. Helium gas provides higher heat transfer coefficient leading to higher cooling rate in the powder. The ribbon or powder of alloy can be compacted using vacuum hot pressing, hot isostatic pressure or blind die compaction after suitable vacuum degassing. Compaction takes place by shear deformation in vacuum hot pressing and blind die compaction, whereas diffusional creep is key for compaction in hot isostatic pressing. Vacuum hot pressing was used for compaction of the present alloy. The alloy is further extruded, forged or rolled to impart deformation. This step is important to achieve highest mechanical properties. Although lower extrusion ratio may be useful, it is preferred to use around 20:0 ratio. The present alloy was extruded using 22:1 ratio. The temperature for vacuum degassing, vacuum hot pressing and extrusion can be in the range of 572-842°F (300-450°C).

[0020] The alloy powder of the present invention can also be produced using mechanical alloying (U.S. Patent 3,816,080) or cryomilling (U.S. Patents 4,599,214 and 4,601,650) where powder is milled using high energy ball milling at room temperature or at cryogenic temperature in liquid nitrogen environment. While both mechanical alloying and cryomilling processes can provide supersaturation of alloying elements, cryomilling is preferred because it has less oxygen content. Cryomilling introduces oxynitride particles in the grains that can provide additional strengthening to the alloy at high temperature by increasing threshold stress for dislocation climb. In addition, the nitride particles when located on grain boundaries can reduce the grain boundary sliding in the alloy by pinning the dislocation resulting in reduced dislocation mobility in the grain boundary.

[0021] The alloy powder can also be used for making components using vacuum plasma spray or cold spray processes. In vacuum plasma spray (VPS), the powder particle is melted and deposited onto the substrate resulting in a highly dense product. In cold spray process, the powder is ejected from nozzle at very high velocity and deposited onto the substrate without melting the powder. While either of these processes can be used for the invented alloy, cold spray is preferred because it does not melt the powder thereby, retaining the original microstructure of the powder.

[0022] The alloy may also be produced using casting processes such as squeeze casting, die casting or permanent mold casting provided the alloy contains small amount of Sc, Gd and Zr additions.

[0023] The following alloy compositions have been produced using a powder metallurgy process: Al-6Mg-2Sc-1Gd-1Zr, Al-6Mg-1Sc-1Gd-1Zr, Al-6Mg-1Sc-1.5Gd-0.5Zr and Al-6Mg-1Sc-1Gd-0.5Zr (wt.%). The powder metallurgy process used for these alloys consisted of atomization, vacuum degassing, vacuum hot pressing and extrusion. These alloys showed a good combination of strength and ductility at ambient temperature. The above alloy compositions provide good strength at elevated temperatures. Additional alloy compositions for improvement in elevated temperature capability: (a) Al-6Mg-2.8Sc-6Gd-1.8Zr, (b) Al-6Mg-2.8Sc-12Gd-1.8Zr, and (c) Al-6Mg-2.8Sc-18Gd-1.8Zr (wt.%). These alloys were produced using the powder metallurgy technique as described above.

[0024] The alloy of the present invention can be used in monolithic form or can contain continuous or discontinuous reinforcement second phase to produce metal-matrix composite. Suitable reinforcement materials include oxides, carbides, nitrides, oxynitrides, oxycarbonitrides, silicides, borides, boron, graphite, ferrous alloys, tungsten, titanium and mixtures thereof. Specific reinforcing materials include SiC, Si₃N₄, Boron, Graphite, Al₂O₃, B₄C, Y₂O₃, MgAl₂O₄, TiC, TiB₂ and mixtures thereof. These reinforcing materials may be present in volume fractions of up to about 50 vol.% and preferably 0.5-50 vol.% and more preferably 0.5-20 vol.%.

[0025] Thus, at least in the illustrated embodiments, the present invention can be seen to provide an aluminum alloy having excellent mechanical properties and suitable for applications in temperature ranges of - 420°F to 573°F (-215°C to 300°C).

[0026] This invention may be embodied in other forms or carried out in other ways without departing from the essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiment is therefore to be considered as in all respects illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency are intended to be embraced therein.

Claims

1. An aluminum alloy comprising Al, Sc, and at least one of Gd and Zr.

2. An aluminum alloy according to claim 1 further comprising an aluminum solid solution matrix and a dispersion of Al₃X having an L1₂ structure where X comprises Sc, and at least one of Gd and Zr.

3. An aluminum alloy according to claims 1 or 2 comprising 0.1 to 2.9 wt.% Sc, 0.1 to 20 wt.% Gd, and 0.1 to 1.9 wt.% Zr.

4. An aluminum alloy according to claims 1 or 2 comprising 0.1 to 2.9 wt.% Sc, 0.1 to 20 wt.% Gd, 0.1 to 1.9 wt.% Zr, and 1 to 7 wt.% Mg.

5. An aluminum alloy according to claim 3 or 4 wherein the balance is essentially aluminum.

6. An aluminum alloy according to claims 1 or 2 wherein X comprises Sc and Zr.

7. An aluminum alloy according to claims 1 or 2 wherein X comprises Sc and Gd.

8. An aluminum alloy according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the X comprises Sc, Gd and Zr.

9. An aluminum alloy according to claim 7, 8 or 9 wherein the alloy further comprises Mg.

10. An aluminum alloy according to any preceding claim wherein the alloy is produced by a rapid solidification technique selected from the group of melt spinning, atomization, spray deposition, mechanical alloying and cryomilling.