TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to a panel system which may be installed in a building
to form, for example, a curtain wall.
[0002] The invention also relates to a building incorporating a panel system, a kit of parts
for installing a panel skin in or on a building, and a method of installing in or
on a building such a kit of parts.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] It is popular for a building to have a curtain wall of glazing panels in order to
create a light, environmentally-controlled enclosed space for greater public amenity
and security. For example, the façade of an office building may be two or more storeys
high, and may be given an exterior curtain wall of glazed panels. The glazed panels
are usually rectangular and abut against one another and are formed into rows and
columns. They need to be supported in position. A metal framework of tensioned steel
cables or rods, quite often incorporating bracing cables, is frequently positioned
behind the glazed panels and forms a network extending vertically and horizontally,
and also has a significant depth perpendicular to the glazed panels in order to be
able to resist bowing or flexing of the glazed panels such as may be caused by wind
pressure. The front face of the structural framework has clamps or feet which project
forwards and are fastened through or bonded to the wall of glazed panels.
[0004] Considering a rectangular array of rectangular glazed panels, the vertical and horizontal
joints between the panels will resemble a grid, and it is usual for the structural
framework to support the glazed panels at or near to the intersections or nodes of
the grid.
[0005] Usually, the weight of each glazed panel is individually transferred back to the
structural framework, so that the bottommost panel in a particular column of the glazed
panels does not have to bear the weight of the entire column.
[0006] A structural framework of this general type is the Pilkington Planar (TM) system
produced by Pilkington Plc.
[0007] Such structural framework can be visually intrusive particularly if it is linked
together horizontally as well as vertically and if trusses are incorporated.
[0008] More recently, more compact structural support apparatus has been proposed. For example,
US-A-6,658,804 discloses a self-bearing flexible curtain wall system. A glass curtain
wall comprises rectangular glass panels arranged as a matrix or array of columns and
rows. The weight of the glass panels is transferred down through the stack of panels
in a particular column. Structural stability is provided by positioning a plurality
of vertical metal cables behind the glass curtain wall. The feet of the metal cables
are secured into the sill of the building, and the tops of the cables are secured
to the frame of the building. The metal cables are tensioned. Each metal cable carries
a plurality of anchor fixtures which are free to slide up and down the cable. Each
anchor fixture projects forwards into the glass wall at a node of the grid of the
glass wall where a vertical joint between the panels intersects a horizontal joint.
In this way, the anchor fixtures provide stability to the glass wall in the direction
perpendicular to the plane of the glass wall without actually carrying the weight
of the glass panels.
[0009] The glass panels can flex relative to one another in a vertical direction and a horizontal
direction, and the metal cables and their anchor fixtures can move backwards and forwards
in order to accommodate this flexing.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a panel system
comprising:
an array of panels positioned side by side to form a panel skin;
a plurality of fibre linear tensile elements which are generally parallel and extend
from a first periphery to a second, opposite periphery of the panel skin; and
a plurality of clamping devices which are clamped to the fibre linear tensile elements
and are fixed to the panel skin.
[0011] By using fibre linear tensile elements rather than metal cables, there is the benefit
that, in use, there will be less variation in the tension of the supporting structure
(the fibre linear tensile elements) resulting from thermal expansion and contraction.
This is because of the lower coefficient of linear expansion of the fibre linear tensile
elements.
[0012] In the case of glazed panels, the fibre linear tensile elements will not damage (e.g.
abrade or chip) the panels if they come into contact with them during installation
of the panel system in a building.
[0013] Fibre linear tensile elements made of polymeric material are non-conductive compared
with steel alloy rods or cables, and thus electrolytic corrosion or surface oxidation
of the fibre linear tensile elements will not occur.
[0014] With the panel system of the present invention, the clamping devices are supplied
clamped into position onto the fibre linear tensile elements. The clamping devices
will usually be made of metal but, because of the resilient nature of the material
of the fibre linear tensile elements, the clamping devices will not permanently produce
localised damage at the clamping positions on the fibre linear tensile elements. This
means that, if during installation of the panel system it is necessary to adjust the
positioning of some of the clamping devices before the panels are fitted, there will
be no significant, aesthetically-unattractive marking of the surface of the fibre
linear tensile elements at the old positions of the clamping devices. Metal clamping
devices for clamping onto a metal cable are known to leave permanent markings (indentations)
at the old clamping positions.
[0015] When installed, the panel skin may undergo a visibly-noticeable amount of flexing
when, for example, it is exposed to wind loading. For example, an observer standing
in front of a glass curtain wall which is glazing an atrium may easily notice the
flexing caused by wind loading because the reflected images (of distant objects) in
the glazed panels will appear to vary in a noticeable way. The degree of this flexing
can be increased or reduced depending on the tension applied to the fibre linear tensile
elements and on their fibre construction.
[0016] The panel system is an architectural building system, and it may be used to provide
a roof for a building, in addition to the more usual likely use of providing a wall
for a building. The wall will often be planar, but the wall could be curved. This
may be achieved by arranging for the curvature of the wall to occur in a direction
transverse to the direction of the mutually-parallel fibre linear tensile elements.
In relation to the panels, instead of having the usual planar configuration, the panels
may be bowed so that each matches the local curvature of the curved wall. Thus, each
panel may be convexely or concavely curved in one direction (the direction of the
width of the wall). If the wall is sinuous or serpentine, some panels will be convex,
some panels will be concave, and some panels might even be convex and concave at respective
sides of a particular panel.
[0017] We expect that the most commercially-popular form of the invention will he for the
panels to be glazing panels, such as double-glazed units for an exterior curtain wall,
or single-glazed units for an interior wall or ceiling such as in an office or hotel
atrium.
[0018] The fibre linear tensile elements and the clamping devices function together to act
as a support structure for the panel skin, and they will usually be positioned behind
the panel skin rather than in front of the panel skin, in relation to what is the
usual viewing direction.
[0019] It will usually be desirable for the fibre linear tensile elements to be as close
as possible to the panel skin, so as to make less visually-intrusive the way in which
the panel skin is supported. The clamping devices serve to space the fibre linear
tensile elements from the panel skin, and a desirable spacing distance between each
fibre linear tensile element and the adjacent surface of the panel skin is a gap size
of 0.5 to 6cm (more preferably, 0.5 to 5cm, or 0.5 to 4cm, or 0.5 to 3cm, or 0.5 to
2cm). Instead of the lower limit of the gap size being set at 0.5cm, it could be set
at a slightly bigger value such as 1, 1.5 or 2cm for practical reasons, such as facilitating
cleaning of the panels.
[0020] Each fibre linear tensile element may have a structural core of (polymer) filaments
with the core usually being surrounded by a protective sheath. The core may be formed
by starting with a textile yarn of parallel filaments. A plurality of the yarns are
twisted to make a wire and then a plurality of the wires are laid to make a strand.
Then a plurality of the strands are laid in layers to make the core. As an alternative
to this stranded or wire-lay construction, the core might be formed by braiding the
filaments or by positioning the filaments to be generally parallel to the longitudinal
axis of the fibre linear tensile element.
[0021] The sheath may be braided or woven and may be of a different polymer material to
that of the structural core. The sheath can serve to protect the structural core from
the clamping forces applied by the clamping devices, because the material of the sheath
is likely to be more resilient than the material of the core. Thus, if a clamping
device needs to be unclamped, moved to a new position and then reclamped, the sheath
material at the old clamping position will resiliently spring back to its original
shape without leaving any significant visual indication of the old clamping position.
[0022] The panel system will, in use, have a natural damping characteristic that depends
on the tensioning of the fibre linear tensile elements. It will also depend on the
characteristics of the particular plastic (polymeric) material used for the structural
component of each fibre linear tensile element and its diameter. A panel skin that
is oscillating will also be damped by air resistance in proportion to its surface
area.
[0023] It will be usual for each fibre linear tensile element to carry a plurality of the
clamping devices forming an array of connection nodes between the fibre linear tensile
elements and the panel skin. The panel skin may be scaled in size and shape in order
to suit the particular commercial application.
[0024] With the panel system of the present invention, the clamping devices are supplied
clamped in their correct positions onto the fibre linear tensile elements. Done away
from the building site, in the clean and controlled conditions of for example a factory,
operatives can be trained to be highly skilled, and can accurately position the clamping
devices on the fibre linear tensile elements. This saves time on the building site,
and removes the element of uncertainty of having to rely on the installers at the
building site to position the clamping devices with the risk that time and effort
might be consumed in their having to repeatedly adjust the positions of the clamping
devices during the installation process.
[0025] Usually, each panel is generally rectangular. Quite often, the panels will be of
the same size. More complicated alternatives to rectangular panels can be envisaged,
such as a panel skin formed by tessellating hexagonal, pentagonal or square panels,
or by tessellating combinations such as octagonal panels with square panels.
[0026] In the preferred embodiment, the panels are positioned in a matrix-like formation
to form the panel skin, with columns of panels and rows of panels which are generally
perpendicular to the columns of panels; and the fibre linear tensile elements are
generally parallel to the columns of panels. By positioning the fibre linear tensile
elements in this way, it is easier to make them less visible compared with alternative
possibilities such as the fibre linear tensile elements extending diagonally across
the columns.
[0027] Preferably, the fibre linear tensile elements extend along respective joints between
adjacent columns of the panels. For example, the fibre linear tensile elements can
be made less noticeable by filling the joints between the panels with sealant, particularly
a sealant of a dark colour such as black, and by positioning the fibre linear tensile
elements in close alignment with the sealant. In relation to a panel skin forming
a curtain wall, the sealant may be of the weatherproof type.
[0028] The fibre linear tensile elements may be given a particular colour and/or texture,
e.g. they may be coloured black to be less visible. Thus the black colour of the fibre
linear tensile elements may supplement the black colour of the sealant, in order to
assist in making the fibre linear tensile elements less visible.
[0029] In the preferred embodiment, each clamping device is fixed to at least two adjacent
panels of the panel skin. For example, four panels may be clamped by gripping respective
panel corners at a junction point (connection node) of the panel array.
[0030] We expect that the most popular use of the panel system will be when the panel skin
is a wall, such as an (exterior) curtain wall.
[0031] In the preferred embodiment, each clamping device has a bracket which projects into
the panel skin between the panels and has an upwardly-facing seat on which sit one
or more of the panels.
[0032] Thus, the weight of the panel(s) above the clamping device is carried by the clamping
device, and transferred to the fibre linear tensile element to which the clamping
device is clamped. The weight is not carried (or is only minimally carried) by the
panel(s) below the clamping device in the wall. Thus the wall is not of the self-bearing
weight type, and individual panels may be removed without compromising the surrounding
skin structure.
[0033] There is no need to provide each panel with a structural frame around its perimeter
for the purpose of transferring the weight of the overlying panels to the underlying
panels. Thus, for a glazed panel, the glazed area right up to the perimeter of the
panel remains visible. Thus, the viewer of a curtain wall made of glazed panels will
be presented with a wall of glazing, rather than a wall which is disfigured by unsightly
structural frames incorporated in the panels.
[0034] Preferably, two of the panels sit on the seat of the clamping device. For example,
the bracket hac an upwardly projecting divider splitting the seat into two seat portions
on which respective panels sit. Thus, at a particular connection node in a curtain
wall, the bottom right-hand corner of the left upper panel may sit on one seat portion,
and the bottom left-hand corner of the right upper panel may sit on the other seat
portion.
[0035] Preferably, the bracket has a downwardly-facing guide which locates a top edge portion
of the or each of one or more of the panels.
[0036] The bracket may comprise a flange, and the upper surface of the flange may provide
the seat and the lower surface of the flange may provide the guide, with the thickness
of the flange defining the desired gap size of the horizontal joint between the upper
and lower panels held in position by the clamping device.
[0037] Preferably, two of the panels are located in position in the panel skin by the guide.
For example, the bracket has a downwardly-projecting divider splitting the guide into
two guide portions which locate respective panels. The top right-hand corner of the
left lower panel at a particular connection node of the wall, and the top left-hand
corner of the lower right panel, may be located respectively against the two guide
portions.
[0038] The upper and/or lower divider may define the desired gap size of the vertical joint
between the left panels and the right panels held in position by the clamping device.
[0039] In the preferred embodiment, the clamping device has a back plate at the rear of
the bracket and a removable front plate at the front of the bracket, and the front
plate is secured in position by releasable fastener(s) and clamps a plurality of the
panels between the front and back plates.
[0040] The fastener(s) enable a sufficiently large clamping force to be applied to securely
hold the panels in position at the connection node provided by the clamping device.
Gaskets may be interposed between the front and back plates and the panels.
[0041] During installation of the wall, the front plates may initially be left off the clamping
devices. The installer may face the generally vertically-positioned and fully tensioned
fibre linear tensile elements and may present up the panels. After a particular clamping
device has received all of its panels and any necessary corrections have been made
to their alignment, its front plate may be fitted to securely clamp the panels in
position. In this way, the panel wall may be built up, usually working upwards from
the bottommost row of panels.
[0042] Usually, the or each fastener will be adjustable (e.g. a bolt) so that the clamping
force is variable and may be set at a desired value.
[0043] In the preferred embodiment, the front and back plates are wider than the bracket,
and the fasteners are located beyond respective lateral edges of the bracket and preferably
extend from the back plate forwardly into releasable engagement with the front plate.
[0044] This enables the bracket (e.g. flange) to be made substantially the same thickness
as the shank of each fastener (e.g. bolt) as there is no need to provide an aperture
in the bracket for the fastener which would require bracket material to be left above
and below the aperture in order to avoid weakening the seat (and guide) of the bracket.
[0045] In the preferred embodiment, the clamping device includes locking arms which project
through the panel skin adjacent to the bracket for holding the panels in position
in the absence of the front plate.
[0046] For example, during installation of the curtain wall, the locking arms may be used
to gently hold the panels in place until they are clamped in position by fitting the
front plate.
[0047] The locking arms are usually positioned above and below the back plate (e.g. two
above and two below) so that there is one locking arm for each of the four panels
usually fixed to the clamping device when building up the curtain wall.
[0048] Each locking arm may be detachable from the rest of the clamping device so that,
when the front plate has been clamped into position, the locking arms may be removed
before sealant is applied to the inter-panel joints.
[0049] Each locking arm may comprise a shank and a head at the distal end of the shank.
Preferably, the head is rotatable (e.g. relative to the shank, or the shank and head
are integral and rotate together relative to the part of the clamping device into
which the shank is inserted) so that the head can be aligned along the inter-panel
joint when offering up a panel to the clamping device, and the head can then be rotated
to extend over the front face of that panel to hold it in position.
[0050] In the preferred embodiment, each clamping device has a duct through which passes
one of the fibre linear tensile elements, and the duct includes means for clamping
the fibre linear tensile element.
[0051] For example, the clamping means is releasable for unclamping the clamping device
from its fibre linear tensile element. The releasable nature of the clamping means
permits adjustment of the positioning of the clamping devices on the fibre linear
tensile elements during the installation process in a building, e.g. to ensure that
all clamping devices in a particular row are aligned prior to fitting the panels.
[0052] In the preferred embodiment, the duct comprises first and second duct portions, the
clamping means is provided on inner surfaces of the duct portions, and the duct portions
are adjustable relative to one another to permit the clamping means to release the
fibre linear tensile element.
[0053] For example, wedge- or cam-like projections may be provided on the inner surfaces
which engage with the fibre linear tensile element and prevent the clamping device
from moving in either direction along the fibre linear tensile element. By unclamping
and then reclamping, it is possible to adjust the grip position. The duct will usually
be split longitudinally to form the duct portions.
[0054] In the preferred embodiment, the first duct portion comprises a channel portion and
the second duct portion comprises a cover plate which closes the channel portion and
is releasably secured to the channel portion by fastener(s). The first duct portion
may have a generally U-shaped duct cross-section. This duct portion may be integral
with the back plate or bracket mentioned above.
[0055] A plurality of the fasteners (e.g. two on each side of the cover plate) may be tightened
up until the cover plate abuts against the channel portion, so that a predetermined
maximum clamping force cannot be exceeded by over-tightening the fasteners.
[0056] In order to reduce unwanted twisting of the clamping device on the fibre linear tensile
element, the length of the duct is preferably at least twice (preferably at least
three times) the height of the back plate (measured along the direction of the fibre
linear tensile element).
[0057] Also, the width of the back plate may be plus or minus 30% (or 20%, or 10%) of the
length of the duct, so that the clamping device has a cross-like appearance when viewed
from in front of or behind the panel skin.
[0058] In the preferred embodiment, the panel system further comprises first and second
termination devices at respective ends of each fibre linear tensile element for securing
the fibre linear tensile element to static building components.
[0059] For example, one termination device may be fitted into a floor slab at the bottom
of a wall and the other may be fitted to a structural frame at the top of the wall.
[0060] Preferably, each termination device comprises a static anchor portion, a movable
portion secured to the respective end of the respective fibre linear tensile element,
and an adjustment mechanism for adjusting the position of the movable portion relative
to the static anchor portion along an adjustment axis generally aligned with the fibre
linear tensile element.
[0061] One or both of the termination devices may be used to tension up the fibre linear
tensile element. The two termination devices may then be operated in synchronism in
order to adjust the positioning of the clamping devices of that fibre linear tensile
element without altering its tension. This may be necessary, for example, when installing
a curtain wall, because it may be apparent after the initial tensioning up of all
of the fibre linear tensile elements that a particular fibre linear tensile element's
clamping devices are not aligned correctly with those of the neighbouring fibre linear
tensile elements.
[0062] For example, a laser line may be projected along a particular row of clamping devices
in order to check whether they are levelly aligned.
[0063] In the preferred embodiment, at least one of the fibre linear tensile elements includes
a longitudinal monitoring filament which is connectable to monitoring apparatus arranged
to monitor the tensile loading of the or each such fibre linear tensile element.
[0064] The monitoring filament may be embedded along the core (rather than in any sheath)
of the fibre linear tensile element, preferably along the central axis. It can be
used to raise an alarm if the originally-set tension drops below a threshold value.
[0065] In the preferred embodiment, the longitudinal monitoring filament is an optical fibre.
[0066] The optical fibre may be incorporated at the time of manufacture of the fibre linear
tensile element. The monitoring apparatus may shine a light along the optical fibre
and monitor for characteristic changes as the tension applied to the fibre linear
tensile element (and thus to the embedded linear optical fibre) varies during use.
[0067] Preferably, each fibre linear tensile element includes such a longitudinal monitoring
filament.
[0068] For example, the monitoring filaments could be connected together in series by the
monitoring apparatus. Preferably they are connected in parallel to the monitoring
apparatus so that the apparatus can individually monitor each fibre linear tensile
element. Thus an alarm signal may identify any fibre linear tensile element where
a change has occurred.
[0069] Each monitoring filament will usually run the full (tensioned) length of the fibre
linear tensile element. For example, there may be untensioned end portions above and/or
within the top termination device holding the fibre linear tensile element and below
and/or within the bottom termination device, and these end portions may be unpicked
to expose the optical fibre embedded at the centre of the core of the fibre linear
tensile element. The exposed ends of the optical fibre can be connected to the monitoring
apparatus to form an optical monitoring circuit.
[0070] In some embodiments, where it is desirable for there to be less flexing of the panel
skin, elongate structural supports are fixed to the clamping devices and extend transversely
between the fibre linear tensile elements. Thus, the fibre linear tensile elements
are given additional stability for limiting deflection of the panel skin. The structural
supports may be stiffening spars or other rigid elongate members.
[0071] In many such installations, the structural supports are generally parallel to the
rows of panels. For example, the structural supports extend along respective joints
between adjacent rows of the panels.
[0072] Conveniently, the structural supports are connected to rear portions of the clamping
devices. For example, the connection may be to the duct and/or back plate of the clamping
device.
[0073] According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a building
incorporating a panel system according to the first aspect of the present invention,
wherein the fibre linear tensile elements are secured to static components of the
building and are tensioned. In most applications, there will be uniform tensioning
of the set of fibre linear tensile elements.
[0074] In many installations, the panel system is positioned such that the panel skin is
a curtain wall.
[0075] According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a kit of
parts for installing a panel skin in or on a building, comprising:
a plurality of panels positionable side by side as an array to form the panel skin;
a plurality of fibre linear tensile elements each having a length sufficient to extend
from a first periphery to a second, opposite periphery of the panel skin; and
a plurality of clamping devices which are clampable to the fibre linear tensile elements
and are configured to receive and fix in position the panels of the panel skin.
[0076] Preferred aspects are as discussed above in relation to the first aspect of the present
invention.
[0077] Usually, the panel skin is a rectangular array made up of rectangular panels. For
an array of X columns and Y rows of panels, where the fibre linear tensile elements
are to be aligned with the columnar grid lines of the array, there will usually be
(X-1), X or (X+1) fibre linear tensile elements depending on whether both, 1 or 0
respectively of the outer side edges of the outermost columns of the panel skin are
fixed to the building rather than to respective fibre linear tensile elements.
[0078] Usually, there will be (Y-1), Y or (Y+1) clamping devices clamped to each fibre linear
tensile element depending on whether both, 1 or 0 respectively of the top and bottom
edges of the top and bottom rows of the panel skin are fixed to the building rather
than to the fibre linear tensile elements.
[0079] Each clamping device is a panel mounting node of the grid of the panel array. The
clamping devices along the periphery of the grid will grip two panels (if on an edge
of the grid) or one panel (if at a corner of the grid). The clamping devices inside
the periphery will each grip four panels.
[0080] In many building installations, the pattern of spacing of the clamping devices along
a fibre linear tensile element will be the same for all the fibre linear tensile elements.
If the panels are of a uniform size, the spacing will be uniform along each fibre
linear tensile element.
[0081] According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method
of installing in or on a building a kit of parts in accordance with the third aspect
of the present invention, the method comprising:
securing the fibre linear tensile elements at their ends to static components of the
building and tensioning the fibre linear tensile elements, such that the fibre linear
tensile elements are generally parallel; and
fixing the panels to the clamping devices as an array forming a panel skin.
[0082] Preferably, the panel skin is planar and, prior to fixing the panels, alignment of
the clamping devices into rows transverse to the fibre linear tensile elements is
checked by projecting a laser along each row and any clamping device in that row that
is out of alignment is unclamped from its fibre linear tensile element and reclamped
at an improved alignment position. Alternatively, all clamps on a particular fibre
linear tensile element may be repositioned by simultaneous adjustment of its top and
bottom terminations.
[0083] Alternatively, a laser level may be used to check the height of individual clamping
devices.
[0084] In the preferred embodiment, for a predetermined desired deflection in response to
a predetermined loading of the panel skin, the actual deflection under the predetermined
loading is measured and the tensioning of the fibre linear tensile elements is adjusted
until the actual deflection substantially equals the desired deflection. The deflection
may be measured at a point of envisaged maximum deflection (e.g. the centre of the
panel skin) in response to a loading that, for example, simulates a predetermined
wind loading.
[0085] In practice, we have found that the tensioning necessary to keep the deflection below
an acceptable threshold value has the effect of making the panel system naturally
damped (self damped) in terms of amplitude and frequency.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0086] Preferred non-limiting embodiments of the present invention will now be described
with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings.
Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a building showing an early stage of a method in accordance
with the present invention of installing a panel system on the building.
Fig. 2 is a perspective view showing a later stage of the installation method.
Fig. 3 is a perspective view showing, broken at the middle, a fibre linear tensile
element of the panel system of Fig. 1 with its upper and lower termination devices.
Fig. 4 is a perspective view of the fibre linear tensile element of Fig. 3 showing
it installed at its upper end.
Fig. 5 is a perspective view of the fibre linear tensile element of Fig. 3 showing
it installed at its lower end.
Fig. 6 is a rear perspective view of a connection node of the installed panel system
of Fig. 2.
Fig. 7 is an exploded front perspective view of a clamping device shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 8 is an exploded rear perspective view of the clamping device of Fig. 7.
Fig. 9 is an exploded view similar to Fig. 7 but omitting the front plate, gaskets
and fasteners.
Fig. 10 is a front elevational view of the clamping device of Fig. 9, showing it installed
on its fibre linear tensile element.
Fig. 11 is a perspective view of a building showing an early stage of a method in
accordance with the present invention of installing a second embodiment of a panel
system in a building.
Fig. 12 is a perspective view showing the completion of the installation method of
Fig. 11.
Fig. 13 is a perspective view of a building showing a third embodiment, wherein two
panel systems in accordance with the present invention are installed spaced apart
to provide a thermal buffer therebetween.
Fig. 14 is a perspective view of a building incorporating a fourth embodiment of a
panel system in accordance with the present invention and showing how the condition
of the panel system may be remotely monitored.
Fig. 15 is a perspective view of a panel system in accordance with a fifth embodiment
of the present invention wherein the panel system is provided as a roof of a building.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0087] In relation to the first embodiment of the present invention shown in Figs. 1-10,
a building 1 comprises floor slab 11, a roof 12 and intermediate floors 13 supported
on columns 14. The illustrated front face of the building is flat and is having a
panel system in accordance with the present invention fitted thereto. The end objective
is to fit a glazed curtain wall 80 to the front face of the building.
[0088] The panel system comprises fibre linear tensile elements 2, clamping devices 3 and
glazing panels 4. Additionally, each fibre linear tensile element 2 has upper and
lower termination devices 5, 6 to enable it to be attached to the building 1.
[0089] As shown in Figs. 3-5, each termination device 5, 6 comprises an anchor bracket 51,
61 which is fixed to the building 1 and an end termination 52, 62 which is fixed to
the end of the fibre linear tensile element 2. An adjustment nut 53, 63 enables the
position of the end termination 52, 62 to be varied relative to the static position
of the anchor bracket 51, 61.
[0090] The front face of the building has been designed to receive a rectangular matrix
of square glazing panels 4 arranged into rows and columns. The fibre linear tensile
elements 2, clamping devices 3, and upper and lower termination devices 5, 6 provide
a support structure for the glazing panels 4.
[0091] The design is such that a fibre linear tensile element 2 is to be positioned behind
each inter-panel joint between adjacent vertical columns of the panels, and also at
the left end and right end of the curtain wall.
[0092] In a factory away from the building site, the appropriate number of fibre linear
tensile elements 2 are produced with the correct lengths based on the vertical separation
between the floor slab 11 and the roof 12. Each fibre linear tensile element 2 also
has fitted to it the appropriate number of clamping devices 3 at the correct positions
along its length, and the end terminations 52, 62 of the upper and lower termination
devices 5, 6.
[0093] The pre-prepared fibre linear tensile elements 2 are then delivered to the building
site, such as on the pallet 71 illustrated in Fig. 1.
[0094] The anchor brackets 51 are fitted under the front lip of the roof 12 along the front
face of the building. The regular spacing between the anchor brackets 51 corresponds
to the width of the glazing panels 4.
[0095] Similarly, the lower anchor brackets 61 are fitted along the front edge of the floor
slab 11 with a uniform spacing corresponding to the width of the panels 4.
[0096] Note that, for the sake of clarity, not all of the anchor brackets 51, 61 are individually
labelled in the figures.
[0097] Then, starting at the right-hand end of the curtain wall as shown in Fig. 1, the
pre-prepared fibre linear tensile elements 2 are erected. In Fig. 1, most of the erection
operation has taken place. In relation to the leftmost fibre linear tensile element
2A, it is shown being lifted using an electric winch 72 which has its winch cable
73 attached to the upper end termination 52. The end termination 52 is fixed to the
anchor bracket 51 by using nut 53. At the bottom end, the end termination 62 is fitted
to its anchor bracket 61 by using the nut 63. Thus the fibre linear tensile element
2A is installed in position, next to the already-installed fibre linear tensile element
2B.
[0098] As shown for fibre linear tensile element 2B, the height of the first clamping device
3B1 is checked with a laser level 74. If necessary, the adjustment nuts 53, 63 at
the top and bottom ends are used to move the fibre linear tensile element 2B up or
down, as required, to position the clamping device 3B1 at the correct height for the
curtain wall. Then, the adjustment nuts 53, 63 are used to tension up the fibre linear
tensile element 2B without significantly altering the height of the clamping device
3B1.
[0099] Now referring to Fig. 2, the installation method continues with upper and lower glazing
profiles 75, 76 being installed just in front of the anchor brackets 51, 61 along,
respectively, the undersurface of the front lip of the roof 12 and the front edge
of the floor slab 11.
[0100] The glazing panels 4 are brought to site and are installed in position using an installation
vehicle 77 which has an articulated arm at the end of which are glazing suction pads.
Each glazing panel 4 is a double-glazed unit of two glass sheets with a perimeter
gasket and a (front) finishing plate. For a particular column of the curtain wall,
the bottommost glazing panel 4 is inserted into position with its lower edge fitted
into the lower glazing profile 76. The two upper panel corners are gripped by the
first clamping devices 3A1, 3B1 of the adjacent two fibre linear tensile elements
2A and 2B using the clamping technique that will be described in more detail hereinafter.
The next panel 4 in the column is then lifted into position, and its bottom corners
are fixed to the clamping devices 3A1, 3B1 and its top corners are fixed to the clamping
devices 3A2 and 3B2. The process is then repeated until all of the panels 4 in the
particular column have been installed, with the top edge of the topmost panel being
fitted into the upper grazing profile 75.
[0101] Vertical and horizontal rear gaskets are then installed along the inter-panel joints.
A workman is shown in Fig. 2 installing a rear vertical gasket 78. A workman 79 then
injects sealant into the inter-panel joints of the front face of the completed curtain
wall 80.
[0102] If the (maximum) deflection of the curtain wall 80 out of its plane exceeds a predetermined
threshold value under a particular (wind) loading, the tensioning of the fibre linear
tensile elements 2 may be increased using the adjustment nuts 53, 63 until the deflection
has been reduced to an acceptable value.
[0103] Referring now to Figs. 3-5, the fibre linear tensile element 2 is shown as having
a cylindrical core 21 of polymer filaments or fibres which provide the structural
or tensile strength. Exemplary materials include aramid, LCP (such as Vectran ™) or
PBO (such as Zylon ™).
[0104] The fibre linear tensile element 2 includes a cover or sheath 22 which is made of,
for example, polyester and which may be coloured or patterned to suit the particular
installation requirements.
[0105] Additionally, a further cover (not shown) could be applied at local positions along
the length, or along the full length of the fibre linear tensile element, and could
comprise a steel mesh co-extruded in a polymer and/or additional fireproofing materials.
[0106] Running along the central axis of the fibre linear tensile element 2 is an optical
fibre 23 which performs a monitoring function, as will be described later. The upper
end termination 52 comprises a clamp portion 521 which receives and is securely clamped
onto the upper end of the fibre linear tensile element 2. Above this is a threaded
portion 522. Similarly, the lower end termination 62 comprises a clamp portion 621
and a threaded portion 622.
[0107] Within the clamp portion 521, the upper end of the fibre linear tensile element 2
spreads apart, enabling the optical fibre 23 to be led out the side of the clamp portion
521. Similarly, at the bottom end, the optical fibre 23 is freed from within the cylindrical
core 21 and sheath 22 and is led out through the side of the lower clamp portion 621.
Thus the optical fibre 23 may be connected into a monitoring circuit, as will be described
later.
[0108] Considering Figs. 4 and 5, the thread of the upper adjustment nut 53 cooperates with
the threaded portion 522 to permit longitudinal adjustment of the position of the
clamp portion 521 relative to the anchor bracket 51. At the other end of the fibre
linear tensile element 2, the adjustment nut 63 may be rotated on the threaded portion
622 in order to adjust up and down the position of the clamp portion 621 relative
to the anchor bracket 61. One or both of the adjustment nuts 53, 63 may be operated
to increase or reduce the tension of the fibre linear tensile element 2. By careful
synchronised adjustment of the two nuts 53, 63, it is also possible to maintain the
existing tension of the fibre linear tensile element 2 whilst adjusting up or down
the position of the fibre linear tensile element 2 and the clamping devices 3 that
it carries.
[0109] A representative clamping device 3 will now be described with reference to Figs.
6-10. At the rear of the clamping device is a two-part duct 31 comprising a channel
portion 311 and a removable cover plate 312. The fibre linear tensile element 2 passes
through the bore of the duct 31 and is securely gripped by clamping structure 313
inside the duct. Four releasable fasteners 314 secure the cover plate 312 to the channel
portion 311, and produce a size and configuration of the bore through the duct such
that the clamping structure 313 securely clamps the clamping device 3 onto the fibre
linear tensile element 2.
[0110] In front of the duct 31 is a clamping arrangement for clamping the corners of four
panels 4. This clamping arrangement comprises a back plate 32, a bracket 33, a front
plate 34 and two gaskets 35 which are interposed between the front and back plates
32, 34.
[0111] The back plate 32 and bracket 33 are most clearly shown in Figs. 9 and 10.
[0112] All of the structural components of the clamping device 3 are fabricated from metal,
and the back plate 32 is molded to be integral with the channel portion 311. The bracket
33 is molded integrally with the back plate 32 and projects forwards from the front
face thereof. The bracket 33 comprises a horizontal flange 331 at the middle of which
are an upper divider 332 and a lower divider 333. The top face of the flange 331 is
split into left and right seat portions 334, 335 by the upwardly-projecting divider
332. The bottom face of the flange 331 is split into left and right guide portions
336, 337 by the downwardly-projecting divider 333.
[0113] The left seat portion 334 with the upper divider 332 and the back plate 32 define
a recess or socket for receiving a corner of a panel 4. Similarly, the right seat
portion 335 with the upper divider 332 and the front face of the back plate 32 define
another recess or socket.
[0114] Again, each one of the left and right guide portions 336, 337 with the lower divider
333 and the back plate 32 define a respective recess or socket.
[0115] In use, the clamping device 3 is positioned at a connection node of the panel skin
of the curtain wall, and the four recesses or sockets receive respective corners of
the four panels at the connection node. The two upper panels will sit on the left
and right seat portions 334, 335. The tops of the two lower panels will touch or be
positioned close to the left and right guide portions 336, 337.
[0116] The thickness (vertical height) of the flange 331 defines the size of the inter-panel
gap between the two upper panels and the two lower panels.
[0117] The common thickness (horizontal width) of the upper and lower dividers 332, 333
defines the size of the inter-panel gap between the two left panels and the two right
panels.
[0118] The front plate 34 is releasably fastened onto the front face of the bracket 33 by
two fasteners 36 each of which extends through a smooth aperture 321 in the back plate
32 and then through smooth apertures 351 in the two gaskets 35 before threadedly engaging
with a threaded aperture 341 in the rear face of the front plate 34.
[0119] The correct positioning of the front plate 34 is ensured by two studs 342 which project
into respective sockets 338 in the front face of the flange 331.
[0120] When the panels 4 are being installed, the front plate 34 and the frontmost one of
the two gaskets 35 are initially left off. Of the four panels at the connection node
defined by the clamping device 3, the top right-hand corner of the lower left panel
is located by the left guide portion 336 and the lower divider 333. The top left-hand
corner of the lower right panel is located by the right guide portion 337 and the
lower divider 333. The two lower panels are then temporarily held in position by locking
arms (not shown) which are fitted into apertures 315 aligned along the vertical inter-panel
joint.
[0121] The two upper panels of the group of four panels 4 are then fitted. The bottom right-hand
corner of the upper left panel is located against the left seat portion 334 and the
upper divider 332. The bottom left-hand corner of the upper right panel is located
against the right seat portion 335 and the upper divider 332. The two upper panels
may then be temporarily held in position by further locking arms (not shown) inserted
into respective ones of apertures 316 in the upper part of the front face of the duct
31.
[0122] The frontmost one of the two gaskets 35 is then positioned on the bracket 33 against
the front faces of the four panels 4. The front plate 34 is then fitted onto the bracket
33, with the studs 342 locating in the sockets 338. The two fasteners 36 are then
inserted through the apertures 321, 351 and engage with the threaded apertures 341
in the rear of the front plate 34 in order to clamp the front plate 34 in position,
and thereby resiliently clamp the four panels 4 between the gaskets 35. The temporary
locking arms may then be removed from the apertures 315, 316 and sealant applied to
the inter-panel joints. The end result is as shown in Fig. 6.
[0123] As shown in Fig. 10, the length Y1 of the duct 31 is at least three times the height
Y2 of the back plate 32 in order to reduce unwanted twisting of the clamping device
3 on the fibre linear tensile element 2 about the axis perpendicular to the plane
of the paper of Fig. 10.
[0124] Also, the width X1 of the back plate 32 is about 80% of the length Y1 of the duct
31. As may be seen in Fig. 10, this gives the clamping device 3 a cross-like appearance.
[0125] The front plate 34 and the two gaskets 35 are substantially the same shape and size
as the back plate 32. The generally cross-like appearance as shown in Fig. 10 means
that the major components of the clamping device 3 are aligned either generally along
a vertical inter-panel joint (in the case of the duct 31) or generally along a horizontal
inter-panel joint (in the case of the back plate 32, front plate 34 and gaskets 35).
This helps to make the clamping device less visually intrusive.
[0126] The front plate 34 and the back plate 32 are each wider than the bracket 33. Consequently
the two apertures 321 in the back plate 32 are positioned laterally outwardly of the
left and right ends of the flange 331 of the bracket 33, rather than in the flange
331 itself. Consequently, the thickness of the flange 331 is substantially the same
as the diameter of the shanks of the fasteners 36. This enables the thickness of the
horizontal inter-panel joint to be kept fairly small (and thus visually attractive)
compared with the thicker joint that would be needed if the apertures 321 were to
be provided in the flange 331. As it is the bracket 33 that projects through the panel
skin, it is the dimensions of the bracket which determine the thicknesses of the vertical
and horizontal inter-panel joints. Generally speaking, these thicknesses should be
kept fairly small, as long as the bracket 33 is not made so thin as to become structurally
too weak.
[0127] Figs. 11 and 12 show a second embodiment of the present invention. Similar reference
numerals are used in the second embodiment as for the first embodiment, in order to
avoid repetition.
[0128] The second embodiment differs from the first embodiment mainly in that the curtain
wall 80 is curved, in that it is sinuous along its length.
[0129] The individual square panels 4 are still planar because the curvature along the curtain
wall 80 is gentle enough to permit planar panels to be used.
[0130] As shown in Fig. 11, the second embodiment includes a monitoring device 81 connected
to form monitoring circuits with the optical fibres 23 of the fibre linear tensile
elements 2. The optical fibres 23 are connected in parallel, so that any fall-off
in tension of a particular fibre linear tensile element 2 may be detected and that
particular fibre linear tensile element 2 identified.
[0131] With regard to the third embodiment shown in Fig. 13, there are two curtain walls
each using the panel system of the present invention. There is the outer curtain wall
80 and an inner curtain wall 82. Each wall uses glass panels 4, so it is possible
to see through both of the walls. Struts 83 extend between the two walls 80, 82 in
order to maintain the spacing between the two walls. The struts could also support
a walkway positioned in the gap between the two walls, or components (such as lighting,
blinds etc.) could be attached to the struts 83 in order to be positioned in the gap
between the walls.
[0132] There is an air entrance (not shown) leading into the gap and an air exit (not shown)
for ducting air out of the gap, so that overall the gap between the two walls 80,
82 can function as a flue. This may be useful when, for example, the two walls 80,
82 are south-facing because the flue will help to maintain a cool climate within the
building in the summer. In other words, the two walls act as a thermal buffer between
the external environment and the interior 84 of the building. The gap between the
two walls functions as a convection-ventilated flue.
[0133] Perhaps if the struts 83 are not present, or else are capable of permitting some
variation in their length, flexing of the outer wall 80 relative to the inner wall
82 could be used to some extent at least to "pump" the air through the flue. It may
usually be necessary to supplement this pumping with a conventional fan that can be
controlled by the building's control system.
[0134] For a pair of walls extending along the long facade of a building, there will usually
be a plurality of air entrances into the flue and a plurality of air exits, spaced
at positions along the building façade.
[0135] With regard to the fourth embodiment shown in Fig. 14, this illustrates how the optical
fibre monitoring device 81 may output the information regarding the state of the tensioning
of the fibre linear tensile elements 2. It could output information, such as an alarm
signal indicating that a particular fibre linear tensile element 2 has an unacceptably-low
tension, directly to a computer 85 over a wireless link 86. The computer 85 could
be elsewhere in the building or elsewhere on the site, and might be part of the overall
building control system for managing the functioning of the building (e.g. heating
and lighting).
[0136] Alternatively or additionally, the information output from the monitoring device
81 could be transmitted over the internet 87 to a computer 88 which could be anywhere
in the world.
[0137] We expect that most commercial embodiments of the present invention will involve
the panel system providing a panel skin which is a wall, as shown in the embodiments
of Figs. 1 to 14. Alternatively, the panel skin could be provided as the roof of a
building as shown in Fig. 15. For the fifth embodiment of Fig. 15, the same reference
numerals are used as for the analogous components of the preceding embodiments. The
main difference is that the fibre linear tensile elements 2 extend between a pair
of generally parallel roof beams 15, 16. Instead of glazing profiles 75, 76 being
used (as in the earlier curtain wall embodiments), the roof 89 formed by the panel
skin has its longitudinal edges supported on and sealed by longitudinal strips 17,
18 which space the roof 89 slightly above the top surfaces of the roof beams 15, 16.
The arrangement of fibre linear tensile elements 2 and the longitudinal strips 17,
18 may be such as to impart a slight slope to the roof 89, e.g. for water drainage.
[0138] It will be appreciated that the above description is non-limiting and refers to the
currently-preferred embodiments of the invention. Many modifications may be made within
the scope of the invention. Although features believed to be of particular significance
are identified in the appended claims, the applicant claims protection for any novel
feature or idea described herein and/or illustrated in the drawings, whether or not
emphasis has been placed thereon.
1. A panel system comprising:
an array of panels positioned side by side to form a panel skin;
a plurality of fibre linear tensile elements which are generally parallel and extend
from a first periphery to a second, opposite periphery of the panel skin; and
a plurality of clamping devices which are clamped to the fibre linear tensile elements
and are fixed to the panel skin.
2. A panel system according to Claim 1, wherein each panel is generally rectangular.
3. A panel system according to Claim 2, wherein:
the panels are positioned in a matrix-like formation to form the panel skin, with
columns of panels and rows of panels which are generally perpendicular to the columns
of panels; and
the fibre linear tensile elements are generally parallel to the columns of panels.
4. A panel system according to Claim 3, wherein the fibre linear tensile elements extend
along respective joints between adjacent columns of the panels.
5. A panel system according to any preceding claim, wherein each clamping device is fixed
to at least two adjacent panels of the panel skin.
6. A panel system according to any preceding claim, wherein the panel skin is a wall.
7. A panel system according to Claim 6, wherein each clamping device has a bracket which
projects into the panel skin between the panels and has an upwardly-facing seat on
which sit one or more of the panels.
8. A panel system according to Claim 7, wherein two of the panels sit on the seat of
the clamping device.
9. A panel system according to Claim 8, wherein the bracket has an upwardly-projecting
divider splitting the seat into two seat portions on which respective panels sit.
10. A panel system according to any one of Claims 7 to 9, wherein the bracket has a downwardly-facing
guide which locates a top edge portion of the or each of one or more of the panels.
11. A panel system according to Claim 10, wherein two of the panels are located in position
in the panel skin by the guide.
12. A panel system according to Claim 11, wherein the bracket has a downwardly-projecting
divider splitting the guide into two guide portions which locate respective panels.
13. A panel system according to any one of Claims 7 to 12, wherein the clamping device
has a back plate at the rear of the bracket and a removable front plate at the front
of the bracket, and the front plate is secured in position by releasable fastener(s)
and clamps a plurality of the panels between the front and back plates.
14. A panel system according to Claim 13, wherein the front and back plates are wider
than the bracket, and the fasteners are located beyond respective lateral edges of
the bracket.
15. A panel system according to Claim 13 or 14, wherein the clamping device includes locking
arms which project through the panel skin adjacent to the bracket for holding the
panels in position in the absence of the front plate.
16. A panel system according to any preceding claim, wherein each clamping device has
a duct through which passes one of the fibre linear tensile elements, and the duct
includes means for clamping the fibre linear tensile element.
17. A panel system according to Claim 16, wherein the clamping means is releasable for
unclamping the clamping device from its fibre linear tensile element.
18. A panel system according to Claim 17, wherein the duct comprises first and second
duct portions, the clamping means is provided on inner surfaces of the duct portions,
and the duct portions are adjustable relative to one another to permit the clamping
means to release the fibre linear tensile element.
19. A panel system according to Claim 18, wherein the first duct portion comprises a channel
portion and the second duct portion comprises a cover plate which closes the channel
portion and is releasably secured to the channel portion by fastener(s).
20. A panel system according to any preceding claim, further comprising first and second
termination devices at respective ends of each fibre linear tensile element for securing
the fibre linear tensile element to static building components.
21. A panel system according to Claim 20, wherein each termination device comprises a
static anchor portion, a movable portion secured to the respective end of the respective
fibre linear tensile element, and an adjustment mechanism for adjusting the position
of the movable portion relative to the static anchor portion along an adjustment axis
generally aligned with the fibre linear tensile element.
22. A panel system according to any preceding claim, wherein at least one of the fibre
linear tensile elements includes a longitudinal monitoring filament which is connected
to monitoring apparatus arranged to monitor the tensile loading of the or each such
fibre linear tensile element.
23. A panel system according to Claim 22, wherein the longitudinal monitoring filament
is an optical fibre.
24. A panel system according to Claim 22 or 23, wherein each fibre linear tensile element
includes such a longitudinal monitoring filament.
25. A panel system according to any preceding claim, wherein elongate structural supports
are fixed to the clamping devices and extend transversely between the fibre linear
tensile elements.
26. A panel system according to Claim 3 and Claim 25, wherein the structural supports
are generally parallel to the rows of panels.
27. A panel system according to Claim 26, wherein the structural supports extend along
respective joints between adjacent rows of the panels.
28. A panel system according to any one of Claims 25 to 27, wherein the structural supports
are connected to rear portions of the clamping devices.
29. A building incorporating a panel system according to any one of Claims 1 to 28, wherein
the fibre linear tensile elements are secured to static components of the building
and are tensioned.
30. A building according to Claim 29, wherein the panel system is positioned such that
the panel skin is a curtain wall.
31. A kit of parts for installing a panel skin in or on a building, comprising:
a plurality of panels positionable side by side as an array to form the panel skin;
a plurality of fibre linear tensile elements each having a length sufficient to extend
from a first periphery to a second, opposite periphery of the panel skin; and
a plurality of clamping devices which are clamped to the fibre linear tensile elements
and are configured to receive and fix in position the panels of the panel skin.
32. A method of installing in or on a building a kit of parts in accordance with Claim
31, the method comprising:
securing the fibre linear tensile elements at their ends to static components of the
building and tensioning the fibre linear tensile elements, such that the fibre linear
tensile elements are generally parallel; and
fixing the panels to the clamping devices as an array forming a panel skin.
33. A method according to Claim 32, wherein the panel skin is planar and, prior to fixing
the panels, alignment of the clamping devices into rows transverse to the fibre linear
tensile elements is checked by projecting a laser along each row and any clamping
device in the row that is out of alignment is unclamped from its fibre linear tensile
element and reclamped at an improved alignment position.
34. A method according to Claim 32 or 33, wherein, for a predetermined desired deflection
in response to a predetermined loading of the panel skin, the actual deflection under
the predetermined loading is measured and the tensioning of the fibre linear tensile
elements is adjusted until the actual deflection substantially equals the desired
deflection.