The present invention relates to compounds that modulate the activity of chemokine receptors such as CCR2. In some embodiments, the compounds are selective for CCR2. The compounds can be used, for example, to treat diseases associated with chemokine receptor expression or activity such as inflammatory diseases, immune diseases and cancer.
The migration and transport of leukocytes from blood vessels into diseased tissues is involved in the initiation of normal disease-fighting inflammatory responses. The process, also known as leukocyte recruitment, is also related to the onset and progression of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The resulting pathology of these diseases derives from the attack of the body's immune system defenses on apparently normal tissues. Accordingly, preventing and blocking leukocyte recruitment to target tissues in inflammatory disease, metabolic disease, autoimmune disease and cancer would be a highly effective approach to therapeutic intervention.
The different classes of leukocyte cells that are involved in cellular immune responses include monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, mast cells and basophils. In most cases, monocytes and lymphocytes are the leukocyte classes that initiate, coordinate, and maintain chronic inflammatory responses, and blockage of these cells from entering inflammatory sites is desirable. Lymphocytes attract monocytes to the tissue sites, which, collectively with lymphocytes, are responsible for most of the actual tissue damage that occurs in inflammatory disease. Infiltration of the lymphocytes and/or monocytes is known to lead to a wide range of chronic, autoimmune diseases, and also organ transplant rejection. These diseases include, but are not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic contact dermatitis, asthma, hyperallergic conditions, inflammatory bowel disease, lupus, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, atherosclerosis; psoriasis, sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, dermatomyositis, skin pemphigoid and related diseases, (e.g., Pemphigus vulgaris, P. foliacious, P. erythematosis), glomerulonephritides, vasculitides, hepatitis, diabetes, allograft rejection, and graft-versus-host disease.
The process by which leukocytes leave the bloodstream, accumulate at inflammatory sites, and start disease is believed to have at least three steps which have been described as (1) rolling, (2) activation/firm adhesion and (3) transendothelial migration [
Chemotactic cytokines (leukocyte chemoattractant/activating factors) also known as chemokines, also known as intercrines and SIS cytokines, are a group of inflammatory/ immunomodulatory polypeptide factors of molecular weight 6-15 kDa that are released by a wide variety of cells such as macrophages, monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, fibroblasts, vascular endotherial cells, epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and mast cells, at inflammatory sites (reviewed in
MCP-1 (also known as MCAF (abbreviation for macrophage chemotactic and activating factor) or JE) is a CC chemokine produced by monocytes/macrophages, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells and causes cell migration and cell adhesion of monocytes (see for example
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ranks among the most common causes of death in Western societies. It is defined by a progressive decline in lung function, only partly reversible by bronchodilator drugs. COPD is characterized by chronic inflammation in the airways or alveoli that differs from that seen in asthma, involving increased numbers of neutrophils, macrophages, CD8+ T cells, and/or mast cells in the airway walls, alveolar compartments, and vascular smooth muscle. Cytokines associated with COPD are believed to include tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1. CCR2 is known to be a receptor for MCP-1, and recent data support a role for MCP-1 and CCR2 in airway remodeling and inflammation directly or via macrophages. Thus, antagonists of CCR2 are an attractive approach to therapeutic treatment of COPD (
The literature indicates that chemokines such as MCP-1 and MIP-1α attract monocytes and lymphocytes to disease sites and mediate their activation and thus are thought to be intimately involved in the initiation, progression and maintenance of diseases deeply involving monocytes and lymphocytes, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, restenosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, asthma, ulcerative colitis, nephritis (nephropathy), multiple sclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, myocarditis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease, endometriosis, congestive heart failure, viral meningitis, cerebral infarction, neuropathy, Kawasaki disease, and sepsis (see for example
The chemokines bind to specific cell-surface receptors belonging to the family of G-protein-coupled seven-transmembrane-domain proteins (reviewed in
Genes encoding receptors of specific chemokines have been cloned, and it is known that these receptors are G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptors present on various leukocyte populations. So far, at least six CXC chemokine receptors (CXCR1-CXCR6) and nine CC chemokine receptors (CCR1-CCR8 and CCR10) have been identified. For example IL-8 is a ligand for CXCR1 and CXCR2, MIP-1α is a ligand for CCR1 and CCR5, and MCP-1 is a ligand for CCR2A and CCR2B (for reference, see for example,
Chemokine receptors are also known as coreceptors for viral entry leading to viral infection such as, for example, HIV infection. Reverse transcription and protein processing are the classic steps of the viral life cycle which antiretroviral therapeutic agents are designed to block. Although many new drugs that are believed to block viral entry hold promise, there is currently no agent to which HIV-1 has not been able to acquire resistance. Multiple rounds of viral replication are required to generate the genetic diversity that forms the basis of resistance. Combination therapy in which replication is maximally suppressed remains a cornerstone of treatment with entry inhibitors, as with other agents. The targeting of multiple steps within the viral entry process is believed to have the potential for synergy (
HIV-1 entry into CD4(+) cells requires the sequential interactions of the viral envelope glycoproteins with CD4 and a coreceptor such as the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4. A plausible approach to blocking this process is to use small molecule antagonists of coreceptor function. The TAK-779 molecule is one such antagonist of CCR5 that acts to prevent HIV-1 infection. TAK-779 inhibits HIV-1 replication at the membrane fusion stage by blocking the interaction of the viral surface glycoprotein gp120 with CCR5. The binding site for TAK-779 on CCR5 is located near the extracellular surface of the receptor, within a cavity formed between transmembrane helices 1, 2, 3, and 7 (
The chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 are believed to be used as co-receptors by the T cell-tropic (X4) and macrophage-tropic (R5) HIV-1 strains, respectively, for entering their host cells. Propagation of R5 strains of HIV-1 on CD4 lymphocytes and macrophages requires expression of the CCR5 coreceptor on the cell surface. Individuals lacking CCR5 (CCR5 Delta 32 homozygous genotype) are phenotypically normal and resistant to infection with HIV-1. Viral entry can be inhibited by the natural ligands for CXCR4 (the CXC chemokine SDF-1) and CCR5 (the CC chemokines RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta). The first non-peptidic compound that interacts with CCR5, and not with CXCR4, is a quaternary ammonium derivative, called TAK-779, which also has potent but variable anti-HIV activity (
SCH-C (SCH 351125) is another small molecule inhibitor of HIV-1 entry via the CCR5 coreceptor. SCH-C, an oxime-piperidine compound, is a specific CCR5 antagonist as determined in multiple receptor binding and signal transduction assays. This compound specifically inhibits HIV-1 infection mediated by CCR5 in U-87 astroglioma cells but has no effect on infection of CXCR4-expressing cells. (
AD101, chemically related to SCH-C, also inhibits the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) via human CCR5. It has been found that AD101 inhibits HIV-1 entry via rhesus macaque CCR5 while SCH-C does not. Among the eight residues that differ between the human and macaque versions of the coreceptor, only one, methionine-198, accounts for the insensitivity of macaque CCR5 to inhibition by SCH-C. Position 198 is in CCR5 transmembrane (TM) helix 5 and is not located within the previously defined binding site for AD101 and SCH-C, which involves residues in TM helices 1, 2, 3, and 7. Based on studies of amino acid substitutions in CCR5, it has been suggested that the region of CCR5 near residue 198 can influence the conformational state of this receptor. (
The identification of compounds that modulate the activity of chemokine receptors represents a desirable drug design approach for the needed development of pharmacological agents for the treatment of diseases associated with chemokine receptor activity. The compounds of the present invention help fulfill these and other needs.
The present invention provides compounds of Formula I:
The present invention further provides compositions comprising a compound of Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The present invention further provides methods of modulating activity of a chemokine receptor in vitro comprising contacting said chemokine receptor with a compound of Formula I.
The present invention further provides compounds of Formula I for use in methods of treating a disease associated with expression or activity of a chemokine receptor in a patient comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
The present invention further provides a compound described herein for use in therapy.
The present invention further provides a compound described herein for the preparation of a medicament for use in therapy.
The present invention provides, inter alia, compounds of Formula I:
- a dashed line indicates an optional bond;
- W is:
- V is N, NO or CR5;
- X is N, NO or CR2;
- Y is N, NO or CR3;
- Z is N, NO or CR4; wherein no more than one of X, Y and Z is NO;
- A is O, S, CRCRD; or NRF;
- RA, RA1, RBand RB1 are each, independently, H, OH, halo, C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 haloalkoxy, heterocyclyl, carbocyclyl, NR10R12, NR10CO2R11; NR10CONR10R12, NR10SO2NR10R12, NR10-SO2-R11, CN, CONR10R12, CO2R10, NO2, SR10, SOR10, SO2R10; or SO2-NR10R12;
- RC and RD are each, independently, H, OH, halo, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 haloalkoxy, C1-6 thioalkoxy, heterocyclyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclyloxy, heterocyclylalkyl, carbocyclylalkyl, NR10R12, NR10CO2R11; NR10CONR10R12, NR10SO2NR10R12, NR10-SO2-R11, CN, CONR10R12 CO2R10, NO2, SR10, SOR10, SO2R10; or SO2-NR10R12, wherein said C1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with 1-5 substituents selected from hydroxyl, OH, C1-6 alkoxy, and C1-6 haloalkyl and wherein said heterocyclyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclyloxy, heterocyclylalkyl, and carbocyclylalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents selected from C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, halo, C1-4 haloalkyl, CN, NO2, OR13, SR13, C(O)R14, C(O)OR13, C(O)NR15R16, NR15R16, NR15CONHR16, NR15C(O)R14, NR15C(O)OR13, S(O)R14, S(O)2R14, S(O)NR15R16 or SO2NR15R16;
- RF is H, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 haloalkoxy, heterocyclyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclyloxy, heterocyclylalkyl, carbocyclylalkyl, SOR10, SO2R10; or SO2-NR10R12, wherein said C1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with 1-5 substituents selected from hydroxyl, OH, C1-6 alkoxy, and C1-6 haloalkyl and wherein said heterocyclyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclyloxy, heterocyclylalkyl, and carbocyclylalkyl are optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents selected from C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, halo, C1-4 haloalkyl, CN, NO2, OR13, SR13, C(O)R14, C(O)OR13, C(O)NR15R16, NR15R16, NR15CONHR16, NR15C(O)R14, NR15C(O)OR13, S(O)R14, S(O)2R14, S(O)NR15R16 or SO2NR15R16;
- R1 is C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, -(C0-6 alkyl)-O-(C1-6 alkyl), -(C0-6 alkyl)-S-(C1-6 alkyl), -(C0-6 alkyl)-(C3-7 cycloalkyl)-(C0-6 alkyl), OH, OR10, SR10, COR11, CO2R10, CONR10R12, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, CN, NR10R12, NR10SO2R10, NR10COR10, NR10CO2R10, NR10CONR12, CR10R11CO2R10 or CR10R11OCOR10;
- R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are each, independently, H, OH, halo, C1-6alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 haloalkoxy, C1-6 thioalkoxy, NR10R12, NR10CO2R11; NR10CONR10R12, NR10SO2NR10R12, NR10-SO2-R11, heterocyclyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, CN, NO2, COR11, CONR10R12, CO2R10, NO2, SR10, SOR10, SO2R10; or SO2-NR10R12;
- R7 is H or C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted by 1-3 substituents selected from halo, OH, CO2H, CO2-(C1-6 alkyl), or C1-3 alkoxy;
- R8 and R8' are each, independently, H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, halo, C1-3 alkoxy, C1-3 haloalkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyloxy, OH, CO2R10, OCOR10; wherein said C1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, C1-3 alkoxy, OH or CO2R10;
- or R7 and R8 together form a bridging C2-4 alkylene or -(C0-2 alkyl)-O-(C1-3 alkyl)-group to form a 5-7 membered ring;
- or R8 and R8' together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a 3-7 membered spirocyclyl group;
- R9 and R9' are each, independently, H, C1-6 alkyl, halo, C1-3 alkoxy, C1-3 haloalkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyloxy, OH, CO2R10, OCOR10, wherein said C1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, C1-3 alkoxy, OH or CO2R10;
- or R9 and R9' together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a 3-7 membered spirocyclyl group;
- or R8 and R9 together with the C atoms to which they are attached form a fused 3-7 membered cycloalkyl group or 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl group;
- R10 is H, C1-6 alkyl, benzyl, phenyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl, wherein said C1-6 alkyl, benzyl, phenyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 selected from halo, OH, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 haloalkyl, C1-3 alkoxy, C1-3 haloalkoxy, CO2H, and CO2-(C1-6 alkyl);
- R11 is H, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, benzyl, phenyl, benzyloxy, phenyloxy, C3-6 cycloalkyl or C3-6 cycloalkyloxy, wherein said C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, benzyl, phenyl, benzyloxy, phenyloxy, C3-6 cycloalkyl or C3-6 cycloalkyloxy, is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from halo, OH, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy, CO2H, CO2-(C1-6 alkyl) and CF3;
- R12 is H, C1-6 alkyl, benzyl, phenyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl, wherein said C1-6 alkyl, benzyl, phenyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 selected from halo, OH, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 haloalkyl, C1-3 alkoxy, C1-3 haloalkoxy, CO2H, and CO2-(C1-6 alkyl);
- R13 and R14 are each, independently, H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl;
- R15 and R16 are each, independently H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl;
- or R15 and R16 together with the N atom to which they are attached form a 4-6 membered heterocyclyl group;
- p is 0 or 1; and
- with the proviso that when A is O and one of R8 and R8' is H, the other of R8 and R8' is other than C1-3 alkoxy, C1-3 haloalkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyloxy or OH.
The present invention further provides, inter alia, compounds of Formula II:
- a dashed line indicates an optional bond;
- W is:
- X is N, NO or CR2;
- Y is N, NO or CR3;
- Z is N, NO or CR4; wherein no more than one of X, Y and Z is NO;
- A is O, S, CRCRD; or NRF;
- RA, RA1, RBand RB1 are each, independently, H, OH, halo, C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 haloalkoxy, heterocyclyl, carbocyclyl, NR10R12, NR10CO2R11; NR10CONR10R12, NR10SO2NR10R12, NR10-SO2-R11, CN, CONR10R12, CO2R10, NO2, SR10, SOR10, SO2R10; or SO2-NR10R12;
- RC and RD are each, independently, H, OH, halo, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 haloalkoxy, C1-6 thioalkoxy, heterocyclyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclyloxy, heterocyclylalkyl, carbocyclylalkyl, NR10R12, NR10CO2R11; NR10CONR10R12, NR10SO2NR10R12, NR10-SO2-R11, CN, CONR10R12, CO2R10, NO2, SR10, SOR10, SO2R10; or SO2-NR10R12, wherein said C1-6alkyl is optionally substituted with 1-5 substituents selected from hydroxyl, OH, C1-6 alkoxy, and C1-6 haloalkyl and wherein said heterocyclyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclyloxy, heterocyclylalkyl, and carbocyclylalkyl are each optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents selected from C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, halo, C1-4 haloalkyl, CN, NO2, OR13, SR13, C(O)R14, C(O)OR13, C(O)NR15R16, NR15R16, NR15CONHR16, NR15C(O)R14, NR15C(O)OR13, S(O)R14, S(O)2R14, S(O)NR15R16 or SO2NR15R16;
- RF is H, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 haloalkoxy, heterocyclyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclyloxy, heterocyclylalkyl, carbocyclylalkyl, SOR10, SO2R10; or SO2-NR10R12, wherein said C1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with 1-5 substituents selected from hydroxyl, OH, C1-6 alkoxy, and C1-6 haloalkyl and wherein said heterocyclyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclyloxy, heterocyclylalkyl, and carbocyclylalkyl are optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents selected from C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, halo, C1-4 haloalkyl, CN, NO2, OR13, SR13, C(O)R14, C(O)OR13, C(O)NR15R16, NR15R16, NR15CONHR16, NR15C(O)R14, NR15C(O)OR13, S(O)R14, S(O)2R14, S(O)NR15R16 or SO2NR15R16;
- R1 is C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, (C0-6 alkyl)-O-(C1-6 alkyl), (C0-6 alkyl)-S-(C1-6 alkyl), (C0-6 alkyl)-(C3-7 cycloalkyl)-(C0-6 alkyl), OH, OR10, SR10, COR11, CO2R10, CONR10R12, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, CN, NR10R12, NR10SO2R10, NR10COR10, NR10CO2R10, NR10CONR12, CR10R11CO2R10 or CR10R11OCOR10;
- R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are each, independently, H, OH, halo, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 haloalkoxy, C1-6 thioalkoxy, NR10R12, NR10CO2R10; NR10CONR10R12, NR10SO2NR10R12, NR10-SO2-R11, heterocyclyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, CN, NO2, COR11, CONR10R12, CO2R10, NO2, SR10, SOR10, SO2R10; or SO2-NR10R12;
- R7 is H or C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted by 1-3 substituents selected from halo, OH, CO2H, CO2-(C1-6 alkyl), or C1-3 alkoxy;
- R8 and R8' are each, independently, H, C1-6 alkyl, halo, C1-3 alkoxy, C1-3 haloalkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyloxy, OH, CO2R10, OCOR10; wherein said C1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, C1-3 alkoxy, OH or CO2R10;
- or R7 and R8 together form a bridging C2-4 alkylene or -(C0-2 alkyl)-O-(C1-3 alkyl)-group to form a 5-7 membered ring;
- or R8 and R8' together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a 3-7 membered spirocyclyl group;
- R9 and R9' are each, independently, H, C1-6 alkyl, halo, C1-3 alkoxy, C1-3 haloalkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyloxy, OH, CO2R10, OCOR10, wherein said C1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, C1-3 alkoxy, OH or CO2R10;
- or R9 and R9' together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a 3-7 membered spirocyclyl group;
- or R8 and R9 together with the C atoms to which they are attached form a fused 3-7 membered cycloalkyl group or 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl group;
- R10 is H, C1-6 alkyl, benzyl, phenyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl, wherein said C1-6 alkyl, benzyl, phenyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 selected from halo, OH, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 haloalkyl, C1-3 alkoxy, C1-3 haloalkoxy, CO2H, and CO2-(C1-6 alkyl);
- R11 is H, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, benzyl, phenyl, benzyloxy, phenyloxy, C3-6 cycloalkyl or C3-6 cycloalkyloxy, wherein said C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, benzyl, phenyl, benzyloxy, phenyloxy, C3-6 cycloalkyl or C3-6 cycloalkyloxy, is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from halo, OH, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy, CO2H, CO2-(C1-6 alkyl) and CF3;
- R12 is H, C1-6 alkyl, benzyl, phenyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl, wherein said C1-6 alkyl, benzyl, phenyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 selected from halo, OH, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 haloalkyl, C1-3 alkoxy, C1-3 haloalkoxy, CO2H, and CO2-(C1-6 alkyl);
- R13 and R14 are each, independently, H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl;
- R15 and R16 are each, independently H, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl;
- or R15 and R16 together with the N atom to which they are attached form a 4-6 membered heterocyclyl group;
- p is 0 or 1; and
- with the proviso that wherein A is O and one of R8 and R8' is H, the other of R8 and R8' is other than C1-3 alkoxy, C1-3 haloalkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyloxy or OH.
In some embodiments, W is
In some embodiments, W is
In some embodiments, V is CR5.
In some embodiments, X is CR2.
In some embodiments, Y is CR3.
In some embodiments, Z is CR4.
In some embodiments, X is N.
In some embodiments, Z is N.
In some embodiments, both X and Z are N.
In some embodiments, X is CR2; Y is CR3; and Z is CR4.
In some embodiments, V is CR5, X is CR2; Y is CR3; and Z is CR4.
In some embodiments, no more than 2 of V, X, Y, and Z are N.
In some embodiments, at least 2 of V, X, Y, and Z are other than N or NO.
In some embodiments, none of V, X, Y, and Z are N or NO.
In some embodiments, 1 of V, X, Y, and Z is N.
In some embodiments, 2 of V, X, Y, and Z are N.
In some embodiments, A is O.
In some embodiments, A is CRCRD.
In some embodiments, A is CRCRD, one of RC and RD is OH or C1-6 alkoxy and the other of RC and RD is heterocyclyl or carbocyclyl wherein said heterocyclyl or carbocyclyl is optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents selected from C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, halo, C1-4 haloalkyl, CN, NO2, OR13, SR13, C(O)R14, C(O)OR13, C(O)NR15R16, NR15R16, NR15CONHR16, NR15C(O)R14, NR15C(O)OR13, S(O)R14, S(O)2R14, S(O)NR15R16 or SO2NR15R16.
In some embodiments, RA, RA1, RBand RB1 are each, independently, H, OH, halo, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy or C1-6 haloalkoxy.
In some embodiments, RA, RA1, RBand RB1 are each, independently, H, OH or C1-6 alkoxy.
In some embodiments, RA, RA1, RBand RB1 are each, independently, H or OH.
In some embodiments, RA, RA1, RBand RB1 are each H.
In some embodiments, R1 is C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, -(C0-6 alkyl)-O-(C1-6 alkyl), or heterocyclyl (e.g., a 3-7 membered heterocycloalkyl group such as tetrahydrofuanyl).
In some embodiments, R1 is -(C0-6 alkyl)-O-(C1-6 alkyl).
In some embodiments, R1 is C1-6 alkyl.
In some embodiments, R1 is prop-2-yl.
In some embodiments, one of R5 and R6 is other than H.
In some embodiments, one of R5 and R6 is C1-4 haloalkyl.
In some embodiments, R6 is C1-4 haloalkyl.
In some embodiments, R6 is CF3.
In some embodiments, R7 is H.
In some embodiments, one of R8 and R8' is H and the other is C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkyl or halo.
In some embodiments, one of R8 and R8' is H and the other is C1-6 alkyl.
In some embodiments, one of R8and R8' is H and the other is methyl or ethyl.
In some embodiments, R9 and R9' are both H.
In some embodiments, p is 0.
In some embodiments, p is 1.
In some embodiments, compounds of the invention have Formula Ia:
In some embodiments, compounds of the invention have Formula Ib, Ic or Id:
In some embodiments, compounds of the invention have Formula Ie or If:
In some embodiments, compounds of the invention have Formula Ig:
In some embodiments, compounds of the invention have Formula Ih or Ii:
At various places in the present specification, substituents of compounds of the invention are disclosed in groups or in ranges. It is specifically intended that the invention include each and every individual subcombination of the members of such groups and ranges. For example, the term "C1-6 alkyl" is specifically intended to individually disclose methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl, and C6 alkyl.
For compounds of the invention in which a variable appears more than once, each variable can be a different moiety selected from the Markush group defining the variable. For example, where a structure is described having two R groups that are simultaneously present on the same compound; the two R groups can represent different moieties selected from the Markush group defined for R.
It is further appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, can also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, can also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination.
As used herein, the term "alkyl" is meant to refer to a saturated hydrocarbon group which is straight-chained or branched. Example alkyl groups include methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), propyl (e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl), butyl (e.g., n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl), pentyl (e.g., n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl), and the like. An alkyl group can contain from 1 to about 20, from 2 to about 20, from 1 to about 10, from 1 to about 8, from 1 to about 6, from 1 to about 4, or from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms.
As used herein, "alkylene" refers to a divalent alkyl group.
As used herein, "C2-4 alkylene" refers to alkylene groups comprised of from 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
As used herein, "alkenyl" refers to an alkyl group having one or more double carbon-carbon bonds. Example alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, cyclohexenyl, and the like.
As used herein, "alkynyl" refers to an alkyl group having one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds. Example alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, and the like.
As used herein, "haloalkyl" refers to an alkyl group having one or more halogen substituents. Example haloalkyl groups include CF3, C2F5, CHF2, CCl3, CHCl2, C2Cl5, and the like.
As used herein, "aryl" refers to monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) aromatic hydrocarbons such as, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, indanyl, indenyl, and the like. In some embodiments, aryl groups have from 6 to about 20 carbon atoms.
As used herein, "carbocyclyl" groups are saturated (i.e., containing no double or triple bonds) or unsaturated (i.e., containing one or more double or triple bonds) cyclic hydrocarbon moieties. Carbocyclyl groups can be mono- , poly- (e.g., 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) or spirocyclic. Example carbocyclyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, 1,3-cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, norbornyl, norpinyl, norcarnyl, adamantyl, phenyl, and the like. Carbocyclyl groups can be aromatic (e.g., "aryl") or non-aromatic (e.g., "cycloalkyl"). In some embodiments, carbocyclyl groups can have from about 3 to about 30 carbon atoms, about 3 to about 20, about 3 to about 10, or about 3 to about 7 ring-forming carbon atoms.
As used herein, "cycloalkyl" refers to non-aromatic carbocycles including cyclized alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups. Cycloalkyl groups can include mono- or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) ring systems as well as spiro ring systems. Example cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptatrienyl, norbornyl, norpinyl, norcarnyl, adamantyl, and the like. Also included in the definition of cycloalkyl are moieties that have one or more aromatic rings fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) to the cycloalkyl ring, for example, benzo derivatives of pentane, pentene, hexane, and the like. In some embodiments, cycloalkyl groups can have from about 3 to about 10, about 3 to about 10, or about 3 to about 7 ring-forming carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group can have 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 double or triple bonds. In yet further embodiments, one or more ring-formaing carbon atoms of a cycloalkyl group can be substituted by an oxo or sulfido group.
As used herein, "heterocyclyl" or "heterocycle" refers to a saturated or unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon wherein one or more of the ring-forming carbon atoms of the cyclic hydrocarbon is replaced by a heteroatom such as O, S, or N. Heterocyclyl groups can be aromatic (e.g., "heteroaryl") or non-aromatic (e.g., "heterocycloalkyl"). Heterocyclyl groups can also correspond to hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated heteroaryl groups. Heterocyclyl groups can include mono- or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) ring systems. Heterocyclyl groups can be characterized as having 3-14 or 3-7 ring-forming atoms. In some embodiments, heterocyclyl groups can contain, in addition to at least one heteroatom, from about 1 to about 13, about 2 to about 10, or about 2 to about 7 carbon atoms and can be attached through a carbon atom or heteroatom. In further embodiments, any ring-forming carbon or heteroatom can be oxidized (e.g., have an oxo or sulfido substituent) or a nitrogen atom can be quaternized. Examples of heterocyclyl groups include morpholino, thiomorpholino, piperazinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuryl, 1,3-benzodioxole, benzo-1,4-dioxane, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, and the like, as well as any of the groups listed below for "heteroaryl" and "heterocycloalkyl." Further example heterocycles include pyrimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathiinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, 3,6-dihydropyridyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridyl, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, piperonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole, pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, 6H-1,2,5-thia-diazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl, triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, xanthenyl, octahydro-isoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzo-thiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazolinyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, deca-hydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2dithiazinyl, dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, carbazolyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, 3H-indolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl and isoxazolyl. Further examples of heterocycles include azetidin-1-yl, 2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl, piperindin-lyl, piperazin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, isoquinol-2-yl, pyridin-1-yl, 3,6-dihydropyridin-1-yl, 2,3-dihydroindol-1-yl, 1,3,4,9-tetrahydrocarbolin-2-yl, thieno[2,3-c]pyridin-6-yl, 3,4,10,10a-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazino[1,2-a]indol-2-yl, 1,2,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-pyrazino[1,2-a]quinolin-3-yl, pyrazino[1,2-a]quinolin-3-yl, diazepan-1-yl, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-benzo[f]isoquinolin-3-yl, 1,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-benzo[f]isoquinolin-3-yl, 3,3a,8,8a-tetrahydro-1H-2-aza-cyclopenta[a]inden-2-yl, and 2,3,4,7-tetrahydro-1H-azepin-1-yl, azepan-1-yl.
As used herein, "heteroaryl" groups refer to an aromatic heterocycle having at least one heteroatom ring member such as sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen. Heteroaryl groups include monocyclic and polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) systems. Examples of heteroaryl groups include without limitation, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, furyl (furanyl), quinolyl, isoquinolyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, indolyl, pyrryl, oxazolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, benzthiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, indazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, benzothienyl, purinyl, carbazolyl, benzimidazolyl, indolinyl, and the like. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl group has from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, and in further embodiments from about 3 to about 20 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl group contains 3 to about 14, 3 to about 7, or 5 to 6 ring-forming atoms. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl group has 1 to about 4, 1 to about 3, or 1 to 2 heteroatoms.
As used herein, "heterocycloalkyl" refers to non-aromatic heterocycles including cyclized alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups where one or more of the ring-forming carbon atoms is replaced by a heteroatom such as an O, N, or S atom. Example "heterocycloalkyl" groups include morpholino, thiomorpholino, piperazinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuryl, 1,3-benzodioxole, benzo-1,4-dioxane, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, and the like. Also included in the definition of heterocycloalkyl are moieties that have one or more aromatic rings fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) to the nonaromatic heterocyclic ring, for example phthalimidyl, naphthalimidyl, and benzo derivatives of heterocycles such as indolene and isoindolene groups. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group has from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, and in further embodiments from about 3 to about 20 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group contains 3 to about 14, 3 to about 7, or 5 to 6 ring-forming atoms. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group has 1 to about 4, 1 to about 3, or 1 to 2 heteroatoms. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group contains 0 to 3 double bonds. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group contains 0 to 2 double or triple bonds.
As used herein, "spirocyclyl" refers to a 3-14 membered cycloalkyl or 3-14 membered heterocycloalkyl group sharing one atom with a further cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl group to which it is attached.
As used herein, "halo" or "halogen" includes fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.
As used herein, "alkoxy" refers to an -O-alkyl group. Example alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (e.g., n-propoxy and isopropoxy), t-butoxy, and the like.
As used herein, "thioalkoxy" refers to an -S-alkyl group.
As used herein, "haloalkoxy" refers to an -O-haloalkyl group. An example haloalkoxy group is OCF3.
As used herein, "carbocyclyloxy" refers to -O-carbocyclyl.
As used herein, "cycloalkyloxy" refers to -O-cycloalkyl.
As used herein, "carbocyclylalkyl" refers to alkyl substituted by carbocyclyl.
As used herein, "aralkyl" or "arylalkyl" refers to an alkyl group substituted by an aryl group.
As used herein, "cycloalkylalkyl" refers to an alkyl group substituted by an cycloalkyl group.
As used herein, "heterocyclylalkyl" refers to an alkyl moiety substituted by a heterocarbocyclyl group. Example heterocyclylalkyl groups include "heteroarylalkyl" (alkyl substituted by heteroaryl) and "heterocycloalkylalkyl" (alkyl substituted by heterocycloalkyl). In some embodiments, heterocyclylalkyl groups have from 3 to 24 carbon atoms in addition to at least one ring-forming heteroatom.
As used herein "oxo" refers to =O.
The compounds described herein can be asymmetric (e.g., having one or more stereocenters). All stereoisomers, such as enantiomers and diastereomers, are intended unless otherwise indicated. Compounds of the present invention that contain asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms can be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. Methods on how to prepare optically active forms from optically active starting materials are known in the art, such as by resolution of racemic mixtures or by stereoselective synthesis. Many geometric isomers of olefins, C=N double bonds, and the like can also be present in the compounds described herein, and all such stable isomers are contemplated in the present invention. Cis and trans geometric isomers of the compounds of the present invention are described and may be isolated as a mixture of isomers or as separated isomeric forms.
Resolution of racemic mixtures of compounds can be carried out by any of numerous methods known in the art. An example method includes fractional recrystallizaion using a "chiral resolving acid" which is an optically active, salt-forming organic acid. Suitable resolving agents for fractional recrystallization methods are, for example, optically active acids, such as the D and L forms of tartaric acid, diacetyltartaric acid, dibenzoyltartaric acid, mandelic acid, malic acid, lactic acid or the various optically active camphorsulfonic acids such as β-camphorsulfonic acid. Other resolving agents suitable for fractional crystallization methods include stereoisomerically pure forms of α-methylbenzylamine (e.g., S and R forms, or diastereomerically pure forms), 2-phenylglycinol, norephedrine, ephedrine, N-methylephedrine, cyclohexylethylamine, 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, and the like.
Resolution of racemic mixtures can also be carried out by elution on a column packed with an optically active resolving agent (e.g., dinitrobenzoylphenylglycine). Suitable elution solvent composition can be determined by one skilled in the art.
Compounds of the invention also include tautomeric forms, such as keto-enol tautomers.
Compounds of the invention can also include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the intermediates or final compounds. Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. For example, isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium.
The phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable" is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
The present invention also includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds described herein. As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by converting an existing acid or base moiety to its salt form. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in
Compounds of the invention, including salts, hydrates, and solvates thereof, can be prepared using known organic synthesis techniques and can be synthesized according to any of numerous possible synthetic routes.
The reactions for preparing compounds of the invention can be carried out in suitable solvents which can be readily selected by one of skill in the art of organic synthesis. Suitable solvents can be substantially nonreactive with the starting materials (reactants), the intermediates, or products at the temperatures at which the reactions are carried out, e.g., temperatures which can range from the solvent's freezing temperature to the solvent's boiling temperature. A given reaction can be carried out in one solvent or a mixture of more than one solvent. Depending on the particular reaction step, suitable solvents for a particular reaction step can be selected.
Preparation of compounds of the invention can involve the protection and deprotection of various chemical groups. The need for protection and deprotection, and the selection of appropriate protecting groups can be readily determined by one skilled in the art. The chemistry of protecting groups can be found, for example, in
Reactions can be monitored according to any suitable method known in the art. For example, product formation can be monitored by spectroscopic means, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (e.g., 1H or 13C) infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (e.g., UV-visible), or mass spectrometry, or by chromatography such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography.
Examplary synthetic routes to compounds of the invention are provided in Schemes 1-13 below, where constituent members of the depicted formulae are defined herein.
3-Aminopentanecarboxylic acids of formula 1-5 can be prepared using the protocol described in Scheme 1. The commercially available carboxylic acid 1-1 can be converted to an ester such as a methyl ester by treatment with iodomethane/potassium carbonate in DMF. The resulting ester 1-2 can be subjected to an alkylation with a halide such as an iodide (R1I) using a base such as lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LHMDS) to provide the alkylated product 1-3 as a mixture of cis and trans diastereomers (4:1 ratio). The minor trans diastereomer can be removed by crystallization following hydrolysis of the ester to an acid. The resulting enantiopure acid 1-4 can be subjected to a hydrogenation using a catalyst such as Pd-C to afford the saturated carboxylic acid 1-5.
Cyclopentanecarboxylic acids of formula 2-5 can be prepared using the procedures outlined in Scheme 2. The commercially available 3-oxocyclopentanecarboxylic acid 2-1 can be converted to an ester such as methyl ester. The ketone of the resulting ester 2-2 can be protected by treatment with trimethyl orthoformate in the presence of an acidic catlyst such as paratoluenesulfonic acid. Alkylation of the resulting ketal 2-3 with an alkyl iodide (R1I) can be accomplished using a base such as LHMDS. Hydrolysis of the alkylated ester 2-4 using a base such as LiOH, NaOH or KOH provides the carboxylic acids of formula 2-5.
Piperazine derivatives can be prepared using the procedures depicted in Scheme 3. Coupling of a piperazine derivative of formula 3-2 with an iodobenzene derivative of formula 3-1 using copper(I) iodide and potassium phosphate gives rise to the intermediate 3-3. Removal of the Boc group using an acid such as HCl in dioxane or TFA provides the piperazine derivatives of formula 3-4.
Alternatively, piperazine derivatives (formula 4-3) can be prepared by displacement of a 2-chloropyridine or 2-chloropyrimidine derivative of formula 4-1 with a piperazine derivative of formula 4-2.
Alternatively, piperazine derivatives can be prepared using a sequence as illustrated in Scheme 5. The commercially available 3,5-dibromopyridine 5-1 can be converted to 3-bromo-5-iodopyridine 5-2 by treatment with isopropylmagnesium bromide and iodine. Coupling of the resulting iodo with a piperazine derivative of formula 3-2 can be accomplished using copper(I) iodide and potassium phosphate. Following conversion of the bromo of the resulting intermediate 5-3 to iodo using isopropylmagnesium bromide and iodine, the iodo can be displaced with trifluoromethyl by treatment with Me3SiCF3/CuI/KF/DMF to afford the trifluoromethylpyridine derivative of formula 5-5. Removal of the Boc using an acid such as HCl in dioxane or TFA yields the piperazine derivatives of formula 5-6.
Piperidine or tetrahydropyridine derivatives can be synthesized as shown in Scheme 6. Lithiation of a bromo- or iodobenzene derivative of formula 6-1 with an alkyllithium such as n-butyllithium or tert-butyllithium followed by quenching with a ketone derivative of formula 6-2 provides the tertiary alcohol of formula 6-3. Following dehydration using a dehydrating agent such as thionyl chloride/pyridine, the resulting olefin 6-4 can be reduced by hydrogenation using a catalyst such as Pd on carbon. Treatment of 6-3, 6-4 and 6-5 with an acid such as HCl in dioxane or TFA provides compounds of formulae 6-6, 6-7 and 6-8.
Alternatively, piperidine or tetrahydropyridine derivatives can be synthesized as illustrated in Scheme 7. A commercially available 2-chloropyridine or 2-chloropyrilidine derivative of formula 4-1 can be converted to 2-bromopyridine derivative of formula 7-1 by treatment with BrSiMe3. Using similar procedures described in Scheme 6, piperidine and tetrahydropyridine derivatives of formula 7-5 and 7-6 can be obtained from 7-1.
Alternatively, piperidine or tetrahydropyridine derivatives can be synthesized as outlined in Scheme 8. 3-Nitro-5-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-ol can be obtained by nitration of the commercially available 5-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-ol (8-1). Following conversion of the hydroxy group in 8-2 to chloro, the resulting chloro compound 8-3 is subjected to a hydrogenation using a catalyst such as Pd on carbon to give 3-amino-5-trifluoromethylpyridine 8-4. Diazotization of 8-4 using NaNO2/HBr in the presence of Cu(I)Br provides 3-bromo-5-trifluoromethylpyridine 8-5. Following the procedures described in Scheme 6, 8-5 can be converted to piperidine or tetrahydropyridine derivatives of formulae 8-9 and 8-10.
Tetrahydropyran derivatives can be obtained as detailed in Scheme 9 (where R8 is alkyl; X is halo). The commercially available tetrahydropyranone 9-1 can be alkylated with an alkyl halide using a base such as LDA to give tetrahydropyranone of formula 9-2. Ketone 9-2 can be converted to an amine of formula 9-4 by reductive amination with aminodiphenylmethane using a reducing agent such sodium triacetoxyborohydride followed by hydrogenation using a catalyst such as palladium hydroxide.
Cyclohexane derivatives of formula 10-6 can be prepared using a sequence depicted in Scheme 10. A heterocycle 11-1 (RD-X; wherein X is H or halo) can be lithiated by treatment with butyllithium and the resulting anion can be quenched with 1,4-cyclohexanone mono-ethylene ketal to give the alcohol 10-2. Treatment of 10-2 with aqueous acid such as HCl in water converts the ketal to a ketone. Alkylation of the resulting ketone 10-3 by treatment with LDA followed by quenching with an alkyl halide such as R8I affords the cyclohexanone derivatives of formula 10-4. Substituents on the heterocycle can be present prior to lithiation or can be introduced by another lithiation before the conversion of the acetal 10-2 to the ketone 10-3. Conversion of ketones 10-4 to amines of formula 10-6 can be achieved as described in Scheme 9.
Final compounds of formula I can be assembled using the method described in Scheme 11. A carboxylic acid of formula 1-5 can be condensed with an amine of formula 11-1 using a standard amide formation agent such as BOP or PyBrop (coupling agent). Following removal of the Boc using an acid such as HCl or TFA, the resulting amine 11-3 is subjected to a reductive amination with a ketone of formula 11-4 using a reducing agent such as sodium triacetoxyborohydride to provide final compounds of formula 11-5.
Alternatively, compounds of the invention can be assembled according to Scheme 12. Coupling of a carboxylic acid of formula 2-5 with an amine of formula 11-1 using a standard amide formatiom method produces the amide of formula 12-1. Following conversion of the ketal to a ketone using an aqueous acid, reductive amination of the resulting ketone 12-2 with an amine of formula 12-3 using a reducing agent such as sodium triacertoxyborohydride provides compounds of formula 12-4.
In some embodiments, compounds of the invention can modulate activity of one or more chemokine receptors. The term "modulate" is meant to refer to an ability to increase or decrease activity of a receptor. Accordingly, compounds of the invention can be used in methods of modulating a chemokine receptor by contacting the receptor with any one or more of the compounds or compositions described herein. In some embodiments, compounds of the present invention can act as inhibitors of chemokine receptors. In further embodiments, the compounds of the invention can be used to modulate activity of a chemokine receptor in an individual in need of modulation of the receptor by administering a modulating amount of a compound of Formula I.
Chemokine receptors to which the present compounds bind and/or modulate include any chemokine receptor. In some embodiments, the chemokine receptor belongs to the CC family of chemokine receptors including, for example, CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CCR8 and CCR10. In some embodiments, the chemokine receptor is CCR2.
The compounds of the invention can be selective. By "selective" is meant that a compound binds to or inhibits a chemokine receptor with greater affinity or potency, respectively, compared to at least one other chemokine receptor.
Compounds of the invention can be selective inhibitors or binders of CCR2, meaning that the compounds of the invention can bind to or inhibit CCR2 with greater affinity or potency, respectively, than for another chemokine receptor such as at least one of CCR1, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CCR8 and CCR10. In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention have binding or inhibition selectivity for CCR2 over CCR5. In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention have binding or inhibition selectivity for CCR2 over CCR1. In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention have binding or inhibition selectivity for CCR2 over any other CCR. Selectivity can be at least about 10-fold, at least about 20-fold, at least about 50-fold, at least about 100-fold, at least about 200-fold, at least about 500-fold or at least about 1000-fold. Binding affinity and inhibitor potency can be measured according to routine methods in the art, such as according to the assays provided herein.
The present invention further provides a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, for use in methods of treating a chemokine receptor-associated disease or disorder in an individual (e.g., patient) by administering to the individual in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount or dose of said compound or said pharmaceutical composition thereof. A chemokine receptor-associated disease can include any disease, disorder or condition that is directly or indirectly linked to expression or activity of the chemokine or chemokine receptor. A chemokine or chemokine receptor-associated disease can also include any disease, disorder or condition that can be prevented, ameliorated, or cured by modulating chemokine receptor activity.
Examples of chemokine or chemokine receptor-associated diseases, disorders and conditions include inflammation and inflammatory diseases, metabolic diseases, immune disorders and cancer. In some embodiments, the chemokine receptor-associated disease is a viral infection such as HIV infection. Examples of inflammatory diseases include diseases having an inflammatory component such as asthma, seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, age-related macular degeneration, food allergy, scombroid poisoning, psoriasis, urticaria, pruritus, eczema, inflammatory bowel disease, thrombotic disease, otitis media, liver cirrhosis, cardiac disease, Alzheimer's disease, sepsis, restenosis, atherosclerosis, type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, hypersensitivity lung diseases, drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), rheumatoid arthritis, nephritis, ulcerative colitis, atopic dermatitis, stroke, acute nerve injury, sarcoidosis, hepatitis, endometriosis, neuropathic pain, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, eosinophilic pneumonias, delayed-type hypersensitivity, interstitial lung disease (ILD) (e.g., idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or ILD associated with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, polymyositis or dermatomyositis) and the like. Examples of immune disorders include rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myastenia gravis, juvenile onset diabetes; glomerulonephritis, autoimmune throiditis, organ transplant rejection including allograft rejection and graft-versus-host disease. Examples of cancers include cancers such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, multiple myeloma and the like that are characterized by infiltration of macrophages (e.g., tumor associated macrophages, TAMs) into tumors or diseased tissues.
As used herein, the term "contacting" refers to the bringing together of indicated moieties in an in vitro system or an in vivo system. For example, "contacting" the chemokine receptor with a compound of the invention includes the administration of a compound of the present invention to an individual or patient, such as a human, having a chemokine receptor, as well as, for example, introducing a compound of the invention into a sample containing a cellular or purified preparation containing the chemokine receptor.
As used herein, the term "individual" or "patient," used interchangeably, refers to any animal, including mammals, preferably mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, or primates, and most preferably humans.
As used herein, the phrase "therapeutically effective amount" refers to the amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits a biological or medicinal response that is considered meaningful in a tissue, system, animal, individual or human by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes one or more of the following:
- (1) preventing the disease; for example, preventing a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who may be predisposed to the disease, condition or disorder but does not yet experience or display the pathology or symptomatology of the disease (non-limiting examples are preventing hypersensitivity lung diseases, drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), graft-versus-host disease and/or allograft rejection after transplantation, viral infection, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, or preventing allergic reactions such as atopic dermatitis, delayed type hypersensitivity, or seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis);
- (2) inhibiting the disease and its progression; for example, inhibiting a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e., arresting further development of the pathology and/or symptomatology) such as inhibiting the inflammatory or autoimmune response in hypersensitivity lung diseases, drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), rheumatoid arthritis, lupus or psoriasis, or inhibiting progression of atherosclerotic plaques, Alzheimer's disease, macular degeneration or the progression of insulin resistance to a diabetic state, or inhibiting tumor growth or stabilizing viral load in the case of a viral infection; and
- (3) ameliorating the disease; for example, ameliorating a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e., reversing the pathology and/or symptomatology) such as decreasing the autoimmune response in hypersensitivity lung diseases, drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), rheumatoid arthritis, lupus or psoriasis, or shrinking a tumor associated with cancer or lowering viral load in the case of a viral infection.
One or more additional pharmaceutical agents such as, for example, anti-viral agents, antibodies, anti-inflammatory agents, insulin secretagogues and sensitizers, serum lipid and lipid-carrier modulating agents, and/or immunosuppressants can be used in combination with the compounds of the present invention for treatment of chemokine receptor-associated diseases, disorders or conditions. The agents can be combined with the present compounds in a single or continuous dosage form, or the agents can be administered simultaneously or sequentially as separate dosage forms.
Suitable antiviral agents contemplated for use in combination with the compounds of the present invention can comprise nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors, entry inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, maturation inhibitors, and other antiviral drugs.
Example suitable NRTIs include zidovudine (AZT); didanosine (ddl); zalcitabine (ddC); stavudine (d4T); lamivudine (3TC); abacavir (1592U89); adefovir dipivoxil [bis(POM)-PMEA]; lobucavir (BMS-180194); BCH-10652; emitricitabine [(-)-FTC]; beta-L-FD4 (also called beta-L-D4C and named beta-L-2', 3'-dicleoxy-5-fluoro-cytidene); DAPD, ((-)-beta-D-2,6,-diamino-purine dioxolane); and lodenosine (FddA).
Typical suitable NNRTIs include nevirapine (BI-RG-587); delaviradine (BHAP, U-90152); efavirenz (DMP-266); PNU-142721; AG-1549; MKC-442 (1-(ethoxy-methyl)-5-(1-methylethyl)-6-(phenylmethyl)-(2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidi nedione); and (+)-calanolide A (NSC-675451) and B.
Typical suitable protease inhibitors include saquinavir (Ro 31-8959); ritonavir (ABT-538); indinavir (MK-639); nelfnavir (AG-1343); amprenavir (141W94); lasinavir (BMS-234475); DMP-450; BMS-2322623; ABT-378; and AG-1 549.
Other antiviral agents include hydroxyurea, ribavirin, IL-2, IL-12, pentafuside, enfuvirtide, C-34, the cyclotriazadisulfonamide CADA, PA-457 and Yissum Project No.11607.
In some embodiments, anti-inflammatory or analgesic agents contemplated for use in combination with the compounds of the present invention can comprise, for example, an opiate agonist, a lipoxygenase inhibitor such as an inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor such as a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, an interleukin inhibitor such as an interleukin-1 inhibitor, a TNF inhibitor such as infliximab, etanercept, or adalimumab an NNMA antagonist, an inhibitor of nitric oxide or an inhibitor of the synthesis of nitric oxide, a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, or a cytokine-suppressing antiinflammatory agent, for example, such as acetaminophen, aspirin, codeine, fentanyl, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketodolac, morphine, naproxen, phenacetin, piroxicam, a steroidal analgesic, sufentanyl, sunlindac, tenidap, and the like. Similarly, the instant compounds can be administered with a pain reliever; a potentiator such as caffeine, an H2-antagonist, simethicone, aluminum or magnesium hydroxide; a decongestant such as phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, pseudophedrine, oxymetazoline, ephinephrine, naphazoline, xylometazoline, propylhexedfine, or levo-desoxyephedrine; an antfitussive such as codeine, hydrocodone, caramiphen, carbetapentane, or dextramethorphan; a diuretic; and a sedating or non-sedating antihistamine.
In some embodiments, pharmaceutical agents contemplated for use in combination with the compounds of the present invention can comprise but are not limited to (a) VLA-4 antagonists such as those described in
For example, a CCR2 antagonist can be used in combination with an anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical agent in the treatment of inflammation, metabolic disease, autoimmune disease, cancer or viral infection to improve the treatment response as compared to the response to the therapeutic agent alone, without exacerbation of its toxic effects. Additive or synergistic effects are desirable outcomes of combining a CCR2 antagonist of the present invention with an additional agent.
When employed as pharmaceuticals, the compounds of Formula I can be administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions. These compositions can be prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art, and can be administered by a variety of routes depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration can be topical (including ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including intranasal, vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary (e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal, epidermal and transdermal), oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal intramuscular or injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration. Parenteral administration can be in the form of a single bolus dose, or can be, for example, by a continuous perfusion pump. Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration can include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms, gloves and the like may also be useful.
This invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions which contain, as the active ingredient, one or more of the compounds of Formula I above in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. In making the compositions of the invention, the active ingredient is typically mixed with an excipient, diluted by an excipient or enclosed within such a carrier in the form of, for example, a capsule, sachet, paper, or other container. When the excipient serves as a diluent, it can be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material, which acts as a vehicle, carrier or medium for the active ingredient. Thus, the compositions can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in a liquid medium), ointments containing, for example, up to 10% by weight of the active compound, soft and hard gelatin capsules, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders.
In preparing a formulation, the active compound can be milled to provide the appropriate particle size prior to combining with the other ingredients. If the active compound is substantially insoluble, it can be milled to a particle size of less than 200 mesh. If the active compound is substantially water soluble, the particle size can be adjusted by milling to provide a substantially uniform distribution in the formulation, e.g. about 40 mesh.
Some examples of suitable excipients include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup, and methyl cellulose. The formulations can additionally include: lubricating agents such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; wetting agents; emulsifying and suspending agents; preserving agents such as methyl- and propylhydroxy-benzoates; sweetening agents; and flavoring agents. The compositions of the invention can be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the patient by employing procedures known in the art.
The compositions can be formulated in a unit dosage form, each dosage containing from about 5 to about 1000 mg (1 g), more usually about 100 to about 500 mg, of the active ingredient. The term "unit dosage forms" refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient.
In some embodiments, the compounds or compositions of the invention contain from about 5 to about 50 mg of the active ingredient. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compounds or compositions containing from about 5 to about 10, from about 10 to about 15, from about 15 to about 20, from about 20 to about 25, from about 25 to about 30, from about 30 to about 35, from about 35 to about 40, from about 40 to about 45, or from about 45 to about 50 mg of the active ingredient.
In some embodiments, the compounds or compositions of the invention contain from about 50 to about 500 mg of the active ingredient. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compounds or compositions containing from about 50 to about 75, from about 75 to about 100, from about 100 to about 125, from about 125 to about 150, from about 150 to about 175, from about 175 to about 200, from about 200 to about 225, from about 225 to about 250, from about 250 to about 275, from about 275 to about 300, from about 300 to about 325, from about 325 to about 350, from about 350 to about 375, from about 375 to about 400, from about 400 to about 425, from about 425 to about 450, from about 450 to about 475, or from about 475 to about 500 mg of the active ingredient.
In some embodiments, the compounds or compositions of the invention contain from about 500 to about 1000 mg of the active ingredient. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compounds or compositions containing from about 500 to about 550, from about 550 to about 600, from about 600 to about 650, from about 650 to about 700, from about 700 to about 750, from about 750 to about 800, from about 800 to about 850, from about 850 to about 900, from about 900 to about 950, or from about 950 to about 1000 mg of the active ingredient.
The active compound can be effective over a wide dosage range and is generally administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. It will be understood, however, that the amount of the compound actually administered will usually be determined by a physician, according to the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.
For preparing solid compositions such as tablets, the principal active ingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical excipient to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound of the present invention. When referring to these preformulation compositions as homogeneous, the active ingredient is typically dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition can be readily subdivided into equally effective unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills and capsules. This solid preformulation is then subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described above containing from, for example, 0.1 to about 1000 mg of the active ingredient of the present invention.
The tablets or pills of the present invention can be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action. For example, the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former. The two components can be separated by an enteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permit the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release. A variety of materials can be used for such enteric layers or coatings, such materials including a number of polymeric acids and mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol, and cellulose acetate.
The liquid forms in which the compounds and compositions of the present invention can be incorporated for administration orally or by injection include aqueous solutions, suitably flavored syrups, aqueous or oil suspensions, and flavored emulsions with edible oils such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil, or peanut oil, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles.
Compositions for inhalation or insufflation include solutions and suspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous or organic solvents, or mixtures thereof, and powders. The liquid or solid compositions may contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as described supra. In some embodiments, the compositions are administered by the oral or nasal respiratory route for local or systemic effect. Compositions in can be nebulized by use of inert gases. Nebulized solutions may be breathed directly from the nebulizing device or the nebulizing device can be attached to a face masks tent, or intermittent positive pressure breathing machine. Solution, suspension, or powder compositions can be administered orally or nasally from devices which deliver the formulation in an appropriate manner.
The amount of compound or composition administered to a patient will vary depending upon what is being administered, the purpose of the administration, such as prophylaxis or therapy, the state of the patient, the manner of administration, and the like. In therapeutic applications, compositions can be administered to a patient already suffering from a disease in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest the symptoms of the disease and its complications. Effective doses will depend on the disease condition being treated as well as by the judgment of the attending clinician depending upon factors such as the severity of the disease, the age, weight and general condition of the patient, and the like.
The compositions administered to a patient can be in the form of pharmaceutical compositions described above. These compositions can be sterilized by conventional sterilization techniques, or may be sterile filtered. Aqueous solutions can be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous carrier prior to administration. The pH, of the compound preparations typically will be between 3 and 11, more preferably from 5 to 9 and most preferably from 7 to 8. It will be understood that use of certain of the foregoing excipients, carriers, or stabilizers will result in the formation of pharmaceutical salts.
The therapeutic dosage of the compounds of the present invention can vary according to, for example, the particular use for which the treatment is made, the manner of administration of the compound, the health and condition of the patient, and the judgment of the prescribing physician. The proportion or concentration of a compound of the invention in a pharmaceutical composition can vary depending upon a number of factors including dosage, chemical characteristics (e.g., hydrophobicity), and the route of administration. For example, the compounds of the invention can be provided in an aqueous physiological buffer solution containing about 0.1 to about 10% w/v of the compound for parenteral adminstration. Some typical dose ranges are from about 1 µg/kg to about 1 g/kg of body weight per day. In some embodiments, the dose range is from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of body weight per day. The dosage is likely to depend on such variables as the type and extent of progression of the disease or disorder, the overall health status of the particular patient, the relative biological efficacy of the compound selected, formulation of the excipient, and its route of administration. Effective doses can be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.
The compounds of the invention can also be formulated in combination with one or more additional active ingredients which can include any pharmaceutical agent such as antibodies, immune suppressants, anti-inflammatory agents, chemotherapeutics, lipid lowering agents, HDL elevating agents, insulin secretagogues or sensitizers, drugs used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and the like.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, treated aggressively with disease modifying agents (methotrexate, antimalarials, gold, penicillamine, sulfasalazine, dapsone, leflunamide, or biologicals), can achieve varying degrees of disease control, including complete remissions. These clinical responses are associated with improvement in standardized scores of disease activity, specifically the ACR criteria which includes: pain, function, number of tender joints, number of swollen joints, patient global assessment, physician global assessment, laboratory measures of inflammation (CRP and ESR), and radiologic assessment of joint structural damage. Current disease-modifying drugs (DMARDs) require continued administration to maintain optimal benefit. Chronic dosing of these agents is associated with significant toxicity and host defense compromise. Additionally, patients often become refractory to a particular therapy and require an alternative regimen. For these reasons, a novel, effective therapy which allows withdrawal of standard DMARDs would be a clinically important advance.
Patients with significant response to anti-TNF therapies (infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab), anti- IL-1 therapy (kinaret) or other disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) including but not limited to methotrexate, cyclosporine, gold salts, antimalarials, penicillamine or leflunamide, who have achieved clinical remission of disease can be treated with a substance that inhibits expression and/or activity of CCR2 including, for example, nucleic acids (e.g., antisense or siRNA molecules), proteins (e.g., anti-CCR2 antibodies), small molecule inhibitors (e.g., the compounds disclosed herein and other chemokine receptor inhibitors known in the art).
In some embodiments, the substance that inhibits expression and/or activity of CCR2 is a small molecule CCR2 inhibitor (or antagonist). The CCR2 antagonist can be dosed orally q.d. or b.i.d at a dose not to exceed about 500 mgs a day. The patients can be withdrawn from or have a decrease in the dosage of their current therapy and would be maintained on treatment with the CCR2 antagonist. Treating patients with a combination of CCR2 antagonist and their current therapy can be carried out for, for example, about one to about two days, before discontinuing or dose reducing the DMARD and continuing on CCR2 antagonist.
Advantages of substituting traditional DMARDS with CCR2 antagonists are numerous. Traditional DMARDs have serious cumulative dose-limiting side effects, the most common being damage to the liver, as well as immunosuppressive actions. CCR2 antagonism is expected to have an improved long-term safety profile and will not have similar immunosuppressive liabilities associated with traditional DMARDs. Additionally, the half-life of the biologicals is typically days or weeks, which is an issue when dealing with adverse reactions. The half-life of an orally bioavailable CCR2 antagonist is expected to be on the order of hours so the risk of continued exposure to the drug after an adverse event is very minimal as compared to biological agents. Also, the current biologic agents (infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, kinaret) are typically given either i.v. or s.c., requiring doctor's administration or patient self-injection. This leads to the possibility of infusion reaction or injection site reactions. These are avoidable using an orally administered CCR2 antagonist.
Type 2 diabetes is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in western societies. In the vast majority of patients, the disease is characterized by pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction accompanied by insulin resistance in the liver and in peripheral tissues. Based on the primary mechanisms that are associated with disease, two general classes of oral therapies are available to treat type 2 diabetes: insulin secretagogues (sulfonylureas such as glyburide) and insulin sensitizers (metformin and thiazolidinediones such as rosiglitazone). Combination therapy that addresses both mechanisms has been shown to manage the metabolic defects of this disease and in many instances can be shown to ameliorate the need for exogenous insulin administration. However, with time, insulin resistance often progresses, leading to the need for further insulin supplementation. In addition, a prediabetic state, referred to as the metabolic syndrome, has been demonstrated to be characterized by impaired glucose tolerance, particularly in association with obesity. The majority of patients who develop type 2 diabetes begin by developing insulin resistance, with the hyperglycemia occurring when these patients can no longer sustain the degree of hyperinsulinemia necessary to prevent loss of glucose homeostasis. The onset of the insulin resistance component is highly predictive of disease onset and is associated with an increase in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, hypertension and coronary heart disease.
One of the strongest correlates of impaired glucose tolerance and of the progression from an insulin resistant state to type 2 diabetes is the presence of central obesity. Most patients with type 2 diabetes are obese and obesity itself is associated with insulin resistance. It is clear that central adiposity is a major risk factor for the development of insulin resistance leading to type 2 diabetes, suggesting that signals from visceral fat contribute to the development of insulin resistant and progression to disease. In addition to the secreted protein factors, obesity induces a cellular inflammatory response in which bone-marrow derived macrophages accumulate in adipose depots, becoming adipose tissue macrophages. Adipose tissue macrophages accumulate in adipose tissue in proportion to measures of adiposity. Tissue infiltrating macrophages are a source of many of the inflammatory cytokines that have been demonstrated to induce insulin resistance in adipocytes.
Adipose tissue produces MCP-1 in proportion to adiposity, suggesting that its activity by signaling through CCR2 also might play an important role in the accumulation of macrophages in adipose tissue. It is unknown whether the MCP-1/CCR2 interaction is directly responsible for monocyte recruitment to adipose tissue, whether reduced recruitment of macrophages to adipose tissue in humans will directly lead to the reduced production of proinflammatory molecules and whether the proinflammatory molecule production is directly linked to insulin resistance.
Patients who demonstrate insulin resistance, either prediabetic (normoglycemic) or diabetic (hyperglycemic), could be treated with a substance that inhibits the expression and/or activity of CCR2 including, for example, nucleic acids (e.g., antisense or siRNA molecules), proteins (e.g., anti-CCR2 antibodies), small molecule inhibitors (e.g., the compounds disclosed herein and other chemokine receptor inhibitors known in the art). In some embodiments, the substance that inhibits expression and/or activity of CCR2 is a small molecule CCR2 inhibitor (or antagonist). The CCR2 antagonist can be dosed orally q.d. or b.i.d at a dose not to exceed about 500 mgs a day. The patients can be withdrawn from or have a decrease in the dosage of their current therapy and would be maintained on treatment with the CCR2 antagonist. Alternately CCR2 antagonist treatment may be used to supplement their current therapy to enhance its effectiveness or to prevent progression to further insulin dependence.
Advantages of substituting or supplementing traditional agents with CCR2 antagonists are numerous. Such agents may be useful, for example, to preclude progression from a prediabetic, insulin resistant state to a diabetic state. Such agents may reduce or replace the need for the use of insulin sensitizers, with their attendant toxicities. Such agents may also reduce the need for, or prolong the period until, exogenous insulin supplementation is required.
Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by the deposition of fatty substances in arterial walls. Plaque encompasses such deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium and other substances that build up in the inner lining of an artery. Plaques can grow large enough to significantly reduce the blood's flow through an artery. However, more significant damage occurs when the plaque becomes unstable and ruptures. Plaques that rupture cause blood clots to form that can block blood flow or break off and travel to other parts of the body. If the clot blocks a blood vessel that feeds the heart, it causes a heart attack. If it blocks a blood vessel that feeds the brain, it causes a stroke. Atherosclerosis is a slow, complex disease that typically starts in childhood and often progresses as people grow older.
A high level of cholesterol in the blood is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. Based on cholesterol as a primary composition of plaque, the advance of plaque formation has been managed by the reduction of circulating cholesterol or by elevation of cholesterol-carrying high density lipoproteins (HDL). Circulating cholesterol can be reduced, for example, by inhibiting its synthesis in the liver using or by reducing update from food. Such medicaments that act through these mechanism may include medicines that are used to lower high cholesterol levels: bile acid absorbers, lipoprotein synthesis inhibitors, cholesterol synthesis inhibitors and fibric acid derivatives. Circulating HDL can additionally be elevated by administration of, for example, probuchol or high doses of niacin. Therapy that addresses multiple mechanisms has been shown to slow disease progression and progression to plaque rupture.
Atherosclerosis is typically accompanied by a cellular inflammatory response in which bone-marrow derived macrophages accumulate in fatty streaks along the vessel wall, becoming foam cells. Foam cells are a source of many of the inflammatory cytokines that have been demonstrated to induce plaque progression and of the enzymes that can promote plaque destabilization. Atherosclerotic tissue also produces MCP-1, suggesting that its activity by signaling through CCR2 also might play an important role in the accumulation of macrophages as foam cells in plaques. CCR2-/- mice have been demonstrated to have significantly reduced macrophages in fatty streaks generated as a result of high fat diet or genetic alteration in lipid metabolism.
Patients who demonstrate high circulating cholesterol, low HDL, or elevated circulating CRP or present with vessel wall plaque by imaging, or any other evidence of the presence of atherosclerosis could be treated with a substance that inhibits the expression and/or activity of CCR2 including, for example, nucleic acids (e.g., antisense or siRNA molecules), proteins (e.g., anti-CCR2 antibodies), small molecule inhibitors (e.g., the compounds disclosed herein and other chemokine receptor inhibitors known in the art). In some embodiments, the substance that inhibits expression and/or activity of CCR2 is a small molecule CCR2 inhibitor (or antagonist) such as a compound of the invention. The CCR2 antagonist can be dosed orally q.d. or b.i.d at a dose not to exceed about 500 mgs a day. The patients can be withdrawn from or have a decrease in the dosage of their current therapy and would be maintained on treatment with the CCR2 antagonist. Alternately CCR2 antagonist treatment may be used to supplement their current therapy to enhance its effectiveness in, for example, preventing plaque progression, stabilizing plaque that has already formed or inducing plaque regression.
Advantages of substituting or supplementing traditional agents with CCR2 antagonists are numerous. Such agents may be useful, for example, to preclude progression of the plaque to a stage of instability with its associated risk of plaque rupture. Such agents may reduce or replace the need for the use of cholesterol modifying drugs or HDL elevating drugs, with their attendant toxicities including, but not limited to, flushing, liver damage and muscle damage such as myopathy. Such agents may also reduce the need for, or prolong the period until, surgery is required to open the vessel wall or until use of anticoagulants is required to limit damage due to potential plaque rupture.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to fluorescent dye, spin lable, heavy metal or radio-labeled compounds of Formula I that would be useful not only in imaging but also in assays, both in vitro and in vivo, for localizing and quantitating the chemokine receptor in tissue samples, including human, and for identifying chemokine receptor ligands by inhibition binding of a labeled compound. Accordingly, the present invention includes chemokine receptor assays that contain such labeled compounds.
The present invention further includes isotopically-labeled compounds of Formula I. An "isotopically" or "radio-labeled" compound is a compound of the invention where one or more atoms are replaced or substituted by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number typically found in nature (i.e., naturally occurring). Suitable radionuclides that may be incorporated in compounds of the present invention include but are not limited to 2H (also written as D for deuterium), 3H (also written as T for tritium), 11C, 13C, 14C, 13N, 15N, 15O, 17O, 18O, 18F, 35S, 36Cl, 82Br, 75Br, 76Br, 77Br, 123I, 124I, 125I and 131I. The radionuclide that is incorporated in the instant radio-labeled compounds will depend on the specific application of that radio-labeled compound. For example, for in vitro chemokine receptor labeling and competition assays, compounds that incorporate 3H, 14C, 82Br, 125I, 131I, 35S or will generally be most useful. For radio-imaging applications 11C, 18F, 125I, 123I, 124I, 131I, 75Br, 76Br or 77Br will generally be most useful.
It is understood that a "radio-labeled " or "labeled compound" is a compound that has incorporated at least one radionuclide. In some embodiments the radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of 3H, 14C, 125I, 35S and 82Br.
Synthetic methods for incorporating radio-isotopes into organic compounds are applicable to compounds of the invention and are well known in the art.
A radio-labeled compound of the invention can be used in a screening assay to identify/evaluate compounds. In general terms, a newly synthesized or identified compound (i.e., test compound) can be evaluated for its ability to reduce binding of the radio-labeled compound of the invention to the chemokine receptor. Accordingly, the ability of a test compound to compete with the radio-labeled compound for binding to the chemokine receptor directly correlates to its binding affinity.
The present invention also includes pharmaceutical kits useful, for example, in the treatment or prevention of chemokine-associated diseases which include one or more containers containing a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I. Such kits can further include, if desired, one or more of various conventional pharmaceutical kit components, such as, for example, containers with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, additional containers, etc., as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Instructions, either as inserts or as labels, indicating quantities of the components to be administered, guidelines for administration, and/or guidelines for mixing the components, can also be included in the kit.
The invention will be described in greater detail by way of specific examples. The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes, and are not intended to limit the invention in any manner. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety of noncritical parameters which can be changed or modified to yield essentially the same results.
To a solution of (1R,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]cyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid (10.0 g, 44 mmol) in DMF (25 mL) was added potassium carbonate (6.33 g, 45.8 mmol) followed by methyl iodide (4.0 mL, 64 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc. The solution was washed with water four times and brine one time, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated. The residue was dried under high vacuum overnight to provide the title compound (11 g, 99%). MS calculated for C12H19NO4: (M+H)+ 242; found 142.1 (M-Boc+H)+. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 5.86 (m, 2H), 4.90 (m, 1H), 4.80 (m, 1H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.50 (m, 1H), 2.51 (m, 1H), 1.86 (m, 1H), 1.42 (s, 9H).
To a 1.00 M solution of lithium hexamethyldisilazide in THF (202 mL) at -78 °C was added a solution of methyl (1R,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]cyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylate (22.10 g, 91.59 mmol) in THF (36.2 mL) over 10 min. The solution was stirred at -78 °C for 30 min before isopropyl iodide (10.0 mL, 100 mmol) was added in one portion. The mixture was then moved to a freezer reading at -24 °C and kept overnight. The reaction was quenched with aqueous ammonium chloride and the resulting solution was extracted with ether three times. The ether layers were dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica eluting with 10% ethyl acetate/hexane to give the title compound (20.2 g). MS calculated for C15H25NO4: (M+H)+ 284; found 184.2 (M-Boc+H)+.
To a solution of methyl (1S,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-isopropylcyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylate (18.42 g, 65 mmol) in THF (500 mL), methanol (500 mL) and water (100 mL) was added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (5.00 g, 119 mmol). The mixture was heated to reflux overnight. After 18 hours, TLC indicated a very trace amount of starting material. The organic solvents were removed in vacuo and the aqueous layer was extracted with ether (200mL) to remove the unreacted starting material. The aqueous layer was acidified with concentrated HCl to pH=4 while being cooled in an ice bath. The resulting solution was extracted with methylene chloride three times. The extracts were dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to give a solid (17 g). The solid was dissolved in hot ethyl acetate (22 mL) and hexanes (550 mL) were added to the solution. The solution was slowly cooled down to room temperature before putting into a freezer reading at -22 to - 24 °C. After two days, the crystals were removed off and the liquid was evaporated in vacuo to give the desired product as a white foamy solid (9.78 g, 56%). MS calculated for C14H23NO4: (M+H)+ 270; found 170.1 (M-Boc+H)+.
To a solution of (1S,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-isopropylcyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid (9.78 g, 36.3 mmol) in ethanol (250 mL) was added 10% palladium on carbon (550 mg). The mixture was shaken under hydrogen at 55 psi overnight and filtered through celite. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo to afford the title compound (9.45 g, 96%). MS calculated for C14H25NO4: (M+H)+ 272; found 172.1 (M-Boc+H)+.
To a solution of (1S,3R)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-isopropylcyclopentanecarboxylic acid (100 mg, 0.37 mmol), N-(3-trifluoromethyl)phenylpiperazine (85 mg, 0.37 mmol) and triethylamine (0.1 mL, 0.74 mmol) in methylene chloride (5 mL) was added benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (160 mg, 0.37 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with saturated NaHCO3. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc three times. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4), concentrated and purified on silica gel eluting with 50% EtOAc/hexanes to 100% EtOAc, providing 86 mg (52%) of the desired product. MS calculated for C25H36F3N3O3: (M+H) 484; found 384.2 (M-Boc+1).
tert-Butyl [(1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-({4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl}carbonyl)cyclopentyl]carbamate (82 mg, 0.18 mmol) was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (3 mL) in methylene chloride (3 mL) for 1 h at room temperature. The mixture was concentrated and used for next step without purification. MS calculated for C20H28F3N3O: (M+H) 383; found 383.2.
To a solution of (1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-({4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl}carbonyl)cyclopentanamine bis(trifluoroacetate) (98 mg, 0.16 mmol), tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (0.044 mL, 0.48 mmol) and triethylamine (0.067 mL, 0.48 mmol) in methylene chloride (5 mL) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (68 mg, 0.32 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with saturated Na2CO3. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc three times. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4), concentrated and purified on silica gel eluting with EtOAc to 1% Et3N/EtOAc providing 63 mg (84%) of the desired product, which was further purified by HPLC to give the product as diTFA salt. MS calculated for C25H36F3N3O2: (M+H) 468; found 468.2.
The title compound was prepared in a fashion similar to that for Example 1 starting from N-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine. MS calculated for C25H36F3N3O2: (M+H) 468; found 468.2.
The title compound was prepared in a manner analogous to that for Example 1 starting from N-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine. MS calculated for C25H36F3N3O2: (M+H) 468; found 468.2.
The title compound was prepared in a manner analogous to that for Example 1 starting from N-(3,5-bistrifluorometylphenyl)piperazine. MS calculated for C26H35F6N3O2: (M+H) 536; found 536.2.
To a solution of N,N-diisopropylamine (3.8 mL, 27 mmol) in THF (80 mL) cooled in an ice bath was added a 1.6 M solution of n-butyllithium in hexanes (17 mL). After stirring for 15 min, the temperature was lowered down to -78 °C and tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (2.24 g, 22.4 mmol) in THF (60 mL) and hexamethylphosphoramide (4 mL, 20 mmol) were added. The resulting mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 30 min before methyl iodide (7 mL, 100 mmol) was added. The reaction was allowed to warm to 0 °C and stirring was continued at 0 °C for 1.5 h and at ambient temperature for 30 min. After cooling back to 0 °C, the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NH4Cl. The resulting solution was extracted with EtOAc three times. The combined extracts were dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (80% hexanes/20% EtOAc to 50% hexanes/50% EtOAc) provided the desired product. 1H NMR (CDCl3) □4.30-4.10 (2H, m), 3.75-3.65 (1H, m), 3.35-3.30 (1H, m), 2.70-2.60 (1H, m), 2.42-2.35 (2H, m), 1.00 (3H, d, J=5 Hz).
To a solution of (1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-({4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl}carbonyl)cyclopentanamine (80 mg, 0.2 mmol), 3-methyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (71 mg, 0.62 mmol) and triethylamine (0.12 mL, 0.83 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (130 mg, 0.62 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the solution was diluted with dichloromethane. The resulting solution was washed with NaHCO3 and brine, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified on silica gel to give the desired product which was further separated by chiral HPLC affording four isomers. MS calculated for C26H38F3N3O2: (M+H) 482; found 482.2 for four isomers.
The title compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to that described for 3-methyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 4.20-3.40 (4H, m), 2.60-2.40 (3H, m), 1.40-0.80 (5H, m).
The title compound was prepared in a manner analogous to that for Example 5. MS calculated for C27H40F3N3O2: (M+H) 496; found 496.2.
To a solution of diisopropylamine (6.1 g, 60 mmol) in THF (100 mL) cooled in an ice bath was added a 1.6 M solution of n-butyllithium in hexanes (37 mL, 60 mmol). The resulting solution was cooled to -78 °C. To it was added tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (5 g, 50 mmol) followed by phosphorous hexamethyltriamide (10 mL, 55 mmol). After 10 min, a solution of bromomethyl methyl ether (25 g, 200 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was added. Stirring was continued at 0 °C for 1h and at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched by addition of a saturated solution of ammonium chloride in water. The resulting solution was extracted with ether three times. The combined extracts were dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. Flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with 20% ether/petroleum ether afforded the desired product (0.9 g oil). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 4.2 (2H, m), 4.1 (3H, s), 3.6-3.4 (4H, m), 2.4-2.3 (3H, m).
The title compound was prepared by reductive amination of 3-(methoxymethyl)tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one with (1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-({4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl}carbonyl)cyclopentanamine using the procedure described for Example 5. MS calculated for C27H40F3N3O3: (M+H) 512; found 512.2.
A solution of 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (2.0 g, 11 mmol), piperazine (3 g, 30 mmol) and triethylamine (3.1 mL, 22 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was heated at 100 °C overnight and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc to EtOAc/MeOH/Et3N = 9/1/0.5) to give 1.09g (43%) of pure product. MS calculated for C10H12F3N3: (M+H) 232; found 232.1.
To a solution of 1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine (145 mg, 0.627 mmol), (1S,3R)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-isopropylcyclopentanecarboxylic acid (140 mg, 0.52 mmol) in methylene chloride (10 mL) was added benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (253 mg, 0.572 mmol) followed by triethylamine (0.156 mL, 1.12 mmol). After being stirred overnight, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with saturated NaHCO3. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc three times. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4), concentrated and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (20% EtOAc/hexanes to 40%EtOAc/hexanes) to give 0.15 g of desired product. MS calculated for C24H35F3N4O3: (M+H) 485; found 385.2 (M-Boc+H).
tert-Butyl [(1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-({4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}carbonyl)cyclopentyl]carbamate (150 mg, 0.31 mmol) was treated with a 4.0 M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) at room temperature for 1 hr and concentrated at reduced pressure to give the product which was used for next step without purification. MS calculated for C19H27F3N4O: (M+H) 385; found 385.2.
To a solution of (1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-({4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}carbonyl)cyclopentanamine dihydrochloride (140 mg, 0.31 mmol), 3-methyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (70 mg, 0.61 mmol) and triethylamine (0.21 mL, 1.5 mmol) in methylene chloride (10 mL) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (190 mg, 0.92 mmol). After being stirred overnight, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with saturated Na2CO3. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc three times. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4), concentrated and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc to 1% Et3N/EtOAc to 5% Et3N/EtOAc) to give 101 mg of product. The product was further separated by chiral HPLC to give isomer 1 and isomer 2. MS calculated for C25H37F3N4O2 (M+1) 483; found 483.2.
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those described for Example 8. MS calculated for C26H39F3N4O2 (M+1) 497; found 497.2.
To a solution of 3,5-dibromopyridine (48 g, 200 mmol) in THF (200 mL) was added a 2 M solution of isopropylmagnesium chloride in THF (80 mL). After being stirred at room temperature for 2 h, the solution was cooled to -78 °C. To it was added a precooled solution of iodine (51 g, 200 mmol) in THF (100 mL). The mixture was diluted with ether and washed with a saturated solution of ammonium chloride, a 2 M solution of sodium thiosulfate, and brine. The resulting organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated. Crystalization from ethanol gave 33.5g (58%) of desired product. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.75 (1H, s), 8.60 (1H, s), 8.20 (1H, s).
A solution of 3-bromo-5-iodopyridine (13.0 g, 45.8 mmol), tert-butyl piperazine-1-carboxylate (8.53 g, 45.8 mmol), copper(I) iodide (0.871 g, 4.57 mmol), K3PO4 (19.46 g, 91.68 mmol), 1,2-ethanediol (5.1 mL, 91 mmol) in isopropyl alcohol (80 mL) in a sealed tube was heated at 80 °C in an oil bath for 2 days. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was filtered through celite. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was taken up in EtOAc and the solution was washed with saturated NaHCO3, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (20% EtOAc/hexanes to 30% EtOAc/hexanes) afforded 5.75 g (37%) of desired product. MS calculated for C14H20BrN3O2: (M+H) 343; found 342.0, 344.0.
To a solution of tert-butyl 4-(3-bromophenyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate (2.0 g, 5.9 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added a 2 M solution of isopropylmagnesium chloride in THF (5 mL). After being stirred at room temperature for 2 h, the solution was cooled to -78 °C. To it was added a precooled solution of iodine (3.0 g, 12 mmol) in THF (2 mL). After being stirred at -78 °C for 30 min and at room temperature for another 30 min, the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with saturated ammonium chloride, 2 M solution of sodium thiosulfate and brine, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (20% EtOAc/hexanes to 50% EtOAc/hexanes) to give the disired product (1.40 g) in 75% purity. MS calculated for C15H21IN2O2· (M+H) 390; found 390.0.
Copper(I) iodide (0.49 g, 2.6 mmol) and potassium fluoride (0.15 g, 2.6 mmol) in a flask were flame-heated under gentle shaking and at high vacuum until a greenish color appeared. A solution of tert-butyl 4-(3-iodophenyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate (0.5 g, 1.0 mmol) and (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane (0.37 g, 2.6 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added. The brown solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. More (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane (0.37g) was added. The mixture was heated at 50 °C overnight, diluted with EtOAc and washed with saturated ammonium chloride. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc three times. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4), concentrated and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (20% to 40% EtOAc/hexanes) to give 120 mg of desired product. MS calculated for C15H20F3N3O2: (M+H) 332; found 332.1.
tert-Butyl 4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperazine-1-carboxylate (0.24 g, 0.25 mmol) was treated with a 4.0 M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (7 mL) at room temperature for 1 h and concentrated. The residue was used for next step without further purification. MS calculated for C10H12F3N3: (M+H) 232; found 232.1.
To a solution of 1-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperazine trihydrochloride (0.22 g, 0.23 mmol), (1S,3R)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-isopropylcyclopentanecarboxylic acid (0.18 g, 0.66 mmol) in methylene chloride (10 mL) was added benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (0.338 g, 0.764 mmol) followed by triethylamine (0.22 mL, 1.6 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and diluted with EtOAc. The solution was washed with saturated NaHCO3, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (20% EtOAc/hexanes to 40%EtOAc/hexanes) to give 0.19 g (61%) of desired product. MS calculated for C24H35F3N4O3: (M+H) 485; found 485.2.
tert-Butyl [(1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-({4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperazin-1-yl}carbonyl)cyclopentyl]carbamate (190 mg, 0.14 mmol) was treated with a 4.0 M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) for 1 h at room temperature. The mixture was concentrated and purified by HPLC to provide 35 mg of desired product. MS calculated for C19H27F3N4O; (M+H) 385; found 385.1.
To a solution of (1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-({4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperazin-1-yl}carbonyl)cyclopentanamine tris(trifluoroacetate) (25 mg, 0.034 mmol), 3-methyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (11 mg, 0.10 mmol) and triethylamine (0.024 mL, 0.17 mmol) in methylene chloride (2 mL) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (22 mg, 0.10 mmol). The mixture was stirred under N2 at room temperature overnight and diluted with EtOAc. The resulting solution was washed with saturated NaHCO3, dried (MgSO4), and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc to EtOAc/MeOH/Et3N=9:1:0.5) to give 14 mg of desired product as a mixture of two isomers. The two isomers were separated by chiral HPLC to give peak 1 and peak 2. MS calculated for C25H37F3N4O2: (M+H) 483; found 483.2.
The title compound was prepared in a manner analogous to that for Example 10. MS calculated for C26H39F3N4O2: (M+H) 497; found 497.2.
In a dried flask, (1S,3R)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-isopropylcyclopentanecarboxylic acid (200 mg, 0.7 mmol) and 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (160 mg, 0.81 mmol) were suspended in methylene chloride (4 mL) under N2. Triethylamine (0.22 g, 2.2 mmol) was added followed by benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (0.36 g, 0.81 mmol). The reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature and quenched by addition of saturated NaHCO3 solution. The resulting solution was extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined extracts were dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (gradient: 0 - 45% B over 15 min. Bottle A = hexanes, bottle B = EtOAc) to give 234 mg (80%) of desired product. MS calculated for C25H36N2O3: (M+H) 413; found 413.2.
tert-Butyl {(1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-[(4-phenyl-3,6-dihydropyridin-1(2H)-yl)carbonyl]cyclopentyl}carbamate (0.23 g, 0.56 mmol) was dissolved in a 1.0 M solution of HCl in ether (4 mL). After being stirred at room temperature for 2 h, the solution was concentrated to give a colorless oil (170 mg). MS calculated for C20H28N2O: (M+H) 313; found 313.2.
To a solution of (1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-[(4-phenyl-3,6-dihydropyridin-1(2H)-yl)carbonyl]cyclopentanamine hydrochloride (50 mg, 0.1 mmol), tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (43 mg, 0.43 mmol), and triethylamine (0.070 mL, 0.50 mmol) in methylene chloride (2 mL) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (91 mg, 0.43 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature overnight, saturated NaHCO3 was added. The solution was extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined extracts were dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (gradient: 0 - 15% B over 15 min. Bottle A = 1% NH4OH/3% MeOH/EtOAc, Bottle B = 1% NH4OH/MeOH) afforded the desired compound. MS calculated for C25H36N2O2: (M+H) 397; found 397.2.
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those described for Example 12. MS calculated for C26H38N2O2: (M+H) 411; found 411.1.
To a solution of N-{(1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-[(4-phenyl-3,6-dihydropyridin-1(2H)-yl)carbonyl]cyclopentyl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-amine (22 mg, 0.055 mmol) in methanol (2.0 mL) under N2 was added palladium (10 mg) (10% dry weight on wet activated carbon). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under H2 (1 atm) overnight (22 h) and filtered through celite. The celite was washed with methylene chloride and the filtrate was concentrated to give 20 mg of desired product after lyophilization. MS calculated for C25H38N2O2: (M+H) 399; found 399.2.
To a solution of 1-bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (1.18 g, 5.24 mmol) in THF (20 mL) cooled at -78 °C was dropwise added a 1.60 M solution of n-butyllithium in hexane (3.4 mL). After being stirred for 40 min, a solution of tert-butyl 4-oxo-1-piperidinecarboxylate (1.0 g, 5.0 mmol) in THF (3 mL) was added and the solution stirred for 1 h at -78 °C. The reaction was quenched with saturated ammonium chloride. The resulting solution was extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined extracts were dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated to give 0.78 g of a white solid which was used for the next reaction without purification. MS calculated for C17H22F3NO3: (M+H) 346; found 246.0 (M-Boc+1).
tert-Butyl 4-hydroxy-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.40 g, 1.0 mmol) was dissolved in a 2.0 M solution of HCl in ether (5 mL). After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the solution was diluted with ether. The white solid was filtered and washed with ether to give 170 mg of pure product. MS calculated for C12H14F3NO: (M+H) 246; found 246.1.
To a solution of (1S,3R)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-isopropylcyclopentanecarboxylic acid (150 mg, 0.55 mmol), 4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidin-4-ol hydrochloride (170 mg, 0.60 mmol), and triethylamine (0.17 g, 1.6 mmol) in methylene chloride (3 mL) was added (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (0.31 g, 0.60 mmol). After being stirred for 2.5 h, the reaction was quenched by addition of a saturated NaHCO3 solution. The resulting solution was extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined extracts were dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated. The crude product was carried on to the next step without purification. MS calculated for C26H37F3N2O4: (M+H) 499; found 499.2.
To a flask containing tert-butyl [(1R,3S)-3-({4-hydroxy-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidin-1-yl}carbonyl)-3-isopropylcyclopentyl]carbamate (0.27 g, 0.54 mmol) was added a 2.00 M solution of HCl in ether (5 mL) and the resulting mixture stirred for 3.5 h. The solution was concentrated to give an oil which was used in the next reaction without purification. MS calculated for C21H29F3N2O2: (M+H)399; found 399.2.
To a solution of 1-{[(1S,3R)-3-amino-1-isopropylcyclopentyl]carbonyl}-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidin-4-ol hydrochloride (50 mg, 0.1 mmol), 3-methyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (39 mg, 0.34 mmol), and triethylamine (0.048 mL, 0.34 mmol) in methylene chloride (5 mL) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (73 mg, 0.34 mmol). After being stirred overnight at room temperature, a saturated solution of NaHCO3 was added. The solution was extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined extracts were dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (0 - 20% B over 15 min. Bottle A = 1% NH4OH/2% MeOH/EtOAc, Bottle B = 1% NH4OH/MeOH) afforded the desired product as an oil. MS calculated for C27H39F3N2O3: (M+H) 497; found 497.2.
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those described for Example 15. MS calculated for C27H39F3N2O3: (M+H) 497; found 497.2.
To a solution of tert-butyl 4-hydroxy-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.75 g, 2.2 mmol) in pyridine (15 mL) cooled in an ice bath was slowly added thionyl chloride (0.79 mL, 11 mmol) and the mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight (17 h). The reaction was quenched with ice water. The resulting solution was extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined extracts were dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (0 - 40% B over 25 min. Bottle A = hexanes, Bottle B = EtOAc) gave 209 g of the desired product as a solid. MS calculated for C17H20F3NO2: (M+H) 328; found 228.0 (M-Boc+H).
To a solution of tert-butyl 4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3,6-dihydropyridine-1(2H)-carboxylate (200 mg, 0.61 mmol) in methylene chloride (5 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid (2.5 mL). After being stirred at room temperature for 45 min, the solution was concentrated to give an oil. MS calculated for C12H12F3N: (M+H) 228; found 228.1.
To a solution of (1S,3R)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-isopropylcyclopentanecarboxylic acid (115 mg, 0.424 mmol) and 4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine trifluoroacetate (152 mg, 0.445 mmol) in methylene chloride (2 mL) was added triethylamine (0.21 g, 2.1 mmol) followed by benzoiriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (210 mg, 0.47 mmol). After being stirred overnight at room temperature, the reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 solution. The resulting solution was extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined extracts were dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (0 - 50% B over 15 min. Bottle A = hexanes, Bottle B = EtOAc) provided 174 mg of desired product as a white solid. MS calculated for C26H35F3N2O3: (M+H) 481; found 481.1.
tert-Butyl ((1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-{[4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3,6-dihydropyridin-1(2H)-yl]carbonyl}cyclopentyl)carbamate (0.17 g, 0.00035 mol) was dissolved in a 2.0 M solution of HCl in ether (2.2 mL). After being stirred for 2 h at room temperature, the solution was concentrated to give 144 mg of desired product as a clear oil. MS calculated for C21H27F3N2O: (M+H) 381; found 381.1.
To a solution of (1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-{[4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3,6-dihydropyridin-1(2H)-yl]carbonyl}cyclopentanamine hydrochloride (46 mg, 0.11 mmol), tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (33 mg, 0.33 mmol), and triethylamine (0.054 mL, 0.39 mmol) in methylene chloride (2 mL) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (70 mg, 0.33 mmol). After being stirred overnight at room temperature, a saturated NaHCO3 solution was added. The resulting solution was extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined extracts were dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (0 - 20% B over 15 min. Bottle A = 1% NH4OH/2% MeOH/EtOAc, Bottle B = 1% NH4OH/MeOH) provided the desired product. MS calculated for C26H35F3N2O2: (M+H) 465; found 465.2.
The title compound was prepared in a manner analogous to that described for Example 17. MS calculated for C26H35F3N2O2: (M+H) 465; found 465.2.
The title compound was prepared in a manner analogous to that described for Example 17. MS calculated for C27H37F3N2O2: (M+H) 479; found 479.2.
The title compound was prepared in a manner analogous to that described for Example 17. MS calculated for C28H39F3N2O2: (M+H) 492; found 492.2.
A mixture of 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (2.70 g, 14.9 mmol) and bromotrimethylsilane (3.90 mL, 29.6 mmol) in propanenitrile (15.0 mL) was heated under reflux for 22 h. The product (very volatile) was carefully rotary evaporated to give 4.07 g (propanenitrile contained) of thick light brown suspension w/o further purification. LC-MS calculated for C6H3BrF3N (M+H) 226.9; found 225.9/227.8.
To a slightly cloudy solution of 2-bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (4.0 g, 14.2 mmol) in dry methylene chloride (52.7 mL) cooled at -78 °C was added a 1.6 M solution of n-butyllithium in hexanes (9.65 mL). After being stirred for 40 min at -78 °C, a solution of tert-butyl 4-oxo-1-piperidinecarboxylate (2.59 g, 12.9 mmol) in dry methylene chloride (10.0 mL) was added dropwise. The reaction was stirred at -78 °C for 1 h and quenched with aqueous NH4 Cl. THF was removed by rotary evaporation. The aqueous layer was extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined organic layers were dried, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (30:70 EtOAc/hexanes) to give 2.63 g (59%) of desired product as a brown oil. LC-MS calculated for C16H21F3N2O3: (M+H) 347; found 247.0 (M-Boc+1).
To a solution of tert-butyl 4-hydroxy-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate (2.00 g, 2.31 mmol) in pyridine (15.9 mL) cooled in an ice bath was slowly added thionyl chloride (0.84 mL, 12 mmol). The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight (17 h). The brown reaction mixture was quenched with ice water and extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined extracts were dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (0 - 10% B over 25 min. Bottle A = hexanes, Bottle B = EtOAc) to give 404 mg (53%) of desired product as light brown oil. LC-MS calculated for C16H19F3N2O2: (M+H) 329; found 273.1 (M-tBu+1).
tert-Butyl 4-(trifluoromethyl)-3',6'-dihydro-2,4'-bipyridine-1'(2'H)-carboxylate (380.0 mg, 1.157 mmol) was dissolved in a 4 M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (12.0 mL) to form a light yellow clear (then cloudy) solution. After being stirred at room temperature for 1 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to afford 389 mg of product as a yellow gum. LC-MS calculated for C11H11F3N2: (M+H) 229; found 229.1.
To a solution of (1S,3R)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-isopropylcyclopentanecarboxylic acid (0.288 g, 1.06 mmol) and 4-(trifluoromethyl)-1',2',3',6'-tetrahydro-2,4'-bipyridine dihydrochloride (0.320 g, 1.06 mmol) in dry methylene chloride (11.5 mL) was added triethylamine (0.592 mL, 4.25 mmol) followed by benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (0.517 g, 1.17 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the brown reaction mixture was washed with NaHCO3 and brine, dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (30:70 EtOAc/hexanes) to provide a light yellow solid product: 265 mg (52%). LC-MS calculated for C25H34F3N3O3: (M+H) 482; found 382.2 (M-Boc+1).
tert-Butyl ((1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)-3',6'-dihydro-2,4'-bipyridin-1'(2'H)-yl]carbonyl}cyclopentyl)carbamate (260.0 mg, 0.54 mmol) was dissolved in a 4 M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (6 mL) to form a light yellow clear solution. After being stirred at room temperature for 1 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to afford 300 mg of product as di-HCl salt. The solid was treated with a 1 M solution of NaOH. The free base was extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined extracts were dried, filtered and concentrated to provide 194 mg (94%) of product as a light yellow gum. LC-MS calculated for C20H26F3N3O (M+H) 382; found 382.1.
To a solution of (1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)-3',6'-dihydro-2,4'-bipyridin-1'(2'H)-yl]carbonyl}cyclopentanamine (51 mg, 0.13 mmol), 3-methyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (46 mg, 0.4 mmol) and triethylamine (0.037 mL, 0.27 mmol) in dry methylene chloride (5 mL) was treated with sodium triacetoxyborohydride (85 mg, 0.40 mmol) at room temperature under N2 overnight. The reaction was quenched with aqueous NaHCO3 and diluted with methylene chloride. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined extracts were dried over MgSO4, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product (90 mg) was passed through a short silica gel pad (30:70 MeOH/EtOAc). The filtrate was concentrated and separated by chiral HPLC to give two isomers: first isomer; second isomer:. MS calculated for C26H36F3N3O2: (M+H) 480; found 480.1 for both isomers.
The title compound was prepared using a sequence analogous to that described for Example 21. MS calculated for C27H38F3N3O2: (M+H) 494; found 494.2 for both isomers.
5-(Trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-ol (10.0 g, 61.31 mmol) was added to a stirring concentrated sulfuric acid (50.0 mL) at room temperature. The resulting clear solution was placed in an ice water bath, and potassium nitrate (12.4 g, 123 mmol) was added slowly while maintaining the temperature at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was heated at 65 °C for 4 h before pouring onto ice and treated carefully with 50% NaOH (83 mL) until pH=8. The aqueous solution was extracted with EtOAc three times. The combined extracts were dried, filtered and concentrated to give 9.78 (77%) of crude product (>90% purity) as a yellow solid. Further purification by trituration with EtOAc gave 8.40 g of pure product. LC-MS calculated for C6H3F3N2O3: (M+H) 209; found 209.0.
To a solution of phosphoryl chloride (2.0 mL, 21.2 mmol) and quinoline (1.30 mL, 10.8 mmol) was added solid powder 3-nitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-ol (4.00 g, 18.3 mmol) (95% purity). The resulting dark brown thick suspension was heated to reflux for 4 h and gradually turned into a very cloudy dark brown solution. After cooling to 100 °C, water (11 mL) was slowly added to the mixture which was further cooled to room temperature and neutralized carefully with Na2CO3. The resulting solution was extracted with EtOAc three times. The extracts were combined, dried over MgSO4, filtered, and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc/hexanes 30:70) to afford 2.28 g of desired product.
To a solution of 2-chloro-3-nitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (1.25 g, 5.518 mmol) in methanol (25.0 mL) under N2 was added palladium (1.17 g, 1.10 mmol) (10% dry weight on wet activated carbon). The reaction mixture was placed on a Parr apparatus and hydrogenated at 50 psi for 90 min. The catalyst was filtered off through a celite pad. The filtrate was concentrated to give a crude product (1.08 g) which was pure (>98% by HPLC) enough without further purification. LC-MS calculated for C6H5F3N2: (M+H) 163; found 163.1.
A solution of sodium nitrite (402 mg, 5.83 mmol) in water (6.8 mL) was added slowly to a suspension of 5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-amine (947 mg, 5.55 mmol) in hydrogen bromide (48% aqueous solution, 1.57 mL) in ice-water bath. After being stirred for 10 min, the resulting orange diazo solution was directly but slowly transferred to a stirring mixture of copper(I) bromide (876 mg, 6.11 mmol) and hydrogen bromide (48% aqueous solution, 0.38 mL). The resulting brown mixture was heated at 60 °C for 1 h. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with methylene chloride, washed with 50% NaOH (until pH = 11), and water. The aqueous layer was back extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic extracts were carefully concentrated under vacuum to provide crude product without purification.
To a slightly cloudy solution of 3-bromo-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (2.20 g, 30% purity, 2.92 mmol) in dry methylene chloride (15.0 mL) at -78 °C was added a 1.6 M solution of n-butyllithium in hexanes (1.99 mL). After being stirred for 30 min at -78 °C, a solution of tert-butyl 4-oxo-1-piperidinecarboxylate (0.534 g, 2.65 mmol) in dry methylene chloride (3.0 mL) was added dropwise. The reaction was stirred at -78 °C for 1.5 h and quenched with aqueous NH4Cl. The resulting solution was extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined organic layers were dried, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (50:50 EtOAc/hexanes) to give 330 mg (25%) of desired product as a yellow oil. LC-MS calculated for C16H21F3N2O3: (M+H) 347; found 247.1 (M-Boc+1).
To a solution of tert-butyl 4-hydroxy-4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate (300 mg, 0.433 mmol) in pyridine (3.00 mL) cooled in an ice bath was added thionyl chloride (0.158 mL, 2.16 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature overnight (16 h), the brown reaction mixture was quenched with ice water and extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined extracts were dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (0 - 20% B over 35 min. Bottle A = hexanes, Bottle B = EtOAc) provided 65 mg (46%) of desired product as a light yellow oil. LC-MS calculated for C16H19F3N2O2: (M+H) 329; found 329.1.
tert-Butyl 5-(trifluoromethyl)-3',6'-dihydro-3,4'-bipyridine-1'(2'H)-carboxylate (50.0 mg, 0.152 mmol) was dissolved in a 4 M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) to form a light yellow clear (then cloudy) solution. After being stirred at room temperature for 1 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to afford 40.0 mg (87%) of product as a yellow gum. LC-MS calculated for C11H11F3N2: (M+H) 229; found 229.0.
To a solution of (1S,3R)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-isopropylcyclopentanecarboxylic acid (40.0 mg, 0.147 mmol) and 5-(trifluoromethyl)-1',2',3',6'-tetrahydro-3,4'-bipyridine dihydrochloride (44.4 mg, 0.147 mmol) in dry methylene chloride (2.5 mL) was added triethylamine (0.103 mL, 0.737 mmol) followed by benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (71.7 mg, 0.162 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the reaction was quenched with aqueous NaHCO3. The resulting solution was extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined extracts were dried, filtered, concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column (30:70 EtOAc/hexanes, then gradient elution up to 50:50 EtOAc/hexanes) to provide a pale yellow gel product: 24 mg (34%). LC-MS calculated for C25H34F3N3O3: (M+H) 482; found 382.0 (M-Boc+1).
tert-Butyl ((1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-3',6'-dihydro-3,4'-bipyridin-1'(2'H)-yl]carbonyl}cyclopentyl)carbamate (24.0 mg, 0.0498 mmol) was dissolved in a 4 M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (2.0 mL) to form a light yellow clear solution. After being stirred at room temperature for 1 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was treated with a 1 M solution of NaOH and the solution was extracted with methylene chloride three times. The extracts were dried, filtered and concentrated to provide 28 mg of product as a light yellow solid. LC-MS calculated for C20H26F3N3O: (M+H) 382; found 382.1.
To a solution of (1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-3',6'-dihydro-3,4'-bipyridin-1'(2'H)-yl]carbonyl}cyclopentanamine (9.0 mg, 0.024 mmol), 3-methyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (8.1 mg, 0.071 mmol) and triethylamine (0.0066 mL, 0.047 mmol) in dry methylene chloride (2.0 mL) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (15.0 mg, 0.071 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the reaction was quenched with aqueous NaHCO3 and diluted with methylene chloride. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with methylene chloride three times. The organic layers were combined, dried over MgSO4, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel column (30:70 MeOH/EtOAc) to provide pure product. MS calculated for C26H36F3N3O2: (M+H) 480; found 480.1.
The title compound was prepared using a sequence analogous to that described for Example 23. MS calculated for C27H38F3N3O2: (M+H) 494; found 494.2.
A solution of 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine (2.0 g, 11 mmol), piperazine (2.8 g, 33 mmol) and triethylamine (3.0 mL, 22 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was stirred at 100 °C in a sealed tube overnight. After removal of most of the solvent, the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc to EtOAc/MeOH/NEt3 9/1/0.5) to give 1.48 g (56%) of desired product. MS calculated for C9H11F3N4: (M+H) 233; found 233.1.
To a solution of 2-piperazin-1-yl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine (250 mg, 1.08 mmol), (1S,3R)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-isopropylcyclopentanecarboxylic acid (300 mg, 1.1 mmol) and triethylamine (0.45 mL, 3.2 mmol) in methylene chloride (10 mL) was added benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (520 mg, 1.2 mmol). After being stirred overnight, the reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO3. The resulting solution was extracted with EtOAc three times. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4) and concentrated. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (20%-40% EtOAc/hexanes) provided 290 mg of desired product. MS calculated for C23H34F3N5O3: (M+H) 486; found 386.1 (M-Boc+1).
tert-Butyl [(1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-({4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}carbonyl)cyclopentyl]carbamate (290 mg, 0.60 mmol) was dissolved in a 4.0 M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL). After being stirred at room temperature for 1 h, the mixture was concentrated to give 270 mg of desired product. MS calculated for C18H26F3N5O: (M+H) 386; found 386.1.
To a solution of (1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-({4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}carbonyl)cyclopentanainine dihydrochloride (135.0 mg, 0.29 mmol), 3-methyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (100 mg, 0.88 mmol) and triethylamine (0.16 mL, 1.2 mmol) in methylene chloride (10 mL) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (190 mg, 0.88 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO3. The resulting solution was extracted with EtOAc three times. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4), concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc to EtOAc/Et3N=10:0.1) to give desired product as a mixture of two isomers. The two isomers were separated by chiral HPLC to give isomer 1 and isomer 2. MS calculated for C24H36F3N5O2: (M+H) 484; found 484.1.
The title compound was prepared using a sequence analogous to that described for Example 25. MS calculated for C25H38F3N5O2: (M+H) 498; found 498.1.
A solution of 2-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (1.0 g, 5.5 mmol), piperazine (1.4 g, 16.0 mmol), and triethylamine (1.5 mL, 11.0 mmol) were mixed in DMF (10 mL) in a dealed tube. The mixture was heated at 100 °C overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated and chromatographed on silica gel (ethyl acetate to EA/MeOH/Et3N=9:1:0.5) to give 1.05 g of the desired product. MS calculated for C10H12F3N3: (M+H) 232.1; found 232.1.
To a solution of 1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine (249 mg, 1.08 mmol), (1S,3R)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-isopropylcyclopentanecarboxylic acid (300 mg, 1.10 mmol), triethylamine (0.45 mL, 3.2 mmol) in methylene chloride (10 mL) was added benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (524 mg, 1.18 mmol). After being stirred overnight, the reaction was quenched with saturated sodium NaHCO3. The resulting solution was extracted with EtOAc three times. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4) and concentrated. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (20% EA/hex to 40%EA/hexanes) provided 310 mg of the desired product. MS calculated for C24H36F3N4O3: (M+H) 485.3; found 485.3.
tert-Butyl [(1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-(4-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)cyclopentyl]carbamate (300 mg, 0.62 mmol) was dissoved in a 4.0 M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL). After being stirred at room temperature for 1 h, the solution was concentrated to give 260 mg of desired product. MS calculated for C19H27F3N4O: (M+H) 385.2; found 385.2.
To a solution of (1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-(4-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)cyclopentanamine dihydrochloride (120 mg, 0.26 mmol), 3-methyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (75 mg, 0.66 mmol), triethylamine (0.15 mL, 1.0 mmol) in methylene chloride (8 mL) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.17 g, 0.79 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate three times, dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flash column chromatography (ethyl acetate to EtOAc/Et3N=10:0.1) to yield the desired product (100 mg, 79%). LCMS calculated for C25H38F3N4O2: (M+1) 483.2; found 483.2.
A solution of 6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-ol (5.0 g, 30.5 mmol), phosphoryl chloride (3.41 mL, 36.6 mmol), and quinoline (2.16 mL, 18.3 mmol) in toluene (50 mL) was stirred at 100 °C for 5 h. The reaction was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate three times, dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flash column chromatography (10% EtOAc/Hexane) to yield the desired product (1.20 g, 21.6%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 9.21 ppm (1H, s), 7.78 (1H, s).
A solution of 4-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine (1.0 g, 5.48 mmol), piperazine (2.36 g, 27.4 mmol), and triethylamine (2.29 mL, 16.4 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was stirred at 100 °C for 5 h. The reaction solution was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate three times, dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flash column chromatography (10%MeOH/5%Et3N/EtOAc) to yield the desired product (720 mg, 56.6%). LCMS calculated for C9H12F3N4: (M+1) 233.1; found 233.1.
A solution of 4-piperazin-1-yl-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine (1.0 g, 4.31 mmol), (1S,3R)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-isopropylcyclopentanecarboxylic acid (1.75 g, 6.46 mmol), benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (2.86 g, 6.46 mmol), and triethylamine (1.20 mL, 8.61 mmol) in methylene chloride (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with methylene chloride, washed with brine, dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flash column chromatography to yield the desired product (800 mg, 38.3%). LCMS calculated for C23H35F3N5O3: (M+1) 486.2; found 486.2.
A solution of tert-butyl [(1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-(4-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl]piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)cyclopentyl]carbamate (800 mg, 1.65 mmol) dissolved in 4 M of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL, 40 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with methylene chloride, washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution, dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flash column chromatography to yield the desired product (0.6 g, 99%). LCMS calculated for C18H27F3N5O: (M+1) 386.2; found 386.2.
To a solution of (1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-(4-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl]piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)cyclopentanamine (120 mg, 0.30 mmol), 3-methyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (120 mg, 0.90 mmol), and triethylamine (0.12 mL, 0.90 mmol) in methylene chloride (20 mL) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.19 g, 0.90 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the reaction mixture was diluted with methylene chloride, washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to provide the desired product as a mixture of four isomers. LCMS calculated for C24H36F3N5O2: (M+1) 484.2; found 484.2 for four isomers.
A solution of 2-chloro-6-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (1.0 g, 5.11 mmol), piperazine (1.32 g, 15.3 mmol), and triethylamine (0.71 mL, 5.1 mmol) were mixed in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL). After stirring at 100 °C for 5 h, the reaction solution was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate three times, dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flash column chromatography (10%MeOH/5%Et3N/EtOAc) to yield the desired product (880 mg, 70.2%). LCMS calculated for C11H15F3N3: (M+1) 246.1; found 246.1.
To a sulotion of 1-[6-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine (280 mg, 1.1 mmol), (1S,3R)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-isopropylcyclopentanecarboxylic acid (460 mg, 1.7 mmol) in methylene chloride (30 mL) was added benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (0.60 g, 1.4 mmol), and triethylamine (0.20 g, 2.0 mmol). After being stirred overnight, the reaction mixture was diluted with methylene chloride, washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The crude residue was purified by flash column chromatography to provide the desired product (200 mg, 35.1%). LCMS calculated for C25H37F3N4O3: (M+1) 499.3; found 499.2.
A solution of tert-butyl [(1R,3S)- 3-isopropyl-3-(4-[6-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)cyclopentyl]carbamate (200 mg, 1.65 mmol) dissolved in 4 M of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL, 40 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was diluted with methylene chloride, washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution, dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide the desired product (0.15 g, 94%). LCMS calculated for C20H30F3N4O: (M+1) 399.2; found 399.2.
To a solution of (1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-(4-[6-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)cyclopentanamine (120 mg, 0.30 mmol), 3-methyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (100mg, 0.90 mmol), and triethylamine (0.12 mL, 0.90 mmol) in methylene chloride (20 mL) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.19 g, 0.90 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the reaction mixture was diluted with methylene chloride, washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to provide the desired product as a mixture of four isomers. LCMS calculated for C26H39F3N4O2: (M+1) 497.3; found 497.2 for four isomers.
To a solution of N-((1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-[4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3,6-dihydropyridin-1(2H)-yl]carbonylcyclopentyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-amine (12.0 mg, 0.026 mmol) in methanol (1.0 mL) under N2 was added palladium (5.5 mg) (10% dry weight on wet activated carbon). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under H2 (1 atm) overnight (22 h) and filtered through celite. The celite was washed with methylene chloride and the filtrate was concentrated to give the desired product (11.9 mg, 99%). MS calculated for C26H38F3N2O2: (M+H) 467.3; found 467.2.
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those described for Example 30. MS calculated for C27H39F3N2O2: (M+H) 481.3; found 481.3.
To a 1.00 M solution of lithium hexamethyldisilazide in tetrahydrofuran (45 mL) stirring at -78 °C was added a solution of methyl (1R,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]cyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylate (5.0 g, 21 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (40 mL). The resulting golden mixture was warmed to -28 °C to -23 °C (CCl4/dry ice) and stirred for 30 min. The reaction solution was cooled down to -78 °C and anhydrous acetone (1.8 mL, 25 mmol) was added. After the addition, the reaction mixture was kept in a CCl4/dry ice bath and allowed to warm to room temperature overnight. The dark solution was quenched with saturated NH4Cl and extracted with ether three times. The combined extracts were dried, filtered, concentrated. The crude residue was purified by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/Hexane) to yield the desired product (1.4 g, 22.6%).
Methyl (4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)cyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylate (1.4 g, 4.7 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (30 mL) in a Parr flask and purged with N2. 10% Palladium on carbon (0.14 g) was added and the mixture was shaken overnight under nitrogen at 50 psi. The mixture was filtered through celite, washed with methylene chloride and concentrated to give the desired product (1.06g, 86%).
To a solution of methyl (3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)cyclopentanecarboxylate (1.0 g, 3.3 mmol) in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran (30 mL), methanol (30 mL) and water (6 mL) was added Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (0.22 g, 5.3 mmol) and the mixture refluxed overnight (110 °C). The organic solvents were evaporated and the aqueous layer was washed with ether one time. The aqueous layer was then acidified with 6 N HCl to about pH 4 and extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined extracts were dried, filtered, and concentrated to provide the desired product (0.47 g, 49%).
To a suspension of (3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (150 mg, 0. 52 mmol) and 1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine (130 mg, 0.57 mmol) in methylene chloride (3 mL) under N2 was added triethylamine (0.16 g, 1.6 mol) and benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (0.25 g, 0.57 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the reaction was quenched by saturated NaHCO3 solution and extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined extracts were dried (MgSO4), filtered, concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography to yield the desired product (76 mg, 29%).
tert-Butyl [(3R)-3-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-3-(4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)cyclopentyl]carbamate (75 mg, 0.15 mmol) was mixed with a 2.00 M solution of hydrogen chloride in ether (2 mL) and tetrahydrofuran (1 mL). After being stirred for 1 h at room temperature, the reaction solution was concentrated to provide the desired product (70 mg, 98.7%). LCMS calculated for C17H28F3N4O2: (M+H) 473.2; found 473.2.
To a solution of 2-[(1R,3S)-3-amino-1-(4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)cyclopentyl]propan-2-ol dihydrochloride (80 mg, 0.16 mmol), 3-methyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (54 mg, 0.47 mmol), and triethylamine (88 uL, 0.63 mmol) in methylene chloride (6 mL) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (99.8 mg, 0.47 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 and extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined extracts were dried (MgSO4), filtered, concentrated, purified by chromatography and then converted to the desired product TFA salts (33.6 mg, 29%). LCMS calculated for C25H37F3N4O3: (M+H) 499.3; found 499.3.
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogouss to those described for Example 32. MS calculated for C24H36F3N5O3: (M+H) 500.3; found 500.3.
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogs to those described for Example 32. MS calculated for C25H37F3N4O3: (M+H) 499.3; found 499.3
To a 1.00 M soluition of lithium hexamethyldisilazide in tetrahydrofuran (61.5 mL, 61.5 mmol) was added a solution of methyl (1R,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]cyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylate (6.71 g, 27.8 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10.0 mL) at -78 °C over 10 min. The resulted light brown solution was stirred at -78 °C for 30 min before iodoethane (2.67 mL, 33.4 mmol) was added in one portion. The mixture was then kept at -25 °C overnight. The reaction was quenched with aqueous NH4Cl. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with ether three times. The combined organic layers were then washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography to yield the desired product as a 7:1 cis/trans mixture (4.83g, 65%). MS calculated for C14H23NO4: (M+H) 170.2; found 170.1 (M+H-Boc).
To a solution of methyl (1R,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-ethylcyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylate (4.80 g, 17.8 mmol)) in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran (100 mL), methanol (100 mL) and water (20 mL) was added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (1.2 g, 28.6 mmol) and the mixture was refluxed overnight. The organic solvents were evaporated. The aqueous layer was then acidified with 6 N HCl to about pH 4 and extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined extracts were dried, filtered, and concentrated to give a mixture of cis/trans isomers (2.93 g, cis/trans = 7:1) as a light yellow solid. This solid was dissolved in EtOAc (4.0 mL) with heating and diluted with hexanes (100 mL) to give a clear solution. This solution was allowed to cool to room temperature slowly over 1 h and then maintained at -25 °C overnight. The cis-isomer was crystallized and dried to provide the desired product (1.40 g, 31%) as a white solid. MS calculated for C13H21NO4: (M+H) 256.2.2; found 156.1 (M+H-Boc).
To a solution of (1R,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-ethylcyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid (1.38 g, 5.41 mmol) in ethanol (40 mL) was added 10% palladium on carbon (200 mg). The mixture was shaken under hydrogen at 50 psi for 18 h and filtered through celite. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo to afford the desired product (1.5 g). MS calculated for C13H23NO4: (M+H) 258.2; found 158.1 (M+H-Boc).
To a solution of (1R,3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-ethylcyclopentanecarboxylic acid (0.30 g, 1.2 mmol) and 1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine dihydrochloride (0.39 g, 1.3 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) under N2 was added triethylamine (0.65 mL, 4.7 mmol) and O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (0.663 g, 1.75 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 and extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined extracts were dried (MgSO4), filtered, concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography to yield the desired product (400 mg, 72.9%). MS calculated for C23H34F3N4O3: (M+H) 471.3; found 371.2 (M+H-Boc).
tert-Butyl [(1S,3R)-3-ethyl-3-(4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)cyclopentyl]carbamate (0.39 g, 0. 83 mmol) was dissolved in a 4 M solution of hydrogen chloride in 1,4-dioxane (3.1 mL) and the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction solution was evaporated to give the desird product as a yellow powder (0.36 g, 96%).
To a solution of (1S,3S)-3-ethyl-3-(4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)cyclopentanamine dihydrochloride (100 mg, 0.20 mmol), 3-methyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (96 mg, 0.71 mmol), and triethylamine (0.11 mL, 0.79 mmol) in methylene chloride (3 mL) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (96 mg, 0.45 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 and extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined organics were dried (MgSO4), filtered, concentrated, purified by flash column chromatography (NH4OH/MeOH/EtOAc) to yield the desired product (38 mg, 40%). MS calculated for C24H35F3N4O2: (M+H) 469.3; found 469.3.
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those described for Example 35. MS calculated for C23H34F3N5O2: (M+H) 470.3; found 470.3.
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those described for Example 35. MS calculated for C24H35F3N4O2: (M+H) 469.3; found 469.3.
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those described for Example 35. MS calculated for C22H32F3N5O2: (M+H) 456.3; found 456.3.
To a solution of 1-bromo-2-methoxyethane (2.0 g, 14 mmol) in acetone (40 mL) was added sodium iodide (11 g, 72 mmol) and the resulting solution was refluxed (70 °C) under N2 for 3 hours. The mixture was cooled and filtered. Upon further cooling in the refrigerator, additional solids crashed out and were filtered off before concentrating to give an orange residue. The residue was taken up in ether and washed with Na2S2O3, which rendered a nearly colorless solution. The solution was dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated to give a yellow oil (1.8g, 64%). 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 3.70-3.60 (2H, t, J = 5 Hz), 3.40 (3H, s), 3.30-3.20 (2H, t, J = 5Hz).
To a 1.00 M solution of lithium hexamethyldisilazide in tetrahydrofuran (9.1 mL, 9.1 mmmol) under N2 at -78 °C was added a solution of methyl (1R,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]cyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylate (1.0 g, 4.1 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL). The resulted light brown solution was stirred at -78 °C for 30 min before adding a solution of 1-iodo-2-methoxyethane (0.93 g, 5.0 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL). The mixture was stirred for an hour at -78 °C then kept in a freezer reading at -20 °C overnight. The reaction was quenched with saturated ammonium chloride. The layers were separated and the aqueous extracted with ether three times. The combined organics were then washed with brine, dried (magnesium sulfate), filtered and purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/Hexane) to provide the desired product (0.28 g, 23%). LCMS calculated for C15H26NO5: (M+H) 300.2; found 300.2.
To a stirred solution of methyl (1S,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-(2-methoxyethyl)cyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylate (0.78 g, 2.6 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1.5 mL), methanol (15 mL), and water (3.0 mL) was added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (0.55 g, 13 mmol) and the resulting orange mixture was stirred at 80 °C overnight. The solvents were evaporated and the mixture was acidified with 6 N HCl to a pH of about 4. The aqueous was then extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give the desired product as an oil (0.47 g, 63.2%). LCMS calculated for C14H24NO5: (M+H) 286.2; found 286.2.
To a solution of (1S,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-(2-methoxyethyl)cyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid (1.56 g, 5.47 mmol) in methanol (30 mL) was added 10% palladium on carbon (150 mg). The mixture was shaken under hydrogen at 50 psi overnight and filtered through celite. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo to afford the desired product (1.57g, 99.9%). MS calculated for C14H26NO5 (M+H) 288.2; found 188.2 (M+H-Boc).
(1S,3R)-3-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-(2-methoxyethyl)cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (276.6 mg, 0.96 mmol), 1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine dihydrochloride (322.0 mg, 1.06 mmol), triethylamine (0.54 mL, 3.85 mmol) and O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (547.6 mg, 1.44 mmol) (HBTU) were mixed in dry DMF (6.6 mL) and the resultanting brown solution was stirred at room temperature under N2 for three days. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH2Cl2, and washed with saturated Na2CO3. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH2Cl2 four times. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4), filtered, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/Hexane) to provide the desired product (252 mg, 52%). MS calculated for C24H36F3N4O4 (M+H) 501.3; found 401.3 (M+H-Boc).
tert-Butyl [(1R,3S)-3-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-(4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)cyclopentyl]carbamate (252 mg, 0.503 mmol) was dissolved in a 2 M solution of hydrogen chloride in ether (8 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction solution was concentrated to give the desird product as a yellow powder (0.36 g, 96%). MS calculated for C19H27F3N4O2 (M+H) 401.3; found 401.3.
To a solution of (1R,3S)-3-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-(4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)cyclopentanamine dihydrochloride (130.0 mg, 0.275 mmol), 3-meyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (94 mg, 0.824 mmol) and triethylamine (0.153 mL, 1.10 mmol) in dry methylene chloride (12 mL) was addedd sodium triacetoxyborohydride (174.6 mg, 0.824 mmol). After being stirred under N2 at room temperature overnight, the reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 and extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined organics were dried (MgSO4), filtered, concentrated, purified by flash column chromatography (MeOH/EtOAc) to yield the desired product (52 mg, 38%). MS calculated for C25H37F3N4O3: (M+H) 499.3; found 499.4.
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those described for Example 27. MS calculated for C24H36F3N5O3: (M+H) 500.3; found 500.3.
To a 1.0 M solution of lithium hexamethyldisilazide in tetrahydrofuran (36.7 mL, 36.7 mmmol) was added a solution of methyl (1R,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]cyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylate (4.00 g, 1.66 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (6.0 mL) at -78 °C. The resulting light brown solution was stirred at -78 °C for 30 min before (chloromethoxy)ethane (1.88 g, 19.9 mol) was added in one portion. The mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 1 h and then kept in a freezer reading at -25 °C overnight. The reaction was then quenched with saturated NH4Cl (50 mL). The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH2Cl2 three times. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated, and purified by flash chromatography (0 to 15% EtOAC in hexanes) to provide the desired product (3.29 g, 66%) as a cis/trans (3:2) mixture based on the analysis on reverse phase HPLC. MS calculated for C15H26NO5: (M+H) 300.2; found 200.2 (M+H-Boc).
To a solution of methyl (1R,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-(ethoxymethyl)cyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylate (3.25 g, 10.8 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (58.7 mL), methanol (58.7 mL) and water (12.6 mL) was added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (0.731 g, 17.42 mmol). The pink mixture was heated to reflux overnight. The organic solvents were removed in vacuo and the aqueous layer was washed once with ether and then acidified slowly with concentrated HCl until the pH reached 4. The resulting suspension was extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated to give the desired product as a mixture of two cis/trans isomers (2.75 g, 89%). MS calculated for C14H24NO5: (M+H) 286.2; found 186.2 (M+H-Boc).
To a solution of (1R,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-(ethoxymethyl)cyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid (2.70 g, 9.46 mmol) in ethanol (69.5 mL) was added 10% palladium on carbon (350 mg). The mixture was shaken under hydrogen at 50 psi for 18 h, filtered through celite and washed with methylene chloride. The filtrate was concentrated to afford the desired product (2.87 g). MS calculated for C14H26NO5 (M+H) 288.2; found 188.2 (M+H-Boc).
(1S)-3-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-(ethoxymethyl)cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (429.4 mg, 1.494 mmol), 1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine dihydrochloride (500.0 mg, 1.644 mmol), triethylamine (0.833 mL, 5.98 mmol) and O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (850.3 mg, 2.242 mol) (HBTU) were mixed in dry DMF (10.2 mL). The resulting brown solution was stirred at room temperature under N2 overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH2Cl2 and washed with saturated Na2CO3. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH2Cl2 four times. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4), concentrated and purified by flash chromatography to provide the desired product (304.4 mg, 40%). MS calculated for C24H36F3N4O4: (M+H) 501.3; found 501.3.
tert-Butyl [(3S)-3-(ethoxymethyl)-3-(4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)cyclopentyl]carbamate (295 mg, 0.589 mol) was dissolved in a 2 M solution of hydrogen chloride in ether (10 mL). After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum to provide the desired product (330 mg) as a light yellow solid. MS calculated for C19H28F3N4O2: (M+H) 401.3; found 401.3.
To a solution of (1R,3S)-3-(ethoxymethyl)-3-(4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)cyclopentanamine dihydrochloride (100.0 mg, 0.211 mmol), 3-methyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (72.3 mg, 0.634 mmol) and triethylamine (0.118 mL, 0.845 mmol) in dry methylene chloride (5 mL) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (134.3 mg, 0.634 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature under N2 overnight, the reaction was quenched with aqueous NaHCO3 and diluted with methylene chloride. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with methylene chloride three times. The organics were combined, dried over MgSO4, filtered, purified by silica gel Combi-Flash system (gradient, 0 to 40% MeOH in EtOAc, 12 gram column) to give the desired product (34 mg, 34%). MS calculated for C25H37F3N4O3: (M+H) 499.3; found 499.3.
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those described for Example 41. MS calculated for C26H39F3N5O3: (M+H) 513.3; found 513.3.
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those described for Example 41. MS calculated for C24H36F3N5O3: (M+H) 500.3; found 500.3.
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those described for Example 41. MS calculated for C24H35F3N4O3: (M+H) 485.3; found 485.3.
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogs to those described for Example 41. MS calculated for C23H34F3N5O3: (M+H) 586.3; found 586.3.
To a a solution of (S)-(+)-3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran (0.50 g, 5.7 mmol) in methylene chloride (50 mL) was added triphenylphosphine (3.0 g, 11 mmol), 1H-imidazole (0.75 g, 11 mmol), and iodine (2.9 g, 11 mmol) sequentially. After being refluxed under N2 overnight, the reaction was quenched with 0.2 M Na2S2O3 (60 mL). The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with methylene chloride three times. The combined organics were dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated to give a wet, yellow solid. To the solids was added pentane (100 mL) and stirred for 2 hours. The solids were filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated to give the desired product (970 mg, 79.4%) as yellow oil. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 4.30-3.85 (5H, m), 2.50-2.20 (2H, m).
To a 1.00 M solution of lithium hexamethyldisilazide in tetrahydrofuran (34.8 mL, 34.8 mmol) under N2 at -78 °C was added a solution of methyl (1R,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]cyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylate (4.0 g, 16 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL). The resulting brown solution was stirred at -78 °C for 30 min before adding a solution of (3R)-3-iodotetrahydrofuran (3.75 g, 17.4 mmol) in THF (3 mL). The mixture was stirred for 10 min at -78 °C then kept in a freezer reading at -25 °C overnight. The reaction was quenched with saturated ammonium chloride, extracted with ether three times. The combined extracts were dried (MgSO4), filtered, concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (EtOAc/Hexane) to provide the desired product (1.6 g, 31%). MS calculated for C16H25NO5: (M+H) 312.2; found 312.2.
To a solution of methyl (1R,4S)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-[(3R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl]cyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylate (1.60 g, 5.14 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (27.8 mL), methanol (27.8 mL) and water (6.0 mL) was added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (0.346 g, 8.25 mmol). The pink mixture was heated to reflux for 18 h. The organic solvents were removed in vacuo and the aqueous layer was extracted once with ether and then acidified slowly with 6 M HCl until the pH reached 3-4. The resulting suspension was extracted with CH2Cl2 three times. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated to give the product as a mixture of two cis/trans isomers (1.59 g) as a light yellow solid. MS calculated for C15H24NO5: (M+H) 298.2; found 198.2 (M+H-Boc).
(1R,4S)-4-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-[(3R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl]cyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid (0.79 g, 2.6 mol) was dissolved in ethanol (20.0 mL), degassed-purged with N2, followed by the addition of platinum dioxide (0.150 g, 0.528 mol). The reaction mixture was placed on a Parr apparatus and hydrogenated at 55 psi H2 for 18 h. The mixture was filtered through celite pad, washed with MeOH, concentrated to provide the desired product (730 mg, 91.8%). MS calculated for C15H26NO5 (M+H) 300.2; found 200.2 (M+H-Boc).
(1S,3R)-3-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]-1-[(3R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl]cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (350.0 mg, 1.169 mmol), 1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine dihydrochloride (391.1 mg, 1.286 mmol), triethylamine (0.652 mL, 4.68 mmol) and O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (665.1 mg, 1.754 mol) (HBTU) were mixed in dry DMF (8.0 mL). After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the reaction mixture was diluted with CH2Cl2 and washed with saturated Na2CO3. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH2Cl2 four times. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4), concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (Combi-flash system, 0-50% EtOAc in hexanes, gradient elution, 40 gram column) to provide the desired product (270 mg, 45%). MS calculated for C25H36F3N4O4 (M+H) 513.3; found 513.3.
tert-Butyl [(1R,3S)-3-[(3R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl]-3-(4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)cyclopentyl]carbamate (260 mg, 0.51 mmol) was dissolved in a 2 M solution of of hydrogen chloride in ether (8 mL). After being stirred at room temperature overnight, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum to provide the desired product (290 mg) as a light yellow solid. MS calculated for C20H27F3N4O2: (M+H) 413.2; found 413.0.
To a solution of (1R,3S)-3-[(3R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl]-3-(4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-ylcarbonyl)cyclopentanamine dihydrochloride (73.8 mg, 0.152 mmol), 3-methyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (52.1 mg, 0.456 mmol) and triethylamine (0.0848 mL, 0.608 mmol) in dry methylene chloride (4.1 mL) was added sodium triacetoxyborohydride (96.7 mg, 0.456 mmol). After being stirred at room temperature under N2, the reaction was quenched with aqueous NaHCO3 and diluted with CH2Cl2. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH2Cl2 three times. The organics were combined, dried over MgSO4, filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography (Combi-Flash system, 0 to 40% MeOH in EtOAc, gradient, 12 gram column) to provide the desired product (9.1 mg, 12%). MS calculated for C26H37F3N4O3: (M+H) 511.3; found 511.3.
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those described for Example 46. MS calculated for C25H36F3N5O3: (M+H) 512.3; found 512.3.
The capacity of the novel compounds of the invention to antagonize chemokine receptor (e.g., CCR2) function can be determined using a suitable screen (e.g., high through-put assay). For example, an agent can be tested in an extracellular acidification assay, calcium flux assay, ligand binding assay or chemotaxis assay (see, for example,
In a suitable assay, a CCR2 protein which can be isolated or recombinantly derived is used which has at least one property, activity or functional characteristic of a mammalian CCR2 protein. The specific property can be a binding property (to, for example, a ligand or inhibitor), a signalling activity (e.g., activation of a mammalian G protein, induction of rapid and transient increase in the concentration of cytosolic free calcium [Ca++]i, cellular response function (e.g., stimulation of chemotaxis or inflammatory mediator release by leukocytes), and the like.
In an example binding assay, a composition containing a CCR2 protein or variant thereof is maintained under conditions suitable for binding. The CCR2 receptor is contacted with a compound to be tested, and binding is detected or measured.
In an example cell-based assay, cells are used which are stably or transiently transfected with a vector or expression cassette having a nucleic acid sequence which encodes the CCR2 receptor. The cells are maintained under conditions appropriate for expression of the receptor and are contacted with an agent under conditions appropriate for binding to occur. Binding can be detected using standard techniques. For example, the extent of binding can be determined relative to a suitable control. Also, a cellular fraction, such as a membrane fraction, containing the receptor can be used in lieu of whole cells.
Detection of binding or complex formation in an assay can be detected directly or indirectly. For example, the agent can be labeled with a suitable label (e.g., fluorescent label, label, isotope label, enzyme label, and the like) and binding can be determined by detection of the label. Specific and/or competitive binding can be assessed by competition or displacement studies, using unlabeled agent or a ligand as a competitor.
The CCR2 antagonist activity of compounds of the invention can be reported as the inhibitor concentration required for 50% inhibition (IC50 values) of specific binding in receptor binding assays using 125I-labeled MCP-1, as ligand, and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) prepared from normal human whole blood via density gradient centrifugation. Specific binding is preferably defined as the total binding (e.g., total cpm on filters) minus the non-specific binding. Non-specific binding is defined as the amount of cpm still detected in the presence of excess unlabeled competitor (e.g., MCP-1).
Human PBMCs were used to test compounds of the invention in a binding assay. For example, 200,000 to 500,000 cells were incubated with 0.1 to 0.2 nM 125I-labeled MCP-1, with or without unlabeled competitor (10 nM MCP-1) or various concentrations of compounds to be tested. 125I-labeled MCP-1, were prepared by suitable methods or purchased from commercial vendors (Perkin Elmer, Boston MA). The binding reactions were performed in 50 to 250 µL of a binding buffer consisting of 1M HEPES pH 7.2, and 0.1% BSA (bovine serum albumin), for 30 min at room temperature. The binding reactions were terminated by harvesting the membranes by rapid filtration through glass fiber filters (Perkin Elmer) which was presoaked in 0.3% polyethyleneimine or Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS). The filters were rinsed with approximately 600 µL of binding buffer containing 0.5 M NaCl or PBS, then dried, and the amount of bound radioactivity was determined by counting on a Gamma Counter (Perkin Elmer).
According to this binding assay protocol, the compounds of the present invention have IC50 values less than about 3000 nM.
The capacity of compounds of the invention to antagonize CCR2 function was determined in a leukocyte chemotaxis assay using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in a modified Boyden Chamber (Neuro Probe). 500,000 cells in serum free DMEM media (In Vitrogen) were incubated with or without the inhibitors and warmed to 37 °C. The chemotaxis chamber (Neuro Probe) was also prewarmed. 400 µL of warmed 10 nM MCP-1 was added to the bottom chamber in all wells except the negative control which had DMEM added. An 8 micron membrane filter (Neuro Probe) was placed on top and the chamber lid was closed. Cells were then added to the holes in the chamber lid which were associated with the chamber wells below the filter membrane. The whole chamber was incubated at 37 °C, 5% CO2 for 30 minutes. The cells were then aspirated off, the chanber lid opened, and the filter gently removed. The top of the filter was washed 3 times with PBS and the bottom was left untouched. The filter was air dried and stained with Wright Geimsa stain (Sigma). Filters were counted by microscopy. The negative control wells served as background and were subtracted from all values. Antagonist potency was determined by comparing the number of cell that migrated to the bottom chamber in wells which contained antagonist, to the number of cells which migrated to the bottom chamber in MCP-1 control wells.
According to this chemotaxis assay, the compounds of the invention have IC50 values less than about 3000 nM.
Various modifications of the invention, in addition to those described herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.