The present invention relates to a lubricating oil composition, in particular to a lubricating oil composition which is suitable for lubricating internal combustion engines and which has improved friction reduction and fuel economy.
Increasingly severe automobile regulations in respect of emissions and fuel efficiency are placing increasing demands on both engine manufacturers and lubricant formulators to provide effective solutions to improve fuel economy.
Optimising lubricants through the use of high performance basestocks and novel additives represents a flexible solution to a growing challenge.
Friction-reducing additives (which are also known as friction modifiers) are important lubricant components in reducing fuel consumption and various such additives are already known in the art.
Friction modifiers can be conveniently divided into two categories, that is to say, metal-containing friction modifiers and ashless (organic) friction modifiers. Organo-molybdenum compounds are amongst the most common metal-containing friction modifiers. Typical organo-molybdenum compounds include molybdenum dithiocarbamates (MoDTC), molybdenum dithiophosphates (MoDTP), molybdenum amines, molybdenum alcoholates, and molybdenum alcohol-amides.
However, the trend towards low-ash lubricating oil compositions has resulted in an increased drive to achieve low friction and improved fuel economy using ashless friction modifiers.
Ashless (organic) friction modifiers typically comprise esters of fatty acids and polyhydric alcohols, fatty acid amides, amines derived from fatty acids and organic dithiocarbamate or dithiophosphate compounds.
Further improvements in lubricant performance characteristics have been achieved through the use of synergistic behaviours of particular combinations of lubricant additives.
The blend disclosed in
The lubricating oil composition disclosed therein comprises a major amount of an oil having lubricating viscosity and a minor amount of a friction-modifying, polar and surface active organic compound selected from a long list of compounds including mono- and higher esters of polyols and aliphatic amides. Glycerol monooleate and oleamide (i.e. oleylamide) are mentioned as examples of such compounds.
However, current strategies with regard to friction reduction for fuel economy oils are not sufficient to meet ever increasing fuel economy targets set by Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs).
For example, molybdenum friction modifiers typically outperform ashless friction modifiers in the boundary regime and there is a challenge to approach similar levels of friction modification using solely ashless friction modifiers.
Thus, given the increasing fuel economy demands placed on engines, there remains a need to further improve the friction reduction and fuel economy of internal combustion engines utilising low ash lubricating oil compositions.
It is therefore desirable to further improve on the performance of known ashless friction modifiers and known combinations of ashless friction modifiers, in particular to further improve on the friction-reducing performance of polyol ester friction modifiers and ashless friction modifier combinations of fatty acid amides and polyol esters (for example, combinations of oleylamide and glycerol monooleate) that have been commonly used in the art.
There has now been surprisingly found in the present invention a lubricating oil composition comprising ashless friction modifiers which has good friction reduction and fuel economy.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a lubricating oil composition comprising base oil, oleylamide and one or more ether compounds, wherein the one or more ether compounds are compounds of formula I,
By "ether compound" is meant a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon compound comprising one or more ether linkages and optionally comprising one or more hydroxyl groups therein, which compound does not comprise any additional functional groups.
Also described are ether compounds comprising non-cyclic ethers.
Preferred ether compounds are those in which R1 is an alkyl or unsaturated hydrocarbon group having from 10 30 carbon atoms, more preferably from 16 to 22 carbon atoms and R2 and R3 are hydrogen.
Other preferred ether compounds are those in which R1 and R2 are, independently, an alkyl or unsaturated hydrocarbon group having from 10 to 30 carbon atoms, more preferably from 16 to 22 carbon atoms and R3 is hydrogen.
Preferred ether compounds also include those in which R1 and R3 are, an alkyl or unsaturated hydrocarbon group having from 10 to 30 carbon atoms, more preferably from 16 to 22 carbon atoms and R2 is hydrogen.
Preferred ether compounds also include those in which R1, R2 and R3 are, each independently selected from an alkyl or unsaturated hydrocarbon group having from 10 to 30 carbon atoms, more preferably from 16 to 22 carbon atoms.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the lubricating oil composition of the present invention may comprise a mixture of one or more of the afore-mentioned preferred ether compounds.
Examples of ether compounds that may be conveniently used in the present invention include glycerin oleyl monoether, glycerin oleyl diether, glycerin oleyl triether, glycerin stearyl monoether, glycerin stearyl diether, glycerin stearyl triether and mixtures thereof.
A preferred ether compound includes that available under the trade designation "ADEKA FM-618C" from Asahi Denka Kogyo Co. Ltd.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the one or more ether compounds are present in an amount in the range of from 0.1 to 5 wt. %, more preferably in the range of from 0.5 to 4 wt. % and most preferably in the range of from 1 to 1.5 wt. % based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, oleylamide is present in an amount in the range of from 0.05 to 0.5 wt. %, more preferably in the range of from 0.1 to 0.4 wt. % and most preferably in the range of from 0.15 to 0.3 wt. %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.
In a preferred embodiment, the lubricating oil composition of the present invention further comprises one or more nitrile compounds.
Preferred nitrile compounds that may be conveniently employed in the present invention are saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds containing one or more cyano groups (-C=N), which compounds preferably do not comprise any additional functional group substituents.
Particularly preferred nitrile compounds that may be conveniently employed in the present invention are branched or linear, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic nitriles.
Nitrile compounds preferably having from 8 to 24 carbon atoms, more preferably from 10 to 22 carbon atoms, and most preferably from 10 to 18 carbon atoms are preferred.
Particularly preferred nitrile compounds are saturated or unsaturated linear aliphatic nitriles having from 8 to 24 carbon atoms, more preferably from 10 to 22 carbon atoms, and most preferably 10 to 18 carbon atoms.
Examples of nitrile compounds that may be conveniently used in the present invention include coconut fatty acid nitriles, oleylnitrile, decanenitrile and tallow nitriles.
Preferred nitrile compounds that may be conveniently used in the present invention include that available under the trade designation "ARNEEL 12" (also known under the trade designation "ARNEEL C") (coconut fatty acid nitrile, a mixture of C10, C12, C14 and C16 saturated nitriles) from Akzo Nobel, that available under the trade designation "ARNEEL O" (oleylnitrile) from Akzo Nobel and those available under the trade designations "ARNEEL 10D" (decanenitrile), "ARNEEL T" (tallow nitriles) and "ARNEEL M" (C16-22 nitriles) from Akzo Nobel.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the one or more nitrile compounds are present in an amount in the range of from 0.1 to 0.8 wt. %, more preferably in the range of from 0.2 to 0.6 wt. % and most preferably in the range of from 0.3 to 0.5 wt. % based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.
The total amount of base oil incorporated in the lubricating oil composition of the present invention is preferably present in an amount in the range of from 60 to 92 wt. %, more preferably in an amount in the range of from 75 to 90 wt. % and most preferably in an amount in the range of from 75 to 88 wt. %, with respect to the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.
There are no particular limitations regarding the base oil used in the present invention, and various conventional known mineral oils and synthetic oils may be conveniently used.
The base oil used in the present invention may conveniently comprise mixtures of one or more mineral oils and/or one or more synthetic oils.
Mineral oils include liquid petroleum oils and solvent-treated or acid-treated mineral lubricating oil of the paraffinic, naphthenic, or mixed paraffinic/naphthenic type which may be further refined by hydrofinishing processes and/or dewaxing.
Naphthenic base oils have low viscosity index (VI) (generally 40-80) and a low pour point. Such base oils are produced from feedstocks rich in naphthenes and low in wax content and are used mainly for lubricants in which colour and colour stability are important, and VI and oxidation stability are of secondary importance.
Paraffinic base oils have higher VI (generally >95) and a high pour point. Said base oils are produced from feedstocks rich in paraffins, and are used for lubricants in which VI and oxidation stability are important.
Fischer-Tropsch derived base oils may be conveniently used as the base oil in the lubricating oil composition of the present invention, for example, the Fischer-Tropsch derived base oils disclosed in
Synthetic processes enable molecules to be built from simpler substances or to have their structures modified to give the precise properties required.
Synthetic oils include hydrocarbon oils such as olefin oligomers (PAOs), dibasic acids esters, polyol esters, and dewaxed waxy raffinate. Synthetic hydrocarbon base oils sold by the Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies under the designation "XHVI" (trade mark) may be conveniently used.
Preferably, the base oil constituted from mineral oils and/or synthetic oils which contain more than 80% wt of saturates, preferably more than 90 % wt., as measured according to ASTM D2007.
It is further preferred that the base oil contains less than 1.0 wt. %, preferably less than 0.1 wt. % of sulphur, calculated as elemental sulphur and measured according to ASTM D2622, ASTM D4294, ASTM D4927 or ASTM D3120.
Preferably, the viscosity index of base fluid is more than 80, more preferably more than 120, as measured according to ASTM D2270.
Preferably, the lubricating oil has a kinematic viscosity in the range of from 2 to 80 mm2/s at 100 °C, more preferably of from 3 to 70 mm2/s, most preferably of from 4 to 50 mm2/s.
The total amount of phosphorus in the lubricating oil composition of the present invention is preferably in the range of from 0.04 to 0.1 wt. %, more preferably in the range of from 0.04 to 0.09 wt. % and most preferably in the range of from 0.045 to 0.09 wt. %, based on total weight of the lubricating oil composition.
The lubricating oil composition of the present invention preferably has a sulphated ash content of not greater than 1.0 wt. %, more preferably not greater than 0.75 wt. % and most preferably not greater than 0.7 wt. %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.
The lubricating oil composition of the present invention preferably has a sulphur content of not greater than 1.2 wt. %, more preferably not greater than 0.8 wt. % and most preferably not greater than 0.2 wt. %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.
The lubricating oil composition of the present invention may further comprise additional additives such as anti-oxidants, anti-wear additives, detergents, dispersants, friction modifiers, viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, corrosion inhibitors, defoaming agents and seal fix or seal compatibility agents.
Antioxidants that may be conveniently used include those selected from the group of aminic antioxidants and/or phenolic antioxidants.
In a preferred embodiment, said antioxidants are present in an amount in the range of from 0.1 to 5.0 wt. %, more preferably in an amount in the range of from 0.3 to 3.0 wt. %, and most preferably in an amount of in the range of from 0.5 to 1.5 wt. %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.
Examples of aminic antioxidants which may be conveniently used include alkylated diphenylamines, phenyl-□-naphthylamines, phenyl-β-naphthylamines and alkylated □-naphthylamines.
Preferred aminic antioxidants include dialkyldiphenylamines such as p,p'-dioctyl-diphenylamine, p,p'-di-α-methylbenzyl-diphenylamine and N-p-butylphenyl-N-p'-octylphenylamine, monoalkyldiphenylamines such as mono-t-butyldiphenylamine and mono-octyldiphenylamine, bis(dialkylphenyl)amines such as di-(2,4-diethylphenyl)amine and di(2-ethyl-4-nonylphenyl)amine, alkylphenyl-1-naphthylamines such as octylphenyl-1-naphthylamine and n-t-dodecylphenyl-1-naphthylamine, 1-naphthylamine, arylnaphthylamines such as phenyl-1-naphthylamine, phenyl-2-naphthylamine, N-hexylphenyl-2-naphthylamine and N-octylphenyl-2-naphthylamine, phenylenediamines such as N,N'-diisopropyl-p-phenylenediamine and N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, and phenothiazines such as phenothiazine and 3,7-dioctylphenothiazine.
Preferred aminic antioxidants include those available under the following trade designations: "Sonoflex OD-3" (ex. Seiko Kagaku Co.), "Irganox L-57" (ex. Ciba Specialty Chemicals Co.) and phenothiazine (ex. Hodogaya Kagaku Co.).
Examples of phenolic antioxidants which may be conveniently used include C7-C9 branched alkyl esters of 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethyl-ethyl)-4-hydroxy-benzenepropanoic acid, 2-t-butylphenol, 2-t-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2-t-butyl-5-methylphenol, 2,4-di-t-butylphenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-t-butylphenol, 2-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, 3-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, 2,5-di-t-butylhydroquinone, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-alkylphenols such as 2,6-di-t-butylphenol, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol and 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-ethylphenol, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-alkoxyphenols such as 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenol and 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-ethoxyphenol, 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylmercaptooctylacetate, alkyl-3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionates such as n-octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, n-butyl-3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate and 2'-ethylhexyl-3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, 2,6-d-t-butyl-α-dimethylamino-p-cresol, 2,2'-methylene-bis(4-alkyl-6-t-butylphenol) such as 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol, and 2,2-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-t-butylphenol), bisphenols such as 4,4'-butylidenebis(3-methyl-6-t-butylphenol, 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-t-butylphenol), 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-t-butylphenol), 2,2-(di-p-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 4,4'-cyclohexylidenebis(2,6-t-butylphenol), hexamethyleneglycol-bis[3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate], triethyleneglycolbis[3-(3-t-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)propionate], 2,2'-thio-[diethyl-3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate], 3,9-bis{1,1-dimethyl-2-[3-(3-t-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-phenyl)propionyloxy]ethyl}2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5,5]undecane, 4,4'-thiobis(3-methyl-6-t-butylphenol) and 2,2'-thiobis(4,6-di-t-butylresorcinol), polyphenols such as tetrakis[methylene-3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate]methane, 1,1,3-tris(2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-t-butylphenyl)butane, 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene, bis-[3,3'-bis(4'-hydroxy-3'-t-butylphenyl)butyric acid]glycol ester, 2-(3',5'-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl-4-(2",4"-di-t-butyl-3"-hydroxyphenyl)methyl-6-t-butylphenol and 2,6-bis(2'-hydroxy-3'-t-butyl-5'-methylbenzyl)-4-methylphenol, and p-t-butylphenol - formaldehyde condensates and p-t-butylphenol - acetaldehyde condensates.
Preferred phenolic antioxidants include those available under the following trade designations: "Irganox L-135" (ex. Ciba Specialty Chemicals Co.), "Yoshinox SS" (ex. Yoshitomi Seiyaku Co.), "Antage W-400" (ex. Kawaguchi Kagaku Co.), "Antage W-500" (ex. Kawaguchi Kagaku Co.), "Antage W-300" (ex. Kawaguchi Kagaku Co.), "Irganox L109" (ex. Ciba Speciality Chemicals Co.), "Tominox 917" (ex. Yoshitomi Seiyaku Co.), "Irganox L115" (ex. Ciba Speciality Chemicals Co.), "Sumilizer GA80" (ex. Sumitomo Kagaku), "Antage RC" (ex. Kawaguchi Kagaku Co.), "Irganox L101" (ex. Ciba Speciality Chemicals Co.), "Yoshinox 930" (ex. Yoshitomi Seiyaku Co.).
The lubricating oil composition of the present invention may comprise mixtures of one or more phenolic antioxidants with one or more aminic antioxidants.
In a preferred embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may comprise a single zinc dithiophosphate or a combination of two or more zinc dithiophosphates as anti-wear additives, the or each zinc dithiophosphate being selected from zinc dialkyl-, diaryl- or alkylaryl-dithiophosphates.
Zinc dithiophosphate is a well known additive in the art and may be conveniently represented by general formula II;
Zinc dithiophosphate compounds in which R2 to R5 are all different from each other can be used alone or in admixture with zinc dithiophosphate compounds in which R2 to R5 are all the same.
Preferably, the or each zinc dithiophosphate used in the present invention is a zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate. Examples of suitable zinc dithiophosphates which are commercially available include those available ex. Lubrizol Corporation under the trade designations "Lz 1097" and "Lz 1395", those available ex. Chevron Oronite under the trade designations "OLOA 267" and "OLOA 269R", and that available ex. Afton Chemical under the trade designation "HITEC 7197"; zinc dithiophosphates such as those available ex. Lubrizol Corporation under the trade designations "Lz 677A", "Lz 1095" and "Lz 1371", that available ex. Chevron Oronite under the trade designation "OLOA 262" and that available ex. Afton Chemical under the trade designation "HITEC 7169"; and zinc dithiophosphates such as those available ex. Lubrizol Corporation under the trade designations "Lz 1370" and "Lz 1373" and that available ex. Chevron Oronite under the trade designation "OLOA 260".
The lubricating oil composition according to the present invention may generally comprise in the range of from 0.4 to 1.0 wt. % of zinc dithiophosphate, based on total weight of the lubricating oil composition.
Additional or alternative anti-wear additives may be conveniently used in the composition of the present invention.
Typical detergents that may be used in the lubricating oil of the present invention include one or more salicylate and/or phenate and/or sulphonate detergents.
However, as metal organic and inorganic base salts which are used as detergents can contribute to the sulphated ash content of a lubricating oil composition, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the amounts of such additives are minimised.
Furthermore, in order to maintain a low sulphur level, salicylate detergents are preferred.
Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the lubricating oil composition of the present invention may comprise one or more salicylate detergents.
In order to maintain the total sulphated ash content of the lubricating oil composition of the present invention at a level of preferably not greater than 1.0 wt. %, more preferably at a level of not greater than 0.75 wt. % and most preferably at a level of not greater than 0.7 wt. %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, said detergents are preferably used in amounts in the range of 0.05 to 12.5 wt. %, more preferably from 1.0 to 9.0 wt. % and most preferably in the range of from 2.0 to 5.0 wt. %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.
Furthermore, it is preferred that said detergents, independently, have a TBN (total base number) value in the range of from 10 to 500 mg.KOH/g, more preferably in the range of from 30 to 350 mg.KOH/g and most preferably in the range of from 50 to 300 mg.KOH/g, as measured by ISO 3771.
The lubricating oil compositions of the present invention may additionally contain an ash-free dispersant which is preferably admixed in an amount in the range of from 5 to 15 wt. %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.
Examples of ash-free dispersants which may be used include the polyalkenyl succinimides and polyalkenyl succininic acid esters disclosed in Japanese Patent Nos.
Examples of viscosity index improvers which may be conveniently used in the lubricating oil composition of the present invention include the styrene-butadiene copolymers, styrene-isoprene stellate copolymers and the polymethacrylate copolymer and ethylene-propylene copolymers. Such viscosity index improvers may be conveniently employed in an amount in the range of from 1 to 20 wt. %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.
Polymethacrylates may be conveniently employed in the lubricating oil compositions of the present invention as effective pour point depressants.
Furthermore, compounds such as alkenyl succinic acid or ester moieties thereof, benzotriazole-based compounds and thiodiazole-based compounds may be conveniently used in the lubricating oil composition of the present invention as corrosion inhibitors.
Compounds such as polysiloxanes, dimethyl polycyclohexane and polyacrylates may be conveniently used in the lubricating oil composition of the present invention as defoaming agents.
Compounds which may be conveniently used in the lubricating oil composition of the present invention as seal fix or seal compatibility agents include, for example, commercially available aromatic esters.
The lubricating oil compositions of the present invention may be conveniently prepared by admixing oleylamide, one or more ether compounds and, optionally, one or more nitrile compounds and/or further additives that are usually present in lubricating oil compositions, for example as herein before described, with a mineral and/or synthetic base oil.
In another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method of lubricating an internal combustion engine comprising applying a lubricating oil composition as hereinbefore described thereto.
The present invention further provides the use of a combination of oleylamide, one or more ether compounds and, optionally, one or more nitrile compounds in a lubricating oil composition in order to improve fuel economy and/or friction reduction.
The present invention is described below with reference to the following Examples, which are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way.
Table 1 indicates the formulations that were tested.
The formulations in Table 1 comprised conventional detergents, dispersants, pour point depressants, viscosity modifier, antioxidants and zinc dithiophosphate additives, which were present as additive packages in diluent oil.
The base oils used in said formulations were mixtures of polyalphaolefin base oils (PAO-4 available from BP Amoco under the trade designation "DURASYN 164" and PAO-5 available from Chevron Oronite under the trade designation "SYNFLUID 5") and ester base oil available under the trade designation "PRIOLUBE 1976" from Uniqema.
The ether that was used was glycerin oleyl ether available under the trade designation "ADEKA FM-618C" from Asahi Denka Kogyo Co. Ltd.
The oleylamide used was that available under the trade designation "UNISLIP 1757" from Uniqema.
The glycerol monooleate that was used was that available under the trade designation "RADIASURF 7149" from Oleon Chemicals.
The C12 nitrile that was used was that available under the trade designation "ARNEEL 12" from Akzo Nobel.
All formulations described in Table 1 were SAE 0W20 viscosity grade oils.
Said formulations were manufactured by blending together the components therein in a single stage blending procedure at a temperature of 70°C. Heating was maintained for a minimum of 30 minutes to ensure thorough mixing, whilst the solution was mixed using a paddle stirrer.
Friction measurements were carried out on a Mini-Traction Machine manufactured by PCS instruments.
The MTM Test was described by
Friction coefficients were measured with the Mini-Traction Machine using the 'ball-on-disc' configuration.
The ball specimen was a polished steel ball bearing, 19.05 mm in diameter. The disc specimen was a polished bearing steel disc, 46 mm in diameter and 6 mm thick.
The ball specimen was secured concentrically on a motor driven shaft. The disc specimen was secured concentrically on another motor driven shaft. The ball was loaded against the disc to create a point contact area with minimum spin and skew components. At the point of contact, a slide to roll ratio of 100% was maintained by adjusting the surface speed of the ball and disc.
The tests were run at a pressure of 1.25 GPa (load of 71N) or 0.82 GPa (load of 20N) with variable temperatures and mean surface speeds as detailed in the results tables.
The formulations described in Table 1 were tested using the afore-mentioned test and the results obtained thereon are detailed below:
The formulations of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were tested in the MTM test under high load (1.25 GPa) and high temperature conditions (105 °C and 125 °C) under a variety of speeds (1000, 500, 100 and 50 mm/s).
Friction coefficients were measured and are described in Table 2.
Table 3 details the mean % friction reduction for the formulations of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 2 and 3, relative to the mean friction coefficients measured for the formulation of Comparative Example 1 at medium speeds (i.e. 1000, 500, 100, 50 mm/s) under the tested high load conditions.
Positive values in Table 3 indicate improved friction reduction (i.e. lower friction coefficients) relative to the mean friction coefficients measured for the formulation of Comparative Example 1 and negative values in Table 3 indicate worse friction reduction (i.e. increased friction coefficients) relative to the mean friction coefficients measured for the formulation of Comparative Example 1.
Table 4 details the mean % friction reduction for the formulations of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 2 and 3, relative to the mean friction coefficients measured for the formulation of Comparative Example 1 at high temperatures (i.e. 125 °C and 105 °C) under the tested high load conditions.
Positive values in Table 4 indicate improved friction reduction (i.e. lower friction coefficients) relative to the mean friction coefficients measured for the formulation of Comparative Example 1 and negative values in Table 4 indicate worse friction reduction (i.e. increased friction coefficients) relative to the mean friction coefficients measured for the formulation of Comparative Example 1.
It is apparent from Tables 3 and 4 that the oleylamide/ether combinations of Examples 1 and 2 show synergistic friction reduction.
The improvement in friction reduction of the ether upon addition of oleylamide ranges from 3 to 7 % depending upon the conditions used.
The results of Table 4 are represented graphically in
The formulations of Examples 1 and 3 and Comparative Examples 1 and 4 were tested in the MTM test under low load (0.82 GPa) and low temperature conditions (105 °C, 70 °C and 45 °C) under a variety of low speeds (500, 100, 50 and 10 mm/s).
Friction coefficients were measured and are described in Table 5.
Table 6 details the mean % friction reduction for the formulations of Examples 1 and 3 and Comparative Example 4, relative to the mean friction coefficients measured for the formulation of Comparative Example 1 at low speeds (i.e. 500, 100, 50, 10 mm/s) under the tested low load conditions.
Positive values in Table 6 indicate improved friction reduction (i.e. lower friction coefficients) relative to the mean friction coefficients measured for the formulation of Comparative Example 1 and negative values in Table 6 indicate worse friction reduction (i.e. increased friction coefficients) relative to the mean friction coefficients measured for the formulation of Comparative Example 1.
Table 7 details the mean % friction reduction for the formulations of Examples 1 and 3 and Comparative Example 4, relative to the mean friction coefficients measured for the formulation of Comparative Example 1 at low temperatures (i.e. 105 °C, 70 °C, 45 °C) under the tested low load conditions.
Positive values in Table 7 indicate improved friction reduction (i.e. lower friction coefficients) relative to the mean friction coefficients measured for the formulation of Comparative Example 1 and negative values in Table 7 indicate worse friction reduction (i.e. increased friction coefficients) relative to the mean friction coefficients measured for the formulation of Comparative Example 1.
It is apparent from Tables 6 and 7 that the oleylamide/ether/nitrile combinations of Example 3 show synergistic friction reduction under low load conditions.