Field effect transistor for detecting ionic material and method of detecting ionic material using the same

Abstract

 A field effect transistor for detecting ionic material and a method of detecting ionic material using the field effect transistor are provided. The field effect transistor for detecting ionic material includes a substrate (21) formed of a semiconductor material; a source region (22) and a drain region (23) spaced apart from each other in the substrate and doped with an opposite conductivity type to that of the substrate; a channel region (24) interposed between the source region and the drain region; an insulating layer (25) disposed on the channel region and formed of an electrically insulating material; a first reference electrode (26) disposed at an edge of the upper portion of the insulating layer; and a second reference electrode (27) disposed to be spaced apart from the insulating layer.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

[0001] The present invention relates to a field effect transistor for detecting ionic material and a method of detecting ionic material using the field effect transistor.

2. Description of the Related Art

[0002] Transistor base biosensors including transistors are sensors that electrically detect ionic material, for example, biomolecules. Biosensors are manufactured using semiconductor processes and quickly convert electric signals. Therefore, research on biosensors has widely progressed.

[0003] U.S. Patent No. 4,238,757 is the first patent regarding the measuring of biological reactions using a field effect transistor (FET) and relates to a biosensor capable of identifying an antigen-antibody reaction by detecting a current that varies due to a change in the surface charge concentration of a semiconductor inversion layer. This patent is directed toward a biosensor for detecting proteins. In U.S. Patent No. 4,777,019, biological monomers are adsorbed onto the surface of a gate, and hybridization between the biological monomers and complementary monomers is measured using a FET.

[0004] U.S. Patent No. 5,846,708 discloses a method of identifying hybridization using a charged coupled device (CCD). In this method, hybridization can be identified using a phenomenon that bonded biomolecules absorb light. In U.S. Patent Nos. 5,466,348 and 6,203,981, a circuit comprising a thin film transistor (TFT) is used and a signal-to-noise ratio is improved.

[0005] A FET used as a biosensor lowers costs and requires less time than other conventional methods. In addition, a FET can be easily applied to integrated circuits (ICs)/ MEMS processes.

[0006] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional FET for detecting ionic material. Referring to FIG. 1, a source 12 and a drain 13 are respectively formed in both side portions of a substrate 11 doped with an n- or p-type material, wherein the source 12 and the drain 13 are doped with an opposite conductivity type to that of the substrate 11. A channel 15 is interposed between the source 12 and the drain 13 and an insulating layer 14 contacting the source 12 and the drain 13 is formed on the substrate 11. A reference electrode 16 is formed above the insulating layer 14 and a constant voltage is applied to the reference electrode 16.

[0007] The size of the sensor including the FET is on the scale of microns, while the size of the reference electrode 16 is on the scale of millimeters. Therefore, it is difficult to reduce the size of the sensor.

[0008] On the other hand, U.S. Patent No. 4,269,682 discloses a system including a measuring unit and a reference electrode, both having an insulating gate FET, and a pseudo reference electrode which applies bias to each FET and immobilizes electric potential of an electrolyte solution.

[0009] In the case of a metal electrode to which the system above is applied, voltage is very unstable. Therefore, in order to eliminate noise, gradation measurement may be performed using a reference FET.

[0010] Generally, conventional FETs for detecting ionic material have large scattering during their manufacture. Therefore, when similar samples are detected using the FETs, there is wide variation in measured electrical values. Accordingly, electrical values are measured using a large number of array FETs and then, the values are filtered and averaged to select and use good data.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0011] The present invention provides a field effect transistor (FET) for detecting ionic material, which can be miniaturized, and having improved scattering between a plurality of the FET devices so as to accurately detect ionic material using one or a small number of the FET devices and having an increased signal-to-noise ratio.

[0012] The present invention also provides a microflow apparatus for detecting ionic material, which can be miniaturized, and having improved scattering between the FET devices so as to accurately detect ionic material using one or a small number of the FET devices and having an increased signal-to-noise ratio.

[0013] The present invention also provides a method of detecting presence of concentration of ionic material easily and accurately.

[0014] According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a field effect transistor for detecting ionic material including: a substrate formed of a semiconductor material; a source region and a drain region spaced apart from each other in the substrate and doped with an opposite conductivity type to that of the substrate; a channel region interposed between the source region and the drain region; an insulating layer disposed on the channel region and formed of an electrically insulating material; a first reference electrode disposed at an edge of the upper portion of the insulating layer; and a second reference electrode disposed to be spaced apart from the insulating layer.

[0015] The field effect transistor may further include a separation layer disposed on the source region, the drain region, and the first reference electrode and formed of an electrically insulating material.

[0016] The second reference electrode may be disposed on the separation layer.

[0017] The insulating layer may be also disposed on portions of the source region and the drain region.

[0018] The electrically insulating material may be silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, or metal oxide.

[0019] The source region and the drain region may be doped with a p-type material when the substrate is doped with n-type material and the source region and the drain region may be doped with an n-type material when the substrate is doped with a p-type material.

[0020] The first reference electrode may be formed of one of polysilicon, Al, Pt, Au, and Cu.

[0021] The second reference electrode may be formed of one of platinum and Ag/AgCl.

[0022] The ionic material may be a biomolecule, and the biomolecule may be one of nucleic acid and protein.

[0023] The nucleic acid may be selected from the group consisting of DNA, RNA, PNA, LNA, and a hybrid thereof. The protein may be selected from the group consisting of an enzyme, a substrate, an antigen, an antibody, a ligand, an aptamer, and a receptor.

[0024] According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a microflow apparatus including the field effect transistor for detecting ionic material of the present invention.

[0025] The field effect transistor may be formed in a micro channel.

[0026] The substrate of the field effect transistor may be an inner surface of the micro channel.

[0027] According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of detecting ionic material including: providing a sample solution used to detect the presence or concentration of ionic material to the insulating layer of the field effect transistor for detecting ionic material of the present invention; and measuring electric signal changes of the field effect transistor.

[0028] The method may further include applying a constant or different voltage to each of the first and second reference electrodes of the field effect transistor before providing the sample solution..

[0029] The sample solution may be also provided to the first reference electrode and the second reference electrode of the field effect transistor, in addition to the insulating layer.

[0030] An electric signal of the field effect transistor may be one of source-drain current and voltage.

[0031] The ionic material may be a biomolecule, and the biomolecule is one of nucleic acid and protein.

[0032] The nucleic acid may be selected from the group consisting of DNA, RNA, PNA, LNA, and a hybrid thereof. The protein may be selected from the group consisting of an enzyme, a substrate, an antigen, an antibody, a ligand, an aptamer, and a receptor.

[0033] The nucleic acid may be one of a PCR product and a refined product thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0034] The above and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent by describing in detail exemplary embodiments thereof with reference to the attached drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional field effect transistor for detecting ionic material;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a field effect transistor for detecting ionic material according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a plane cross-sectional view of the field effect transistor for detecting ionic material of FIG. 2 taken along a line III-III of FIG. 2, according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a graph showing overall average current values according to inflow of solutions having different pH values and on-off state of reference electrodes used in an experimental example of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a graph showing overall average current values when a solution including PCR product, a washing solution, and a NTC solution used in an experimental example were alternately injected to the FET manufactured according to Example 1; and

FIG. 6 is a graph showing current values when solutions having different pHs used in an experimental example were injected to the FET manufactured according to Example 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0035] Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which exemplary embodiments of the invention are shown.

[0036] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a field effect transistor (FET) for detecting ionic material according to an embodiment of the present invention and FIG. 3 is a plane cross-sectional view of the FET for detecting ionic material of FIG. 2 taken along a line III-III of FIG. 2.

[0037] Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, the FET for detecting ionic material according to the current embodiment of the present invention includes a substrate 21, a source region 22, a drain region 23, a channel region 24, an insulating layer 25, a first reference electrode 26, a second reference electrode 27, and a separation layer 28.

[0038] The substrate 21 may be formed of a semiconductor material. The semiconductor material may be Si or Ge.

[0039] The source region 22 and the drain region 23 which are disposed in the substrate 21 are spaced apart from each other and doped with an opposite conductivity type to that of the substrate 21. For example, when the substrate 21 is doped with an n-type material, the source region 22 and the drain region 23 may be doped with a p-type material, respectively, (PMOS-FET), on the contrary, when the substrate 21 is doped with a p-type material, the source region 22 and the drain region 23 may be doped with a n-type material, respectively, (NMOS-FET).

[0040] The source region 22 provides a carrier, for example, a free electron or a hole and the carrier provided by the source region 22 reaches the drain region 23.

[0041] A constant voltage can be applied to the source region 22, for example, a ground voltage. In addition, another constant voltage (V_ds) can be applied to the drain region 23.

[0042] The channel region 24 is formed in the substrate 21 and is interposed between the source region 22 and the drain region 23. The carrier, for example, a free electron or a hole, passes through the channel region 24.

[0043] The insulating layer 25 is disposed on the channel region 24. The insulating layer 25 can be disposed on portions of the source region 22 and the drain region 23.

[0044] The insulating layer 25 is formed of an electrically insulating material. The electrically insulating material may be any material on which biomolecules are not immobilized, for example, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, or metal oxide. Moreover, an additional layer formed of a material on which biomolecules are not immobilized may be disposed on the insulating layer 25.

[0045] The first reference electrode 26 is disposed at the edge of the upper portion of the insulating layer 25. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the first reference electrode 26 has a hole in the center thereof and is connected with each other, exposing the insulating layer 25, the shape of which is not particularly restricted. A constant voltage (V_r1) can be applied to the first reference electrode 26.

[0046] The first reference electrode 26 may be formed of any conductive material, for example, polysilicon, Al, Pt, Au, or Cu.

[0047] The first reference electrode 26 may be formed using various methods. For example, the first reference electrode 26 can be manufactured using an etching method. The etching method is performed by etching from a passivation layer to a gate electrode layer until the edge portion of the gate electrode layer is left, wherein the passivation layer is disposed on the upper portion of a general FET.

[0048] The FET for detecting ionic material according to the current embodiment of the present invention including the first reference electrode 26, significantly reduces scattering of devices and significantly improves a signal-to-noise ratio.

[0049] The separation layer 28 is disposed on the source region 22, the drain region 23, and the first reference electrode 26 and is formed of an electrically insulating material.

[0050] The electrically insulating material may be any material on which biomolecules are not immobilized, for example, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, or metal oxide.

[0051] The second reference electrode 27 is disposed on the separation layer 28. In this case, the FET can be miniaturized. The second reference electrode 27 can be formed of any conductive material, for example, platinum or Ag/AgCl. A constant voltage (V_r2) can also be applied to the second reference electrode 27.

[0052] Although not illustrated in FIG. 2, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the second reference electrode 27 may be spaced apart from the insulating layer 25 and disposed in the space in a chamber (not illustrated) or may be disposed on a sidewall that defines the chamber.

[0053] The FET for detecting ionic material according to the current embodiment of the present invention can accurately detect ionic material.

[0054] The types of ionic material are not particularly restricted, and may be, for example, ionic atoms, ionic molecules, or biomolecules. The biomolecules may be nucleic acid or protein.

[0055] The nucleic acid indicates various nucleic acids, similar nucleic acids, or a hybrid thereof and can be selected from the group consisting of DNA, RNA, Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA), Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA), and a hybrid thereof. In addition, the nucleic acid may be oligonucleotide or a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product, for example, a refined product of a PCR product.

[0056] The protein can be selected from the group consisting of an enzyme, a substrate, an antigen, an antibody, a ligand, an aptamer, and a receptor.

[0057] In addition, according to an embodiment of the present invention a microflow apparatus including the FET of the present invention for detecting ionic material is provided.

[0058] In the microflow apparatus for detecting ionic material according to the current embodiment of the present invention, an inlet, an outlet, and a reaction chamber are connected via a micro channel through which fluid flows. The microflow apparatus may further include a micro pump, a micro valve, a micro mixer, and a micro filter, in addition to the micro channel. The micro pump transfers fluid, the micro valve controls fluid transfer, the micro mixer mixes fluid, and the micro filter filters transferred fluid.

[0059] The microflow apparatus also includes a plurality of chambers which can perform one or more processes such as cell counting, cell sorting, DNA detecting, and PCR amplifying/detecting to conduct biological analysis, and the chambers are sequentially connected via a channel through which fluid flows.

[0060] The FET may be formed in the micro channel. Also, the substrate of the FET may be the inner surface of the micro channel and the second reference electrode of the FET is also separated from the insulating layer to be formed in the inner surface of the micro channel.

[0061] According to an embodiment of the present invention, a method of detecting ionic material using the FET of the present invention is provided.

[0062] In order to detect ionic material, a constant or different voltage is applied to each of the first and second reference electrodes of the FET before providing a sample solution for detecting presence or concentration of ionic material. A constant voltage may be applied between the source region and drain region of the FET or the source region and drain region can be set so that a constant current flows therebetween.

[0063] Next, the sample solution is provided to the insulating layer of the FET for detecting ionic material. The sample solution may be provided to the first and second reference electrodes, in addition to the insulating layer.

[0064] The types of ionic material are not particularly restricted, and may be, for example, ionic atoms, ionic molecules, or biomolecules. The biomolecules may be nucleic acid or protein.

[0065] The nucleic acid indicates various nucleic acids, similar nucleic acids, or a hybrid thereof and can be selected from the group consisting of DNA, RNA, Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA), Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA), and a hybrid thereof. In addition, the nucleic acid may be oligonucleotide or a PCR product, for example, a refined product of a PCR product.

[0066] The protein can be selected from the group consisting of an enzyme, a substrate, an antigen, an antibody, a ligand, an aptamer, and a receptor.

[0067] Next, electric signal changes of the FET are measured. The electric signal of the FET may be a source-drain current or voltage. In other words, when a constant voltage is applied between the source region and the drain region, the electric signal may be the source-drain current and when the source region and drain region is set for a constant current to flow therebetween, the electric signal may be voltage.

[0068] An example of the method of detecting ionic material according to the current embodiment of the present invention may be detecting a PCR product of nucleic acid. If a target biomolecule exists in a sample, a PCR may have been performed, on the contrary, if a target biomolecule does not exist in a sample, a PCR may not have been performed. Therefore, since PCR products can be detected, presence or concentration of the target biomolecule in the sample can be detected.

[0069] The present invention will be described in greater detail with reference to the following examples. The following examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

<Example 1 >

Manufacture of FET according to an embodiment of the present invention

[0070] A FET device used in the present invention was a general FET device manufactured by X-FAB Semiconductor Foundries (Germany). This device had 192 FETs, all having the same structure and arranged in an array shape (12×16). The FET device was manufactured using a CMOS process and equipment, both owned by X-FAB Semiconductor Foundries. CMOS manufacturing processes slightly differ according to company, however, the CMOS process owned by X-FAB Semiconductor Foundries is not related to the present invention and thus, a detailed description thereof is omitted herein.

[0071] The upper surface of the FET device manufactured as above was etched as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3. In other words, the passivation layer and the gate electrode layer of each FET were removed to expose a silicon oxide layer, that is, the insulating layer. As clearly illustrated in FIG. 3, instead of etching the entire gate electrode layer, the middle portion of the gate electrode layer was etched to leave the edge portion thereof as the first reference electrode.

[0072] Next, an external second reference electrode spaced apart from the insulating layer was formed and an internal second reference electrode was formed on the separation layer. The external and internal second reference electrodes were formed of platinum and a constant standard voltage was applied thereto. One of the external second reference electrode and the internal second reference electrode can be formed, however, for experimental convenience in the present invention, both the external second reference electrode and the internal second reference electrode were formed.

[0073] Then, two chambers including the exposed insulating layer, the first reference electrode, and the external and internal second reference electrodes were formed. Each chamber included 192 FETs.

[0074] While the manufacturing process described above was performed or when the manufacturing process described above was completed, washing and drying processes were performed. That is, the surface of the FET including the exposed silicon oxide layer was carefully washed using pure acetone and water and then dried. A wet station used in a semiconductor manufacturing process was used in the washing process. When the washing process was completed, the drying process was performed using a spin drying method.

< Experimental Example 1 >

Detecting solution using FET according to the present invention

[0075] The two chambers each including the FET device manufactured according to Example 1 constituted a sensing chamber and a reference chamber.

[0076] 0.01 mM of a PB solution (pH 5.88) continuously flowed in and out of the reference chamber. 0.01 mM of a PB solution (pH 5.88) firstly flowed into the sensing chamber, as in the reference chamber, and then, solutions containing different ionic materials, for example, 0.1 mM of a NaOAc solution (pH 4.72) and 0.01 mM of PB solution (pH 6.08), alternately flowed in and out of the sensing chamber.

[0077] On the other hand, a constant voltage was continuously applied to the source and drain regions of the FET included in the reference chamber and the sensing chamber, while the first reference electrode and the external and internal second reference electrodes were on and off.

[0078] The source and drain current according to inflow of solutions containing different pHs and the on-off state of the first reference electrode and the external and internal second reference electrodes was measured.

[0079] FIG. 4 is a graph showing overall average current values according to inflow of solutions containing different pHs and the on-off state of the first reference electrode and the external and internal second reference electrodes used in Experimental Example 1 of the present invention.

[0080] Referring to FIG. 4, while 0.01 mM of a PB solution (pH 5.88) firstly flowed into the first reference electrode and a voltage of 1.8 V was applied to the external second reference electrode, the first reference electrode was on.

[0081] The voltage applied to the first reference electrode was increased from 0 V to 1.9 V. Then, a voltage of 1.9 V was continuously applied to the first reference electrode and voltages of 1.9 V and 2.0 V were sequentially applied to the external second reference electrode. In this case, 0.1 mM of a NaOAc solution (pH 4.72) and 0.01 mM of a PB solution (pH 6.08) alternately flowed into the sensing chamber.

[0082] Next, the first reference electrode and the external second reference electrode were off and a voltage of 1.8 V was applied to the internal second reference electrode. Then the first reference electrode was on to increase a voltage from 0 V to 1.9 V. Next, while a voltage of 1.9 V was continuously applied to the first reference electrode, voltages of 1.9 V and 2.0 V were sequentially applied to the internal second reference electrode. In this case, 0.1 mM of a NaOAc solution (pH 4.72) and 0.01 mM of a PB solution (pH 6.08) alternately flowed in to the sensing chamber. The purpose of this experiment was to change the voltage of the first reference electrode when any one of the internal and external second reference electrodes was always on.

[0083] The potential of the solution could not be detected using the first reference electrode only and thus, both the first reference electrode and the external and internal second reference electrodes were used.

[0084] Next, the first reference electrode was off and a voltage of 2.0 V was continuously applied to the internal second reference electrode. In this case, 0.1 mM of a NaOAc solution (pH 4.72) and 0.01 mM of a PB solution (pH 6.08) alternately flowed into the sensing chamber. Then the internal second reference electrode was off and a voltage of 2.0 V was applied to the external second reference electrode to turn on the external second reference electrode . In this case, 0.1 mM of a NaOAc solution (pH 4.72) and 0.01 mM of a PB solution (pH 6.08) alternately flowed into the sensing chamber.

[0085] Next, the external second reference electrode was off and voltages of 1.9 V and 2.0 were applied to the first reference electrode and the internal second reference electrode, respectively, to turn on the first reference electrode and the internal second reference electrode. In this case, 0.1 mM of a NaOAc solution (pH 4.72) and 0.01 mM of a PB solution (pH 6.08) alternately flowed into the sensing chamber.

[0086] Next, a voltage of 1.9 V was continuously applied to the first reference electrode, the internal second reference electrode was off, and a voltage of 2.0 V was applied to the external second reference electrode to turn on the external second reference electrode. In this case, 0.1 mM of a NaOAc solution (pH 4.72) and 0.01 mM of a PB solution (pH 6.08) alternately flowed into the sensing chamber.

[0087] As illustrated in FIG. 4, when only the internal and the external second reference electrodes were on, currents measured at the sensing chamber and the reference chamber were nearly 0 A and thus, were hardly distinguished. On the other hand, when voltage was applied after both the first reference electrode and the internal or external second reference electrode were on at the same time, the reference electrodes were reacted with the solutions containing different pHs and thus, current values changed efficiently.

<Experimental Example 2>

Detecting PCR products using FET according to an embodiment of the present invention

[0088] An experiment was performed to identify whether the FET manufactured according to Example 1 could detect PCT products.

[0089] In order to do so, a solution including PCR products, a washing solution, and a negative control (NTC) solution were alternately injected to a FET based sensor.

[0090] In order to obtain the PCR products, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria template was used to perform a PCR amplifying process. The base sequence of forward and reverse primer used in the process was 5'-(TAG CAT ATC AGA AGG CAC ACC C)-3' and 5'-(ATC CAC TCA AGA GAG ACA ACA TT)-3', respectively. The PCR products obtained after the PCR amplifying process had the size of 240 bp. In addition, the concentration of PCR products was diluted to be 5 ng/µℓ using phosphate buffer. The pH of the phosphate buffer containing PCR products was 5.49.

[0091] 0.01 mM of phosphate buffer (pH 6.02) was used as the washing solution.

[0092] The NTC solution contains no template during the PCR process and thus, production of the PCR products was obstructed. Therefore, the NTC solution was used to identify an obstruction effect of materials other than the PCR products. The PCR process performed was same as above and the only difference was that template was not added. When the PCR process was completed, PCR amplification did not occur and thus, the concentration of the PCR products was unknown. Such a PCR process was performed on the basis that PCR was not performed when target DNA did not exist in a sample. The pH of the NTC solution was 5.16.

[0093] FIG. 5 is a graph showing overall average current values when the solution including PCR products, the washing solution, and the NTC solution used in Experimental Example 2 were alternately injected to the FET.

[0094] Referring to FIG. 5, when the solution including PCR products, the washing solution, and the NTC solution were alternately injected, current variation values were clearly distinguished. Therefore, the FET according to an embodiment of the present invention can be efficiently used to detect PCR products.

<Experimental Example 3>

Detecting pH using FET according to an embodiment of the present invention

[0095] An experiment was performed to identify whether the FET manufactured according to Example 1 could detect pH.

[0096] In order to do so, solutions having pHs of 3, 6, and 9 were injected to a FET based sensor to measure current values.

[0097] FIG. 6 is a graph showing current values when solutions having different pHs used in Experimental Example 3 were injected to the FET based sensor.

[0098] Referring to FIG. 6, line (A) indicates when voltages of 1.8 V and 1.9 V were applied to the first reference electrode and the external second reference electrode, respectively and line (B) indicates when voltages of 1.6 V and 1.9 V were applied to the first reference electrode and the external second reference electrode, respectively.

[0099] As illustrated in FIG. 6, current changes linearly according to the pHs of the solution used to measure the current. Therefore, the FET according to an embodiment of the present invention can be efficiently used to detect pH.

[0100] As described above, the FET and the microflow apparatus according to the present invention can improve scattering between the FET devices so as to accurately detect ionic material using one or a small number of the FET devices, significantly increase a signal-to-noise ratio and can be miniaturized. The FET and the microflow apparatus can be used to easily and accurately detect the presence or concentration of ionic material.

[0101] While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims.

Claims

1. A field effect transistor for detecting ionic material comprising:

a substrate (21) formed of a semiconductor material;

a source region (22) and a drain region (23) spaced apart from each other in the substrate and doped with an opposite conductivity type to that of the substrate;

a channel region (24) interposed between the source region and the drain region;

an insulating layer (25) disposed on the channel region and formed of an electrically insulating material;

a first reference electrode (26) disposed at an edge of the upper portion of the insulating layer; and

a second reference electrode (27) disposed to be spaced apart from the insulating layer.

2. The field effect transistor of claim 1, further comprising a separation layer (28) disposed on the source region, the drain region, and the first reference electrode and formed of an electrically insulating material.

3. The field effect transistor of claim 2, wherein the second reference electrode is disposed on the separation layer (28).

4. The field effect transistor according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the insulating layer (25) is also disposed on portions of the source region and the drain region.

5. The field effect transistor according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the electrically insulating material is silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, or metal oxide.

6. The field effect transistor according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the source region (22) and the drain region (23) are doped with a p-type material when the substrate is doped with n-type material and the source region and the drain region are doped with an n-type material when the substrate is doped with a p-type material.

7. The field effect transistor according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the first reference electrode (26) is formed of one of polysilicon, Al, Pt, Au, and Cu.

8. The field effect transistor according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the second reference electrode (27) is formed of one of platinum and Ag/AgCl.

9. The field effect transistor according to any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the ionic material is a biomolecule.

10. The field effect transistor of claim 9, wherein the biomolecule is one of nucleic acid and protein.

11. The field effect transistor of claim 10, wherein the nucleic acid is selected from the group consisting of DNA, RNA, PNA, LNA, and a hybrid thereof.

12. The field effect transistor according to any of claim 10 or 11, wherein the protein is selected from the group consisting of an enzyme, a substrate, an antigen, an antibody, a ligand, an aptamer, and a receptor.

13. A microflow apparatus comprising the field effect transistor for detecting ionic material of claim 1.

14. The microflow apparatus of claim 13, wherein the field effect transistor is formed in a micro channel.

15. The microflow apparatus of claim 14, wherein the substrate of the field effect transistor is an inner surface of the micro channel.

16. A method of detecting ionic material comprising:

providing a sample solution used to detect the presence or concentration of ionic material to the insulating layer of the field effect transistor for detecting ionic material of claim 1; and

measuring electric signal changes of the field effect transistor.

17. The method of claim 16, further comprising applying a constant or different voltage to each of the first and second reference electrodes of the field effect transistor before providing the sample solution.

18. The method of claim 16 or 17, wherein the sample solution is also provided to the first reference electrode and the second reference electrode of the field effect transistor, in addition to the insulating layer.

19. The method according to any of claims 16 to 18, wherein an electric signal of the field effect transistor is one of source-drain current and voltage.

20. The method of claim 16, wherein the ionic material is a biomolecule.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the biomolecule is one of nucleic acid and protein.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the nucleic acid is selected from the group consisting of DNA, RNA, PNA, LNA, and a hybrid thereof.

23. The method of claim 21 or 22, wherein the protein is selected from the group consisting of an enzyme, a substrate, an antigen, an antibody, a ligand, an aptamer, and a receptor.

24. The method of claim 21, wherein the nucleic acid is one of a PCR product and a refined product thereof.

Drawing