[0001] The present invention relates to a system for communicating encrypted data. In particular,
the present invention relates to the technique known as quantum key distribution over
multi-user wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) network with wavelength routing.
[0002] Quantum cryptography is believed to be a natural candidate to enhance conventional
cryptographies because it can provide ultimate security by the laws of quantum theory.
Most of research in this field is centered on point-to-point transmission between
two users. At present, quantum cryptography has been successfully achieved in a point-to-point
link in optical fiber and free space. However, there are limited achievements on quantum
key distribution over network to date. There exist more problems for quantum key distribution
over network than that over point-to-point transmission. In fact, it has been thought
that it is a difficult problem to distribute quantum keys over network.
"
Comparison of three multi-user quantum key distribution networks' by Kumavor, P., et al discloses a Sagnac Interferometer based network configuration and a wave length
routed optical network.
[0003] Figure 1 shows a conventional configuration of quantum key distribution over a star
network, which exploits four phase shifts of weak pulse strings based on BB 84 protocol
at transmitter and receiver. In this setup, a transmitter (Tx) and receivers (Rxl-Rx3)
use a phase modulator to encode and decode the phase shifts, and the transmitter launches
a 3-photon pulse with a phase shift randomly chosen from four phases, (e.g. 0, [tau]/2,
[tau] and 37T/2) into the fiber. The pulse is then equally split among the 3 receivers.
For measurement, each receiver needs synchronization with the sent pulse. In addition,
the setup cannot identify which user should receive the signal because all users in
the depicted network can simultaneously receive signals from the sender even if she
or he is not the intended receiver. That is to say, this system cannot establish a
link just between two specific users to implement quantum key distribution.
[0004] Generally, the present invention provides a communication system for quantum key
distribution, in which a transmitter can communicate over a conventional optical communications
network with a plurality of receivers by using a different secret key sent at a different
wavelength for each different receiver.
[0005] The present invention also provides a communication system for quantum key distribution
with a relatively simple structure and high communication efficiency.
[0006] The present invention provides a method of quantum key distribution between a transmitter
and a plurality of receivers over a multi-user wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)
network with wavelength routing which comprises: 1) assigning a different receiving-wavelength
to each of the receivers, respectively; 2) selecting a receiver among the receivers
to be communicated with the transmitter; and 3) transmitting quantum key signals from
the transmitter to the selected receiver over the WDM network, wherein the quantum
key signals are at a wavelength identical to the receiving-wavelength of the receiver.
[0007] The present invention further provides a communication system for quantum key distribution
comprising- a transmitter; a plurality of receivers, each having a distinct receiving-wavelength;
and a multi-user WDM network linking the transmitter to the receivers, wherein the
transmitter selects a receiver among the receivers to be communicated therewith and
transmits quantum signals to the selected receiver over the WDM network. The quantum
signals transmitted are at a wavelength equal to the receiving-wavelength of the receiver.
[0008] According to the present invention, a wavelength routing technology is employed to
implement quantum key distribution for a plurality of receivers. The wavelength routing
is realized by a wavelength division demultiplexer, which may be in the form of an
array waveguide grating (AWG). Moreover, the system can use all-fiber connections,
which is suitable for optical fiber network.
[0009] According to the present invention, continuous wave light is employed in the system,
which can improve the security of the system. Moreover, differential phase detection
is also employed in the present invention, in order to overcome the influence of a
temperature shift and phase shift in the system, which can further make the system
simple and stable. Furthermore, the present invention employs a randomly phase-modulated
light of weak coherent states, e.g. two non-orthogonal states with phase shifts 0
and x, which can improve the communication efficiency of the system.
IN THE DRAWINGS:
[0010] Figure 1 is a schematic view showing the principle of quantum key distribution over
star network in the prior art;
[0011] Figure 2 is a schematic view showing principles of a wavelength routing technology
employed in a communication system for quantum key distribution over a multi-user
WDM network according to the present invention;
[0012] Figure 3 is a schematic view of a communication system according to the present invention,
which illustrates a structure of a channel between a transmitter and a receiver; and
[0013] Figure 4 shows an experimental result of the key rate and crosstalk of the communication
between the transmitter and 8 different receivers over an 8-user WDM network according
to the invention.
[0014] The present invention will be described by way of example only, with reference to
the drawings.
[0015] Figure 2 shows an embodiment of the communication system for quantum key distribution
over a multi-user WDM network according to the present invention. As shown in Figure
2, the communication system comprises: a transmitter 100, a plurality of receivers
200 (8 receivers in this embodiment), each assigned a different receiving-wavelength
(e.g. λ1-λn, where n = 8), and an 8-user WDM network linking the transmitter 100 to
the receivers 200.
[0016] Wavelength routing technology is used to implement quantum key distribution among
specific users in the invention. In the embodiment, the wavelength routing can be
realized by a wavelength division demultiplexer 400, such as an array waveguide grating
(AWG). Therefore, the transmitter 100 can choose a wavelength to establish a channel
(e.g. from channel 1 to channel n) with each receiver so that the transmitter 100
does not need to send signals to all the receivers. For example, if a receiver 210
having a receiving-wavelength, λ1, is selected to communicate with the transmitter
100, the transmitter will transmit quantum signals with a wavelength equal to λ1.
The signals, after passing through an optical fiber 300, reach the array waveguide
grating 400, which can route the quantum signals to the receiver 210 only. In this
manner, the transmitter 100 can communicate the quantum signals with only one selected
receiver. By tuning the transmitter wavelength or selecting an appropriate wavelength
of a multi-wavelength transmitter, one single transmitter can transmit quantum signals
to each of the receivers 200 by using WDM technology. Receiving-wavelengths that can
be assigned to each of the receivers in this embodiment are listed in Table 1.
Table 1
| Receivers |
Receiving-Wavelength FWHM(nm) |
Percentage of Used Gates |
Arrival Counts (s-1) |
| 1 |
1549.32 (0.018) |
8-9% |
558.305 |
| 2 |
1551.12 (0.016) |
7-8% |
477.7992 |
| 3 |
1552.4 (0.017) |
4-5% |
316.36 |
| 4 |
1554.145 (0.017) |
6-7% |
422.407 |
| 5 |
1555.689 (0.017) |
4-5% |
303.2212 |
| 6 |
1557.375 (0.017) |
3-4% |
245.2329 |
| 7 |
1558.996 (0.018) |
4-5% |
332.095 |
| 8 |
1560.615 (0.016) |
2-3% |
207.4174 |
[0017] Now referring to Figure 3, a configuration for transmitting quantum signals between
a transmitter and an intended (selected) receiver over a multi-user WDM network according
to the present invention is described.
[0018] As shown in Figure 3, when a receiver 210 is selected to communicate with the transmitter
100, a tunable laser 101 at the transmitter 100 emits a continuous wave (CW) light
whose wavelength corresponds to the receiving-wavelength of the receiver 210, into
a phase modulator 102. A random phase shift of 0 or π generated by a random data signal
generator 104 is added to the CW light. Then the CW light with a random phase shift
is attenuated to single photons, with an average photon number less than one within
a measured gate period, at the exit of a variable optical attenuator 103, which is
coupled into a 8.5km standard single mode optical fiber 300. After that, the attenuated
light signal is sent to the AWG 400, to determine which user is selected via wavelength
routing. The AWG 400 provides a plurality of output ports 401-40n, each having a distinct
central wavelength and a bandwidth that corresponds to the receiving-wavelength of
each of the receivers. And then, through the AWG 400, the attenuated signals arrive
at the selected receiver 210 corresponding to the receiving-wavelength.
[0019] The receiver 210 provides an asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer 218 to reconstruct
a phase shift introduced by the transmitter 100. Preferably, the asymmetric Mach-Zehnder
interferometer 218 comprises a first 50/50 beam splitter 211, a long arm 212, a short
arm 213, and a second 50/50 beam splitter 214. The beam splitter 211 is employed for
splitting the incoming signals into two portions respectively entering the long arm
212 and the short arm 213. The two split light signals are recombined by the beam
splitter 214, in which the time difference between the two arms 212 and 213 is set
equal to a time interval of a phase modulation period. That is, the random data signal
generator 104 of the transmitter 100 can synchronize the phase modulator 102 to modulate
the light with the time interval of the phase modulation period equal to the time
difference experienced by the light while traveling across the two arms. With the
Mach-Zehnder interferometer 218, an interference between the photons of the two arms
occurs. The receiver 210 can detect single photons created by the constructively interfered
signal by a single photon detector module 219 comprising two single photon detectors
215 and 216 respectively connected to two outputs of the beam splitter 214. The detector
module works in gated mode with 2.5ns and 100 KHz. The data can be stored in a computer
via data capture software. Moreover a time slot measurement device 217 can be provided
in the single photon detector module 219 for measuring the time slots at which a photon
is detected at the detectors.
[0020] After raw key transmission, the receiver 210 tells the transmitter 100 the time slots
measured. From this time message and the modulation state of the photons, the transmitter
knows which detector clicked in the receiver. Under an agreement that the click by
the detector 215 denotes "0" and the click by the detector 216 denotes "1", for example,
the transmitter 100 and the receiver 210 will obtain an identical quantum key.
[0021] In this way, the transmitter 100 can choose a wavelength to establish a channel,
channel 1, with the receiver 210 so that the transmitter 100 does not need to send
the signal to the other receivers.
[0022] Moreover, since all the other receivers have the same configuration as the receiver
210, except that the receiver-wavelength thereof is different, the transmitter 100
can communicate with any of the single receivers in a similar way described above.
[0023] The efficiency of the single photon detector module 219 is greater than 10%, and
thus the count rate should be less than 10 KHz in order to guarantee a single photon
in a measured time slot. To achieve a better performance, the laser of the present
invention is a narrow band laser source, so that the light emitted from the laser
has a bandwidth narrower than the bandwidth of each of the output ports (from output
port 401 to 40n) of the array waveguide grating. According to the embodiment of the
present invention, the laser 101 can be tuned from 1,475nm to 1,600nm. The receiving-wavelengths
used in the embodiment are listed in Table 1. Lastly, the single photon signals have
been measured in each channel and crosstalks due to other channels are also detected.
The count rate of the experiment is less than 1×10
4 counts/s, which corresponds to less than 0.1 count in a measured slot at the transmitter,
in order to guarantee a single photon in the modulation time slot. After about 12dB
transmission loss, there are about 6% single photons to arrive at a receiver. The
percentage of the used gates in the receivers 200 is shown in Table 1, and the count
rates of single photons arriving at the receivers 200 from the transmitter 100 are
also shown in Table 1. The error rate in each channel of the 8-user network is listed
in Table 2.
Table 2
| Channels |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
| Error Rates (%) |
1.93 |
2.15 |
2.75 |
3.19 |
2.76 |
2.73 |
2.24 |
6.26 |
[0024] This system can use all-fiber connections, which is suitable to optical fiber networks.
The quantum key signal of the system is carried by the phase difference between two
sequential phases:
[0025] An advantage to adopt differential phase detection is to overcome the influence of
the temperature shift and phase shift in the system, which also makes the system simple.
Another advantage is of high communication efficiency. In the previous schemes, at
least two measurement bases are necessary when detection is done at receivers. In
principle, there are only 50 percent of outcomes that are correct. Therefore, it will
make a 3dB loss, i.e. BB84 protocol has been used. However, one can use all of the
measured outcomes in the present system.
[0026] Continuous wave light is employed in the system of the invention, which can improve
the security of the system. Compared with a pulsed light, an eavesdropper, Eve, cannot
measure the period of the phase modulation. Therefore, Eve cannot know the detailed
information of the interferometer. In fact, single pulses will lead to leaking more
information (interferometer structure parameter, which is very important to form quantum
keys) to eavesdropper. If continuous light is adopted, then eavesdropper cannot know
the difference between the two arms of the interferometer, which further improves
the security of this system.
[0027] Compared with other automatic compensation schemes, the construct according to the
invention has lower noise because there is no return signals (which can cause interference)
in the current structure. That is also another advantage.
[0028] Figure 4 shows that experimental key rates for the 8 channels vary from about 2kb/s
to more than 5kb/s, which are shown in black diamond. Other dots in Figure 4 show
the crosstalks caused by the referred channels. The crosstalk due to channel 1 is
the largest because of its highest single photon rate. For security, there is an upper
bound for the loss in the system, which includes fiber transmission loss, component
insertion loss, loss from wavelength routing and some loss caused by imperfect alignment.
The total loss of about 12dB is much less than the secure upper bound of 31 dB for
the mean photon number per bit of 0.1. The crosstalk is mainly caused by the wavelength
demultiplexing device, AWG, and laser source. Form Figure 4, it is obvious that quantum
key distribution in the present architecture is feasible because the cont rates caused
by crosstalk and dark counts are very small compared to single photon signal counts.
[0029] Therefore, quantum key distribution over multi-user network using wavelength routing
is achieved experimentally, which overcomes the broadcasting problem of the tree network.
Furthermore, a differential phase modulation is applied to continuous wave light,
which can eliminate the variations caused by temperature and polarization fluctuations
in the system. Moreover, the higher key generation efficiency with a simple configuration
demonstrated in this disclosure is suitable to practical applications.
[0030] Although, for ease of illustration, only 8 receivers are described in the embodiments,
it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that smaller or greater numbers of
the receivers may be employed in practice networks. The number chosen can be varied
according to the field of use.
[0031] It is appreciated that the scope of the invention should be defined by the appended
claims and not be restricted by the description discussed in the summary and/or the
detailed description of the preferred embodiments.
1. A method of quantum key distribution between a transmitter (100) and a plurality of
receivers (210) over a multi-user WDM network, comprising:
assigning a different receiving-wavelength to each of the plurality of receivers (210),
respectively;
selecting a receiver (210) from the plurality of receivers (210) to be communicated
with the transmitter (100); and
transmitting quantum signals from the transmitter (100) to the selected receiver (210)
over the WDM network, wherein the transmitted quantum signals are at a wavelength
equal to the receiving-wavelength of the receiver (210), and characterized in that the transmitting further comprises:
emitting a continuous wave light from a source (101) of the transmitter (100);
randomly phase-modulating the continuous wave light with two non-orthogonal states
at a phase modulation period;
attenuating the phase-modulated continuous wave light by a optical attenuator (103)
such that an average photon number of the light, which is detected within a time slot
by a single photon detector module (219) at the selected receiver, is less than one;
transmitting the attenuated light through an optical fibre (300);
routing the attenuated light to the selected receiver (210) by using a wavelength
division demultiplexer (400), which has a plurality of output ports, each having a
distinct central wavelength and a bandwidth that corresponds to the receiving-wavelength
of each of the receivers;
splitting the light received by the selected receiver (210) into two portions by two
arms including a long arm (212) and a short arm (213), in which a difference of time
that the light travels within between the long arm (212) and the short arm (213) is
equal to a time interval of the phase modulation period;
combining the two portions of the light after passing through the two arms so that
an interference occurs;
detecting a photon by two detectors (215, 216) when the constructive interference
occurs; and
establishing the quantum keys at the selected receiver by determining which one of
the detectors (215, 216) detects the photon.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the wavelength division demultiplexer (400)
is an array waveguide grating.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the source (101) is a narrow band laser source,
so that the light emitted from the source has a bandwidth narrower than that of each
of the output port of the wavelength division demultiplexer (400).
4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising:
measuring a time slot at which a photon is detected at the receiver (210);
transmitting a time slot message from the receiver (210) to the transmitter (100);
and
determining the quantum keys by analyzing the time slot message at the transmitter
(100).
5. A communication system for quantum key distribution comprising:
a transmitter (100);
a wavelength division demultiplexer (400);
an optical fiber (300);
a plurality of receivers (210), each assigned a receiving-wavelength and including
an interferometer; and
a multi-user WDM network linking the transmitter (100) to the receivers (210), wherein
the transmitter (100) is configured to selects a receiver (210) from the plurality
of receivers (210) to be communicated therewith and to transmit quantum signals to
the selected receiver (210) over the WDM network via the wavelength division demultiplexer
(400), wherein the quantum signals are at a wavelength equal to the receiving-wavelength
of the selected receiver (210),
characterized in that the transmitter (100) comprises:
a source (101) configured to emit a continuous wave light;
a phase modulator (102) configured to randomly phase modulate the continuous wave
light within a phase modulation period with two non-orthogonal states; and
a variable optical attenuator (103) configured to attenuate the phase modulated continuous
wave light such that an average photon number less than one is detected within a time
slot by a single photon detector (215, 216), and to transmit the attenuated light
through the wavelength division demultiplexer (400) of the WMD network to the selected
receiver (210), such that the selected receiver (210) establishes quantum keys based
on the received light, and
wherein the transmitter (100) is coupled to the wavelength division demultiplexer
(400) through the optical fiber (300), and
wherein the wavelength division demultiplexer (400) has a plurality of output ports,
each of the output ports has a distinct central wavelength and a bandwidth that corresponds
to the receiving-wavelength of each of the receivers (210).
6. The communication system according to claim 5, wherein the source (101) is a tunable
laser ranging from 1,475nm to 1,600nm.
7. The communication system according to claim 5, wherein the wavelength division demultiplexer
(400) is an array waveguide grating.
8. The communication system according to claim 5, wherein the source (101) is a narrow
band laser source, so that the light emitted from the source has a bandwidth narrower
than that of each output port of the wavelength division demultiplexer (400).
9. The communication system according to claim 5, wherein the optical fiber (300) is
a standard single mode optical fiber (300).
10. The communication system according to claim 5, wherein each of the receivers (210)
comprises:
an asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer for the quantum signal detection having
two arms (212, 213) of different time delays which generates an interference between
signals from the two arms (212, 213); and
a single photon detector module (219) for detecting a photon when a constructive interference
occurs.
11. The communication system according to claim 10, wherein the asymmetric Mach-Zehnder
interferometer comprises:
a first beam splitter (211) for splitting the light into two portions by the two arms
(212, 213), a time difference between the two arms (212, 213) being equal to a time
interval of the phase modulation period; and
a second beam splitter (214) for combining the two portions after they pass through
the two arms (212, 213) so that the two portions interfere with each other.
12. The communication system according to claim 10, wherein the single photon detector
module (219) comprises:
two detectors (215, 216) for detecting the photon, wherein a click of a photon by
one detector denotes "0" and that by the other detector denotes "1 "; and
a time slot measurement device for measuring the time slot at which a photon is detected
at the receiver (210).
13. The communication system according to claim 10, wherein the system uses all-fiber
connections, which is suitable for the WDM network.
14. The communication system according to claim 11, wherein the transmitter (100) further
comprises a random data signal generator (104) for adding a random phase shift to
the phase modulator (102) and synchronizing the phase modulator (102) to modulate
the light with the time interval, the time interval being equal to the time difference
between the two arms (212, 213) in the Mach-Zehnder interferometer in each of the
receivers (210).
1. Verfahren für einen Quantenschlüsselaustausch zwischen einem Sender (100) und mehreren
Empfängern (210) über ein Mehrbenutzer WDM-Netz, umfassend:
Zuordnen einer jeweils unterschiedlichen Empfangswellenlänge zu jedem der mehreren
Empfänger (210);
Auswählen eines Empfängers (210) aus den mehreren Empfängern (210), mit welchem mit
dem Sender (100) zu kommunizieren ist; und
Übertragen von Quantensignalen von dem Sender (100) zu dem ausgewählten Empfänger
(210) über das WDM-Netz, wobei die übertragenen Quantensignale bei einer Wellenlänge
gleich der Empfangswellenlänge des Empfängers (210) sind, und dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Übertragen ferner umfasst:
Abgeben einer kontinuierlichen Lichtwelle von einer Quelle (101) des Senders (100);
zufälliges Phasenmodulieren der kontinuierlichen Lichtwelle mit zwei nicht-orthogonalen
Zuständen bei einem Phasenmodulationsabschnitt;
Dämpfen der phasenmodulierten kontinuierlichen Lichtwelle mit einem optischen Dämpfer
(103) derart, dass eine durchschnittliche Photonenanzahl des Lichts, welche innerhalb
eines Zeitschlitzes von einem Einzelphotonendetektormodul (219) an dem ausgewählten
Empfänger detektiert wird, kleiner als Eins ist;
Übertragen des gedämpften Lichts durch eine optische Faser (300);
Leiten des gedämpften Lichts zu dem ausgewählten Empfänger (210) unter Verwendung
eines Wellenlängendemultiplexers (400), welcher mehrere Ausgangsanschlüsse aufweist,
welche jeweils eine eindeutige Mittelwellenlänge und eine Bandbreite aufweisen, welche
der Empfangswellenlänge eines jeweiligen der Empfänger entspricht;
Aufteilen des von dem ausgewählten Empfänger (210) empfangenen Lichts in zwei Anteile
durch zwei Arme, welche einen langen Arm (212) und einen kurzen Arm (213) aufweisen,
wobei eine Zeitdifferenz zwischen dem Verlaufen des Lichts in dem langen Arm (212)
und dem kurzen Arm (213) gleich einem Zeitintervall des Phasenmodulationsabschnitts
ist;
Kombinieren der zwei Anteile des Lichts nach dem Leiten durch die zwei Arme derart,
dass eine Interferenz auftritt;
Detektieren eines Photons mit zwei Detektoren (215, 216), wenn die konstruktive Interferenz
auftritt; und
Einrichten der Quantenschlüssel an dem ausgewählten Empfänger durch Bestimmen welcher
der Detektoren (215, 216) das Photon detektiert.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Wellenlängendemultiplexer (400) ein Array-Wellenleitergitter
ist.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Quelle (101) eine schmalbandige Laserquelle ist,
so dass das von der Quelle abgegebene Licht eine Bandbreite aufweist, welche schmaler
als die von jedem der Ausgangsanschlüsse des Wellenlängendemultiplexers (400) ist.
4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, ferner umfassend:
Messen eines Zeitschlitzes, zu welchem ein Photon an dem Empfänger (210) detektiert
wird;
Übertragen einer Zeitschlitznachricht von dem Empfänger (210) zu dem Sender (100);
und
Bestimmen der Quantenschlüssel durch Analysieren der Zeitschlitznachricht an dem Sender
(100).
5. Kommunikationssystem für einen Quantenschlüsselaustausch, umfassend:
einen Sender (100);
einen Wellenlängendemultiplexer (400);
eine optische Faser (300);
mehrere Empfänger (210), denen jeweils eine Empfangswellenlänge zugeordnet ist und
welche jeweils ein Interferometer aufweisen; und
ein Mehrbenutzer-WDM-Netz, welches den Sender (100) mit den Empfängern (210) verbindet,
wobei der Sender (100) ausgestaltet ist, einen Empfänger (210) aus den mehreren Empfängern
(210) auszuwählen, mit welchem zu kommunizieren ist, und Quantensignale zu dem ausgewählten
Empfänger (210) über das WDM-Netz über den Wellenlängendemultiplexer (400) zu übertragen,
wobei die Quantensignale bei einer Wellenlänge gleich der Empfangswellenlänge des
ausgewählten Empfängers (210) sind,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Empfänger (100) umfasst:
eine Quelle (101), welche ausgestaltet ist, eine kontinuierliche Lichtwelle abzugeben;
einen Phasenmodulator (102), welcher ausgestaltet ist, die kontinuierliche Lichtwelle
innerhalb eines Phasenmodulationsabschnitts mit zwei nicht-orthogonalen Zuständen
zufällig zu phasenmodulieren; und
einen veränderlichen optischen Dämpfer (103), welcher ausgestaltet ist, die phasenmodulierte
kontinuierliche Lichtwelle derart zu dämpfen, dass eine durchschnittliche Photonenanzahl,
welche innerhalb eines Zeitschlitzes von einem Einzelphotonendetektor (215, 216) detektiert
wird, kleiner als Eins ist, und das gedämpfte Licht durch den Wellenlängendemultiplexer
(400) des WDM-Netzes zu dem ausgewählten Empfänger (210) zu übertragen, so dass der
ausgewählte Empfänger (210) Quantenschlüssel auf der Grundlage des empfangenen Lichts
einrichtet, und
wobei der Sender (100) mit dem Wellenlängendemultiplexer (400) über die optische Faser
(300) gekoppelt ist, und
wobei der Wellenlängendemultiplexer (400) mehrere Ausgangsanschlüsse aufweist, wobei
jeder der Ausgangsanschlüsse eine eindeutige Mittelwellenlänge und eine Bandbreite
aufweist, welche der Empfangswellenlänge eines jeweiligen der Empfänger (210) entspricht.
6. Kommunikationssystem nach Anspruch 5, wobei die Quelle (101) ein abstimmbarer Laser
in einem Bereich von 1475nm bis 1600nm ist.
7. Kommunikationssystem nach Anspruch 5, wobei der Wellenlängendemultiplexer (400) ein
Array-Wellenleitergitter ist.
8. Kommunikationssystem nach Anspruch 5, wobei die Quelle (101) eine schmalbandige Laserquelle
ist, so dass das von der Quelle abgegebene Licht eine Bandbreite schmaler als die
von jedem Ausgangsanschluss des Wellenlängendemultiplexers (400) aufweist.
9. Kommunikationssystem nach Anspruch 5, wobei die optische Faser (300) eine optische
Standard-Single-Mode-Faser (300) ist.
10. Kommunikationssystem nach Anspruch 5, wobei jeder der Empfänger (210) umfasst:
ein asymmetrisches Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer für die Quantensignalerfassung mit
zwei Armen (212, 213) mit unterschiedlichen Zeitverzögerungen, welches ein Interferenzsignal
zwischen Signalen von den zwei Armen (212, 213) erzeugt; und
ein Einzelphotonendetektormodul (219) zum Detektieren eines Photons, wenn eine konstruktive
Interferenz auftritt.
11. Kommunikationssystem nach Anspruch 10, wobei das asymmetrische Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer
umfasst:
einen ersten Strahlteiler (212) zum Teilen des Lichts in zwei Anteile durch die zwei
Arme (212, 213), wobei eine Zeitdifferenz zwischen den zwei Armen (212, 213) gleich
einem Zeitintervall des Phasenmodulationsabschnitts ist; und
einen zweiten Strahlteiler (214) zum Kombinieren der zwei Anteile nachdem sie durch
die zwei Arme (212, 213) gelaufen sind, so dass die zwei Anteile miteinander interferieren.
12. Kommunikationssystem nach Anspruch 10, wobei das Einzelphotonendetektormodul (219)
umfasst:
zwei Detektoren (215, 216) zum Detektieren des Photons, wobei ein Klick eines Photons
in einem Detektor eine "0" anzeigt und dieses in dem anderen Detektor eine "1" anzeigt;
und
eine Zeitschlitzmessvorrichtung zum Messen des Zeitschlitzes, zu welchem ein Photon
an dem Empfänger (210) empfangen wird.
13. Kommunikationssystem nach Anspruch 10, wobei das System alle Faserverbindungen verwendet,
welche für das WDM-Netz geeignet sind.
14. Kommunikationssystem nach Anspruch 11, wobei der Sender (100) ferner einen Zufallsdatensignalgenerator
(104) umfasst, um einen zufälligen Phasenversatz zu dem Phasenmodulator (102) hinzuzufügen
und den Phasenmodulator (102) zu synchronisieren, um das Licht mit dem Zeitintervall
zu modulieren, wobei das Zeitintervall gleich der Zeitdifferenz zwischen den zwei
Armen (212, 213) in dem Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer in einem jeweiligen der Empfänger
(210) ist.
1. Procédé de cryptographie quantique entre un émetteur (100) et une pluralité de récepteurs
(210) sur un réseau MRL multi-utilisateur, comprenant :
l'attribution d'une longueur d'onde de réception différente respectivement à chacun
des récepteurs (210) ;
la sélection d'un récepteur (210) parmi la pluralité de récepteurs (210) à mettre
en communication avec l'émetteur (100) ; et
la transmission de signaux quantiques de l'émetteur (100) vers le récepteur (210)
sélectionné, via le réseau MRL, où les signaux quantiques transmis sont à une longueur
d'onde égale à la longueur d'onde de réception du récepteur (210), et caractérisé en ce que la transmission comprend en outre :
l'émission d'une lumière à onde continue depuis une source (101) de l'émetteur (100)
;
la modulation aléatoire en phase de la lumière à onde continue avec deux états non
orthogonaux et à une période de modulation de phase ;
l'atténuation de la lumière à onde continue modulée en phase par un atténuateur optique
(103) telle que le nombre moyen de photons de la lumière, qui est détecté dans un
créneau temporel par un seul module détecteur de photons (219) dans le récepteur sélectionné,
est inférieur à un ;
la transmission de la lumière atténuée par l'intermédiaire d'une fibre optique (300)
;
le routage de la lumière atténuée jusqu'au récepteur sélectionné (210) en utilisant
un démultiplexeur par répartition en longueur d'onde (400) qui comporte une pluralité
de bornes de sortie, chacune ayant une longueur d'onde centrale distincte et une largeur
de bande qui correspond à la longueur d'onde de réception de chacun des récepteurs
;
la division de la lumière reçue par le récepteur sélectionné (210) en deux parties
par deux branches comprenant une branche longue (212) et une branche courte (213),
dans laquelle une différence de temps de propagation de la lumière entre la branche
longue (212) et la branche courte (213) est égale à un intervalle de temps de la période
de modulation de phase ;
la combinaison des deux parties de la lumière après le passage dans les deux branches,
de sorte qu'il se produit une interférence ;
la détection d'un photon par deux détecteurs (215, 216) quand l'interférence constructive
se produit ; et
l'établissement des clés quantiques dans le récepteur sélectionné en déterminant lequel
des détecteurs (215, 216) détecte le photon.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel le démultiplexeur par répartition en
longueur d'onde (400) est un réseau de guides d'ondes (AWG).
3. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel la source (101) est une source laser
à bande étroite, de sorte que la lumière émise par la source a une largeur de bande
plus étroite que celle de chacune des bornes de sortie du démultiplexeur par répartition
en longueur d'onde (400).
4. Procédé selon la revendication 1, comprenant en outre :
la mesure d'un créneau temporel dans lequel un photon est détecté dans le récepteur
(210) ;
la transmission d'un message de créneau temporel du récepteur (210) vers l'émetteur
(100) ; et
la détermination des clés quantiques en analysant le message de créneau temporel dans
l'émetteur (100).
5. Système de communication pour cryptographie quantique comprenant :
un émetteur (100) ;
un démultiplexeur par répartition en longueur d'onde (400) ;
une fibre optique (300) ;
une pluralité de récepteurs (210), une longueur d'onde de réception étant attribuée
à chacun d'entre eux et chacun comprenant un interféromètre ; et
un réseau MRL multi-utilisateur reliant l'émetteur (100) aux récepteurs (210), dans
lequel l'émetteur (100) est configuré pour sélectionner un récepteur (210) parmi la
pluralité de récepteurs (210) pour être mis en communication avec celui-ci et pour
transmettre des signaux quantiques au récepteur sélectionné (210) via le réseau MRL
par l'intermédiaire du démultiplexeur par répartition en longueur d'onde (400), dans
lequel les signaux quantiques sont à une longueur d'onde égale à la longueur d'onde
de réception du récepteur sélectionné (210),
caractérisé en ce que l'émetteur (100) comprend :
une source (101) configurée pour émettre une lumière à onde continue ;
un modulateur de phase (102) configuré pour moduler aléatoirement en phase la lumière
à onde continue dans une période de modulation de phase avec deux états non orthogonaux
; et
un atténuateur optique variable (103) configuré pour atténuer la lumière à onde continue
modulée en phase de telle manière qu'un nombre moyen de photons inférieur à un est
détecté dans un créneau temporel par un seul détecteur de photons (215, 216), et pour
émettre la lumière atténuée à travers le démultiplexeur par répartition en longueur
d'onde (400) du réseau MRL vers le récepteur sélectionné (210), de sorte que le récepteur
sélectionné (210) établit des clés quantiques basées sur la lumière reçue, et
dans lequel l'émetteur (100) est couplé au démultiplexeur par répartition en longueur
d'onde (400) via la fibre optique (300), et
dans lequel le démultiplexeur par répartition en longueur d'onde (400) comporte une
pluralité de bornes de sortie, chacune des bornes de sortie ayant une longueur d'onde
centrale distincte et une largeur de bande qui correspond à la longueur d'onde de
réception de chacun des récepteurs (210).
6. Système de communication selon la revendication 5, dans lequel la source (101) est
un laser accordable allant de 1475 nm à 1600 nm.
7. Système de communication selon la revendication 5, dans lequel le démultiplexeur par
répartition en longueur d'onde (400) est un réseau de guides d'ondes (AWG).
8. Système de communication selon la revendication 5, dans lequel la source (101) est
une source laser à bande étroite, de sorte que la lumière émise par la source a une
largeur de bande plus étroite que celle de chaque borne de sortie du démultiplexeur
par répartition en longueur d'onde (400).
9. Système de communication selon la revendication 5, dans lequel la fibre optique (300)
est une fibre optique monomodale standard (300).
10. Système de communication selon la revendication 5, dans lequel chacun des récepteurs
(210) comprend :
un interféromètre de Mach-Zehnder asymétrique pour la détection de signaux quantiques
ayant deux branches (212, 213) à délais différents qui génère une interférence entre
les signaux provenant des deux bras (212, 213) ; et
un seul module détecteur de photons (219) pour détecter un photon quand il se produit
une interférence constructive.
11. Système de communication selon la revendication 10, dans lequel l'interféromètre de
Mach-Zehnder asymétrique comprend :
un premier diviseur de faisceau (211) pour diviser la lumière en deux parties par
les deux branches (212, 213), une différence de temps entre les deux branches (212,
213) étant égale à un intervalle de temps de la période de modulation de phase ; et
un deuxième diviseur de faisceau (214) pour combiner les deux parties après qu'elles
soient passées dans les deux branches (212, 213) de telle manière que les deux parties
interfèrent entre elles.
12. Système de communication selon la revendication 10, dans lequel le module détecteur
de photons simple (219) comprend :
deux détecteurs (215, 216) pour détecter le photon, dans lequel un clic de photon
par un détecteur représente "0" et celui formé par l'autre détecteur représente "1"
; et
un dispositif de mesure de créneau temporel pour mesurer le créneau temporel dans
lequel un photon est détecté dans le récepteur (210).
13. Système de communication selon la revendication 10, dans lequel le système utilise
des connexions entièrement en fibres, ce qui est approprié pour le réseau MRL.
14. Système de communication selon la revendication 11, dans lequel l'émetteur (100) comprend
en outre un générateur de signal de données aléatoire (104) pour ajouter un déphasage
aléatoire au modulateur de phase (102) et pour synchroniser le modulateur de phase
(102) afin de moduler la lumière avec l'intervalle de temps, l'intervalle de temps
étant égal à la différence de temps entre les deux branches (212, 213) de l'interféromètre
de Mach-Zehnder dans chacun des récepteurs (210).