The present invention relates to novel compounds, in particular novel 1,4-disubstituted 3-cyano-pyridone-derivatives that are positive allosteric modulators of metabotropic receptors-subtype 2 ("mGluR2") which are useful for the treatment or prevention of neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glutamate dysfunction and diseases in which the mGluR2 subtype of metabotropic receptors is involved. The invention is also directed to the pharmaceutical compositions, the processes to prepare such compounds and compositions and the use of such compounds for the prevention and treatment of such diseases in which mGluR2 is involved.

Glutamate is the major amino-acid transmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Glutamate plays a major role in numerous physiological functions, such as learning and memory but also sensory perception, development of synaptic plasticity, motor control, respiration, and regulation of cardiovascular function. Furthermore, glutamate is at the centre of several different neurological and psychiatric diseases, where there is an imbalance in glutamatergic neurotransmission.

Glutamate mediates synaptic neurotransmission through the activation of iono-tropic glutamate receptors channels (iGluRs), the NMDA, AMPA and kainate receptors which are responsible for fast excitatory transmission (Nakanishi ct al., (1998) Brain Res Brain Res Rev., 26:230-235).

In addition, glutamate activates metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) which have a more modulatory role that contributes to the fine-tuning of synaptic efficacy.

The mGluRs are seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belonging to family 3 of GPCRs along with the calcium-sensing, GABAB, and pheromone receptors.

Glutamate activates the mGluRs through binding to the large extracellular amino-terminal domain of the receptor, herein called the orthosteric binding site. This binding induces a conformational change in the receptor which results in the activation of the G-protein and intracellular signalling pathways.

the mGluR family is composed of eight members. They are classified into three groups (group I comprising mGluR1 and mGluR5; group II comprising mGluR2 and mGluR23; group III comprising mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7, and mGluR8) according to sequence homology, pharmacological profile, and nature of intracellular signalling cascades activated (Schoepp et al. (1999) Neuropharmacology, 38:1431-76).

WO2005/080356 targets selective agonists of group I mGluR recepters.

Among mGluR members, the mGluR2 subtype is negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase via activation of Gαi-protein, and its activation leads to inhibition of glutamate release in the synapse (Cartmell & Schoepp (2000) J Neurochem 75:889-907). In the CNS, mGluR2 receptors are abundant mainly throughout cortex, thalamic regions, accessory olfactory bulb, hippocampus, amygdala, caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens (Ohishi et al. (1998) Neurosci Res 30:65-82).

Activating mGluR2 was shown in clinical trials to be efficacious to treat anxiety disorders (Levine et al. (2002) Neuropharmacology 43: 294 ; Holden (2003) Science 300:1866-68; Grillon et al. (2003) Psychopharmacology 168:446-54 ; Kellner et al. (2005) Psychopharmacology 179: 310-15). In addition, activating mGluR2 in various animal models was shown to be efficacious, thus representing a potential novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of schizophrenia (reviewed in Schoepp & Marek (2002) Curr Drug Targets. 1:215-25), epilepsy (reviewed in Moldrich et al. (2003) Eur J Pharmacol. 476:3- 16), migraine (Johnson et al. (2002) Neuropharmacology 43:291), addiction/drug dependence (Helton et al. (1997) J Pharmacol Exp Ther 284: 651-660), Parkinson's disease (Bradley et al (2000) J Neurosci. 20(9):3085-94), pain (Simmons et al. (2002) Pharmacol Biochem Behav 73:419-27), sleep disorders (Feinberg et al. (2002) Pharmacol Biochem Behav 73:467-74) and Huntington's disease (Schiefer et al. (2004) Brain Res 1019:246-54).

To date, most of the available pharmacological tools targeting mGluRs are orthosteric ligands which activate several members of the family as they are structural analogs of glutamate (Schoepp et al. (1999) Neuropharmacology, 38:1431-76).

A new avenue for developing selective compounds acting at mGluRs is to identify molecules that act through allosteric mechanisms, modulating the receptor by binding to a site different from the highly conserved orthosteric binding site.

Positive allosteric modulators of mGluRs have emerged recently as novel pharmacological entities offering this attractive alternative. This type of molecule has been discovered for several mGluRs (reviewed in Mutel (2002) Expert Opin. Ther. Patents 12:1-8). In particular molecules have been described as mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators (Johnson MP et al. (2003) J Med Chem. 46:3189-92; Pinkerton et al. (2004) J Med Chem. 47:4595-9).

WO2004/09213 (NPS & Astra Zeneca), WO2004/018386, WO2006/01491 and W02006/015158 (Merck) and WO2001/56990 (Eli Lilly) describe respectively phenyl sulfonamide, acetophenone, indanone and pyridylmethyl sulfonamide derivatives as mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators. However, none of the specifically disclosed compounds are structurally related to the compounds of the invention.

It was demonstrated that such molecules do not activate the receptor by themselves (Johnson MP et al. (2003) J Med Chem. 46:3189-92; Schaffhauser et al. (2003) Mol Pharmacol. 64:798-810). Rather, they enable the receptor to produce a maximal response to a concentration of glutamate which by itself induces a minimal response. Mutational analysis have demonstrated unequivocally that the binding of mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators does not occur at the orthosteric site, but instead at an allosteric site situated within the seven transmembrane region of the receptor (Schaffhauser et al. (2003) Mol Pharmacol. 64:798-810).

Animal data are suggesting that positive allosteric modulators of mGluR2 have the same effects in anxiety and psychosis models as those obtained with orthosteric agonists. Allosteric modulators of mGluR2 were shown to be active in fear-potentiated startle (Johnson et al. (2003) J Med Chem. 46:3189-92; Johnson et al. (2005) Psychopharmacology 179:271-83), and in stress-induced hyperthermia (Johnson et al. (2005) Psychopharmacology 179:271-83) models of anxiety. Furthermore, such compounds were shown to be active_in reversal of ketamine- (Govek et al. (2005) Bioorg Med Chem Lett 15(18):4068-72) or amphetamine- (Galici et al. (2005) J Pharm Exp Ther 315(3), 1181-1187) induced hyperlocomotion, and in reversal of amphetamine-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle effect (Galici et al. (2005) J Pharm Exp Ther 315(3),1181-1187) models of schizophrenia.

Positive allosteric modulators enable potentiation of the glutamate response, but they have also been shown to potentiate the response to orthosteric mGluR2 agonists such as LY379268 (Johnson et al. (2004) Biochem Soc Trans 32:881-87) or DCG-IV (Poisik et al. (2005) Neuropharmacology 49:57-69). These data provide evidence for yet another novel therapeutic approach to treat above mentioned neurological diseases involving mGluR2, which would use a combination of a positive allosteric modulator of mGluR2 together with an orthosteric agonist of mGluR2. WO 2006/030032 discloses pyridinone derivatives useful as positive allosteric modulators of mGluR2-receptors.

The invention relates to compounds having metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 modulator activity. In its most general compound aspect, the present invention provides a compound according to general Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salt thereof, a stereochemically isomeric form thereof, an N-oxide form thereof or a quaternary ammonium salt thereof, wherein

V¹

is selected from the group of a covalent bond and a bivalent saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms ;

M¹

is selected from the group of hydrogen ; cycloC_3-7alkyl; aryl ; alkylcarbonyl ; alkyloxy ; aryloxy ; arylatkyloxy ; arylcarbonyl ; hexahydrothiopyranyl ; and Het¹ ;

L

is selected from the group of a covalent bond ; -O- ; -OCH₂- ; -OCH₂CH₂-; -OCH₂CH₂O- ; -OCH₂CH₂OCH₂-; -S-; -NR⁷- ; -NR⁷CH₂- ; -NR⁷ cycloC_3-7; -NR⁷CH₂CH₂- ; -OCH₂CH₂N(R⁷)CH₂- ; -CH₂-; -CH₂CH₂-; -CH₂CH₂CH₂; -C≡C- ; -C=O- ; and -C(R⁸)=C(R⁹)- ; wherein each of R⁷, independently of each other, is selected from the group of hydrogen and, C_1-3alkyl ; and wherein R⁸ and R⁹, independently of each other, are selected from the group of hydrogen, halo and C_1-3alkyl;

R² and R³

are each independently of each other hydrogen, halo or alkyl ;

A

is selected from the group of piperazinyl and piperidinyl wherein each radical is optionally substituted with n radicals R⁴, wherein n is an integer equal to zero, 1, 2 or 3 ;

R⁴

is selected from the group of halo ; cyano hydroxy ; oxo ; formyl ; ethanoyl ; carboxyl ; nitro ; thio ; alkyl ; alkyloxy ; alkyloxyalkyl ; alkyloxycarbonyl ; alkyloxycarbonylalkyl ; alkylcarbonyl ; alkylcarbonyloxy; alkylcarbonylalkyloxy ; polyhalC_1-3alkyl; polyhaloC_1-3alkyloxy; polyhaloC_1-3alkylthio ; alkylthio ; alkylsulfonyl ; Het³; Het³-alkyl ; Het³-oxy ; Het³-oxyalkyl ; Het³ -alkyloxy ; Het³-oxyalkyloxy ; Het³-carbonyl Het³-carbonylauryl ; Het³-thio ; Het³-thioalkyl ; Het³-sulfonyl ; aryl ; arylalkyl ; aryloxy ; aryloxyalkyl ; arylalkyloxy ; arylalkenyl ; arylcarbonylalkyl ; arylthioalkyl ; arylsulfonyl ; -NR^aR^b ; alkyl-NR^aR^b ; O-alkyl-NR⁸R^b ; -C(=O)-NR^aR^b ; -C(=O)-alkyl-NR^aR^b and O-alkyl-C(=O)-NR^aR^b; wherein R^a and R^b are selected from the group of hydrogen, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkyl, alkyloxyalkyl, Het³, Het³alkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkyl-NR^cR^d and C(=O)alkyl-NR^cR^d, wherein R^c and R^d are selected from the group of hydrogen, alkyl and alkyloarbonyl ; or two radicals R⁴ may be combined to form a bivalent radical -X¹-C_1-6-X²-wherein C_1-6 is a saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and X¹ and X² are each independently C, O or NH ; wherein the bivalent radical is optionally substituted with one or more radicals selected from the group of halo, polyhaloC_1-3alkyl, cyano, hydroxy, amino, oxo, carboxyl, nitro, thio, formyl and ethanoyl ;

Het¹

is selected from the group of tetrahydropyranyl and pyridinyl ; wherein each radical is optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents, each independently from each other, selected from the group of halo, C_1-3alkyl, polyhaloC_1-3alkyl, polyhaloC_1-3alkyloxy, cyano, hydroxy, amino, oxo, carboxyl, nitro, thio, formyl, ethanoyl, and C_1-3alkyloxy ;

Het³

is selected from the group of pyridinyl ; pyrimidinyl ; pyridazinyl ; pyrazinyl ; piperidinyl ; pyrrolyl ; pyrrolidinyl ; piperazinyl ; triazolyl ; tetrazolyl ; indolyl ; thienyl ; furanyl ; tetrahydropyranyl ; tetrahydro-thiopyran-1,1-dioxide ; thiazolyl ; thiadiazolyl ; isothiazolyl ; oxazolyl ; morpholinyl ; oxadiazolyl ; isoxazolyl ; imidazolyl ; pyrazolyl ; benzoimidazolyl ; benzoxazolyl; benzothienyl ; benzothiazolyl ; benzofuranyl ; benzomorpholinyl ; 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolinyl ; thionaphtyl ; indolyl ; indolinyl ; quinolyl ; isoquinolyl ; quinoxalyl ; phthalazinyl ; benzo[1,3]dioxolyl ; and quinazolyl ; wherein each radical is optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents, each independently from each other, selected from the group of halo, C_1-6alkyl, polyhaloC_1-3alkyl, cyano, hydroxy, amino, oxo, carboxyl, nitro, thio, formyl, ethanoyl, phenyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyridinyl, morpholinyl, mono- and di(alkyl)amino, and C_1-3alkyloxy ;

aryl

is naphthyl, phenyl, or biphenyl ; wherein each radical is optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents, each independently from each other selected from the group of halo, C_1-3alkyl, polyhaloC_1-3alkyl, polyhaloC_1-3-alkyloxy, cyano, hydroxy, amino, oxo, carboxyl, nitro, thio, formyl, ethanoyl, ethyloxycarbonyl, and C_1-3alkyloxy ;

alkyl

is a saturated, straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having from I to 6 carbon atoms ; or is a saturated, cyclic hydrocarbon radical having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms ; or is saturated hydrocarbon radical from 4 to 12 carbonatoms, comprising at least one saturated, straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one saturated, cyclic hydrocarbon radical having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms; wherein each carbon atom may optionally be substituted with one or more radicals selected from the group of halo, polyhaloC_1-3alkyl, cyano, hydroxy, amino, oxo, carboxyl, nitro, thio, formyl, ethanoyl, carbamoyl, phenyl, and a bivalent radical -OCH₂CH₂O- ; and

alkenyl

is a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having up to 6 carbon atoms containing one or more double bonds; or is a cyclic hydrocarbon radical having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms containing one or more double bonds; or is a hydrocarbon radical having from 4 to 12 carbon atoms containing one or more double bonds, comprising at least one straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one cyclic hydrocarbon radical having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms; wherein each carbon atom may optionally be substituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consisting of halo, polyhaloC_1-3alkyl, cyano, hydroxy, amino, oxo, carboxyl, nitro, thio, formyl, ethanoyl, carbamoyl ; phenyl ; and a bivalent radical -OCH₂CH₂O-.

The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent and, as active ingredient, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to the invention, in particular a compound according to Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salt thereof, a stereochemically isomeric form thereof, an N-oxide form thereof or a quaternary ammonium salt thereof.

The invention also relates to the use of a compound according to the invention as a medicament and for the preparation of a medicament for the prevention and/or treatment of a condition in a mammal, including a human, the treatment or prevention of which is affected or facilitated by the neuromodulatory effect of mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators.

In particular, the invention relates to the use of a compound according to the invention for the preparation of a medicament for treating, or preventing, ameliorating, controlling or reducing the risk of various neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glutamate dysfunction in a mammal, including a human, the treatment or prevention of which is affected or facilitated by the neuromodulatory effect of mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound according to general Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salt thereof, a stereochemically isomeric form thereof, an N-oxide form thereof or a quaternary ammonium salt thereof, wherein V¹ is selected from the group of a covalent bond, -CH₂-; -CH₂-CH₂- ; -CH₂-CH₂-CH₂- ; -CH₂-CH=CH- ; -CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂- ; -CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂- ; -CH(CH₃)-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-; -CH₂-CH(CH₃-)CH₂-CH₂-; and -CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound according to general Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salt thereof, a stereochemically isomeric form thereof, an N-oxide form thereof or a quaternary ammonium salt thereof, wherein M¹ is selected from the group of hydrogen; cycloC_3-7alkyl; phenyl ; biphenyl ; phenyloxy ; benzyloxy and pyridinyl ; wherein M¹ is optionally substituted with one or more radicals selected from the group of halo ; C_1-3alkyl ; polyhaloC_1-3alkyl ; polyhaloC_1-3alkyloxy ; cyano ; hydroxy; amino ; oxo ; carboxyl ; nitro ; thio ; formyl ; ethanoyl ; and C_1-3alkyloxy.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound according to general Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salt thereof, a stereochemically isomeric form thereof, an N-oxide form thereof or a quaternary ammonium salt thereof, wherein M¹ is selected from the group of hydrogen; cycloC_3-7alkyl; phenyl ; biphenyl; phenyloxy ; benzyloxy and pyridinyl ; wherein any one of said radicals is optionally substituted with one or more radicals selected from the group of halo ; C_1-3alkyl; polyhaloC_1-3alkyl ; polyhaloC_1-3alkyloxy ; and C_1-3alkyloxy.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound according to general Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salt thereof, a stereochemically isomeric form thereof, an N-oxide form thereof or a quaternary ammonium salt thereof, wherein V¹-M¹ is selected from the group of -CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ ; -CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₃ ; -CH(CH₃)-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃; -CH₂-CH(CH₃-)CH₂-CH₃ ; -CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₃ ; or V¹ is selected from the group of covalent bond ; -CH₂-; -CH₂-CH₂- ; -CH₂-CH₂-CH₂- ; and -CH₂-CH=CH- ; and M¹ is selected from the group of cyclopropyl ; cyclopentyl ; cyclohexyl ; phenyl ; biphenyl ; phenyloxy; benzyloxy and pyridinyl ; wherein each radical M¹ is optionally substituted with one or more radicals selected from the group of halo ; C_1-3alkyl; polyhaloC_1-3alkyl ; polyhaloC_1-3alkyloxy ; and C_1-3alkyloxy. In a particular embodiment, V¹-M¹ is -CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound according to general Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salt thereof, a stereochemically isomeric form thereof, an N-oxide form thereof or a quaternary ammonium salt thereof, wherein R² and R³ are each independently hydrogen, chloro, fluoro or methyl. In one particular embodiment, R² and R³ are each independently hydrogen or methyl. In another particular embodiment, R² and R³ are each hydrogen. In another particular embodiment, R² is methyl and R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound according to general Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salt thereof, a stereochemically isomeric form thereof, an N-oxide form thereof or a quaternary ammonium salt thereof, wherein L is selected from the group of a covalent bond; -O- _; -CH₂- ; -OCH₂CH₂- ; -OCH₂CH₂O- ; -OCH₂CH₂OCH₂- ; -NR⁷-; -NR⁷CH₂-; -NR⁷cycloC_3-7 ; -OCH₂CH₂N(R⁷)CH₂- ; -CH₂CH₂- ; -C≡C- ; -C=O- ; and -CH=CH-; wherein each of R⁷, independently of each other, is selected from the group of hydrogen and C_1-3alkyl.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a compound according to general Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salt thereof, a stereochemically isomeric form thereof, an N-oxide form thereof or a quaternary ammonium salt thereof, wherein A is selected from the group of phenyl, piperazinyl, and piperidinyl ; wherein each of said radicals is optionally substituted with n radicals R⁴, wherein n is an integer equal to zero, 1, 2 or 3. In one particular embodiment, n is equal to zero or I. In another particular embodiment, n is equal to 1.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound according to general Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salt thereof, a stereochemically isomeric form thereof, an N-oxide form thereof or a quaternary ammonium salt thereof, wherein R⁴ is selected from the group of halo; cyano ; hydroxy; ethanoyl ; alkyl ; alkyloxy ; alkyloxyalkyl ; alkyloxycarbonyl ; alkyloxycarbonylalkyl ; Alkylcarbonyl; alkylcarbonyloxy; alkylcarbonylalkyloxy ; polyhaloC_1-3alkyl ; polyhaloC_1-3alkyloxy; polyhaloC_1-3alkylthio ; alkylthio ; alkylsulfonyl ; Het³ ; Het³-alkyl ; Het³-oxy ; Het³-oxyalkyl ; Het³-alkyloxy ; Het³-oxyalkyloxy ; Het³-carbonyl ; Het³-thioalkyl ; aryl ; arylalkyl ; aryloxy ; aryloxyalkyl ; arylalkyloxy ; arylalkenyl ; arylcarbonylalkyl ; arylsulfonyl ; -NR^aR^b ; alkyl-NR^aR^b ; O-alkyl-NR^aR^b ; -C(=O)-NR^aR^b ; -C(=O)-alkyl-NR^aR^b ; and O-alkyl-C(=O)-NR^aR^b; wherein R^a and R^b are selected from the group of hydrogen, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkyl, alkyloxyalkyl, Het³, Het³ alkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkyl-NR^cR^d. and C(=O)alkyl-NR^cR^d, wherein R^c and R^d are selected from the group of hydrogen, alkyl and alkylcarbonyl ; or two radicals R⁴ may be combined to form a bivalent radical -X¹-C_1-6-X²- wherein C_1-6 is a saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and X¹ and X² are each independently C or O.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a compound according to general Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salt thereof, a stereochemically isomeric form thereof, an N-oxide form thereof or a quaternary ammonium salt thereof, wherein two radicals R⁴ may be combined to form a bivalent radical selected from the group of -CH₂CH₂-O- ; -O-CH₂-O-; and -O-CH₂CH₂-O-.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound according to general Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salt thereof, a stereochemically isomeric form thereof, an N-oxide form thereof or a quaternary ammonium salt thereof, wherein Het¹ is selected from the group of tetrahydropyranyl and pyridinyl ; wherein each radical Het¹ is optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 polyhaloC_1-3alkyl substituents.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound according to general Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salt thereof, a stereochemically isomeric form thereof, an N-oxide form thereof or a quaternary ammonium salt thereof, wherein Het³ is selected from the group of pyridinyl ; pyrimidinyl ; pyridazinyl ; pyrazinyl ; piperidinyl ; pyrrolidinyl ; piperazinyl ; triazolyl ; tetrahydropyranyl ; tetrahydro-thiopyran-1,1-dioxide ; thiazolyl ; oxazolyl ; morpholinyl ; oxadiazolyl ; imidazolyl ; benzoxazolyl; benzothienyl ; benzofuranyl ; 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- isoquinolinyl ; indolyl ; indolinyl ; phthalazinyl ; and benzo[1,3]dioxolyl. In one embodiment, each radical is optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents, each independently from each other, selected from the group of halo, C_1-6alkyl, polyhaloC_1-3alkyl, cyano, hydroxy, oxo, ethanoyl, phenyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyridinyl, morpholinyl, mono- and di(alkyl)amino, and C_1-3alkyloxy.

In one further embodiment, the invention relates to a compound according to general Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salt thereof, a stereochemically isomeric form thereof, an N-oxide form thereof or a quaternary ammonium salt thereof, wherein

v¹

is selected from the group of a covalent bond, -CH₂-; -CH₂-CH₂- ; -CH₂-CH₂-CH₂- ; -CH₂-CH=CH- ; -CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-; -CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂; -CH(CH₃)-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-; -CH₂-CH(CH_3-)CH₂-CH₂- ; and -CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-;

M¹

is selected from the group of hydrogen ; cycloC_3-7alkyl ; phenyl ; biphenyl ; phenyloxy ; benzyloxy ; and pyridinyl ; wherein M¹ is optionally substituted with one or more radicals selected from the group of halo ; C_1-3alkyl ; polyhaloC_1-3alkyl ; polyhaloC_1-3alkyloxy ; and C_1-3alkyloxy ;

L

is selected from the group of covalent bond ; -O- ; -OCH₂- ; -OCH₂CH₂- ; -OCH₂CH₂O- ; -OCH₂CH₂OCH₂- ; -NR⁷- ; -NR⁷CH₂-; -NR⁷cycloC_3-7; -OCH₂CH₂N(R⁷)CH₂-; -CH₂CH₂- ; -C≡C-; -C-O- ; and -CH=CH- ; wherein each of R⁷, independently of each other, is selected from the group of hydrogen and C_1-3alkyl ;

R² and R³

are each independently of each other hydrogen, halo or alkyl ;

A

is selected from the group of piperazinyl, and piperidinyl, wherein each radical is optionally substituted with n radicals R⁴, wherein n is an integer equal to zero or 1 ;

R⁴

is selected from the group of halo ; cyano ; hydroxy; ethanoyl ; alkyl ; alkyloxy ; alkyloxyalkyl ; alkyloxycarbonyl ; alkyloxycarbonylallcyl ; alkylcarbonyl ; alkylcarbonyloxy ; alkylcarbonylalkyloxy ; polyhaloC_1-3alkyl ; polyhaloC_1-3alkyloxy ; polyhaloC_1-3alkylthio ; alkylthio ; alkylsulfonyl ; Het³ ; Het³ -alkyl ; Het³-oxy ; Het³-oxyalkyl ; Het³-alkyloxy ; Het³-oxyalkyloxy ; Het³-carbonyl ; Het³-thioalkyl ; aryl ; arylalkyl ; aryloxy ; aryloxyalkyl ; arylalkyloxy; arylalkenyl ; arylcarbonylalkyl ; arylsulfonyl ; - NR³R^b ; alkyl-NR^aR^b ; O-alkyl-NR^aR^b ; -C(=O)-NR^aR^b; -C(=O)-alkyl-NR^aR^b ; and O-alkyl-C(=O)-NR^aR^b ; wherein R^a and R^b are selected from the group of hydrogen, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkyl, alkyloxyalkyl, Het³, Het³alkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkyl-NR^cR^d, and C(=O)alkyl-NR^cR^d, wherein R^c and R^d are selected from the group of hydrogen, alkyl and alkylcarbonyl ; or two radicals R⁴ may be combined to form a bivalent radical selected from the group of -CH₂CH₂-O- ; -O-CH₂-O- ; and -O-CH₂CH₂-O- ;

Het¹

is selected from the group of tetrahydropyranyl and pyridinyl ; wherein each radical Het¹ is optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 polyhaloC_1-3alkyl substituents ;

Het³

is selected from the group of pyridinyl ; pyrimidinyl ; pyridazinyl ; pyrazinyl ; piperidinyl ; pyrrolidinyl ; piperazinyl ; triazolyl ; tetrahydropyranyl ; tetrahydro-thiopyran-1,1-dioxide ; thiazolyl ; oxazolyl ; morpholinyl ; oxadiazolyl ; imidazolyl; benzoxazolyl; benzothienyl ; benzofuranyl ; 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- isoquinolinyl ; indolyl ; indolinyl ; phthalazinyl ; and benzo[1,3]dioxolyl ; wherein each radical is optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents, each independently from each other, selected from the group of halo, C_1-6alkyl, polyhaloC_1-3alkyl, cyano, hydroxy, oxo, ethanoyl, phenyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyridinyl, morpholinyl, mono- and di(alkyl)amino, and C_1-3alkyloxy ;

aryl

is phenyl or biphenyl ; wherein each radical is optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents, each independently from each other selected from the group of halo, C_1-3alkyl, polyhaloC_1-3alkyl, polyhaloC_1-3alkyloxy, cyano, nitro, ethyloxycarbonyl, and C_1-3alkyloxy ; and

alkyl

is a saturated, straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms ; or is a saturated, cyclic hydrocarbon radical having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms; or is saturated hydrocarbon radical from 4 to 12 carbonatoms, comprising at least one saturated, straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one saturated, cyclic hydrocarbon radical having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms; wherein each carbon atom may optionally be substituted with one or more radicals selected from the group of cyano, hydroxy, carboxyl, carbamoyl, phenyl, and a bivalent radical -OCH₂CH₂O-.

In further embodiment, the invention relates to a compound according to general Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salt thereof, a stereochemically isomeric form thereof, an N-oxide form thereof or a quaternary ammonium salt thereof, wherein the compound is selected from the group of : In the framework of this application, alkyl is a saturated, straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms ; or is a saturated, cyclic hydrocarbon radical having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms ; or is a saturated hydrocarbon radical from 4 to 12 carbonatoms, comprising at least one saturated, straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one saturated, cyclic hydrocarbon radical having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms ; wherein each carbon atom may optionally be substituted with one or more radicals selected from the group of halo, polyhaloC_1-3alkyl, cyano, hydroxy, amino, oxo, carboxyl, nitro, thio, formyl, ethanoyl, carbamoyl, phenyl, and a bivalent radical -OCH₂CH₂O- In one embodiment, alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. In one embodiment, each carbon atom is optionally substituted with one or more radicals selected from the group of cyano, hydroxy, carboxyl, carbamoyl, phenyl, and the bivalent radical -OCH₂CH₂O-.

The notation C_1-6alkyl defines a saturated, straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as C₆alkyl ; C₅alkyl ; C₄alkyl ; C₃alkyl; C₂alkyl ; and C₁alkyl. Examples of C_1-6alkyl are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, and heptyl.

The notation cycloC_3-7alkyl defines a saturated, cyclic hydrocarbon radical having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms, such as cycloC₇alkyl ; cycloC₆alkyl ; cycloC₆alkyl ; cycloC₅alkyl ; cycloC₄allcyl ; cycloC₃alkyl ; and cycloC₃alkyl. Examples of cycloC_3-7alkyl are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclohexyl.

The notation C_1-3alkyl defines a saturated, straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and isopropyl.

In one preferred embodiment, alkyl is C_1-6alkyl ; in another preferred embodiment alkyl is C_3-7cycloalkyl.

In the framework of this application, alkenyl is a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having up to 6 carbon atoms containing one or more double bonds; or is a cyclic hydrocarbon radical having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms containing one or more double bonds; or is a hydrocarbon radical having from 4 to 12 carbon atoms containing one or more double bonds, comprising at least one straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one cyclic hydrocarbon radical having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms; wherein each carbon atom may optionally be substituted with one or more radicals selected from the group consisting of halo, polyhaloC_1-3alkyl, cyano, hydroxy, amino, oxo, carboxyl, nitro, thio, formyl, ethanoyl, carbamoyl ; phenyl ; and a bivalent radical -OCH₂CH₂O-.

In the framework of this application, aryl is naphthyl, phenyl or biphenyl; wherein each radical is optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents, each independently from each other selected from the group of halo, C_1-3alkyl, polyhaloC_1-3alkyl, polyhaloC_1-3alkyloxy, cyano, hydroxy, amino, oxo, carboxyl, nitro, thio, formyl, ethanoyl, ethyloxycarbonyl, and C_1-3alkylox. More preferred, aryl is phenyl or biphenyl. More preferred, aryl is optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents, each independently from each other, selected from the group of halo, C_1-3alkyl, polyhaloC_1-3alkyl, polyhaloC_1-3alkyloxy, cyano, nitro, ethyloxycarbonyl, and C_1-3alkyloxy. More preferred, aryl is phenyl or biphenyl, optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents, each independently from each other, selected from the group of halo, C_1-3alkyl, polyhaloC_1-3alkyl, polyhaloC_1-3alkyloxy, cyano, nitro, ethyloxycarbonyl, and C_1-3alkyloxy.

In the framework of this application, halo is a substituent selected from the group of fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo. Preferably, halo is bromo, fluoro or chloro.

In the framework of this application, polyhaloC_1-3alkyl is a straight or branched saturated hydrocarbon radical having from I to 3 carbon atoms, wherein one or more carbon atoms is substituted with one or more halo-atoms. Preferably, polyhaloalkyl is trifluoromethyl.

In the framework of this application, with "compounds according to the invention" is meant a compound according to the general Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salt thereof, a stereochemically isomeric form thereof, an N-oxide form thereof or a quaternary ammonium salt thereof.

The pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts are defined to comprise the therapeutically active non-toxic acid addition salts forms that the compounds according to Formula (I) are able to form. Said salts can be obtained by treating the base form of the compounds according to Formula (I) with appropriate acids, for example inorganic acids, for example hydrohalic acid, in particular hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid ; organic acids, for example acetic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, propanoic acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, cyclamic acid, salicylic acid, p-aminosalicylic acid and pamoic acid.

Conversely said acid addition salt forms can be converted into the free base form by treatment with an appropriate base .

The compounds according to Formula (I) containing acidic protons may also be converted into their therapeutically active non-toxic metal or amine addition salts forms (base addition salts) by treatment with appropriate organic and inorganic bases. Appropriate base salts forms comprise, for example, the ammonium salts, the alkaline and earth alkaline metal salts, in particular lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium salts, salts with organic bases, e.g. the benzathine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, hybramine salts, and salts with amino acids, for example arginine and lysine.

Conversely, said salts forms can be converted into the free forms by treatment with an appropriate acid.

Quaternary ammonium salts of compounds according to Formula (I) defines said compounds which are able to form by a reaction between a basic nitrogen of a compound according to Formula (I) and an appropriate quaternizing agent, such as, for example, an optionally substituted alkylhalide, arylhalide or arylalkylhalide, in particular methyliodide and benzyliodide. Other reactants with good leaving groups may also be used, such as, for example, alkyl trifluoromethanesulfonates, alkyl methanesulfonates and alkyl p-toluenesulfonates. A quaternary ammonium salt has a positively charged nitrogen. Pharmaceutically acceptable counterions include chloro, bromo, iodo, trifluoroacetate and acetate ions.

The term addition salt as used in the framework of this application also comprises the solvates that the compounds according to Formula (I) as well as the salts thereof, arc able to form. Such solvates are, for example, hydrates and alcoholates.

The N-oxide forms of the compounds according to Formula (I) are meant to comprise those compounds of Formula (I) wherein one or several nitrogen atoms are oxidized to the so-called N-oxide, particularly those N-oxides wherein one or more tertiary nitrogens (e.g. of the piperazinyl or piperidinyl radical) are N-oxidized. Such N-oxides can easily be obtained by a skilled person without any inventive skills and they are obvious alternatives for the compounds according to Formula (I) since these compounds arc metabolites, which arc formed by oxidation in the human body upon uptake . As is generally known, oxidation is normally the first step involved in drug metabolism (Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 1977, pages 70- 75). As is also generally known, the metabolite form of a compound can also be administered to a human instead of the compound per se, with much the same effects.

The compounds of Formula (I) may be converted to the corresponding N-oxide forms following art-known procedures for converting a trivalent nitrogen into its N-oxide form. Said N-oxidation reaction may generally be carried out by reacting the starting material of Formula (I) with an appropriate organic or inorganic peroxide. Appropriate inorganic peroxides comprise, for example, hydrogen peroxide, alkali metal or earth alkaline metal peroxides, e.g. sodium peroxide, potassium peroxide; appropriate organic peroxides may comprise peroxy acids such as, for example, benzenecarboperoxoic acid or halo substituted benzenecarboperoxoic acid, e.g. 3-chlorobenzenecarboperoxoic acid, peroxoalkanoic acids, e.g. peroxoacetic acid, alkylhydroperoxides, e.g. tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Suitable solvents are, for example, water, lower alkanols, e.g. ethanol and the like, hydrocarbons, e.g. toluene, ketones, e.g. 2-butanone, halogenated hydrocarbons, e.g. dichloromethane, and mixtures of such solvents.

The term "stereochemically isomeric forms" as used hereinbefore defines all the possible isomeric forms that the compounds of Formula (I) may possess. Unless otherwise mentioned or indicated, the chemical designation of compounds denotes the mixture of all possible stereochemically isomeric forms, said mixtures containing all diastereomers and enantiomers of the basic molecular structure. More in particular, stereogenic centers may have the R- or S-configuration; substituents on bivalent cyclic (partially) saturated radicals may have either the cis- or trans-configuration. Compounds encompassing double bonds can have an E or Z-stereochemistry at said double bond. Stereochemically isomeric forms of the compounds of Formula (I) are obviously intended to be embraced within the scope of this invention.

Following CAS nomenclature conventions, when two stereogenic centers of known absolute configuration are present in a molecule, an R or S descriptor is assigned (based on Cahn-Ingold-Prelog sequence rule) to the lowest-numbered chiral center, the reference center. The configuration of the second stereogenic center is indicated using relative descriptors [R*,R*] or [R*,S*], where R* is always specified as the reference center and [R*,R*] indicates centers with the same chirality and [R*,S*] indicates centers of unlike chirality. For example, if the lowest-numbered chiral center in the moleculc has an S configuration and the second center is R, the stereo descriptor would be specified as S-[R*,S*]. If "a" and "β" are used : the position of the highest priority substituent on the asymmetric carbon atom in the ring system having the lowest ring number, is arbitrarily always in the "α" position of the mean plane determined by the ring system. The position of the highest priority substituent on the other asymmetric carbon atom in the ring system (hydrogen atom in compounds according to Formula (I)) relative to the position of the highest priority substituent on the reference atom is denominated "a", if it is on the same side of the mean plane determined by the ring system, or "β", if it is on the other side of the mean plane determined by the ring system.

The invention also comprises derivative compounds (usually called "pro-drugs") of the pharmacologically-active compounds according to the invention, which are degraded in vivo to yield the compounds according to the invention. Pro-drugs are usually (but not always) of lower potency at the target receptor than the compounds to which they are degraded. Pro-drugs are particularly useful when the desired compound has chemical or physical properties that make its administration difficult or inefficient. For example, the desired compound may be only poorly soluble, it may be poorly transported across the mucosal epithelium, or it may have an undesirably short plasma half-life. Further discussion on pro-drugs may be found in Stella, V. J. et al., "Prodrugs", Drug Delivery Systems, 1985, pp. 112-176, and Drugs, 1985, 29, pp. 455-473.

Pro-drugs forms of the pharmacologically-active compounds according to the invention will generally be compounds according to Formula (I), the pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts thereof, the stereochemically isomeric forms thereof and the N-oxide form thereof, having an acid group which is esterified or amidated. Included in such esterified acid groups are groups of the formula -COOR^x, where R^x is a C_1-6alkyl, phenyl, benzyl or one of the following groups :

Amidated groups include groups of the formula -CONR^yR^z, wherein R^y is H, C_1-6alkyl, phenyl or benzyl and R^z is -OH. H, C_1-6alkyl, phenyl or benzyl. Compounds according to the invention having an amino group may be derivatised with a ketone or an aldehyde such as, for example, formaldehyde to form a Mannich base. This base will hydrolyze with first order kinetics in aqueous solution.

In the framework of this application, with "compounds according to the invention" is meant a compound according to the general Formula (I), the pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts thereof, the stereochemically isomeric forms thereof, the N-oxide form thereof and a prodrug thereof.

In the framework of this application, an element, in particular when mentioned in relation to a compound according to Formula (I), comprises all isotopes and isotopic mixtures of this element, either naturally occurring or synthetically produced, either with natural abundance or in an isotopically enriched form. In particular, when hydrogen is mentioned, it is understood to refer to ¹H, ²H, ³H and mixtures thereof; when carbon is mentioned, it is understood to refer to ¹¹C, ¹²C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C and mixtures thereof; when nitrogen is mentioned, it is understood to refer to ¹³N, ¹⁴N, ¹⁵N and mixtures thereof; when oxygen is mentioned, it is understood to refer to ¹⁴O, ¹⁵O, ¹⁶O, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O and mixtures thereof; and when fluor is mentioned, it is understood to refer to ¹⁸F, ¹⁹F and mixtures thereof.

The compounds according to the invention therefore also comprise compounds with one or more isotopes of one or more element, and mixtures thereof, including radioactive compounds, also called radiolabelled compounds, wherein one or more non-radioactive atoms has been replaced by one of its radioactive isotopes. By the term "radiolabelled compound" is meant any compound according to Formula (I), an N-oxide form, a pharmaceutically acceptable addition salt or a stereochemically isomeric form thereof, which contains at least one radioactive atom. For example, compounds can be labelled with positron or with gamma emitting radioactive isotopes. For radioligand-binding techniques (membrane receptor assay), the ³H-atom or the ¹²¹I-atom is the atom of choice to be replaced. For imaging, the most commonly used positron emitting (PET) radioactive isotopes are ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹⁵O and ¹³N, all of which are accelerator produced and have half-lives of 20, 100, 2 and 10 minutes respectively. Since the half-lives of these radioactive isotopes are so short, it is only Feasible to use them at institutions which have an accelerator on site for their production, thus limiting their use. The most widely used of these are ¹⁸F, ^99mTc, ²⁰¹TI and ¹²³I. The handling of these radioactive isotopes, their production, isolation and incorporation in a molecule are known to the skilled person.

In particular, the radioactive atom is selected from the group of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen and halogen. Preferably, the radioactive atom is selected from the group of hydrogen, carbon and halogen.

In particular, the radioactive isotope is selected from the group of ³H, ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹²²I, ¹²³I, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ⁷⁵Br, ⁷⁶Br, ⁷⁷Br and ³²Br. Preferably, the radioactive isotope is selected from the group of ³H, ¹¹C and ¹⁸F.

The final compounds according to Formula (I-a), wherein L is a covalent bond, can be prepared by reacting an intermediate compound of Formula (II) with a compound of Formula (III) according to reaction scheme (I), a reaction that is performed in a suitable reaction-inert solvent, such as, for example, 1,4-dioxane or mixtures of inert solvents such as, for example, 1,4-dioxane/DMF, in the presence of a suitable base, such as, for example, aqueous NaHCO₃ or Na₂CO₃, a Pd-complex catalyst such as, for example, Pd(PPh₃)₄ under thermal conditions such as, for example, heating the reaction mixture at 150 °C under microwave irradiation, for example for 10 min. In a reaction suitable for Pd mediated coupling with boronic acids or boronic esters, such as, for example, a halo, triflate or pyridinium moiety. Such intermediate compounds may be prepared according to reaction schemes (8), (9) and (10) (sec below). R⁵ and R⁶ may be hydrogen or alkyl, or may be taken together to form for example the bivalent radical of formula -CH₂CH₂-, -CH₂CH₂CH₂-, or -C(CH₃)₂C(CH₃)₂-.

The final compounds according to Formula (I-b), wherein L is oxygen or sulfur, can be prepared by reacting an intermediate compound of Formula (II) with a compound of Formula (IV) according to reaction scheme (2), a reaction that is performed in a suitable reaction-inert solvent, such as, for example, THF, in the presence of a suitable base, such as, for example, NaH, under thermal conditions such as, for example, heating the reaction mixture for example at 80 °C under microwave irradiation for 10 minutes. In reaction scheme (2), all variables are defined as in Formula (I), R¹ is V¹-M¹ and Y is a suitable leaving group, such as, for example, pyridinium.

The final compounds according to Formula (I-c), wherein L is -NR⁷- ; -NR⁷CH₂- ; or -NR⁷CH₂CH₂- wherein each of R⁷, independently of each other, is selected from the group of hydrogen and alkyl, can be prepared by reacting an intermediate compound of Formula (II) with a compound of Formula (V) according to reaction scheme (3), a reaction that is performed in a suitable reaction-inert solvent, such as, for example, 1,4-dioxanc, in the presence of a suitable base, such as, for example, K₃PO₄, a Pd-complex catalyst such as, for example, under thermal conditions such as, for example, heating the reaction mixture for example at 80 °C for 12 hours. In reaction scheme (3), all variables are defined as in Formula (I), R¹ is V¹-M¹ and Y is a suitable group for Pd-mediated coupling with amines, such as, for example, halo.

Alternatively, compounds according to Formula (I-c) can be prepared by reacting an intermediate compound of Formula (II) with a compound of Formula (V) according to reaction scheme (3), a reaction that is performed in a suitable reaction-inert solvent, such as, for example, dimethoxyethane or acetonitrile, in the presence of a suitable base, such as, for example, Cs₂CO₃ or N,N-diisopropylethylamine, under thermal conditions such as, for example, heating the reaction mixture for example at 160 °C under microwave irradiation for 30 minutes.

The final compounds according to Formula (I-d), wherein L is -C≡C-, can be prepared by reacting an intermediate compound of Formula (II) with a compound of Formula (VI) according to reaction scheme (4), a reaction that is performed in a suitable reaction-inert solvent, such as, for example, THF, in the presence of a suitable base, such as, for example, NEt₃, a Pd-complex catalyst such as, for example, PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ a phosphine such as, for example, PPh₃, a copper salt such as, for example, CuI and undcr thermal conditions such as, for example, heating the reaction mixture for example at 80 °C for 12 hours. In reaction scheme (4), all variables are defined as in Formula (I), R¹ is V¹-M¹ and Y is a group suitable for Pd-mediated coupling with alkyncs, such as, for example, halo.

The final compounds according to Formula (I-e), wherein L is -C(R⁸)=C(R⁹)- can be prepared by reaction of an intermediate of Formula (II) with an intermediate of Formula (VII) in an inert solvent such as, for example, 1,4-dioxane, in the presence of a suitable base, such as, for example, NaHCO₃ or Na₂CO₃, a Pd-complex catalyst such as, for example, Pd(PPh₃)₄ under thermal conditions such as, for example, heating the reaction mixture at 85 °C, for example for 8 hours. In reaction scheme (5), all variables are defined as in Formula (I) and Y is a group suitable for Pd-mediated coupling with boronic acids or boronic esters, such as, for example, a halo, trifluoromethanesulphonyl or pyridinium moiety. Such intermediate compounds may be prepared according to reaction schemes (8), (9) and (10) (see below). R⁵ and R⁶ may be hydrogen or alkyl, or may be taken together to form for example the bivalent radical of formula -CH₂CH₂-, - CH₂CH₂CH₂-, or -C(CH₃)₂C(CH₃)₂-. In reaction scheme (5), all variables are defined as in Formula (I) and R¹ is V¹-M¹.

The final compounds according to Formula (I-e2), wherein L is -CH=CH- and Formula (1-f2), wherein L is -CH₂CH₂-, can be prepared by art-known procedures such as, for example, hydrogenation of a final compound of Formula (I-d), prepared according to reaction scheme (6). Additionally, final compounds of Formula (I-f1) and Formula (If2) can be prepared from final compounds of Formula (I-e1) and Formula (I-e2) by art-known hydrogenation methods according to reaction scheme (6). Additionally, final compounds of Formula (I-e2) can be prepared by partial reduction of the triple bond of final compounds of Formula (I-d) by art known procedures. In reaction scheme (6), all variables are defined as in Formula (I) and R¹ is V¹-M¹.

The compounds according to Formula (I) can be prepared by art known procedures by reacting a compound of Formula (VIII) with an alkylating agent of Formula (IX), such as, for example, isopentylbromide, using a suitable base such as, for example, K₂CO₃, and an iodine salt such as, for example, KI, in an inert solvent such as, for example, acetonitrile at a moderately high temperature such as, for example, 120 °C. In reaction scheme (7), all variables are defined as in Formula (I), R¹ is V¹-M¹ and Z is a suitable leaving group such as, for example, halo.

Additionally, final compounds according to Formula (I) can be prepared by a skilled person using art known procedures by further modifications of final compounds of Formula (I-a), (I-b), (I-c), (I-d), (I-c) and (I-f) such as, for example:

• Alkylation of final compounds of Formula (I-a), (I-b), (I-c), (I-d), (I-e) and (I-f) that contain in their structure one or more hydroxy- or amino-substituents with a suitable alkylating agent under thermal conditions using a suitable base.
• Saponification of final compounds of Formula (I-a), (I-b), (I-c), (I-d), (I-e) and (I-f) that contain in their structure one or more alkyloxycarbonyl function by using a suitable saponificating agent such as, for example, NaOH or LiOH.
• Reaction of final compounds of Formula (I-a), (I-b), (I-c), (I-d), (I-e) and (I-f) that contain in their structure one or more carboxylic acid function with ammonia or a primary or secondary amine by using a suitable coupling agent such as, for example O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate, to yield the corresponding final compounds of Formula (I), bearing a primary, secondary or tertiary carboxamide function in their structures.
• Reaction of final compounds of Formula (I-a), (I-b), (I-c), (I-d), (I-e) and (I-f) that contain in their structure a primary or secondary amine function with a carboxylic acid by using a suitable coupling agent such as, for example, O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate to yield the corresponding final compounds of Formula (I), bearing a primary, secondary or tertiary carboxamide function in their structures.
• Reductive amination of final compounds of Formula (I-a), (I-b), (I-c), (I-d), (I-e) and (I-f) that contain in their structure one or more amino-substituents with a suitable aldehyde under thermal conditions using a suitable reducing agent such as, for example, sodium cyanoborohydride.
• Reaction of final compounds of Formula (I-a), (I-b), (I-c), (I-d), (I-e) and (I-f) that contain in their structure one or more hydroxy-substituents with an alcohol derivative by using a suitable coupling system such as, for example, di-tert-butylazodicarboxylate/triphenylphosphine under thermal conditions.
• 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of final compounds of Formula (I-a), (I-b), (I-c), (I-d), (I-e) and (I-f) that contain in their structure a reactive double or triple bond with a suitable dipole to yield the corresponding [3+2] adduct final compounds.

Intermediate compounds of Formula (II-a) can be prepared by reacting an intermediate of Formula (X) with a suitable halogenating agent such as, for example, P(=O)Br₃, a reaction that is performed in a suitable reaction-inert solvent such as, for example, DMF, at a moderately elevated temperature such as, for example, 110 °C. In reaction scheme (8), all variables are defined as in Formula (I) and R¹ is V¹-M¹.

Intermediate compounds of Formula (II-b) can be prepared by reacting an intermediate of Formula (X) with triflic anhydride (also called trifloromethanesulfonic anhydride), a reaction that is performed in a suitable reaction-inert solvent such as, for example, dichloromethane, in the presence of a base such as, for example, pyridine at a low temperature such as, for example, -78 °C. In reaction scheme (9), all variables are defined as in Formula (I) and R¹ is V¹-M¹.

Intermediate compounds of Formula (II-c) can be prepared by reacting an intermediate compound of Formula (II-b) with pyridine, at a moderately low temperature such as, for example, 40 °C. In reaction scheme (10), all variables are defined as in Formula (I) and R¹ is V¹-M¹.

Intermediate compounds of Formula (X) can be prepared by art known procedures by reacting an intermediate compound of Formula (XI) with a suitable reagent for methylether-cleavage, such as, for example, NaOH, in a solvent such as, for example, water at a moderately high temperature such as, for example, 100 °C. In reaction scheme (11), all variables arc defined as in Formula (I) and R¹ is V¹-M¹.

Intermediate compounds of Formula (XI) can be prepared by art known procedures by reacting an intermediate of Formula (XII) with an alkylating agent of Formula (IX), such as, for example, isopentylbromide, using a base such as, for example, K₂CO₃, and, optionally an iodine salt such as, for example, KI, in an inert solvent such as, for example, acetonitrile at a moderately high temperature such as, for example, 120 °C. In reaction scheme (12), all variables are defined as in Formula (I), R¹ is V¹-M¹ and Z is a suitable leaving group such as, for example, halo.

Intermediate compounds of Formula (III) can be prepared by art known procedures by reacting an intermediate of Formula (XIII) with a suitable boron source such as, for example, bis(pinacolato)diboron in the presence of a Palladium catalyst such as, for example, 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenepalladium(II)dichloride in a inert solvent such as, for example, dichloromethane, in the presence of a suitable salt such as, for example, potassium acetate at moderately high temperature such as, for example, 110°C for as for example 16 hours. Additionally, compounds of Formula (III) can be prepared by art known procedures of metal-halogen exchange and subsequent reaction with an appropriate boron source from compounds of Formula (XIII). Thus for example reaction of an intermediate compound of Formula (XIII) with an organolithium compound such as, for example, n-butyllithium at a moderately low temperature such as, for example, -40 °C in an inert solvent such as, for example, THF followed by subsequent reaction with an appropriate boron source such as, for example, trimethoxyborane. In reaction scheme (3), all variables are defined as in Formula (I) and R⁵ and R⁶ may be hydrogen or alkyl, or may be taken together to form for example the bivalent radical of formula -CH₂CH₂-, -CH₂CH₂CH₂-, or -C(CH₃)₂C(CH₃)₂-.

The starting materials of Formula (X) and the intermediate compounds according to Formula (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (IX), (XII) and (XIII) are compounds that are either commercially available or may be prepared according to conventional reaction procedures generally known in the art.

It is evident that in the foregoing and in the following reactions, the reaction products may be isolated from the reaction medium and, if necessary, further purified according to methodologies generally known in the art, such as, for example, extraction, crystallization and chromatography. It is further evident that reaction products that exist in more than one enantiomeric form, may be isolated from their mixture by known techniques, in particular preparative chromatography, such as, for example, preparative HPLC.

The compounds provided in this invention are positive allosteric modulators of metabotropic receptors, in particular they are positive allosteric modulators of mGluR2. The compounds of the present invention do not appear to bind to the glutamate recognition site, the orthosteric ligand site, but instead to an allosteric site within the seven transmembrane region of the receptor. In the presence of glutamate or an agonist of mGluR2, the compounds of this invention increase the mGluR2 response. The compounds provided in this invention are expected to have their effect at mGluR2 by virtue of their ability to increase the response of such receptors to glutamate or mGluR2 agonists, enhancing the response of the receptor. Hence, the present invention relates to a compound for use as a medicine, as well as to the use of a compound according to the invention or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a condition in a mammal, including a human, the treatment or prevention of which is affected or facilitated by the neuromodulatory effect of mGluR2 allosteric modulators, in particular positive mGluR2 allosteric modulators.

Also, the present invention relates to the use of a compound according to the invention or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for treating, or preventing, ameliorating, controlling or reducing the risk of various neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glutamate dysfunction in a mammal, including a human, the treatment or prevention of which is affected or facilitated by the neuromodulatory effect of mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators.

Where the invention is said to relate to the use of a compound or composition according to the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for e.g. the treatment of a mammal, it is understood that such use is to be interpreted in certain jurisdictions as a method of e.g. treatment of a mammal, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such e.g. a treatment, an effective amount of a compound or composition according to the invention.

In particular, the neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glutamate dysfunction, include one or more of the following conditions or diseases: acute neurological and psychiatric disorders such as, for example, cerebral deficits subsequent to cardiac bypass surgery and grafling, stroke, cerebral ischemia, spinal cord trauma, head trauma, perinatal hypoxia, cardiac arrest, hypoglycemic neuronal damage, dementia (including AIDS-induced dementia), Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's Chorea, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ocular damage, rctinopathy, cognitive disorders, idiopathic and drug-induced Parkinson's disease, muscular spasms and disorders associated with muscular spasticity including tremors, epilepsy, convulsions, migraine (including migraine headache), urinary incontinence, substance tolerance, substance withdrawal (including substances such as, for example, opiates, nicotine, tobacco products, alcohol, benzodiazepines, cocaine, sedatives, hypnotics, etc.), psychosis, schizophrenia, anxiety (including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder), mood disorders (including depression, mania, bipolar disorders), trigeminal neuralgia, hearing loss, tinnitus, macular degeneration of the eye, emesis, brain edema, pain (including acute and chronic states, severe pain, intractable pain, neuropathic pain, and post-traumatic pain), tardive dyskinesia, sleep disorders (including narcolepsy), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder.

In particular, the condition or disease is a central nervous system disorder selected from the group of anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, personality disorders, substance-related disorders, eating disorders, mood disorders, migraine, epilepsy or convulsive disorders, childhood disorders, cognitive disorders, neurodegeneration, neurotoxicity and ischemia.

Preferably, the central nervous system disorder is an anxiety disorder, selected from the group of agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social phobia and other phobias.

Preferably, the central nervous system disorder is a psychotic disorder selected from the group of schizophrenia, delusional disorder, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder and substance-induced psychotic disorder

Preferably, the central nervous system disorder is a personality disorder selected from the group of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and schizoid, schizotypal disorder.

Preferably, the central nervous system disorder is a substance-related disorder selected from the group of alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, alcohol withdrawal, alcohol withdrawal delirium alcohol-induced psychotic disorder, amphetamine dependence, amphetamine withdrawal, cocaine dependence, cocaine withdrawal, nicotine dependence, nicotine withdrawal, opioid dependence and opioid withdrawal.

Preferably, the central nervous system disorder is an eating disorder selected from the group of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Preferably, the central nervous system disorder is a mood disorder selected from the group of bipolar disorders (I & II), cyclothymic disorder, depression, dysthymic disorder, major depressive disorder and substance-induced mood disorder.

Preferably, the central nervous system disorder is migraine.

Preferably, the central nervous system disorder is epilepsy or a convulsive disorder selected from the group of generalized nonconvulsive epilepsy, generalized convulsive epilepsy, petit mal status epilepticus, grand mal status epilepticus, partial epilepsy with or without impairment of consciousness, infantile spasms, epilepsy partialis continua, and other forms of epilepsy.

Preferably, the central nervous system disorder is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Preferably, the central nervous system disorder is a cognitive disorder selected from the group of delirium, substance-induced persisting delirium, dementia, dementia due to HIV disease, dementia due to Huntington's disease, dementia due to Parkinson's disease, dementia of the Alzheimer's type, substance-induced persisting dementia and mild cognitive impairment.

Of the disorders mentioned above, the treatment of anxiety, schizophrenia, migraine, depression, and epilepsy are of particular importance.

At present, the fourth edition of the Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) of the American Psychiatric Association provides a diagnostic tool for the identification of the disorders described herein. The person skilled in the art will recognize that alternative nomenclatures, nosologies, and classification systems for neurological and psychiatric disorders described herein exist, and that these evolve with medical and scientific progresses.

Because such positive allosteric modulators of mGluR2, including compounds of Formula (I), enhance the response of mGluR2 to glutamate, it is an advantage that the present methods utilize endogenous glutamate.

Because positive allosteric modulators of mGluR2, including compounds of Formula (I), enhance the response of mGluR2 to agonists, it is understood that the present invention extends to the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glutamate dysfunction by administering an effective amount of a positive allosteric modulator of mGluR2, including compounds of Formula (I), in combination with an mGluR2 agonist.

The compounds of the present invention may be utilized in combination with one or more other drugs in the treatment, prevention, control, amelioration, or reduction of risk of diseases or conditions for which compounds of Formula (I) or the other drugs may have utility, where the combination of the drugs together are safer or more effective than either drug alone.

The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent and, as active ingredient, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to the invention, in particular a compound according to Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salt thereof, a stereochemically isomeric form thereof, an N-oxide form thereof or a quaternary ammonium salt thereof.

The compounds according to the invention, in particular the compounds according to Formula (I), the pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salt thereof, a stereochemically isomeric form thereof, an N-oxide form thereof or a quaternary ammonium salt thereof, or any subgroup or combination thereof may be formulated into various pharmaceutical forms for administration purposes. As appropriate compositions there may be cited all compositions usually employed for systemically administering drugs.

To prepare the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention, an effective amount of the particular compound, optionally in addition salt form, as the active ingredient is combined in intimate admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, which carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration. These pharmaceutical compositions are desirable in unitary dosage form suitable, in particular, for administration orally, rectally, percutaneously, by parenteral injection or by inhalation. For example, in preparing the compositions in oral dosage form, any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be employed such as, for example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols and the like in the case of oral liquid preparations such as, for example, suspensions, syrups, elixirs, emulsions and solutions; or solid carriers such as, for example, starches, sugars, kaolin, diluents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like in the case of powders, pills, capsules and tablets. Because of their ease in administration, tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit forms in which case solid pharmaceutical carriers are obviously employed. For parenteral compositions, the carrier will usually comprise sterile water, at least in large part, though other ingredients, for example, to aid solubility, may be included. Injectable solutions, for example, may be prepared in which the carrier comprises saline solution, glucose solution or a mixture of saline and glucose solution. Injectable suspensions may also be prepared in which case appropriate liquid carriers, suspending agents and the like may be employed. Also included are solid form preparations that are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations. In the compositions suitable for percutaneous administration, the carrier optionally comprises a penetration enhancing agent and/or a suitable wetting agent, optionally combined with suitable additives of any nature in minor proportions, which additives do not introduce a significant deleterious effect on the skin. Said additives may facilitate the administration to the skin and/or may be helpful for preparing the desired compositions. These compositions may be administered in various ways, e.g., as a transdermal patch, as a spot-on, as an ointment.

It is especially advantageous to formulate the aforementioned pharmaceutical compositions in unit dosage form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Unit dosage form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active ingredient calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. Examples of such unit dosage forms arc tablets (including scored or coated tablets), capsules, pills, powder packets, wafers, suppositories, ininjectable solutions or suspensions and the like, and segregated multiples thereof. Since the compounds according to the invention are potent orally administrable dopamine antagonists, pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds for administration orally are especially advantageous.

As already mentioned, the invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compounds according to the invention and one or more other drugs in the treatment, prevention, control, amelioration, or reduction of risk of diseases or conditions for which compounds of Formula (I) or the other drugs may have utility as well as to the use of such a composition for the manufacture of a medicament.

The following examples are intended to illustrate but not to limit the scope of the present invention.

Several methods for preparing the compounds of this invention are illustrated in the following Examples. Unless otherwise noted, all starting materials were obtained from commercial suppliers and used without further purification. Specifically, the following abbreviations may be used in the examples and throughout the specification : AcOEt (ethyl acetate) M (molar) AcOH (acetic acid) MeOH (methanol) BBr₃ (boron tribromide) mg (milligrams) BINAP (±)-1,1'-Bi(2-naphthol) MgSO₄ (magnesium sulphate) Br₂ (bromine) MHz (megahertz) CDCl₃ (deuterated chloroform) min (minutes) CCl₄ (carbon tetrachloride) µl (microliters) DCM (dichloromethane) ml (milliliters) MCPBA (3-chloroperbenzoic acid) mmol (millimol) DEAD (diethyl azodicarboxylate) m.p. (melting point) DIBAL (diisobutyl aluminium hydride) NaBH(OAC)₃ (Sodium triacetoxyboro-hydride) DME (dimethoxyethane) Na₂CO₃ (sodium carbonate) DMF (dimethylformamide) NaH (sodium hydride) DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) NaHCO₃ (sodium bicarbonate) Dppf (1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocene) NaHMOS (sodium hexamethyldisilazane) EDCI.HCl (1-3(dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide, hydrochloride) Nal (sodium iodide) Et₃N (triethylamine) NaO^tBu (sodium tert-butoxide) Et₂O (diethyl ether) Na₂SO₄ (sodium sulphate) EtOH (ethanol) NBS (N-bromosuccinimide) g (grams) NH₄Cl (ammonium chloride) ¹H (proton) NH₄OH (ammonium hydroxide) H₂ (hydrogen) NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Reasonance) HCl (hydrochloric acid) Pd₂(dba)₃ (palladium (II)dibenzylideneacetone) HPLC (High Pressure Liquid Chromatography) PdGl₂(dppf)₂ (Bis(1,1'-bis(diphenyl-phosphanyl)ferrocene palladium (II) di-chloride) Hz (Hertz) PdGl₂(PPh₃)₂ (Bis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (II) dichloride KBr (potassium bromide) Pd(OAc)₂ (Palladium acetate) K₂CO₃ (potassium carbonate) Pd(PPh₃)₄ (tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)) KOAc (potassium acetate) P(=O)Br₃ (phosphorousoxybromide) KI (potassium iodide) PPh₃ (triphenylphosphine) KOtBu (potassium tert-butoxide) TFA (trifluoroacetic acid) KOH (potassium hydroxide) THF (tetrahydrofuran) K₃PO₄ (potassium phosphate) TLC (thin layer chromatography) LCMS (Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrum) Tf₂O (trifloromethanesulfonic anhydride) LiAHI4 (lithium aluminium hydride) Xantphos (4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9.9-dimethylxanthene

All references to brine refer to a saturated aqueous solution of NaCl. Unless otherwise indicated, all temperatures are expressed in °C (degrees Celsius). All reactions are conducted not under an inert atmosphere at room temperature, unless otherwise noted.

Microwave assisted reactions were performed in a single-mode reactor: Emrys^™ Optimizer microwave reactor (Personal Chemistry A.B., currently Biotage). Description of the instrument can be found in www.personalchemistry.com. And in a multimode reactor: MicroSYNTH Labstation (Milestone, Inc.). Description of the instrument can be found in www.milestonesci.com.

The reaction was carried out under N₂ atmosphere. To a solution of commercially available 4-methoxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridine-3-carbonitrile (1.00 g, 6.60 mmol), I eq) in acetonitrile (45 ml) was added K₂CO₃ (2.73 g, 19.8 mmol, 3 eq) and isopentylbromide (441 mg, 8.65 mmol, 1.3 eq). The resulting solution was heated at 100 °C for 12 hours. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature and filtered through a pad of celite. The filtrate was then concentrated in vacuo. Subsequently, the crude residue thus obtained was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, eluting with a gradient elution of between 0 - 2 % MeOH in DCM) to yield intermediate compound I as a creamy solid (82 %, 5.40 mmol).

A solution of intermediate compound 1 (1.5 g, 6.81 mmol) in aqueous NaOH (0.1 N, 75 ml) and THF (20 ml) was heated to 100 °C for I hour. The reaction was cooled to 0 °C and acidified by the addition of 1M HCl, adjusting the pH to about 3, at which point a white solid precipitated. The solid was filtered off and dried in vacuo to yield the N-isopentyl substituted intermediate compound 2 as a white solid (1.3 g, 6.30 mmol). In an equal manner was prepared the N-n-butyl substituted intermediate compound 2'.

The reaction was carried out under N₂ atmosphere. To a solution of intermediate compound 2 (2.00 g, 9.66 mmol, 1 eq) in DMF (10 ml) was added cautiously P(=O)Br₃ (5.54 g, 19.0 mmol, 2 eq), the resulting solution was then heated at 100 °C into a sealed tube for 2 hours. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature and diluted by H₂O (30 ml), the resulting solution was subsequently extracted with AcOEt (3 x 30 ml). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to yield an oil. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, eluting with DCM) to yield N-isopentyl substituted intermediate compound 3 as a creamy solid (2.13 g, 82 %, 7.92 mmol). In an equal manner was prepared the N-n-butyl substituted intermediate compound 3' and the N-methylcyclopropyl substituted intermediate compound 3".

In a round flask containing intermediate compound 2 (100 mg, 0.48 mmol) in DCM (5 ml), were added 3 eq of pyridine (0.118 ml, 1.44 mmol). The mixture was cooled to -78 °C and Tf₂O (0.217 ml, 0.528 mmol) was added slowly. The solution was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1/2 hour. The mixture was hydrolized with cold water, extracted with DCM (3 x 10 ml),washcd twice with brine, dried over Na₃SO₄, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure to yield intermediate compound 4 (133 mg).

The reaction was carried out under nitrogen atmosphere. To a solution of N-(2-bromobenzyl)-acetamide (468 mg, 2.02 mmol) in acetonitrile (45 ml) was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (1.34 g, 6.15 mmol) and N,N-dimethaminopyridine (501 mg, 4.1 mmol). The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 20 min, after which time it was diluted with AcOEt (40 ml) and washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO₃ (2 x 40 ml) and a saturated solution of NH₄Cl (3 x 40 ml). The organic layer was then dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to yield a crude solid. This was purified by short open column chromatography (SiO₂, eluting with 2 % MeOH in DCM) to yield intermediate compound 6 as a yellow oil (590.00 mg, 89 %, 1.79 mmol).

To a solution of intermediate compound 6 (200 mg, 0.61 mmol) in DMSO (4 ml) was added bis(pinacolato)diboron (232 mg, 0.913 mmol) and potassium KOAc (180 mg, 1.83 mmol) the solution was then degassed using a stream of nitrogen and then to the reaction mixture was added 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenepalladium (II) dichloride, DCM (20.0 mg, 0.0183 mmol). The reaction mixture was then heated at 110 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere for 16 hours. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature and diluted with AcOEt (30 ml) and the resulting solution was washed with water (3 x 15 ml), the organic fraction was then dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to yield the desired compound. The product was purified by short open column chromatography (SiO₂, eluting with DCM) to yield intermediate compound 7 as yellow oil (149.0 mg, 89 %, 0.054 mmol).

The reaction was carried out under N₂ atmosphere. 4-Bromobenzeneboronic acid pinacol cyclic ester (300 mg, 1.06 mmol), N-acetylethylenediamine (0.155 ml, 1.59 mmol), Xantphos (123 mg, 0.21 mmol), and Cs₂CO₃ (518 mg, 1.59 mmol) were added to a mixture of 1,4-dioxane (5.88 ml) and DMF (0.12 ml) at room temperature, and N₂ was fluxed through the mixture for 5 min. Pd(OAc)₂ (24 mg, 0.1 mmol) was added and the mixture was irradiated under microwave conditions at 170 °C for 10 min into a sealed tube. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature and filtered through a pad of celited. The volatiles were evaporated in vacumm and the residues thus obtained was purified by short open column chromatography (SiO₂, eluting with DCM/MeOH(NH₃) to yield intermediate compound 8 (80 mg).

To a solution of 4-pyridinethiol (149 mg, 1.35 mmol) in dimethyformamide (5 ml) was added K₂CO₃ (186 mg, 1.35 mmol) ; the resulting solution was stirred for 12 min and to this subsequently was added a solution of 2-(4-bromomethyl-phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolane (400 mg, 1.35 mmol) and the resulting solution was stirred for 2 hours. The mixture was then diluted by the addition of water (30 ml) and extracted with AcOEt (3 x 15 ml) ; the organic layer was subsequently dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to yield the crude product. The crude reaction mixture was subsequently purified by Biotage purification (eluting with DCM) to yield intermediate compound 9. (406.0 mg, 1.24 mmol, 92 %).

Commercially available 4-methoxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridine-3-carbonitrile (4.70 g, 31.29 mmol, 1 eq), 4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzylbromide (5.44 ml, 32.86 mmol, 1.05 eq) and K₂CO₃ (12.9 g, 93.8 mmol, 3 eq) were mixed in acetonitrile (200 ml). The mixture was heated at 140 °C for 16 hours into a sealed tube. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature and the solvents were evaporated in vacuum. The resulting residue was dissolved in DCM and filtered through a pad of celite. The filtrate was then concentrated in vacuo. Subsequently, the white solid thus obtained was triturated with diethylether to yield intermediate compound 10 as a white solid (9.20 g, 91 %).

To a solution of intermediate compound 10 (9.20 g, 28.37 mmol) in THF (100 ml) was added aqueous NaOH (0.1 N, 300 ml). The reaction mixture was heated at 100 °C for 4 hours. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature and the THF was evaporated in vacuum. The resulting basic aqueous phase was acidified by the addition of 2 N HCl, adjusting the pH to about 3, at which point a white solid precipitated. The solid was filtered off, washed with diethylether and dried in vacuo to yield the intermediate compound 11 as a white solid (8.05 g, 91 %).

Intermediate compound 11 (6.57 g, 21.19 mmol, 1 eq) and P(=O)Br₃ (12.15 g, 42.39 mmol, 2 eq) were mixed in DMF (125 ml) and the resulting mixture was then heated at 110 °C for I hour. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature and diluted with H₂O (200 ml), the resulting solution was subsequently extracted with AcOEt (3 x 75 ml). The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, eluting with DCM) to yield intermediate compound 12 as a white solid (6.75 g). In a similar manner was made intermediate compound 12' wherein the phenyl moiety in the para-position is substituted with a fluor instead of a trifluoromethoxy moiety.

To a mixture of 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol (500 mg, 2.27 mmol), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)morpholine (330.8 mg, 2.72 mmol) and PPh₃ polymer bound (loading 2.15 mmol/g) (2.11 g, 4.54 mmol) in dry DCM (30 ml) at 0 °C was added di-tert-butylazodicarboxylate (784.0 mg, 3.40 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Then, the resin was filtered off, washed with DCM and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo. The residue (756.45 mg) was used in the next reaction step without further purification

Intermediate compound 3 (200 mg, 0.74 mmol), 1-tert-butoxycarbonylpiperazine (151 mg, 0.81 mmol), K₃PO₄ (236 mg, 1.1 mmol) and catalyst [577971-19-8] CAS (10 mg) were mixed in 1,4-dioxane (3 ml) at room temperature. The corresponding mixture was heated at 85 °C in a sealed tube for 16 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered through a pad of celite and washed with DCM. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the residue thus obtained was purified by flash chromatography to yield intermediate compound 14 (200 mg, 72 %).

A mixture of 5-(4-bromophenyl)-1,3-oxazole (220 mg, 0.98 mmol), bis(pinacolato)-diboron (372 mg, 1.47 mmol), 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenepalladium(II) dichloride, DCM (24 mg, 0.0294 mmol), KOAc (288 mg, 2.93 mmol) in DMSO (7 ml) was heated at 110 °C for 16 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with AcOEt (30 ml) and washed with water (3 x 15 ml). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, evaporated in vacuum and the residue thus obtained (200 mg) was used in the next reaction step without further purification.

A solution of commercially available 4-methoxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridine-3-carbonitrile (4.0 g, 0.0266 mol), beta-bromophenetole (5.62 g, 0.0279 mol) and K₂CO₃ (11.0 g, 0.0799 mol) in CH₃CN (150 ml) was heated at reflux for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was then filtered off and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo. The residue was recrystallised from ethylether to yield intermediate compound 17 (7 g, 97 %).

To a solution of intermediate compound 17 (7.0 g, 0.0259 mol) in MeOH (100 ml) was added aqueous NaOH (0.1 N, 200 ml). The reaction mixture was heated to 100 °C for 3 hours. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature and the MeOH was evaporated in vacuum. The resulting basic aqueous phase was acidified by the addition of 2 N HCl, adjusting the pH to about 3, at which point a white solid precipitated. The solid was collected using a sintered funnel, washed with ethylether and dried in vacuo to yield intermediate compound 18 as white solid (5.78 g, 87 %).

Intermediate compound 18 (7.10 g, 0.027 mol) and P(=O)Br₃ (15.886 g, 0.055 mol) were mixed in DMF (150 ml) and the resulting mixture was then heated at 110 °C for 3 hours. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature and diluted by H₂O (100 ml), the resulting solution was subsequently extracted with AcOEt (3 x 150 ml). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, cluting with DCM) to yield intermediate compound 19 (7.67 g, 89 %).

In a round flask containing 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde ([454-89-7] CAS) (0.872 ml, 0.0065 mol) and 4-piperidinemethanol (0.5 g, 0.0043 mol) in DCE (20-30 ml) and a few drops of AcOH, NaBH(OAc)₃ (2.2 g, 0.0107 mol) was added. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature , after which time it was washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO₃ and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography to yield intermediate compound 20 (0.610 g, 56 %).

In a round flask containing methyl-4-formylbenzoate (5.6 g, 0.034 mol) and morpholine (2 g, 0.023 mol) in DCE (20 ml), few drops of AcOH and molecular sieves (4A) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 40 min and NaBH(OAc)₃ (5 g, 0.023 mol) was added. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature, after which time another equivalent of NaBH(OAc)₃ (5 g, 0.023 mol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 hours and was subsequently washed with HCl (1 N) and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was finally washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO₃. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (DCM / McOH(NH₃) mixtures) to yield intermediate compound 23 (3 g, 60 %)

The reaction was carried out under N₂ atmosphere. To a solution of intermediate compound 23 (2 g, 0.0085 mol) in THF (12 ml), lithium aluminum hydride (1 M in THF) (17 ml, 0.017 mol) was slowly added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Then, a saturated solution of NaHCO₃ was carefully added and the mixture was extracted with DCM. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate compound 24 (1.75 g, 100 %) which was used in the next reaction step without further purification.

A mixture of intermediate compound 3 (250 mg, 0.93 mmol), tributyl(vinyl)tin (0.325 ml, 1.11 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (22 mg, 0.0186 mmol) in degassed toluene (10 ml) was microwaved at 130 °C for 25 min. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature and solvents were evaporated in vacuum. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, DCM / MeOH(NH₃) mixtures) to yield intermediate compound 28 (100 mg, 50 %) as pale yellow solid.

To a solution of 4-pyridylcarbinol (15 g, 137.4 mmol) in DCM (200 ml) was added thionyl chloride (43.6 ml) and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and the solvent was evaporated in vacuo. The residue was diluted with DCM and washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO₃. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate compound 29 (17.18 g, 99 %).

To a mixture of NaH (60 % in mineral oil) (0.718 g, 17.96 mmol) in THF (20 ml), a solution of 5-bromoindole (2.34 g, 11.8 mmol) in THF (17 ml) was added dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Then, intermediate compound 29 (1.81 g, 14.2 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated at 80 °C overnight. The cooled reaction mixture was washed with H₂O and extracted with AcOEt. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, DCM / MeOH mixtures) to yield intermediate compound 30 (2.73 g, 80 %).

To a solution of intermediate compound 30 (2.73 g, 9.5 mmol) in DMSO (27 ml) was added bis(pinacolato)diboron (2.414 g, 9.5 mmol) and KOAc (2.8 g, 28.5 mmol). The solution was then degassed using a stream of nitrogen and then to the reaction mixture was added 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenepalladium (II) dichloride, DCM (0.23 g, 0.28 mmol). The reaction mixture was then heated at 110 °C overnight under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature and additional amounts of bis(pinacolato)diboron (1.63 g, 6.4 mmol), KOAc (1.89 g, 19.2 mmol) and 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenepalladium (II) dichloride, DCM (0.155 g, 0.19 mmol) were added and the mixture was heated at 130 °C overnight. The cooled reaction mixture was diluted with AcOEt, filtered through a pad of celite and the filtrate was washed with water. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate compound 31 (4.5 g, quant.) used in the next reaction step without further purification.

To a mixture of (N-tert-butoxycarbonyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-4-boronic acid pinacol ester ([286961-14-6] CAS) (1.5 g, 4.8 mmol) in a mixture of 1,4-dioxane (8 ml) and DMF (2 ml) were added 4-chloro-2-picoline (0.308 g, 2.4 mmol), 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenepalladium(II) dichloride, DCM (0.293 g, 0.36 mmol) and potasium carbonate (0.993 g, 7.2 mmol). The mixture was then degassed using a stream of nitrogen and then microwaved at 160 °C for 90 min. The cooled reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of celite and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, DCM / MeOH(NH₃) mixtures) to yield intermediate compound 32 (0.5 g, 38 %).

A solution of intermediate compound 32 (0.5 g, 1.82 mmol) in a 20 % solution of TFA in DCM (10 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours, after which time the solvent was evaporated. The residue (0.5 g) was used in the next reaction step without further purification.

To a solution of intermediate compound 2' (1.5 g, 7.8 mmol) in acetonitrile (13 ml), (4-bromomethylphenyl)boronic acid, pinacol ester (3.0 g, 9.76 mmol) ([138500-85-3] CAS) and cesium carbonate (5.92 g, 15.6 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was microwaved at 160 °C for 30 min. Then, solvents were evaporated in vacuo and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, DCM / MeOH mixtures) to yield intermediate compound 35 (2.93 g, 92 %).

A mixture of intermediate compound 3 (0.366 g, 1.361 mmol), (compound described in US 2005187277 Al) (0.436 g, 1.63 mmol, Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.157 g, 0.136 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (2 ml) and a saturated solution of Na₂CO₃ (2 ml) was microwaved at 150 °C for 10 min. The resulting reaction mixture was then filtered through a pad of celite and the filtrate evaporated in vacuum. The residue was subsequently purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, DCM / MeOH(NH₃) mixtures) to yield intermediate compound 36 (0.55 g, 98 %).

To a solution of 4-aminomethylphenylboronic acid, pinacol ester (CAS 138500-88-6) (1.2 g, 5.14 mmol) and Et₃N (1.42 ml, 10.28 mmol) in DCM (50 ml) stirred at room temperature, di-tert-butyldicarbonate (1.68 g, 7.72 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The solvent was evaporated in vacuum to yield a residue which was treated with diethylether to yield intermediate compound 39 (1.7 g) as a solid, 99 %) used in the next reaction step without further purification.

To a solution of intermediate compound 39 (1.7 g, 5.14 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (3 ml) and a saturated solution of NaCO₃ (3 ml) was added intermediate compound 3 (1.15 g, 4.28 mmol). The resulting solution was degassed using a stream of nitrogen and to this was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (485.0 mg, 0.42 mmol). The reaction was then microwaved into a scaled tube at 150°C for 10 min. The resulting reaction mixture was then filtered through a pad of celite and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo. The crude reaction mixture was then purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, DCM / MeOH(NH₃) 9:1) to yield intermediate compound 40 (1.3 g, 77 %).

To a solution of intermediate compound 40 (0.125 g, 0.316 mmol) in DMF (dried, 5 ml) at 0 °C, NaH (60 % mineral oil; 0.019 mg, 0.474 mmol) was added. The resulting suspension was stirred at 0 °C (under nitrogen atmosphere) for 30 min. Then, 3-fluorobenzylbromide (0.059 ml, 0.474 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. Then, water was added and the resulting aqueous mixture was extracted with AcOEt. The organic layer was washed with a saturated solution of NaCl. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄. The crude reaction mixture was then purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, DCM /MeOH(NH₃) 9:1) to yield intermediate compound 41 (0.082 g, 51 %) as a yellow oil.

To a mixture of 4-bromo-2-fluoroaniline (0.6 g, 3.15 mmol), tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (0.68 g, 6.31 mmol) and NaBH(OAC)₃ (0.96 g, 4.72 mmol) in DCE (20 ml), molecular sieves (4A) (1g) were added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Then, additional amounts of tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (0.34 g, 3.15 mmol) and NaBH(OAc)₃ (0.66 g, 3.15 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 48 h. Then, the reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of celite and washed with DCM. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate compound 42 (0.86 g, quant.) used in the next reaction step without further purification.

To a solution of intermediate compound 42 (0.86 g, 3.15 mmol) in DMSO (3 ml) was added bis(pinacolato)diboron (0.80 g, 3.15 mmol) and KOAc (0.93 g, 9.45 mmol) the solution was then degassed using a stream of nitrogen and then to the reaction mixture was added 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenepalladium (II) dichloride, DCM (0.07 g, 0.09 mmol). The reaction mixture was then heated at 120 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere for 16 hours. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature and diluted with water (50 ml) and the resulting solution was extracted with AcOEt, the organic fraction was then dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate compound 43 (1.01 g, 100 %) used in the next reaction step without further purification.

To a solution of NaH (60 % in mineral oil) (0.13 g, 3.25 mmol) in DMF (5 ml) was added commercially available 4-bromophenol (0.50 g, 2.89 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 10 min. Then, 4-chloro-2-picoline (0.30 g, 2.40 mmol) was added and the resulting reaction mixture was then microwaved at 150°C for 10 min. After cooling, the mixture was diluted with water and extracted with Et₂O. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue thus obtained was purified by flash chromatography (DCM) to yield intermediate compound 44 (0.52 g, 8 1%).

To a solution of intermediate compound 44 (0.50 g, 1.89 mmol) in DMSO (5 ml) was added bis(pinacolato)diboron (0.72 g, 2.84 mmol) and KOAc (0.56 g, 5.68 mmol) the solution was then degassed using a stream of nitrogen and then to the reaction mixture was added 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenepalladium (II) dichloride, DCM (0.05 g, 0.06 mmol). The reaction mixture was then heated at 110 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere for 16 hours. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature and diluted with water and the resulting solution was extracted with AcOEt, the organic fraction was then dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to yield intermediate compound 45 (0.58 g, 100 %) used in the next reaction step without further purification.

To a solution of 3,4-dimethoxyphenylboronic acid (740.0 mg, 4.08 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (14 ml) and a saturated solution of NaHCO₃ (14 ml) was added intermediate compound 3 (1.00 g, 3.70 mmol). The resulting solution was degassed using a stream of nitrogen and to this was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (641.0 mg, 0.55 mmol). The reaction was then microwaved into a sealed tube at 150 °C for 10 min. The resulting reaction mixture was then filtered through a pad of celite and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo. The crude reaction mixture was then purified by flash chromatography (eluting with a solvent gradient 0-2 % MeOH in DCM) to yield the desired compound. The compound was then recrystallised from diethylether to yield the final compound 1-110 (940.0 mg, 2.88 mmol, 78 %).

Intermediate compound 4 (150 mg, 0.44 mmol), and 4-(acetamidomethyl)phenylboronic acid (129 mg, 0.67 mmol) were mixed in 1,4-dioxane (5 ml) and Et₃N (0.12 ml, 0.89 mmol) at room temperature and N₂ was flushed through the mixture for 5 min. Pd(PPh₃)₄ (77 mg, 0.067 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was heated at 90 °C for 2 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with AcOEt and brine. The aqueous phase was extracted with AcOEt (3 x 20ml). The combined organics layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, evaporated in vacuum and the residue thus obtained was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM / AcOEt) to yield 16 mg of final compound 1-179 as a white solid.

Intermediate compound 4 (150 mg, 0.44 mmol), 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenylboronic acid (110 mg, 0.67 mmol) were mixed in 1,4-dioxane (5 ml) and Et₃N (0.12 ml, 0.89 mmol) at room temperature and N₂ was flushed through the mixture for 5 min. Pd(PPh₃)₄ (77 mg, 0.067 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was heated at 90 °C for 2 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with AcOEt and brine. The aqueous phase was extracted with AcOEt (3 x 20ml). The combined organics layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, evaporated in vacuum and the residue thus obtained was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM / AcOEt) to yield 43 mg of final compound 1-114 as a yellow solid.

Intermediate compound 4 (150 mg, 0.44 mmol) and 4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-phenylboronic acid (120 mg, 0.67 mmol) were mixed in 1,4-dioxane (5 ml) and Et₃N (0.12 ml, 0.89 mmol) at room temperature and N₂ was flushed through the mixture for 5 min. Pd(PPh₃)₄ (77 mg, 0.067 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was heated at 90 °C for 2 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with AcOEt and brine. The aqueous phase was extracted with AcOEt (3 x 20 ml). The combined organics layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, evaporated in vacuum and the residue thus obtained was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM / AcOEt) to yield 40 mg of final compound 1-095 as a white solid.

Intermediate compound 4 (150 mg, 0.44 mmol), 4-(methoxymethyl)phenylboronic acid (110 mg, 0.67mmol) were mixed in 1,4-dioxane (5 ml) and Et₃N (0.12 ml, 0.89 mmol) at room temperature and N₂ was flushed through the mixture for 5 min. Pd(PPh₃)₄ (77 mg, 0.067 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was heated at 90 °C for 2 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with AcOEt and brine. The aqueous phase was extracted with AcOEt (3 x 20 ml). The combined organics layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, evaporated in vacuum and the residue thus obtained was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM/AcOEt) to yield 52 mg of final compound 1-103 as a white solid.

To a solution of intermediate compound 7 (220.0 mg, 0.58 mmol), in 1,4-dioxane (6 ml) and a saturated solution of Na₂CO₃ (6 ml) was added intermediate compound 3 (173 mg, 0.65 mmol). The resulting solution was degassed using a stream of nitrogen and to this was added Pd(PPh)₄ (101.0 mg, 0.088 mmol). The reaction was then microwaved at 150 °C for 10 min. The resulting reaction mixture was then filtered through a pad of celite and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo. The crude reaction mixture was then purified by preperative HPLC to yield the pure final compound 1-178 (51 mg, 0.15 mmol, 26 %).

To a solution of 4-hydroxyphenylboronic acid (336 mg, 2.44 mmol), in 1,4-dioxane (20 ml) and a saturated solution of NEt₃ (0.615 ml, 4.43 mmol) was added final compound 5-652 (750 mg, 1.79 mmol). The resulting solution was degassed using a stream of nitrogen and to this was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (384 mg, 0.33 mmol). The reaction was heated at 90 °C for 2 hours into a sealed tube. The resulting reaction mixture cooled to room temperature, was diluted with water and brine and extracted with AcOEt. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and vacuum concentrated. The crude reaction mixture was then purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, eluting with mixtures of heptane /AcOEt) to yield the final compound 1-097 (230 mg, 45 %).

To a solution of phenol (0.042 ml, 0.48 mmol) in dry THF (3 ml) at room temperature, NaH (60 % in mineral oil, 13.83 mg, 0.96 mmol) was added The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 min. Final compound 5-052 (100 mg, 0.24 mmol) was added. The mixture was microwaved into a sealed tube for 10 min at 80 °C. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, solvents were evaporated in vacuo and the residue thus obtained was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM /MeOH(NH₃) mixtures) to yield 55 mg of final compound 1-274 as a white solid.

Intermediate compound 3 (100 mg, 0.371 mmol), aniline (0.067 ml, 0.743 mmol) K₃PO₄ (158 mg, 0.745 mmol) and catalyst [577971-19-8] CAS (10 mg) were mixed in 1,4-dioxane (15 ml) at room temperature. The corresponding mixture was stirred at 80 °C (oil bath temperature) into a sealed tube for 12 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and AcOEt (30 ml) and NaHCO₃ (10 ml, aqueous saturated solution) were added to the reaction mixture. Layers were separated and the organic one was dried over Na₂SO₄. Solvents were evaporated in vacuum and the residue thus obtained was purified by flash chromatography to yield final compound 1-298 (50 mg).

Reaction under nitrogen atmosphere. Intermediate compound 3 (150 mg, 0.557 mmol), phenylacetylene (0.064 ml, 0.580 mmol), PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (19.6 mg, 0.028 mmol) PPh₃ (3.7 mg, 0.014 mmol) and NEt₃ (0.078 ml, 2.23 mmol) were mixed in THF (6 ml) at room temperature and N₂ was flushed through the mixture for 5 min. Cul (1.3 mg, 0.007 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was heated at 90 °C (oil bath termperature) into a sealed tube for 10 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and aqueous Na₂S₂O₄ (saturated solution) was added. DCM (30 ml) was added and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ (saturated solution), dried over Na₂SO₄ and vacuum concentrated. The residue thus obtained was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, DCM / MeOH(NH₃) mixtures) to yield final compound 1-267 (57 mg).

10 % Pd/C (10 mg) was added to a solution of final compound 1-267 (45 mg, 0.155 mmol) and 1,4-cyclohexadiene (0.22 ml, 2.32 mmol) in MeOH (5 ml) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred into a sealed tube for 12 hours. The catalyst was filtered off and solvents were evaporated in vacuo. The residue thus obtained was taken up in MeOH (15 ml) and 10 % Pd/C (10 mg) was added. The resulting mixture was hydrogenated with hydrogen (20 psi) for 3 hours. The catalyst was filtered off and the solvent was evaporated. The residue thus obtained was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, DCM / MeOH(NH₃) mixtures) and then by reverse phase HPLC chromatography to yield final compound 1-260 as a white solid (1.63 mg).

To a solution of intermediate compound 8 (80 mg, 0.62 mmol), in 1,4-dioxane (1 ml) and a saturated solution of Na₂CO₃ (1 ml) was added intermediate compound 3 (64.34 mg, 0.239 mmol). The resulting solution was degassed using a stream of nitrogen and to this solution was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (41.4 mg, 0.035 mmol). The reaction was then microwaved at 140 °C for 5 min. The resulting reaction mixture was subsequently filtered through a pad of celite and AcOEt (10 ml) was added. H₂O (10 ml) was added and layers were separated. The organic layers were dried (Mg₂SO₄) and vacuum concentrated. The resulting residue was then purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM / MeOH(NH₃) mixtures) to yield the pure final compound 1-182 (28 mg) as bright yellow solid.

To a solution of intermediate compound 9 (121 mg, 0.371 mmol), in 1,4-dioxane (3 ml) and a saturated solution of NaHCO₃ (3 ml) was added intermediate compound 3 (100 g, 3.71 mmol). The resulting solution was degassed using a stream of nitrogen and to this was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (64.0 mg, 0.056 mmol). The reaction was then microwaved at 150 °C for 10 min. The resulting reaction mixture was then filtered through a pad of celite and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo. The crude reaction mixture was then purified by HPLC purification to yield final compound 1-258 (13.0 mg, 0.034 mmol, 10 %).

Intermediate compound 4 (150 mg, 0.44 mmol) and 4-(methyl-3-propanoate)phenylboronic acid (140 mg, 0.67 mmol) were mixed in 1,4-dioxane (5 ml) and Et₃N (0.12 ml, 0.89 mmol) at room temperature, and N₂ was flushed through the mixture for 5 min. Pd(PPh₃)₄ (77 mg, 0.06 mmol) was added to the mixture and the resulting mixture was heated at 90 °C for 2 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with AcOEt and brine. The aqueous phase was extracted with AcOEt (3 x 20 ml). The combined organics layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, evaporated in vacuum and the residue thus obtained was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM / AcOEt) to yield 63 mg of final compound 1-239 as a yellow solid.

To a solution of final compound 1-239 (20 mg, 0.057 mmol) in THF/H₂O 1:1 (4 ml) at 0 °C was added lithium hydroxide (24 mg, 0.57 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min and the solution was concentrated. The pH was adjusted to pH = 2 with a 1 N solution of HCl and the precipite thus formed was filtered off and dried, to yield 10 mg of the final compound 1-240 as a white solid.

Intermediate compound 12 (300 mg, 0.804 mmol), 1-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine (0.176 ml, 0.964 mmol) K₃PO₄ (341 mg, 1.60 mmol) and catalyst [577971-19-8] CAS (10 mg) were mixed in 1,4-dioxane (6 ml) at room temperature. The corresponding mixture was heated at 110 °C into a sealed tube for 16 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered through a pad of celite and washed with AcOEt. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the residue thus obtained was purified by flash chromatography to yield final compound 2-043 as a pale yellow solid (349 mg, 90 %).

Intermediate compound 12 (350 mg, 0.938 mmol) and intermediate compound 13 (375 mg, 1.12 mmol) were mixed in 1,4-dioxane (3 ml) and a saturated solution of Na₂CO₃ (3 ml). The resulting solution was degassed using a stream of nitrogen and to this was added Pd(PP₃)₄ (108.3 mg, 0.093 mmol). The reaction was then microwaved into a sealed tube at 150 °C for 10 min. The resulting reaction mixture was then filtered through a pad of celite and washed with AcOEt. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the residue thus obtained was purified by flash chromatography to yield the final compound 1-037 (305.6 mg, 65 %).

A mixture of final compound 2-056 (150 mg, 0.55 mmol), 3-chloro-4-(trfluoromethoxy)benzyl bromide (0.16 ml, 0.55 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (150 mg, 1.1 mmol) in DMF (2 ml) was stirred overnight at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was then filtered through a pad of celite and washed with AcOEt. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the residue thus obtained was purified by flash chromatography to yield the desired compound. The compound was then recrystallised from diethylether to yield the final compound 2-022 (170 mg, 64 %).

Intermediate compound 3 (198 mg, 0.74 mmol) and intermediate compound 16 (200 mg, 0.74 mmol) were mixed in 1,4-dioxane (5 ml) and a saturated solution of Na₂CO₃ (5 ml). The resulting solution was degassed using a stream of nitrogen and to this was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (128 mg, 0.115 mmol). The reaction was then microwaved into a sealed tube at 150 °C for 10 min. The resulting reaction mixture was then filtered through a pad of celite and washed with AcOEt. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the residue thus obtained was purified by flash, chromatography to yield the final compound 1-250 (63.9 mg, 26 %, yield based on two subsequent reaction steps).

Intermediate compound 3 (727 mg, 2.70 mmol) and commercially available 4-(morpholino)phenylboronic acid (560 mg, 2.70 mmol) were mixed in 1,4-dioxane (10 ml) and a saturated solution of Na₂CO₃ (10 ml). The resulting solution was degassed using a stream of nitrogen and to this was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (468 mg, 0.405 mmol). The reaction was then microwaved into a sealed tube at 150 °C for 10 min. The resulting reaction mixture was then filtered through a pad of celite and the filtrate was washed with water (10 ml). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated in vacuum. The crude reaction mixture was subsequently purified by flash chromatography to yield the desired compound. The compound was then recrystallised from ethylether to yield the final compound 1-223 (620 mg, 65 %).

Intermediate compound 19 (250 mg, 0.783 mmol) and 3-chloro-4-isopropoxy-phenylboronic acid (159 mg, 0.86 mmol) were mixed in 1,4-dioxane (2.5 ml) and a saturated solution of NaHCO₃ (2.5 ml). The resulting solution was degassed using a stream of nitrogen and to this was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (130 mg, 0.11 mmol). The reaction was then microwaved into a sealed tube at 150 °C for 10 min. The resulting reaction mixture was then filtered through a pad of celite and the filtrate evaporated in vacuum. The crude reaction mixture was subsequently purified by flash chromatography to yield the desired compound. The compound was then recrystallised from diethylether to yield the final compound 1-049 as a white solid (65 mg, 21 %).

Intermediate compound 3 (100 mg, 0.37 mmol), 4-(3-trifluoromethylbenzyloxy)-piperidine (115.11 mg, 0.444 mmol), K₃PO₄ (150 mg, 0.70 mmol) and catalyst [577971-19-8] CAS (10 mg) were mixed in 1,4-dioxane (5 ml) at room temperature. The corresponding mixture was heated at 85 °C into a sealed tube for 16 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through a pad of celite. The filtratc was concentrated in vacuo and the residue thus obtained was purified by flash chromatography to yield final compound 4-020 as a white gummy solid (90 mg, 55 %).

Intermediate compound 3 (150 mg, 0.406 mmol), 4,4-(phenylpiperidin-4-yl)-morpholine (113.3 mg, 0.46 mmol), K₃PO₄ (200 mg, 0.94 mmol) and catalyst [577971-19-8] CAS (10 mg) were mixed in 1,4-dioxane (4 ml) at room temperature. The corresponding mixture was heated at 85 °C into a sealed tube for 36 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through a pad of celite. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the residue thus obtained was purified by prep. HPLC to yield final compound 4-044 as pale yellow solid (123 mg, 51 %).

Intermediate compound 3 (226 mg, 0.84 mmol), 1-(2-pyrimidyl)piperazine dihydrochloride (228 mg, 0.96 mmol), K₃PO₄ (612 mg, 2.88 mmol) and catalyst [577971-19-8] CAS (10 mg) were mixed in 1,4-dioxane (5 ml) at room temperature. The corresponding mixture was heated at 85 °C into a sealed tube for 36 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and fillered through a pad of cclitc. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the residue thus obtained was purified by flash chromatography to yield final compound 2-028 as a pale creamy solid (258 mg, 87 %).

A mixture of intermediate compound 20 (0.223 g, 0.00081 mol, 1.1 eq.) and NaH (60 % dispersion in mineral oil, 0.035 g, 0.00088 mol, 1.2 eq.) in DME (1.5 ml) was stirred at room temperature over 10 min. Then, intermediate compound 3 (0.20 g, 0.00074 mol, 1 eq.) was added slowly. The resulting reaction mixture was microwaved at 130 °C for 20 min. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and solvents were evaporated in vacuum. The residue was suspended in DCM, filtered off and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo. The crude reaction mixture was then purified by flash chromatography to yield final compound 3-009 (146 mg, 47 %).

To a solution of final compound 3-016 (346 mg, 1.19 mmol) and 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde ([454-89-7] CAS) (262 mg, 1.5 mmol) in DCE (40 ml), NaBH(OAC)₃ (760 mg, 3.6 mmol) was added portionwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. Then, the mixture was quenched with an aqueous solution of NH₄Cl. The combined organic layers were concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography to yield final compound 3-008 (370 mg) as a pale brown solid.

To a mixture of intermediate compound 11 (200 mg, 0.64 mmol), intermediate compound 24 (267 mg, 1.28 mmol) and PPh₃ (309 mg, 1.15 mmol) in THF (5 ml) was added di-tert-butylazodicarboxylate (279 mg, 1.21 mmol). The reaction mixture was microwaved at 120 °C over 20 min. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (eluting with a solvent gradient 10-20 % DCM / MeOH(NH₃) to give the final compound 1-271 (219.7 mg, 70 %).

To a solution of final compound 3-018 (191 mg, 0.70 mmol) and 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde ([454-89-7] CAS) (174 mg, 1 mmol) in DCE (16 ml), NaBH(OAc)₃ (443 mg, 2.1 mmol) was added portionwise. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours, after which time it was quenched with a saturated solution of NH₄Cl. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography to yield final compound 3-014 as white solid (270 mg, 89 %).

To a mixture of intermediate compound 2 (0.2 g, 0.971 mmol), K₂CO₃ (0.268 g, 1.942 mmol) and Nal (cat.) in acetonitrile (12 ml), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-4-pyridin-2-yl-piperazine (0.393 g, 1.748 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was microwaved twice at 150 °C for 10 min. Then, DCM was added and the mixture was filtered off. The filtrate was washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO₃. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (DCM / MeOH(NH₃) mixtures) to give final compound 2-036 (152.5 mg, 40 %) as off white solid.

To a solution of intermediate compound 28 (35 mg, 0.161 mmol) in DCM (6 ml) a drop of TFA was added. Then, N-(methoxymethyl)-N-(trimethylsilylmethyl)-benzylamine (46 mg, 0.193 mmol) was slowly added and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Then, solvents were evaporated in vacuum and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, DCM / MeOH(NH₃) mixtures) to yield final compound 1-131 (6 mg, 10 %).

A mixture of intermediate compound 12' (250 mg, 0.81 mmol), 1-(2-pyridyl)-piperazine (0.129 ml, 0.85 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.416 ml, 2.4 mmol) in acetonitrile (5 ml) was microwaved at 160 °C for 30 min. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and the solvents were evaporated in vacuum. The residue thus obtained was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, DCM / MeOH mixtures) to yield final compound 2-055 (192 mg, 61 %) as a white solid.

Intermediate compound 3 (0.6 g, 2.20 mmol) and intermediate compound 31 (3.69 g, 3.79 mmol) were mixed in 1,4-dioxane (7 ml) and a saturated solution of Na₂CO₃ (6 ml). The resulting solution was degassed using a stream of nitrogen and to this was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.39 g, 0.33 mmol). The reaction was then microwaved into a sealed tube at 140 °C for 5 min. The resulting reaction mixture was then diluted with AcOEt, filtered through a pad of celite and the filtrate was washed with water (10 ml). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated in vacuum. The crude reaction mixture was subsequently purified by flash chromatography to yield the desired compound. The compound was then recrystallised from diethylether to yield the final compound 5-020 (0.39 g, 44 %).

A mixture of intermediate compound 3" (0.3 g, 1.18 mmol), 4-phenylpiperidine (0.286 g, 1.77 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.615 ml, 3.54 mmol) in acetonitrile (5 ml) was microwaved at 150 °C for 20 min. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and the solvents were evaporated in vacuum. The residue thus obtained was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, DCM / McOH(NH₃) mixtures) to yield the desired compound. The compound was then recrystallised from ethylether to yield the final compound 4-047 (0.29 g, 73 %)

A mixture of final compound 5-054 (0.37 g, 1.05 mmol) and palladium (10 % on activated carbon) (catalytic amount) in EtOH (10 ml) was stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere at 50 psi for 3 hours. The catalyst was then filtered off and the titrate was conccntrated in vacuo. The residue thus obtained was purified by (lash chromatography (SiO₂, DCM / MeOH(NH₃) mixtures) to yield final compound 4-003 (0.21 g, 57 %).

Intermediate compound 35 (0.25 g, 0.61 mmol) and commercially available 2-bromo,-6-methylpyridine (0.158 g, 0.92 mmol) were mixed in 1,4-dioxane (2 ml) and a saturated solution of NaHCO₃ (2 ml). The resulting solution was degassed using a stream of nitrogen and to this was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.10 g, 0.09 mmol). The reaction was then microwaved into a sealed tube at 150 °C for 10 min. The resulting reaction mixture was then filtered through a pad of celite and the filtrate was washed with water (10 ml). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated in vacuum. The crude reaction mixture was subsequently purified by flash chromatography to yield final compound 1-306 (0.078 g, 34 %).

To a solution of final compound 5-014 (0.04 g, 0.130 mmol), prepared by the reaction pathway B1, and diisopropylethylamine (0.068 ml, 0.392 mmol) in DCM (2 ml), acetyl chloride (0.014 ml, 0.196 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. Then, the solvents were evaporated in vacuum and the residue thus obtained was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, DCM / MeOH(NH₃) mixtures) to yield final compound 5-015 (0.045 g, 99 %).

To a solution of intermediate compound 41 (0.082 mg.0.163 mmol) in DCM (10 ml), TFA (5 ml) was added. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. Then, solvent was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in DCM, washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO₃ and NaCl. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo The residue was purified by flash chromatography (DCM / MeOH(NH₃) mixtures) to give final compound 1-198 (17 mg, 26 %) as a white solid.

To a mixture of final compound 1-308 (0.2 g, 0.533 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (10 ml), N-methyl-2-methoxyethylamine (0.0711 mg, 0.8 mmol), Paladium diacetate (0.0118 mg, 0.053 mmol) and Xantphos (0.0616 mg, 0.8 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred in a sealed tube at 120 °C for 16 hours. The resulting reaction mixture was then filtered through a pad of celite, washed with AcOEt. The filtrate was washed with a saturated solution of NaCl. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (DCM/MeOH 9:1) to give final compound 1-185 (24 mg, 12 %) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of final compound 1-224 (0.147 mg, 0.385 mmol) in DCM (20 ml) at 0 °C, PBr₃ (0.182 ml, 1.92 mmol) was added. The resulting solution was warmed up to room temperature and stirrred for 16 hours. Then, an aqueous solution of NH₄OH was added. The resulting aqueous solution was extracted with methylenchlorine, washed with a saturated solution of NaCl. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo The residue was purified by flash chromatography (DCM /MeOH(NH₃)9:1) to give finial compound 1-226 (28 mg, 20 %) as yellow solid.

The reaction was carried out under N₂ atmosphere. Intermediate compound 4 (26 mg, 0.077 mmol) was disolved in pyridine (1 ml, 12.26 mmol). The resulting solution was heated for 1 hour at 40 °C. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and solvents were evaporated in vacuum. The residue thus obtained was treated with 1,4-dioxane to yield a white solid that was filtered off, dried in vacuum and identified as final compound 5-052 (25 mg; white solid).

A solution of intermediate compound 14 (200 mg, 0.53 mmol) in a mixture of TFA/DCM (20 %) (5 ml) was stirred overnight at room temperature. The mixture was basified by the addition of K₂CO₃ (saturated solution). The organic layer was then dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was identified as final compound 2-056 (150 mg) and was used in the next reaction step without further purification.

To a mixture of 1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-4-hydroxypiperidine (447 mg, 2.22 mmol) in DME (8 ml), NaH (60 % in mineral oil) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 min. Then, intermediate compound 3 (500 mg, 1.85 mmol) was added and the resulting reaction mixture was microwaved at 130 °C for 30 min. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature and filtered off. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to yield final compound 3-015 as brown oil (460 mg).

To a solution of final compound 3-015 (460 mg, 1.18 mmol) in MeOH (50 ml), amberlyst-15 polymer bound (loading 4.6 mmol/g) (0.77 g, 3.54 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was shaken at room temperature for 12 hours. Then, the resin was filtered off and the solvent was discarded. The resin was suspended in MeOH/NH₃ (50 ml) and shaken at room temperature for 3 hours. The resin was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give the final compound 3-016 (350 mg) as a pale brown solid.

A mixture of intermediate compound 3 (1 g, 3.71 mmol), (N-tert-butoxycarbonyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-4-boronic acid pinacol ester (1.26 g, 4.08 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.642 g, 0.556 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (6 ml) and a saturated solution of Na-HCO₃ (6 ml) was microwaved at 150 °C for 10 min. The resulting reaction mixture was then filtered through a pad of celite and the filtrate evaporated in vacuum. The crude reaction mixture was subsequently purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, DCM /McOH(NH₃) mixtures) to yield final compound 5-053 (0.57 g, 41 %) as a white solid.

A mixture of final compound 5-053 (530 mg, 1.42 mmol) and palladium (10 % on activated carbon) (catalytic amount) in AcOEt (50 ml) was stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere at 50 psi for 4 hours. The catalyst was then filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give final compound 3-017 as colorless oil (540 mg, quant.). The compound thus obtained was used in the next reaction steps without further purification.

To a solution of final compound 3-017 (540 mg, 1.44 mmol) in MeOH (50 ml), amberlyst-15 (loading 4.6 mmol/g) (1 g, 4.6 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was shaken at room temperature for 12 hours. Then, the resin was filtered off and the solvent was discarded. The resin was suspended in MeOH/NH₃ (50 ml) and shaken at room temperature for 3 hours. The resin was filtered of and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to yield final compound 3-018 (198 mg) as yellow oil.

A mixture of intermediate compound 3' (0.34 g, 1.33 mmol), intermediate compound 33 (0.5 g, 1.73 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.925 ml, 5.32 mmol) in acetonitrile (3 ml) was microwaved at 150 °C for 20 min. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and the solvents were evaporated in vacuum. The residue thus obtained was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, DCM / MeOH(NH₃) mixtures) to yield final compound 5-054 (0.37 g, 79 %).

To a solution of intermediate compound 36 (0.55 mg.1.76 mmol) in DCM (20 ml), TFA (10 ml) was added. The resulting solution was stirred ar room temperature for 2 hours. Then, solvent was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in DCM, washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO₃ and NaCl. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to yield final compound 1-307 (0.310 g, 74 %) used in the next reaction step without further purification.

To a suspension of copper (II) bromide (0.2 g, 0.89 mmol) and tert-butylnitrite (0.178 ml, 1.48 mmol) in acetonitrile (29 ml) at 0 °C was added dropwise final compound 1-307 (0.31 g, 0.99 mmol) within 5 min at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 hour, then warmed to room temperature and gradually heated at 65 °C for 1 hour. The resulting reaction mixture was then filtered through a pad of celite, washed with acetonitrile and the filtrate evaporated in vacuum to yield final compound 1-308 (0.464 g) used in the next reaction step without further purification.

Intermediate compound 43 (0.30 g, 1.11 mmol) and intermediate compound 3 (0.43 g, 1.33 mmol) were mixed in 1,4-dioxane (3 ml) and a saturated solution of Na₂CO₃ (3 ml). The resulting solution was degassed using a stream of nitrogen and to this was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.12 g, 0.1 mmol). The reaction was then microwaved into a sealed tube at 150 °C for 10 min. The resulting reaction mixture was then filtered through a pad of celite and washed with AcOEt. The filtrate was washed with brine. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue thus obtained was purified by prep. HPLC to yield final compound 1-190 (0.04 g, 9 %).

Intermediate compound 3 (0.48 g, 1.89 mmol) and intermediate compound 45 (0.59 g, 1.89 mmol) were mixed in 1,4-dioxane (4 ml) and a saturated solution of NaHCO₃ (4 ml). The resulting solution was degassed using a stream of nitrogen and to this was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.22 g, 0.19 mmol). The reaction was then microwaved into a sealed tube at 150 °C for 10 min. The resulting reaction mixture was then filtered through a pad of celite and washed with AcOEt. The filtrate was washed with brine. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue thus obtained was purified by flash chromatography (DCM / MeOH mixtures) to yield final compound 1-064 (0.16 g, 25 %).

The final compounds in the following Tables have been synthesised according to the previous examples, as denoted in the column denoted as "Exp. Nr". The compound denoted with the asterisk has been exemplified in the Examples. Co. nr. Exp nr. V¹ M¹ -L-A 1-001 Reference Compound B2 cb 1-002 Reference Compound B2 cb 1-003 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-004 Reference Compound B3 --CH₂-- 1-005 Reference Compound B3 --CH₂-- 1-006 Reference Compound B3 --CH₂-- 1-007 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-008 Reference Compound B2 --CH₂-- 1-009 Reference Compound B2 --CH₂-- 1-010 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-011 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-012 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-013 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-014 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-015 Reference Compound B2 --CH₂-- 1-016 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-017 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-018 Reference Compound B2 --CH₂-- 1-019 Reference Compound B2 --CH₂-- 1-020 Reference Compound B2 --CH₂-- 1-021 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-022 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-023 Reference Compound B2 --CH₂-- 1-024 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-025 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-026 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-027 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-028 Reference Compound B2 --CH₂-- 1-029 Reference Compound B2 --CH₂-- 1-030 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-031 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-032 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-033 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-034 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-035 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-036 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-037 Reference Compound B17* --CH₂-- 1-038 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-039 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-040 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-041 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-042 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-043 Reference Compound B2 --CH₂-- 1-044 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-045 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-- 1-046 Reference Compound B2 --CH₂-- 1-047 Reference Compound B2 --CH₂-CH₂-- 1-048 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-- 1-049 Reference Compound B21* --CH₂CH₂-- 1-050 Reference Compound B2 --CH₂-CH₂CH₂-- --H 1-051 Reference Compound B2 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- 1-052 Reference Compound B2 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- 1-053 Reference Compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- 1-054 Reference Compound B2 --CH₂-CH=CH-- 1-055 Reference Compound* B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-056 Reference Compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-057 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-058 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-059 Reference compound B2 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-060 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-061 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂CH₂-- --H 1-062 Reference compound* B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-063 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-064 Reference compound B51* --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-065 Reference compound B3 --CH₂CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-066 Reference Compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-067 Reference Compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-068 Reference Compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH_2-CH₂-- --H 1-069 Reference Compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-070 Reference Compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂- --H 1-071 Reference Compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-072 Reference Compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-073 Reference Compound* B3 --CH₂CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-074 Reference Compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-075 Reference compound B3 -CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-076 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-077 Reference compound B2 --CH₂CH(CH₃)-CH₂- --H 1-078 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-079 Reference compound B2 --CH(CH₃)-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-090 Reference compound* B2 --CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-081 Reference compound B2 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-082 Reference compound B2 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-083 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-084 Reference compound B2 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-085 Reference compound* B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂- --H 1-086 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-087 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-088 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-089 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-090 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-091 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-092 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-093 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-094 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂- --H 1-095 Reference compound B4* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-096 Reference compound B2 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-097 Reference compound B7* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-098 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-099 Reference compound B37 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-100 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-101 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-102 Reference compound B2 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-103 Reference compound B5* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-104 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-105 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-106 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-107 Reference compound* B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-108 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-109 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-110 Reference compound B1* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-111 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-112 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-113 Reference compound B2 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-114 Reference compound B3* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-115 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-116 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-308 Reference compound B49* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-117 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-118 Reference compound B2 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-119 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-120 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-121 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-122 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-123 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-124 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-125 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-126 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-127 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-128 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-129 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-130 Reference compound B2 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-131 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-132 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-133 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-134 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-135 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-136 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-137 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-138 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-139 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-140 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-141 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-142 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-143 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-144 Reference compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-145 Reference compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-146 Reference compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-147 Reference compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-148 Reference compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-149 Reference compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-150 Reference compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-151 Reference compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-152 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-153 Reference compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-154 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-155 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- .-H 1-156 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-157 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-158 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-159 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-160 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-161 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-162 Reference compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-163 Reference compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-164 Reference compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-165 Reference compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-166 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-167 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-168 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-169 Reference compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-170 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-305 Reference compound B37 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-171 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-172 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-173 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-174 Reference compound B37 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-307 Reference compound B48* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-175 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-176 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-177 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-178 Reference compound B6* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-179 Reference compound B2* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-180 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-181 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-182 Reference compound B12* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-183 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-184 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-185 Reference compound B38* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-186 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-187 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-188 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-189 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-190 Reference compound B50* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-191 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-192 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-193 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-194 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-195 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-196 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-197 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-198 Reference compound B37* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-199 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-200 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-201 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-202 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-203 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-204 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-205 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-206 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-207 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-208 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-209 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-210 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-211 Reference compound B28 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-212 Reference compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-213 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-214 Reference compound B2 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-215 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-216 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-217 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-218 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-219 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-220 Reference compound B9 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-221 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-222 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-223 Reference compound B20* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-224 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-225 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-226 Reference compound B39* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-227 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-228 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-229 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-230 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-231 Reference compound B38 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-232 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-233 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-234 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-235 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-236 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-237 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-238 Reference compound B2 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-239 Reference compound B14* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-240 Reference compound B15* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-241 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-242 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-243 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-244 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-245 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-246 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-247 Reference compound B3 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-248 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-249 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-250 Reference compound B19* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-251 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-252 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-253 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-254 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)CH₂-- --H 1-255 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)CH₂-- --H 1-256 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)CH₂-- --H 1-257 Reference compound B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)CH₂-- --H 1-258 Reference compound B13* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)CH₂-- --H 1-259 Reference compound 1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)CH₂-- --H Co. nr. Exp nr. V¹ M¹ -L-A 1-260 Reference Compound B11* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)CH₂-- --H 1-261 Reference Compound B11 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)CH₂-- --H 1-262 Reference Compound B11 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)CH₂-- --H 1-263 Reference Compound B11 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)CH₂-- --H 1-264 Reference Compound B11 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)CH₂-- --H 1-265 Reference Compound B11 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)CH₂-- --H 1-266 Reference Compound B11 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)CH₂-- --H 1-267 Reference Compound B10* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)CH₂-- --H 1-268 Reference Compound B10 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-269 Reference Compound 10 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)CH₂-- --H 1-270 Reference Compound 10 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)CH₂-- --H Co. nr. Exp nr. V¹ M¹ -L-A 1-271 Reference Compound B27* --CH₂-- 1-272 Reference Compound B29 --CH₂-- 1-273 Reference Compound B8 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-306 Reference Compound B35* --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-274 Reference Compound B8* --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-275 Reference Compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1276 Reference Compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-277 Reference Compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-178 Reference Compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-279 Reference Compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-280 Reference Compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-281 Reference Compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- . --H 1-282 Reference Compound B8 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-283 Reference Compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-284 Reference Compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-285 Reference Compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-286 Reference Compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-287 Reference Compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-288 Reference Compound B27 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-289 Reference Compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-290 Reference Compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-291 Reference Compound B8 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-292 Reference Compound B27 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-293 Reference Compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H Co. nr. Exp nr. V¹ M¹ -L-A 1-294 Reference Compound B31 --CH₂-- 1-295 Reference Compound B9 --CH₂-- 1-296 Reference Compound B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂- --H 1-297 Reference Compound B31 -CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-- --H 1-298 Reference Compound B9* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-299 Reference Compound B9 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-300 Reference Compound B9 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-301 Reference Compound B9 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-302 Reference Compound B9 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-303 Reference Compound B9 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H 1-304 Reference Compound B9 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H Co. nr. Exp nr. -V¹-M¹ -L- -R⁴ 2-001 B28 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ cb 2-002 B18 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ cb 2-003 B28 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ cb 2-004 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ cb 2-005 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ cb 2-006 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ cb 2-007 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ cb 2-008 B33 -CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ cb 2-009 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ cb 2-010 B18 --CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-056 B41* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-011 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-012 B23 -CH₂-CH₃-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-013 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-014 B33 -CH₂-CH₃-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-015 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-016 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-017 B33 -CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-018 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-019 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-020 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-021 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-022 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-023 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-024 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-025 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-026 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-027 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-028 B24* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-029 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-030 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-031 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-032 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-033 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-034 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-035 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 2-036 B29* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ --O(CH₂)₂-- 2-037 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ --(C=O)-- 2-038 B28 cb 2-039 B28 cb 2-040 B28 cb 2-041 B33 cb 2-042 B23 cb 2-043 B16* cb 2-044 B23 cb 2-045 B33 cb 2-046 B18 cb 2-047 B23 cb 2-048 B23 cb 2-049 B18* cb 2-050 B18 cb 2-051 B18 cb 2-052 B18 cb 2-055 B31* cb 2-053 B18 cb 2-054 B18 cb Co. nr. Exp nr. -V¹-M¹ -L- -R⁴ 3-001 B10 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ cb 3-002 B18 --CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ --O-- 3-018 B46* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 3-017 B45* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 3-014 B28* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 3-003 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ --NH-- 3-004 B18 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ --NH-- 3-005 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ --N(CH₃)-- 3-006 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ --N(CH₃)-- 3-016 B43* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ --O-- - 3-007 B25 --CH₂-CH₂-H(CH₃)₂ --O-- 3-015 B42* -CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ --O-- 3-008 B26* -CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ --O-- 3-009 B25* -CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ --OCH₂-- 3-010 B18 --NH-- 3-011 B33 --NH-- 3-012 B18 --O-- 3-013 B23 --N(CH₃)-- Co. nr. Exp nr. -V¹-M¹ -L- -R⁴ 4-001 B10 --CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ cb 4-002 B10 --CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ cb 4-003 B34* --CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ cb 4-004 B27 --CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ cb 4-005 B25 --CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ cb 4-006 B33 --CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ cb 4-007 B27 --CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ cb 4-008 B27 --CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ cb 4-009 B33 --CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ cb 4-010 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb c --CF₃ 4-012 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-013 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-014 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-015 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-016 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-017 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-018 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-019 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-020 B22* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-021 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-022 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-023 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-024 B23 -CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-025 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-026 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-027 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-028 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-029 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-030 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-031 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-032 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-033 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-034 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-035 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-036 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-037 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-038 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-039 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-040 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-041 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-042 B25 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-043 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-044 B23* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-045 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-046 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 4-047 B33* cb 4-048 B33 cb 4-049 B23 cb 4-050 B23 cb 4-051 B23 cb 4-052 B25 cb 4-053 B33 cb 4-054 B33 cb 4-055 B37 cb 4-056 B23 cb 4-057 B26 cb 4-058 B23 cb 4-059 B26 cb 4-060 B26 cb 4-061 B23 cb 4-062 B33 cb 4-063 B33 cb 4-064 B23 cb 4-065 B23 cb 4-066 B33 cb a-A-b : a is the side with the R⁴ moiety; b is the side with the L moiety Co. nr. Exp nr. -V¹-M¹ -L- a-A-b -R⁴ 5-054 B47* --CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ cb 5-023 B1 --CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ cb 5-001 B11 --CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ cb 5-002 B1 --CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ cb a₁ --CH₃ 5-003 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb - 5-004 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 5-005 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 5-006 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 5-007* B30 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 5-008 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 5-009 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 5-053 B44* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 5-052 B40* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb -
trifluoromethylsulfonic acid (salt form) 5-010 B1 -CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb --O-CH₃ 5-011 B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb --(CH₂)₃OH 5-012 B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb - 5-013 B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 5-014 B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb - 5-015 B36* --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 5-016 B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb - 5-017 B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb - 5-018 B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb --CH₃ 5-019 B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 5-020 B32 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 5-021 B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb - 5-022 B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb - 5-024 B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 5-025 B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 5-026 B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb --CH₃ 5-027 B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb a₂ --CH₃ 5-028 B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb a₂ --CH₃ 5-029 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb - 5-030 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb - 5-031 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb - 5-032 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb a₁ --OCH₃ a₂ --OCH₃ 5-033 B23 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb - 5-034 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 5-035 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb --OCH₃ 5-036 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb - 5-037 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb - 5-038 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb --F 5-039 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb - 5-040 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb a₁ --CH₃
a₂ --F 5-041 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb - 5-042 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb --Cl 5-043 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 5-044 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ cb 5-045 B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ --OCH₂-- a₁ --CH₃ 5-046 B29 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ --O(CH₂)₂-- --F 5-047 B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ --NH-- 5-048 B33 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)₂ --N(CH₃)-- 5-049 B10 - 5-050 B33 cb --N(CH₃)₂ 5-051 B1 cb - Co.nr. Exp nr. V¹ M¹ R² --L-A 6-001 B1 --CH₂-CH₂-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-- --H --CH₃