Dual-polarisation reflectarray antenna with improved cross-polarization properties

Description

Field of the Invention

[0001] This invention is framed in the telecommunication, radar and space technology sectors. More particularly, the invention is related to planar or curved reflector antennas called "reflectarrays" working in dual-polarisation, in which the phasing elements are arranged in order to minimise the cross-polarisation components generated by the antenna.

Prior state of art

[0002] A reflectarray antenna [D. G. Berry, R. G. Malech W. A. Kennedy, 'The Reflectarray Antenna', IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagat., Vol. AP-11, 1963, pp.646-651] consists of a planar array of radiating elements with a certain adjustment in the phase of the reflected field to produce a collimated electromagnetic beam when it is illuminated by a primary feed (figure 1). Printed reflectarrays use metallic patches printed on a grounded substrate to produce the required phase adjustment. One practical implementation of the phase adjustment in rectangular patches consists of connecting transmission line segments of different lengths to the printed elements [R. E. Munson, H. A. Haddad, J. W. Hanlen, 'Microstrip Reflectarray for Satellite Communications and RCS Enhancement or Reduction ', patent US4684952, August 1987]. In this technique, the phase delay of the reflected wave is proportional to the length of the stubs. However, the stubs produce some ohmic losses and spurious radiation when bent that increase the cross-polarisation of the antenna. Other concepts have been developed for printed reflectarrays, such as the adjustment of resonant length in crossed dipoles [D.G. Gonzalez, G.E. Pollon, J.F. Walker, "Microwave phasing structures for electromagnetically emulating reflective surfaces and focusing elements of selected geometry", Patent US 4905014, Feb. 1990] or rectangular patches [D. M. Pozar and T. A. Metzler, "Analysis of a reflectarray antenna using microstrip patches of variable size," Electr. Lett. Vol. 29, No. 8, pp.657-658, April 1993], aperture-coupled patches with stubs [A.W. Robinson, M.E. Bialkowski, and H.J. Song, "An X-band passive reflect-array using dual-feed aperture-coupled patch antennas", Asia Pacific Microwave Conference, pp. 906-909, December 1999], apertures of different length on the ground plane [M.R. Chaharmir, J. Shaker, M. Cuhaci, A. Sebak, "Reflectarray with variable slots on ground plane", IEE Proc.-Microw. Antennas Propag., Vol. 150, No. 6, pp. 436-439. December 2003]. In principle, these implementations are valid for any type of polarization including dual-linear or circular polarization, by appropriately adjusting the phase-shift of the two orthogonal components of the reflected electric field.

[0003] The operating principle of the reflectarrays using variable-sized printed elements is based on the fact that the phase of the reflected wave varies with the resonant length of the elements. A printed patch is a resonant antenna, so that its length should be approximately half a wavelength in the dielectric. If the patch length is modified in the array, the phase of the reflected wave changes. The phase control by varying the resonant dimensions produces lower ohmic losses and lower cross-polarization levels than the stubs of different lengths attached to the radiating patches. However, the maximum range of phase variation that can be achieved is in the order of 330°, and the phase variation versus the length is strongly non-linear because of the narrow band behaviour of printed patches, which limits the working bandwidth in reflectarray antennas. The main limitation to reflectarray performance is the narrow bandwidth, generally lower than 5% and even less for large reflectarrays. Bandwidth limitation is an inherent characteristic of reflectarrays, although much effort has been made in recent years in order to improve the bandwidth.

[0004] The bandwidth limitation in varying-sized patches has been overcome by using two or three stacked layers of patch arrays [J. A. Encinar, "Printed circuit technology multi-layer planar reflector and method for the design thereof", European Patent EP 1 120 856 A1, June 1999] (figure2). For example, a two-layer reflectarray can be designed to produce a collimated beam in the frequency band 11.45-12.75 GHz (figures 4 and 5). Further improvements in bandwidth have been achieved by applying optimisation techniques to adjust the patch dimensions in each layer in order to obtain the required phase distribution in a predefined frequency band [J. A. Encinar and J. A. Zornoza, "Broadband design of three-layer printed reflectarrays," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 51, no. 7, pp.1661-1664, Julio 2003].

[0005] Different types of reflectarray elements have been proposed in recent years to improve the element bandwidth in printed reflectarrays. Several geometries of printed ridged-shaped patches with varying dimensions have been analyzed in [M. Bozzi, S. Germani, L. Perregrini, "Performance comparison of different element shapes used in printed reflectarrays", Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Volume 2, Issue 1, 2003 pp. 219 - 222], and the phase-shift performances have been compared with those relevant to more traditional elements (rectangles, dipoles, and rectangles with tuning stubs). The ridge-type patches have a slightly better performance in phase-shift than a single layer of rectangular patches, but the irregular shape increase the cross-polarization. Double-layer structures have been also analyzed showing better performance with respect to single-layer configurations. Stacked metallic rings have been proposed as a reflectarray element in [N. Misran, R. Cahill, V. Fusco, "Reflection phase response of microstrip stacked ring elements", Electronics Letters, Volume 38, Issue 8, pp. 356 - 357, April 2002]. As in rectangular stacked patches, the phase of the reflected field is controlled by varying the size of the printed rings. Bandwidth is improved for the stacked ring configuration, but the results are not superior to those achievable when using stacked rectangular patches. Another solution to improve the bandwidth using multi-resonant dipoles in a single layer has been proposed in [J.A. Encinar, A. Pedreira, "Flat reflector antenna in printed technology with improved bandwidth and separate polarizations", Spanish patent P200401382] where the reflectarray incorporates several parallel printed dipoles in the same phasing cell and in the same layer, in order to achieve a similar bandwidth improvement as in the case of stacked patches, but with a single layer of printed patches, producing a simplification in the manufacturing process and a reduction in manufacturing costs. The dimensions of the parallel dipoles are optimised to improve the bandwidth in a similar manner as done in the staked patches. In that patent, a reflectarray for dual polarization has been also proposed, which includes other arrangement of parallel dipoles printed on the opposite side of substrate (bottom side in Figure 3) placed perpendicular to those on the top side and located at a certain distance from the conductive ground plane. The phase-shift is adjusted independently for each polarisation by varying the length of the printed dipoles on each side, resulting in a low level of coupling between polarizations, although, the residual cross-polarisation may not be compliant with the stringent cross-polarisation requirements in space antennas for Telecommunications.

[0006] An important application of reflectarrays is their use as dual polarisation reflectors for frequency reuse. In a communications satellite, independent signals are transmitted and received in orthogonal polarisations using the same frequency bands. Although the two orthogonal polarisations can be circular, clockwise and anti clockwise, the most common case is to use two linear polarisations, designated as vertical and horizontal. The frequency reuse requires a very high isolation between polarisations. A reflectarray antenna acting as a dual polarisation reflector for frequency reuse has been patented [J. R. Profera, E. Charles, "Reflectarray Antenna for Communication Satellite Frequency Re-use Applications", patent US5543809, August 1996], which is made up of crossed-dipole arrays, being the length of the orthogonal dipoles adjusted independently to produce the required phase-shift for each polarisation. The dipoles for each polarisation can also be separated. This type of reflectarray exhibits severe bandwidth limitations in both embodiments, because they are based on a single layer of varying-sized dipoles, not being suitable for most commercial applications. In addition, the residual cross-polarisation may not be compliant with the stringent requirements in space antennas for Telecommunications.

[0007] In order to reduce the coupling between orthogonal polarizations in reflectarrays with crossed dipoles, a configuration with two stacked layers of orthogonal dipoles separated by a grid of conductive wires or strips has been proposed in [k. C. Clancy, m. e. Cooley, D. Bressler, "Apparatus and method for reducing polarization cross-coupling in cross dipole reflectarrays", patent US2001/0050653 A1, March 2000]. In that invention is also included an embodiment, in which the orthogonal dipoles for the two polarizations are located on the same layer. In this case, each dipole is made of several parallel wires close to each other, which act as single wider dipole, but reducing the coupling with the orthogonal polarisation. In this configuration, the phase curves as a function of the length are similar as those obtained for a single dipole, and consequently the bandwidth is insufficient for most commercial applications. The cross-polarisation is drastically reduced in this invention, but as in the case of the previous invention, the technique and the embodiments are based on reflectarray elements made of varying-sized dipoles for each polarisation, which exhibits severe limitations in bandwidth.

[0008] Reflectarray antennas based on elements with variable rotation angles [J. Huang, "A Ka-Band Microstrip Reflectarray with Elements Having Variable Rotation Angles", IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 650-656, May 1998] have been proposed to produce a focused beam in circular polarisation. In this concept, all the reflectarray elements are identical and the rotation angle is used to adjust the phase-shift of the reflected wave when a circularly polarized field is incident; however the rotation angle does not have a direct influence on the cross-polarisation. This technique is only valid for circular polarisation and cannot be applied for linear or dual-linear polarisation. In addition, this concept is limited to a really narrow frequency band.

[0009] Reflectarray antennas have been used to generate contoured beams by using one layer of varying-sized patches [D. M. Pozar, S. D. Targonski, and R. Pokuls, "A shaped-beam microstrip patch reflectarray," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 47, no. 7, pp. 1167-1173, July 1999], or several layers of stacked patches to improve the bandwidth [J. A. Encinar and J. A. Zornoza, "Three-layer printed reflectarrays for contoured beam space applications," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1138-1148, May 2004]. The beam shaping to create a coverage over certain geographic zones can be obtained by a suitable design of the dimensions of the printed patches in a multi-layer configuration for Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) antennas working in dual linear polarisation [J. A. Encinar et al. "Dual-Polarization Dual-Coverage Reflectarray for Space Applications", IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propag., Vol. 54, No. 10, Pp. 2828-2837, Oct. 2006]. The required bandwidth for DBS applications, around a ten percent bandwidth, can be achieved by properly optimising the patch dimensions in a three-layer configuration of varying-sized patches. Although the levels of cross-polarisation are low enough in pencil beam antennas (in the order of 30 dB below the maximum), when the DBS antenna is designed to provide a wider coverage, the level of co-polar radiation is reduced to provide the same coverage level in the whole prescribed Geographical area, but the level of cross-polarization produced by the patches is not proportionally reduced. In that case, the level of cross-polarization might not be acceptable for Telecommunications antennas in space applications, where independent channels are transmitted in each linear polarization (vertical and horizontal) and a high isolation between orthogonal polarisations is required, typically 30dB.

[0010] As mentioned in this section, the reflectarray antennas proposed in the prior state of the art have several drawbacks and limitations. On one side, the most severe limitation in reflectarray antennas is associated to their operation in a narrow frequency band, which has been alleviated by several techniques, including stacked patches, multiple resonant cells (dipoles and rings) and optimization techniques. On the other side, the cross-polarisation must be reduced as much as possible for dual-polarisation reflectarrays, particularly for contoured beam antennas in Space applications, where a high isolation between polarisations is required. Several concepts have been proposed in the last decades in order to reduce the coupling between polarisations. However, in all the configurations presented until now, the reflectarray elements are constituted by narrow band printed dipoles, and the concepts proposed to reduce the cross-polarisation are not compatible with other broad-band reflectarray elements as staked patches or multiple resonant cells. As a consequence, the proposed reflectarray antennas exhibit a narrow band characteristic peculiar of conventional single-layer reflectarrays, not being suitable for most commercial applications.

Description of the invention

[0011] The invention relates to a dual-linear polarization reflectarray antenna with improved cross-polarization properties according to claim 1, 4 or 5, and to a method for obtaining said antenna according to claim 10. Preferred embodiments of the antenna and of the method are defined in the dependent claims.

[0012] The dual-linear polarization reflectarray antenna comprises a reflectarray and a primary feed configured to illuminate an array of phasing cells of the reflectarray, each phasing cell comprising at least one dielectric layer and a conductive plane, each dielectric layer having at least one conductive element printed on its surface, the size of each conductive element of each phasing cell being determined to produce a previously defined radiation beam. The key aspect of the present invention is that each conductive element of each phasing cell is disposed in a previously calculated orientation with respect to the phasing cell so as to reduce the cross-polarization effect, wherein said orientation is dependent upon the particular phasing cell considered.

[0013] In the proposed antenna a reflectarray coordinate system (X_R,Y_R,Z_R) can be considered, with axis Z_R perpendicular to the reflectarray. It can also be considered in each phasing cell i a local coordinate system (X_Ri,Y_Ri,Z_Ri) centred in the cell and parallel to the reflectarray coordinate system (X_R,Y_R,Z_R).

[0014] In a first preferred embodiment, the at least one conductive element of each dielectric layer of each phasing cell i comprises a conductive patch which symmetry axes (X_Pi,Y_Pi) form a previously calculated angle α_i with respect to the corresponding axes (X_Ri,Y_Ri) of the local coordinate system (X_Ri,Y_Ri,Z_Ri), said angle α_i being dependent upon the particular phasing cell i considered.

[0015] The conductive patches of the reflectarray can have any of the following shapes: rectangular-shaped, square-shaped, cross-shaped, elliptical-shaped, polygonal-shaped.

[0016] For each phasing cell i the angle α_i can be selected such that the propagation direction of the incident field coming from the feed to said phasing cell i is contained in a symmetry plane of the conductive patch of each dielectric layer of the phasing cell i.

[0017] In a second preferred embodiment the at least one conductive element of each dielectric layer of each phasing cell i comprises a first set of parallel conductive dipoles printed on a side of the dielectric layer and a second set of parallel conductive dipoles printed on the opposite side of the dielectric layer, the phasing cell i comprising at least one further dielectric layer to separate the at least one dielectric layer from the conductive plane. The first set of parallel conductive dipoles are oriented such that its associated axis Y_Di, parallel to said first set of dipoles, forms a previously calculated angle α_yi with respect to the corresponding axis (Y_Ri) of the local coordinate system (X_Ri,Y_Ri,Z_Ri), and the second set of parallel conductive dipoles is oriented such that its associated axis (X_Di), parallel to said second set of dipoles, forms a previously calculated angle α_xi with respect to the corresponding axis (X_Ri) of the local coordinate system (X_Ri,Y_Ri,Z_Ri), said angles α_yi and α_xi being dependent upon the particular phasing cell i considered.

[0018] In a third preferred embodiment, each phasing cell i comprises at least one pair of dielectric layers with a first set of parallel conductive dipoles printed on a side of one dielectric layer and a second set of parallel conductive dipoles printed on the other dielectric layer. The first set of parallel conductive dipoles is oriented such that its associated axis Y_Di, parallel to said first set of dipoles, forms a previously calculated angle α_yi with respect to the corresponding axis (Y_Ri) of the local coordinate system (X_Ri,Y_Ri,Z_Ri), and the second set of parallel conductive dipoles is oriented such that its associated axis X_Di, parallel to said second set of dipoles, forms a previously calculated angle α_xi with respect to the corresponding axis (X_Ri) of the local coordinate system (X_Ri,Y_Ri,Z_Ri), said angles α_yi and α_xi being dependent upon the particular phasing cell i considered.

[0019] In both the second and third embodiments, the angle α_yi can be selected, for each phasing cell, such that the axis Y_Di defining the direction of the first set of conductive dipoles is contained in the plane of incidence of the field coming from the feed to the said phasing cell i, and the angle α_xi can be selected such that the axis X_Di defining the direction of the second set of conductive dipoles is perpendicular to the plane of incidence of the field coming from the feed to the said phasing cell i.

[0020] In any of the first, second or third embodiment, the dimensions of each conductive element of each phasing cell i can be selected such that there is a phase-shift of 180 degrees between the two components of the reflected electric field parallel to the axes associated to the conductive elements (X_Pi,Y_Pi;X_Di,Y_Di), being the orientation of each conductive element of each phasing cell i such that the total cross-polarization produced by both geometrical projections and coupling in the phasing cell is minimised in a prefixed frequency band and for the two linear polarizations.

[0021] The phasing cells can be arranged, in all cases, in any of the following dispositions: a rectangular lattice, a square lattice, a triangular lattice, an hexagonal lattice, non-periodic array, sparse arrangement.

[0022] The orientation of each conductive element of those phasing cells where the angle of incidence θ_i of the field coming from the feed with respect to the axis Z_R is lower than a predetermined threshold angle θ_t can be selected such that the axes associated to the corresponding conductive element (X_Pi,Y_Pi;X_Di,Y_Di) are parallel to the corresponding axes (X_R,Y_R) of the reflectarray coordinate system (X_R,Y_R,Z_R).

[0023] In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a method for obtaining a dual-linear polarization reflectarray antenna with improved cross-polarization properties is provided. The method comprises:

• providing a reflectarray and a primary feed configured to illuminate an array of phasing cells of the reflectarray, each phasing cell comprising at least one dielectric layer and a conductive plane, each dielectric layer having at least one conductive element printed on its surface, the size of each conductive element of each phasing cell being determined to produce a previously defined beam;
• calculating, for each conductive element of each phasing cell, an orientation with respect to the phasing cell so as to reduce the cross-polarization effect, said orientation being dependent upon the particular phasing cell considered;
• disposing each conductive element of each phasing cell in the previously calculated orientation.

[0024] In a preferred embodiment, the orientation of each conductive element of each phasing cell can be calculated such that the propagation direction of the incident field coming from the feed to the said phasing cell i is contained in a symmetry plane of said conductive element.

[0025] In another preferred embodiment, the step of calculating the orientation of each conductive element comprises minimising, by using an optimisation routine, the total cross-polarization produced by both geometrical projections and coupling in the phasing cell, in a prefixed frequency band and for the two linear polarizations.

[0026] In yet another preferred embodiment, the step of calculating the orientation of each conductive element comprises:

• calculating the dimensions of each conductive element of each phasing cell such that there is a phase-shift of 180 degrees between the two components of the reflected electric field parallel to the axes associated to the conductive elements (X_Pi,Y_Pi;X_Di,Y_Di);
• minimising, by using an optimisation routine, the total cross-polarization produced by both geometrical projections and coupling in the phasing cell, in a prefixed frequency band and for the two linear polarizations.

[0027] The method can further comprise:

• defining an threshold angle θ_t, such that the cross-polarisation produced by those phasing cells where the angle of the incidence with respect to Z_R axis is lower than the threshold angle θ_t, is lower than a prefixed level for the two orthogonal polarisations;
• disposing each conductive element of those phasing cells where the angle of incidence (θ_i) of the field coming from the feed with respect to the axis Z_R is lower than said threshold angle θ_t such that the axes associated to the corresponding conductive element (X_Pi,Y_Pi;X_Di,Y_Di) are parallel to the corresponding axes (X_R,Y_R) of the reflectarray coordinate system (X_R,Y_R,Z_R).

Explanation of the drawings

[0028] A series of drawings which aid in better understanding the invention and which are expressly related with at least one embodiment of said invention, presented as a non-limiting example thereof, are very briefly described below.

Figure 1. Perspective of a reflectarray illuminated by a feed, according to the prior art.

Figure 2. Lateral and front views of a reflectarray cell comprising two stacked conductive patches, according to the prior art.

Figure 3 represents a perspective of a reflectarray cell comprising conductive dipoles, according to the prior art.

Figure 4 shows a mask with varying-sized patches, according to the prior art.

Figure 5 shows the co-polar and cross-polar radiation patterns in a plane tilted by 20 degrees with respect to the coordinate plane Y_RZ_R, for a reflectarray with two layers of varying-sized patches, where the first layer is shown in Fig. 4, for the linear polarization with the electric field contained on the X_RZ_R plane.

Figure. 6 represents, according to a first embodiment of the present invention, a lateral and top view of a reflectarray cell with two stacked conductive patches printed on dielectric layers with an angle of rotation α_i respect the rectangular lattice.

Figure 7A shows, according to a second embodiment, a perspective of a reflectarray cell comprising three parallel conductive dipoles printed on the top side of a dielectric layer rotated an angle α_yi with respect the Y_Ri axis and three conductive dipoles printed on the bottom side of the dielectric layer and rotated an angle α_xi with respect to the axis X_Ri.

Figure 7B shows, according to a second embodiment, a perspective of a reflectarray cell comprising three parallel conductive dipoles printed on the top side of a dielectric layer rotated an angle α_yi with respect the Y_Ri axis and three conductive dipoles printed on the top side of a second dielectric layer and rotated an angle α_xi with respect to the axis X_Ri.

Figure 8 represents a perspective of a reflectarray antenna made of an array of varying-sized patches illuminated by a feed, in which the printed patches are rotated in each phasing cell in order to reduce the cross-polarisation.

Figure 9 shows, according to an embodiment of the present invention, an example of a mask to scale with rotated varying-sized patches.

Figure 10 shows the co-polar and cross-polar radiation patterns in the plane tilted by 20 degrees with respect to the coordinate plane Y_RZ_R, for a reflectarray with two layers of varying-sized patches, where the first layer is shown in Fig. 9.

Figure 11 depicts a sketch showing that the electric field E_ref reflected by a reflectarray element is rotated by 2β degrees with respect to the incident electric field E_inc, when the reflectarray cell is designed to produce a phase difference of 180 degrees between the two components of the reflected field parallel to the sides of the rectangular patches.

Description of a Preferred Embodiment of the Invention

[0029] In this invention, a reflectarray antenna comprising a plurality of broad-band phasing elements made of one or several layers of varying-sized conductive patches or dipoles printed on a dielectric substrate over a conductive ground plane is proposed, in which the printed patches are individually rotated in order to reduce the cross-polarisation.

[0030] Figure 1 shows a perspective of a reflectarray (1) illuminated by a feed (2). In each element (3) of the reflectarray, an adjustment is introduced in the phase of the reflected field so that the divergent field coming from the feed (2) is reflected as a collimated or a shaped beam in a given direction (4).

[0031] In the prior state of the art, it has been demonstrated that reflectarray antennas can be designed to be compliant with most of the requirements for communications satellites, being the most critical ones the bandwidth and the low cross-polarisation levels required for dual-polarisation antennas. Although reflectarrays produce low cross-polarization, this might not be sufficient to remain compliant with the specifications of Telecommunication missions in dual linear polarization. In a reflectarray antenna made of several layers of arrays with varying-sized patches and designed to produce a given contoured beam in a specified frequency band (typically around 10%), the cross-polarization is produced by two different phenomena: the first one is the generation of the orthogonal component of the field on the reflectarray surface produced by the field projections when illuminated by a linear-polarised feed, and the second one is the coupling of polarisations produced at the conductive patches. Both cross-polarisation components are zero when the incident signal is on one of the principal planes (ϕ_i=0° or ϕ_i=90°, in the spherical coordinate system shown in figure 1 for the phasing cell i) and increase for other angles of incidence (θ_i,ϕ_i), especially for large values of the angle θ_i (Figure 1). The second factor is the most significant in a reflectarray and increases when the patches are near the resonance. In a reflectarray antenna the angle of incidence at each element varies with the element position on the array, and so the level of cross polarisation produced by both phenomena, coupling and field projections. As a consequence, the cross polarisation levels are only significant in those areas of the reflectarray where the angles of incidence (θ_i,ϕ_i) are far away from the principal planes and predominantly for large values of θ_i, therefore the reduction of the cross-polarisation is particularly necessary in those zones.

[0032] Figure 2 shows a lateral and front views of a reflectarray cell of dimensions p_x by p_y with two stacked conductive patches, where the phase of the reflected field is adjusted by varying the patch dimensions. The reflectarray element consists of a first rectangular conductive patch (5) of dimensions a₁xb₁, a dielectric layer (6) of thickness t₁, a second rectangular conductive patch (7) of dimensions a₂xb₂, a second dielectric layer (8) of thickness t₂, and a conductive plane (9).

[0033] Figure 3 depicts a perspective of a reflectarray cell comprising three parallel conductive dipoles (10, 11 and 12) printed on the top side of a dielectric layer (13) and three conductive dipoles (14, 15 and 16) perpendicular to the first ones, printed on the bottom side of the dielectric layer (13), separated from a conductive plane (17) by another dielectric layer (18), where the phase of the reflected field for each linear polarization is controlled independently by varying the lengths of the dipoles printed on each side of the top dielectric layer (13).

[0034] It is important to observe that once a reflectarray comprising a plurality of broad-band phasing elements, which are made of one or several layers of varying-sized conductive patches (Fig. 2) or dipoles (Fig. 3) printed on dielectric layers above a conductive plane, has been designed to generate or to receive the same beam in the two orthogonal polarisations, a small rotation of the patches will practically no alter the co-polar radiation patterns, but it will modify significantly the cross-polar patterns. Then, the patches on the reflectarray can be individually rotated at each cell to minimise the cross-polarisation produced at each reflectarray cell. For the analysis of the reflectarray, the local periodicity approach can be used, i.e. each phasing element i is assumed located in a periodic planar array with all the elements rotated by the same angle α_i (specified in Fig. 6) with respect to the reflectarray coordinate system (X_RY_R). The co- and cross-polar components of the reflected field are computed independently at each cell assuming local periodicity and from them, the co- and cross-polar radiation patterns of the reflectarray antenna are computed.

[0035] A first principal object of this invention is a reflectarray antenna formed by a planar array of phasing cells arranged in a rectangular lattice, where each cell is made of one or several layers of varying-sized patches or dipoles printed on dielectric layers placed above a conductive plane, which are designed by adjusting their dimensions to produce the phase-shift in the reflected field required to collimate or to shape the beam in dual-linear polarisation (vertical and horizontal) in a given frequency band, when illuminated by a feed (2) located at a focal point (in transmit mode); or to receive radio-frequency signals from a given direction in dual-linear polarisation and in the same frequency band, by concentrating them at the focal point where the feed is located; where the patches are individually rotated at each cell with respect to the rectangular lattice in order to minimise the cross-polarisation produced at each reflectarray cell.

[0036] The phasing cells in the reflectarray antenna can be arranged not only in a rectangular lattice, but also in different types of lattices, such as square, triangular, hexagonal or following a different type of pattern, including non regular arrangements of the elements. Triangular lattices can be used to achieve a more dense distribution of the elements in the array, or to interleave reflectarray elements for different frequency or different polarisation. On the other side, non-regular lattices, such as sparse or non-periodic arrays can be used to reduce the total number of elements in the reflectarray, which is particularly important when the phasing elements include switches or other control devices.

[0037] In a first embodiment, depicted in figure 6, each element of the reflectarray consists of several stacked layers of conductive patches (5,7) separated by dielectric sheets (6,8) with an angle of rotation α_i respect the rectangular lattice, all of them placed above a conductive ground plane (9), considering in each layer squared or rectangular patches, or conductive patches with other geometric shapes that allow independent adjustment in two dimensions to control the phase of the reflected field for the two orthogonal polarisations of the incident field, such as cross-shaped metallisations, where the phase for each polarisation is controlled with the length of each arm of the crosses. The symmetry axes of the stacked patches in the element i are rotated α_i degrees with respect to the local coordinate axes X_RiY_Ri which are parallel to the reflectarray coordinate axes X_RY_R.

[0038] The conductive patches can be printed on a thin dielectric layer, which are bonded to the dielectric separators (6,8) by a bonding film, so that the number of dielectric layers between the conductive ground plane (9) and the conductive patches (7), or between stacked conductive patches (5,7), can be increased for structural concerns or for technological reasons in the manufacturing process. The use of several layers with printed patches (two, three or even more) allows phase curves as a function of the patch size to be less sensitive to frequency variations, which produces an increase in bandwidth. Additionally, the dimensions of the stacked patches can be optimised to provide the required beam shaping in the whole working band and the angles of rotation will be adjusted to minimise the cross-polarisation, in order be compliant with the stringent requirements in bandwidth and cross-polarisation.

[0039] In a second embodiment, depicted in Figure 7.A, each reflectarray cell comprises several parallel conductive dipoles of different length in the same plane, typically two or three dipoles (10,11,12), printed on the same side of a first dielectric layer (13) forming an angle α_yi with respect to the local coordinate axis Y_Ri in the i reflectarray cell for phase control in one polarisation, and a set of two or three conductive dipoles (14, 15, 16) printed on the opposite side of the dielectric layer (13) forming an angle α_xi with respect to the local coordinate axis X_Ri in the i reflectarray cell for the phase control in the orthogonal polarisation, where the lengths of the dipoles in each cell are adjusted to produce the required collimated or shaped beam in dual-linear polarisation in a given frequency band, and the angles of rotation are adjusted on each cell to minimise the cross-polarisation, being the angle of rotation identical for all the parallel dipoles in the same cell. The dipoles are separated from a conductive plane (17) by another dielectric layer (18), and the phase of the reflected field for each linear polarization is controlled independently by varying the dimensions of the dipoles printed on each side of the first dielectric layer (13).

[0040] Another embodiment of the present invention is to use reflectarray cells with two or more stacked layers of parallel dipoles to adjust the phase in one polarisation (vertical) and two or more stacked layers of parallel dipoles in the orthogonal polarisation (horizontal), including several dielectric layers between the conductive ground plane and the conductive dipoles, or between adjacent layers with parallel dipoles, where the dipoles for each polarisation are rotated to minimise the cross-polarisation. This configuration with several stacked layers of parallel dipoles for each polarisation allows designing reflectarray antennas for dual or multiple frequency operation, where the phase is adjusted at several frequency bands by varying the dimensions of the parallel dipoles in the different stacked layers. This configuration can also be used for the design of an antenna in the frequency bands assigned for transmission and reception, or to achieve a larger bandwidth.

[0041] In order to minimise the cross-polarisation produced in reflectarray antennas, a systematic procedure is proposed to adjust the angle of rotation in each reflectarray cell. To illustrate the technique, a circular reflectarray made of 20 rows and 20 columns has been designed in the frequency band 11.45GHz-12.75GHz to produce a collimated beam on the plane X_R-Y_R at 20 degrees from Z_R axis when illuminated by a horn antenna located at coordinates x_f = -120, y_f = 0, z_f = 300 in mm that provides a 9dB taper illumination from the reflectarray centre to the edges. The periodic cell (15mmx15mm) and the relative size of the staked patches (a₁=0.7a₂, b₁=0.7 b₂) have been chosen to achieve a broadband reflectarray element using two layers of varying-sized patches. The resulting array layout for the first layer of varying-sized patches is depictured in figure 4.

[0042] Figure 5 shows the co-polar (in continuous line) and cross-polar (in broken line) radiation patterns in a plane tilted by 20 degrees with respect to the coordinate plane Y_RZ_R (for the reflectarray previously described) for the linear polarization with the electric field contained on the X_RZ_R plane. Since the cross-polarisation is increased for larger angles of incidence, the first step is to identify the reflectarray elements in which the angle of incidence (θ_i in Fig. 1) is higher than a prefixed threshold angle θ_t, in order to introduce the appropriate rotation in those elements. Then, the rotation angle for the patches in the reflectarray elements illuminated under an angle of incidence (θ_i in Fig. 1) higher than the prefixed threshold angle θ_t, is defined so that the propagation direction of the incident field coming from the feed is contained on a symmetry plane of the rectangular patches, i.e. the plane of incidence must be parallel to two sides of the patches and perpendicular to the other two. The threshold angle θ_t is defined to rotate those elements that mostly contribute to the cross-polarisation.

[0043] Figure 8 represents a perspective of a reflectarray (1) made of varying-sized patches illuminated by a feed (2), in which the printed patches are rotated in each phasing cell (3) in order to reduce the cross-polarisation.

[0044] Figure 9 shows, according to an embodiment of the present invention, a scaled mask with varying-sized patches (5) for the first layer of a reflectarray designed to produce a collimated beam in the direction address 0₀=20°, ϕ₀=0° in the frequency band 11.45GHz-12.75GHz when the phase centre of the feed-horn is placed at coordinates x_f = -120, y_f = 0, z_f = 300 (in mm) with respect to the reflectarray centre, after rotating the patches so that the propagation direction of the incident field coming from the feed is contained on a symmetry plane of the rectangular patches for those elements where the angle of incidence is higher than 28 degrees. Thus, in the case represented in figure 9, a 28-degree threshold has been chosen; and in this case, the maximum of cross-polarisation is reduced in 4.8 dB for the polarisation with the electric field on the X_RZ_R plane when the cross-polarisation introduced by the rotated patches is eliminated. The reduction in cross-polarisation is observed when comparing the radiation patterns shown in figure 10 (which shows the co-polar and cross-polar radiation patterns in the plane tilted by 20 degrees with respect to the coordinate plane Y_RZ_R, for a reflectarray with two layers of varying-sized patches, where the first layer is shown in Fig. 9, for the linear polarization with the electric field contained on the X_RZ_R plane, when the cross-polarisation produced by the patch coupling is eliminated in those elements where the angle of incidence is higher than 28 degrees) with those in figure 5. The angle of rotation of the axes associated to the patches (X_Pi, Y_Pi) or dipoles (X_Di, Y_Di) is defined locally at each element denoted as i, as the angle ϕ_i that forms the incidence plane (of the incident field coming from the feed to the element i) with the coordinate plane X_RZ_R, shown in figure 1. By this patch orientation, the cross-polarization component produced by the patches is virtually eliminated, because the incidence on each element is on one of the symmetry planes of the rectangular patches or dipoles. As a result, the overall cross-polarization of the antenna is reduced.

[0045] In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention it is provided a method based on the rotation of patches for improving the cross-polarisation properties in a reflectarray antenna comprising a plurality of elements made of one or more layers of varying-sized conductive rectangular patches or dipoles, that has been designed by adjusting the dimensions of the conductive patches by a technique known in previous state of the art in order to generate or receive a collimated or a shaped beam in a prefixed frequency band for dual linear polarisation, being the method defined by the following steps: first, the cross polarisation produced on the reflectarray elements is computed; second, a threshold θ_t is defined for the angle of incidence so that those elements where the angle of the incidence with respect to Z_R axis is lower than the threshold produce a cross-polarisation lower than a certain level for the two orthogonal polarisations said vertical and horizontal; and third, for those elements where the angle of incidence is higher than the prefixed threshold angle θ_t, the rotation angle α_i of the printed conductive patches is defined so that the propagation direction of the incident field coming from the feed is contained on a symmetry plane of the rectangular patches or dipoles, i.e. the incidence plane is parallel to two sides of the patches and perpendicular to the other two.

[0046] In the previous method, the cross-polarisation generated by polarisation coupling in the printed patches or dipoles is virtually eliminated in those elements where the angle of incidence is larger than the prefixed threshold angle θ_t, however there is still another component of the cross-polarisation in the radiated field that is produced by the geometrical projections of the field incident from the feed. Another object of the present invention is a method for improving the cross-polarisation properties in a reflectarray antenna wherein the rotation angle of the patches or dipoles in each cell is obtained by an optimisation routine to minimize in a prefixed frequency band the total cross-polarization, produced by geometrical projections and patch coupling, for the two linear polarisations (vertical and horizontal), in such a way that the cross-polarisation introduced by the patch coupling should partially compensate the component produced by the geometrical projections. Since the component of cross-polarisation produced by the geometry projections is more significant in one polarisation (the one with electric field in Y_R direction), the rotation must be optimised to minimise, in the defined frequency band, the overall cross-polarisation for the two linear polarisations.

[0047] Another method to improve the cross-polarisation of the reflectarray is based on the fact that the cross-polarisation radiation, including both contributions from patch coupling and field projections, represents an undesired rotation of the radiated electric field by an angle y, and this effect can be reduced by a small rotation of the electric-field vector reflected on the reflectarray, by applying the technique schematically depicted in Figure 11 and explained hereafter. Let's assume that a local plane wave is impinging on a phasing cell made of one or several layers of rectangular patches, where the incident electric field forms an angle β with respect to the local coordinate system associated to the rectangular patches X_PiY_Pi, then the incident electric field can be broken-down into two components parallel to the patch sides; if the reflectarray cells are designed so that the phase of the reflected field in one of the components (Y_Pi) is increased by 180 degrees with respect to the phase of the reflected electric field in the other component (X_Pi), which means a change of sign in this field component, the resulting reflected electric field will be rotated by an angle equal to 2β with respect the incident field. Each patch can be rotated so that the reflected electric field is parallel to one of the axes of the reflectarray coordinate system X_RY_R, in order to cancel the total cross-polarisation. Note that the same angle will be rotated for the field of the two polarisations (vertical and horizontal). The use of this technique is proposed in the present invention to rotate the reflected field at each reflectarray cell in order to minimise the cross-polarisation in both linear polarisations. Since the rotation angles required to completely cancel the cross-polarisation in general will not be the same for the two linear polarisations, the rotation angle will be determined by using an optimisation routine in order to minimise simultaneously the cross-polarisation in both linear polarisations for the required frequency band.

[0048] Another object of the present invention is a method for improving the cross-polarisation of a reflectarray made of one or several layers of varying-sized patches or dipoles designed to produce or to receive a focused or a contoured beam in a prefixed frequency band for both orthogonal lineal polarisations (vertical and horizontal), where the dimensions of patches in the reflectarray elements have been optimised to produced a phase-shift of 180 degrees between the two orthogonal components of the reflected electric field parallel to the patch sides in order to produce a rotation of the reflected electric field (Fig. 11), and where the rotation angle of the patches in each cell is optimised to minimise the total cross-polarisation for both linear polarisations (vertical and horizontal) in a prefixed frequency band. In this method, the cross-polarization produced by the patches will partially compensate the cross-polarization produced by the projection of the field radiated by the feed.

[0049] Concerning the complexity and the cost of the reflectarray antenna, it is important to say that the manufacturing process of the reflectarray antenna is not modified by the rotation of the patches. The patch arrays are manufactured by conventional photo-etching techniques and the different layers of conductive patches, ground plane and dielectric layers can be bonded by well known curing processes used for sandwich manufacturing using composite materials and honeycomb cores. These processes are not affected by the patch orientations.

[0050] The rotation of the patches permits reducing the cross-polarization level. This feature is extremely important in several applications as for instance, for satellite dual-polarization Telecommunication antennas, which have to respect stringent requirements. Because of the larger bandwidth of the multilayer configuration, and taking advantage of the low level of cross polarisation of the proposed reflectarray, another object of this invention consists of its application for antennas in Telecom satellites, where the dimensions and rotation of the patches are optimised to radiate, receive or radiate and receive a collimated or a contoured beam providing the same coverage in dual linear polarisation (vertical and horizontal).

[0051] One advantage of the present invention is that because its improved bandwidth and cross-polarisation properties, it can be used in space antennas as alternative to conventional shaped reflectors. A shaped reflector such as those used in satellites for direct broadcast television, consists of a reflector with deformities on its surface, so that the radiation pattern illuminates a certain geographical area. The design and construction of shaped reflectors is carried out specifically for each coverage, requiring moulds, which are very expensive to manufacture and cannot be reused for other antennas. The proposed reflectarray antenna and its design process for cross-polarisation improvement can be used to design Telecom satellite antennas with the same electrical performances as those provided by shaped reflectors, providing a significant reduction in the production costs and time because of the elimination of the custom moulds.

[0052] The steps for carrying out the design and construction of a printed reflectarray with rotated patches for improving the cross-polarisation performances of the antenna are described below.

[0053] First, the technology and the materials to be used in the realisation of the reflectarray antenna are chosen. In the example that is described, 3-mm thick Quartz honeycomb has been chosen for the dielectric separators (6,8) between the layers with printed conductive patches, which has a relative dielectric constant of 1.06 and a loss tangent of 10^-3. The arrays of rectangular metallic patches are generated by photo-etching from a 50-micron thick Kapton (trademark for a poly(4,4'-oxydiphenylene-pyromellitimide material) film with an 18 micron copper cladding. The Kapton has a relative dielectric constant of 3.5 and a loss tangent of 3x10^-3. The conductive patches printed on the Kapton layers are bonded to the honeycomb using a 76-micron thick quartz-fibre fabric pre-impregnated with resin, with relative dielectric constant of 3.2 and a loss tangent of 4x 10^-3. The last honeycomb layer is bonded to the conductive ground plane by another quartz-fibre layer. The periodic cell is shown in figure 5 for the case of two layers of rectangular patches, where the thin layers of Kapton and quartz have not been shown.

[0054] Second, a reflectarray antenna is designed to produce or receive a collimated or a shaped beam with the same beam shaping in the two orthogonal polarisations, said vertical and horizontal. In the present example a circular reflectarray made of 20 rows and 20 columns is designed in the frequency band 11.45GHz-12.75GHz to produce a collimated beam on the plane X_RZ_R at 20 degrees from Z_R axis when illuminated by a feed-horn with its phase centre placed at coordinates x_f = -120, y_f = 0, z_f = 300 (in mm) respect to the reflectarray centre. The feed-horn produces an illumination on the reflectarray edges 9dB below the illumination level at the reflectarray centre. The periodic cell has been defined as 15mmx15mm and the relative size of the staked patches has been fixed as a₁=0.7a₂ and b₁=0.7b₂ to achieve a broadband reflectarray element. Once the antenna configuration is defined, the phase distribution of the reflected field required to produce the defined collimated beam for both linear polarisations is obtained. In order to implement the rotation of the reflected field when the patches are individually rotated with respect to the direction of electric incident field, the required phase distribution on the reflectarray in one polarisation is increased 180 degrees with respect the phase of the other polarisation.

[0055] The patch dimensions are adjusted to obtain the previous phase distributions for each linear polarisation, said vertical and horizontal. To determine the dimensions of each patch, a zero finding routine that calls iteratively an analysis routine is used. For the analysis of the reflectarray, the phase of the reflected field is computed for each polarisation in every cell assuming local periodicity, i.e. analysing each element with its dimensions in a periodic environment. The routine calls the analysis program and adjusts the dimensions of each element until the required phase is obtained for each polarisation. Note that the phase in one polarisation is increased 180 degrees with respect to the other one. For the analysis of the multilayer periodic structure, a full wave method is used such as the well-known Moments Method in spectral domain, and the phase of the reflected field is computed for the two polarisations of the incident field. This procedure gives the patch dimensions a₁, b₁, a₂ and b₂ in each element of the reflectarray.

[0056] Third, once the reflectarray has been designed for the two linear polarisations, a rotation of the patches is introduced to minimise the cross-polarisation. As a result of the 180 degree phase difference in the two components of the reflected field parallel to the patch sides, when the incident electric field forms an angle β with respect to the local coordinate system associated to the rectangular patches, the resulting reflected electric field will be rotated by an angle equal to 2β with respect the incident field in each reflectarray element for both linear polarisations (vertical and horizontal). This technique is used to produce a rotation of the reflected electric field at each reflectarray cell in order to minimise the cross-polarisation in both linear polarisations. Since the required rotation angles in general will not be the same to completely cancel the cross-polarisation for both linear polarisations, and because the required angle of rotation will vary with the frequency, the rotation angle at each reflectarray element is determined by using an optimisation routine. The optimisation routine can be based on a gradient technique that provides the rotation angle at each element that minimises an error function, which accounts for the levels of cross-polarisation at the element for both linear polarisations and at several frequencies in the defined frequency band. When the optimisation process is completed in all the reflectarray elements where the angle of incidence is higher than the prefixed threshold, the rotation angles are obtained for all reflectarray elements.

[0057] Fourth, once the patch dimensions and the rotation angles are defined for all the reflectarray elements, the reflectarray is manufactured. The photo-etching masks for each reflectarray layer are generated from the file with the dimensions of the patches and the angles of rotation for each element obtained in the design stage. For the manufacturing of the reflectarray, the traditional photo-etching techniques used in the production of printed circuits can be used and the different layers are bonded by using conventional curing processes.

[0058] This invention can be applied to reflector antennas in satellite communications, with significant advantages compared to conventional parabolic or shaped reflectors, or other reflectarray antennas available in the prior state of the art. Compared to previous reflectarray antennas, the present invention allows to fulfil the stringent requirements in bandwidth and cross-polarisation for dual-polarisation antennas in Direct Broadcast and Telecommunications Satellites, keeping the advantages of a flat panel and the simplicity of manufacturing. Because of the planar characteristic, it can be built in several pieces to be folded and later deployed, being of great use in applications in which large reflectors are required. Owing to the fact that it is a planar reflector with the possibility of redirecting the beam, the reflector surface can be fitted to existing structures, such as structural planes in communication satellites. It can be used as a dual polarisation reflector with an isolation level between polarisations better than those obtained with conventional reflectors.

[0059] The present invention can be built using space qualified materials and a technology already developed in space applications for the manufacture of dichroic subreflectors. Therefore, this type of reflectarray with rotated patches is very suitable for a significant range of applications in the space industry as an alternative to the different types of onboard shaped reflectors in satellites, such as carbon fibre reflectors, dual-gridded reflectors or metallic mesh reflectors.

Claims

1. A dual-linear polarization reflectarray antenna with improved cross-polarization properties, comprising a reflectarray (1) and a primary feed (2) configured to illuminate an array of phasing cells (3) of the reflectarray (1), in which a reflectarray coordinate system (X_R,Y_R,Z_R) is considered, axis Z_R being perpendicular to the reflectarray (1), each phasing cell (3) comprising at least one dielectric layer (6,8;13;19,20) and a conductive plane (9,17), each dielectric layer (6,8;13;19,20) having at least one conductive element (5,7;10,11,12;14,15,16) printed on its surface, the size of each conductive element of each phasing cell (3) being determined to produce a previously defined radiation beam, being also considered in each phasing cell i (3) a local coordinate system (X_Ri,Y_Ri,Z_Ri) centred in the cell and parallel to the reflectarray coordinate system (X_R,Y_R,Z_R), characterized in that the at least one conductive element of each dielectric layer (6,8) of each phasing cell i (3) comprises a conductive patch (5,7) which symmetry axes (X_Pi,Y_Pi) form a previously calculated angle α_i with respect to the corresponding axes (X_Ri,Y_Ri) of the local coordinate system (X_Ri,Y_Ri,Z_Ri), said angle α_i being dependent upon the particular phasing cell (3) considered.

2. A dual-linear polarization reflectarray antenna according to claim 1, wherein the conductive patches (5,7) of the reflectarray (1) have any of the following shapes: rectangular-shaped, square-shaped, cross-shaped, elliptical-shaped, polygonal-shaped.

3. A dual-linear polarization reflectarray antenna according to any of claims 1-2, wherein for each phasing cell i (3) the angle α_i is selected such that the propagation direction of the incident field coming from the feed (2) to said phasing cell i (3) is contained in a symmetry plane of the conductive patch (5,7) of each dielectric layer (6,8) of the phasing cell i (3).

4. A dual-linear polarization reflectarray antenna with improved cross-polarization properties, comprising a reflectarray (1) and a primary feed (2) configured to illuminate an array of phasing cells (3) of the reflectarray (1), in which a reflectarray coordinate system (X_R,Y_R,Z_R) is considered, being axis Z_R perpendicular to the reflectarray (1), each phasing cell (3) comprising at least one dielectric layer (6,8;13;19,20) and a conductive plane (9,17), each dielectric layer (6,8;13;19,20) having at least one conductive element (5,7;10,11,12;14,15,16) printed on its surface, the size of each conductive element of each phasing cell (3) being determined to produce a previously defined radiation beam, being also considered in each phasing cell i (3) a local coordinate system (X_Ri,Y_Ri,Z_Ri) centred in the cell and parallel to the reflectarray coordinate system (X_R,Y_R,Z_R), characterized in that the at least one conductive element of each dielectric layer (13) of each phasing cell i (3) comprises a first set of parallel conductive dipoles (10,11,12) printed on a side of the dielectric layer (13) and a second set of parallel conductive dipoles (14,15,16) printed on the opposite side of the dielectric layer (13), the phasing cell i (3) comprising at least one further dielectric layer (18) to separate the at least one dielectric layer (13) from the conductive plane (17), and wherein the first set of parallel conductive dipoles (10,11,12) is oriented such that its associated axis Y_Di, parallel to said first set of dipoles (10,11,12), forms a previously calculated angle α_yi with respect to the corresponding axis (Y_Ri) of the local coordinate system (X_Ri,Y_Ri,Z_Ri), and the second set of parallel conductive dipoles (14,15,16) is oriented such that its associated axis (X_Di), parallel to said second set of dipoles (14,15,16), forms a previously calculated angle α_xi with respect to the corresponding axis (X_Ri) of the local coordinate system (X_Ri,Y_Ri,Z_Ri), said angles α_yi and α_xi being dependent upon the particular phasing cell (3) considered.

5. A dual-linear polarization reflectarray antenna with improved cross-polarization properties, comprising a reflectarray (1) and a primary feed (2) configured to illuminate an array of phasing cells (3) of the reflectarray (1),, in which a reflectarray coordinate system (X_R,Y_R,Z_R) is considered, being axis Z_R perpendicular to the reflectarray (1), each phasing cell (3) comprising at least one dielectric layer (6,8;13;19,20) and a conductive plane (9,17), each dielectric layer (6,8;13;19,20) having at least one conductive element (5,7;10,11,12;14,15,16) printed on its surface, the size of each conductive element of each phasing cell (3) being determined to produce a previously defined radiation beam, being also considered in each phasing cell i (3) a local coordinate system (X_Ri,Y_Ri,Z_Ri) centred in the cell and parallel to the reflectarray coordinate system (X_R,Y_R,Z_R), characterized in that each phasing cell i (3) comprises at least one pair of dielectric layers (19,20) with a first set of parallel conductive dipoles (10,11,12) printed on a side of one dielectric layer (19) and a second set of parallel conductive dipoles (14,15,16) printed on the other dielectric layer (20), and wherein the first set of parallel conductive dipoles (10,11,12) is oriented such that its associated axis Y_Di, parallel to said first set of dipoles (10,11,12), forms a previously calculated angle α_yi with respect to the corresponding axis (Y_Ri) of the local coordinate system (X_Ri,Y_Ri,Z_Ri), and the second set of parallel conductive dipoles (14,15,16) is oriented such that its associated axis (X_Di), parallel to said second set of dipoles (14,15,16), forms a previously calculated angle α_xi with respect to the corresponding axis (X_Ri) of the local coordinate system (X_Ri,Y_Ri,Z_Ri), said angles α_yi and α_xi being dependent upon the particular phasing cell (3) considered.

6. A dual-linear polarization reflectarray antenna according to any of claims 4-5, wherein for each phasing cell i (3) the angle α_yi is selected such that the axis Y_Di defining the direction of the first set of conductive dipoles (10, 11, 12) is contained in the plane of incidence of the field coming from the feed (2) to the said phasing cell i (3), and the angle α_xi is selected such that the axis X_Di defining the direction of the second set of conductive dipoles (14,15,16) is perpendicular to the plane of incidence of the field coming from the feed (2) to the said phasing cell i (3).

7. A dual-linear polarization reflectarray antenna according to any of claims 1-2,4-5, wherein the dimensions of each conductive element of each phasing cell i (3) are selected such that there is a phase-shift of 180 degrees between the two components of the reflected electric field parallel to the axes associated to the conductive elements (X_Pi,Y_Pi;X_Di,Y_Di) and wherein the orientation of each conductive element of each phasing cell i (3) is such that the total cross-polarization produced by both geometrical projections and coupling in the phasing cell is minimised in a prefixed frequency band and for the two linear polarizations.

8. A dual-linear polarization reflectarray antenna according to any of preceding claims, wherein the phasing cells (3) are arranged in any of the following dispositions: a rectangular lattice, a square lattice, a triangular lattice, an hexagonal lattice, non-periodic array, sparse arrangement.

9. A dual-linear polarization reflectarray antenna according to any of preceding claims, in which a reflectarray coordinate system (X_R,Y_R,Z_R) is considered, being axis Z_R perpendicular to the reflectarray (1), being also considered in each phasing cell i (3) a local coordinate system (X_Ri,Y_Ri,Z_Ri) centred in the cell and parallel to the reflectarray coordinate system (X_R,Y_R,Z_R), wherein the orientation of each conductive element of those phasing cells (3) where the angle of incidence (θ_i) of the field coming from the feed (2) with respect to the axis Z_R is lower than a predetermined threshold angle θ_t is selected such that the axes associated to the corresponding conductive element (X_Pi,Y_Pi;X_Di,Y_Di) are parallel to the corresponding axes (X_R,Y_R) of the reffectarray coordinate system (X_R,Y_R,Z_R).

10. Method for obtaining a dual-linear polarization reflectarray antenna with improved cross-polarization properties according to claims 1 to 9, the method comprising:

providing a reflectarray (1) and a primary feed (2) configured to illuminate an array of phasing cells (3) of the reflectarray (1), each phasing cell (3) comprising at least one dielectric layer (6,8;13;19,20) and a conductive plane (9,17), each dielectric layer (6,8;13;19,20) having at least one conductive element (5,7;10,11,12,14,15,16) printed on its surface, the size of each conductive element of each phasing cell (3) being determined to produce a previously defined beam; characterized in that the method further comprises:

calculating, for each conductive element of each phasing cell (3), an orientation with respect to the phasing cell (3) so as to reduce the cross-polarization effect, said orientation being dependent upon the particular phasing cell (3) considered, said calculation comprising minimising, by using an optimisation routine, the total cross-polarization produced by both geometrical projections and coupling in the phasing cell, in a prefixed frequency band and for the two linear polarizations;

disposing each conductive element of each phasing cell (3) in the previously calculated orientation.

11. Method according to claim 10, wherein the orientation of each conductive element of each phasing cell (3) is calculated such that the propagation direction of the incident field coming from the feed (2) to the said phasing cell i (3) is contained in a symmetry plane of said conductive element.

12. Method according to claim 10, a reflectarray coordinate system (X_R,Y_R,Z_R) being considered, with axis Z_R perpendicular to the reflectarray (1); being also considered in each phasing cell i (3) a local coordinate system (X_Ri,Y_Ri,Z_Ri) centred in the cell and parallel to the reflectarray coordinate system (X_R,Y_R,Z_R); wherein the step of calculating the orientation of each conductive element comprises:

calculating the dimensions of each conductive element of each phasing cell (3) such that there is a phase-shift of 180 degrees between the two components of the reflected electric field parallel to the axes associated to the conductive elements (X_Pi,Y_Pi;X_Di,Y_Di).

13. Method according to any of claims 10-12, in which a reflectarray coordinate system (X_R,Y_R,Z_R) is considered, being axis Z_R perpendicular to the reflectarray (1), being also considered in each phasing cell i (3) a local coordinate system (X_Ri,Y_Rj,Z_Ri) centred in the cell and parallel to the reflectarray coordinate system (X_R,Y_R,Z_R), characterised by further comprising:

defining a threshold angle θ_t, such that the cross-polarisation produced by those phasing cells (3) where the angle of the incidence with respect to Z_R axis is lower than the threshold angle θ_t, is lower than a prefixed level for the two orthogonal polarisations;

disposing each conductive element in those phasing cells (3) where the angle of incidence (θ_i) of the field coming from the feed (2) with respect to the axis Z_R is lower than said angle threshold θ_t such that the axes associated to the corresponding conductive element (X_Pi,Y_Pi;X_Di,Y_Di) are parallel to the corresponding axes (X_R,Y_R) of the reflectarray coordinate system (X_R,Y_R,Z_R).

Ansprüche

1. Dual-linear polarisierte Reflexionsarray-Antenne mit verbesserten Kreuzpolarisierungseigenschaften, die ein Reflexionsarray (1) und eine Primäreinspeisung (2) umfasst, die ausgestaltet ist, um ein Array von Phaseneinstellungszellen (3) des Reflexionsarrays (1) zu beleuchten, in dem ein Reflexionsarray-Koordinatensystem (X_R, Y_R, Z_R) betrachtet wird, wobei die Achse Z_R senkrecht zum Reflexionsarray (1) ist, wobei jede Phaseneinstellungszelle (3) mindestens eine dielektrische Schicht (6, 8; 13; 19, 20) und eine leitfähige Ebene (9, 17) umfasst, wobei jede dielektrische Schicht (6, 8; 13; 19, 20) mindestens ein leitfähiges Element (5, 7; 10, 11, 12; 14, 15, 16) aufweist, das auf seine Fläche gedruckt ist, wobei die Größe von jedem leitfähigen Element von jeder Phaseneinstellungszelle (3) bestimmt ist, um ein vorhergehend definiertes Strahlenbündel zu erzeugen, wobei auch in jeder Phaseneinstellungszelle i (3) ein lokales Koordinatensystem (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_R1) betrachtet wird, das in der Zelle zentriert und parallel zum Reflexionsarray-Koordinatensystem (X_R, Y_R, Z_R) ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das mindestens eine leitfähige Element von jeder dielektrischen Schicht (6, 8) von jeder Phaseneinstellungszelle i (3) ein leitfähiges Patch (5, 7) umfasst, dessen Symmetrieachsen (X_Pi, Y_Pi) einen vorhergehend berechneten Winkel α_i zu den entsprechenden Achsen (X_Ri, Y_Ri) des lokalen Koordinatensystems (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_Ri) bilden, wobei der Winkel α_i von der bestimmten betrachteten Phaseneinstellungszelle (3) abhängig ist.

2. Dual-linear polarisierte Reflexionsarray-Antenne nach Anspruch 1, wobei die leitfähigen Patches (5, 7) des Reflexionsarrays (1) eine von den folgenden Formen aufweisen: rechteckige Form, quadratische Form, Kreuzform, elliptische Form, vieleckige Form.

3. Dual-linear polarisierte Reflexionsarray-Antenne nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 2, wobei für jede Phaseneinstellungszelle i (3) der Winkel α_i derart ausgewählt ist, dass die Ausbreitungsrichtung des einfallenden Felds, das von der Einspeisung (2) kommt, zu der Phaseneinstellungszelle i (3), in einer Symmetrieebene des leitfähigen Patches (5, 7) von jeder dielektrischen Schicht (6, 8) der Phaseneinstellungszelle i (3) enthalten ist.

4. Dual-linear polarisierte Reflexionsarray-Antenne mit verbesserten Kreuzpolarisationseigenschaften, die ein Reflexionsarray (1) und eine Primäreinspeisung (2) umfasst, die ausgestaltet ist, um ein Array von Phaseneinstellungszellen (3) des Reflexionsarrays (1) zu beleuchten, in dem ein Reflexionsarray-Koordinatensystem (X_R, Y_R, Z_R) betrachtet wird, wobei die Achse Z_R senkrecht zum Reflexionsarray (1) ist, wobei jede Phaseneinstellungszelle (3) mindestens eine dielektrische Schicht (6, 8; 13; 19, 20) und eine leitfähige Ebene (9, 17) umfasst, wobei jede dielektrische Schicht (6, 8; 13; 19, 20) mindestens ein leitfähiges Element (5, 7; 10, 11, 12; 14, 15, 16) aufweist, das auf seine Fläche gedruckt ist, wobei die Größe von jedem leitfähigen Element von jeder Phaseneinstellungszelle (3) bestimmt ist, um ein vorhergehend definiertes Strahlenbündel zu erzeugen, wobei auch in jeder Phaseneinstellungszelle i (3) ein lokales Koordinatensystem (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_R1) betrachtet wird, das in der Zelle zentriert und parallel zum Reflexionsarray-Koordinatensystem (X_R, Y_R, Z_R) ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das mindestens eine leitfähige Element von jeder dielektrischen Schicht (13) von jeder Phaseneinstellungszelle i (3) eine erste Menge von parallelen leitfähigen Dipolen (10, 11, 12), die auf eine Seite der dielektrischen Schicht (13) gedruckt sind, und eine zweite Menge von parallelen leitfähigen Dipolen (14, 15, 16) umfasst, die auf die entgegengesetzte Seite der dielektrischen Schicht (13) gedruckt sind, wobei die Phaseneinstellungszelle i (3) mindestens eine weitere dielektrische Schicht (18) umfasst, um die mindestens eine dielektrische Schicht (13) von der leitfähigen Ebene (17) zu trennen, und wobei die erste Menge von parallelen leitfähigen Dipolen (10, 11, 12) derart ausgerichtet ist, dass ihre zugehörige Achse Y_Di parallel zu der ersten Menge von Dipolen (10, 11, 12) einen vorhergehend berechneten Winkel α_yi zu der entsprechenden Achse (Y_R1) des lokalen Koordinatensystems (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_Ri) bildet, und die zweite Menge von parallelen leitfähigen Dipolen (14, 15, 16) derart ausgerichtet ist, dass ihre zugehörige Achse (X_Di) parallel zu der zweiten Menge von Dipolen (14, 15, 16) einen vorhergehend berechneten Winkel α_xi zu der entsprechenden Achse (X_R1) des lokalen Koordinatensystems (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_R1) bildet, wobei die Winkel α_yi und α_xi von der bestimmten betrachteten Phaseneinstellungszelle (3) abhängig sind.

5. Dual-linear polarisierte Reflexionsarray-Antenne mit verbesserten Kreuzpolarisationseigenschaften, die ein Reflexionsarray (1) und eine Primäreinspeisung (2) umfasst, die ausgestaltet ist, um ein Array von Phaseneinstellungszellen (3) des Reflexionsarrays (1) zu beleuchten, wobei ein Reflexionsarray-Koordinatensystem (X_R, Y_R, Z_R) betrachtet wird, wobei die Achse Z_R senkrecht zum Reflexionsarray (1) ist, wobei jede Phaseneinstellungszelle (3) mindestens eine dielektrische Schicht (6, 8; 13; 19, 20) und eine leitfähige Ebene (9, 17) umfasst, wobei jede dielektrische Schicht (6, 8; 13; 19, 20) mindestens ein leitfähiges Element (5, 7; 10, 11, 12; 14, 15, 16) aufweist, das auf seine Fläche gedruckt ist, wobei die Größe von jedem leitfähigen Element von jeder Phaseneinstellungszelle (3) bestimmt ist, um ein vorhergehend definiertes Strahlenbündel zu erzeugen, wobei auch in jeder Phaseneinstellungszelle i (3) ein lokales Koordinatensystem (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_R1) betrachtet wird, das in der Zelle zentriert und parallel zum Reflexionsarray-Koordinatensystem (X_R, Y_R, Z_R) ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jede Phaseneinstellungszelle i (3) mindestens ein Paar von dielektrischen Schichten (19, 20) mit einer ersten Menge von parallelen leitfähigen Dipolen (10, 11, 12), die auf eine Seite von einer dielektrischen Schicht (19) gedruckt sind, und einer zweiten Menge von parallelen leitfähigen Dipolen (14, 15, 16) umfasst, die auf die andere dielektrische Schicht (20) gedruckt sind, und wobei die erste Menge von parallelen leitfähigen Dipolen (10, 11, 12) derart ausgerichtet ist, dass ihre zugehörige Achse Y_Di parallel zu der ersten Menge von Dipolen (10, 11, 12) einen vorhergehend berechneten Winkel α_yi zu der entsprechenden Achse (Y_Ri) des lokalen Koordinatensystems (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_R1) bildet, und die zweite Menge von parallelen leitfähigen Dipolen (14, 15, 16) derart ausgerichtet ist, dass ihre zugehörige Achse (X_Di) parallel zu der zweiten Menge von Dipolen (14, 15, 16) einen vorhergehend berechneten Winkel α_xi zu der entsprechenden Achse (X_R1) des lokalen Koordinatensystems (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_R1) bildet, wobei die Winkel α_yi und α_xi von der bestimmten betrachteten Phaseneinstellungszelle (3) abhängig sind.

6. Dual-linear polarisierte Reflexionsarray-Antenne nach einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 5, wobei für jede Phaseneinstellungszelle i (3) der Winkel α_yi derart ausgewählt ist, dass die Achse Y_Di, die die Richtung der ersten Menge von leitfähigen Dipolen (10, 11, 12) definiert, in der Einfallsebene des Feldes enthalten ist, das von der Einspeisung (2) zu der Phaseneinstellungszelle i (3) kommt, und der Winkel α_xi derart ausgewählt ist, dass die Achse X_Di, die die Richtung der zweiten Menge von leitfähigen Dipolen (14, 15, 16) definiert, senkrecht zur Einfallsebene des Feldes ist, das von der Einspeisung (2) zu der Phaseneinstellungszelle i (3) kommt.

7. Dual-linear polarisierte Reflexionsarray-Antenne nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 2 und 4 bis 5, wobei die Abmessungen von jedem leitfähigen Element von jeder Phaseneinstellungszelle i (3) derart ausgewählt sind, dass eine Phasenverschiebung von 180 Grad zwischen den zwei Komponenten des reflektierten elektrischen Feldes parallel zu den Achsen vorhanden ist, die den leitfähigen Elementen (X_Pi, Y_Pi; X_Di, Y_Di) zugehörig sind, und wobei die Ausrichtung von jedem leitfähigen Element von jeder Phaseneinstellungszelle i (3) derart ist, dass die gesamte Kreuzpolarisation, die durch sowohl geometrische Projektionen als auch die Kopplung in der Phaseneinstellungszelle erzeugt wird, in einem vorhergehend festgelegten Frequenzband und für die zwei linearen Polarisationen minimiert sind.

8. Dual-linear polarisierte Reflexionsarray-Antenne nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Phaseneinstellungszellen (3) in irgendeiner von den folgenden Anordnungen angeordnet sind: ein rechteckiges Gitter, ein quadratisches Gitter, ein dreieckiges Gitter, ein sechseckiges Gitter, ein nicht periodisches Array, dünn besetzte Anordnung.

9. Dual-linear polarisierte Reflexionsarray-Antenne nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, in dem ein Reflexionsarray-Koordinatensystem (X_R, Y_R, Z_R) betrachtet wird, wobei die Achse Z_R senkrecht zum Reflexionsarray (1) ist, wobei auch in jeder Phaseneinstellungszelle i (3) ein lokales Koordinatensystem (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_R1) betrachtet wird, das in der Zelle zentriert und parallel zu dem Reflexionsarray-Koordinatensystem (X_R, Y_R, Z_R) ist, wobei die Ausrichtung von jedem leitfähigen Element von denjenigen Phaseneinstellungszellen (3), bei denen der Einfallswinkel (θ_i) des Feldes, das von der Einspeisung (2) kommt, zur Achse Z_R kleiner ist als ein vorbestimmter Schwellenwinkel θ_t, derart ausgewählt ist, dass die Achsen, die dem entsprechenden leitfähigen Element (X_Pi, Y_Pi; X_Di, Y_Di) zugehörig sind, parallel zu den entsprechenden Achsen (X_R, Y_R) des Reflexionsarray-Koordinatensystems (X_R, Y_R, Z_R) sind.

10. Verfahren zum Erhalten einer dual-linear polarisierten Reflexionsarray-Antenne mit verbesserten Kreuzpolarisationseigenschaften nach Anspruch 1 bis 9, wobei das Verfahren Folgendes umfasst:

Bereitstellen eines Reflexionsarrays (1) und einer Primäreinspeisung (2), die ausgestaltet ist, um ein Array von Phaseneinstellungszellen (3) des Reflexionsarrays (1) zu beleuchten, wobei jede Phaseneinstellungszelle (3) mindestens eine dielektrische Schicht (6, 8; 13; 19, 20) und eine leitfähige Ebene (9, 17) umfasst, wobei jede dielektrische Schicht (6, 8; 13; 19, 20) mindestens ein leitfähiges Element (5, 7; 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16) aufweist, das auf seine Fläche gedruckt ist, wobei die Größe von jedem leitfähigen Element von jeder Phaseneinstellungszelle (3) bestimmt wird, um ein vorhergehend definiertes Bündel zu erzeugen; dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Verfahren ferner Folgendes umfasst:

Berechnen einer Ausrichtung zu der Phaseneinstellungszelle (3) für jedes leitfähige Element von jeder Phaseneinstellungszelle (3), derart, dass der Kreuzpolarisierungseffekt verringert wird, wobei die Ausrichtung von der bestimmten betrachteten Phaseneinstellungszelle (3) abhängig ist, wobei die Berechnung das Minimieren der Gesamtkreuzpolarisierung, die durch sowohl geometrische Projektionen als auch Kopplung in der Phaseneinstellungszelle erzeugt wird, unter Verwendung einer Optimierungsroutine in einem vorhergehend festgelegten Frequenzband und für die zwei linearen Polarisierungen umfasst;

Anordnen von jedem leitfähigen Element von jeder Phaseneinstellungszelle (3) in der vorhergehend berechneten Ausrichtung.

11. Verfahren nach Anspruch 10, wobei die Ausrichtung von jedem leitfähigen Element von jeder Phaseneinstellungszelle (3) derart berechnet wird, dass die Ausbreitungsrichtung des einfallenden Feldes, das von der Einspeisung (2) kommt, zu der Phaseneinstellungszelle i (3) in einer Symmetrieebene des leitfähigen Elements enthalten ist.

12. Verfahren nach Anspruch 10, wobei ein Reflexionsarray-Koordinatensystem (X_R, Y_R, Z_R) betrachtet wird, wobei die Achse Z_R senkrecht zum Reflexionsarray (1) ist; wobei auch in jeder Phaseneinstellungszelle i (3) ein lokales Koordinatensystem (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_R1) betrachtet wird, das in der Zelle zentriert und parallel zum Reflexionsarray-Koordinatensystem (X_R, Y_R, Z_R) ist; wobei der Schritt zum Berechnen der Ausrichtung von jedem leitfähigen Element Folgendes umfasst:

Berechnen der Abmessungen von jedem leitfähigen Element von jeder Phaseneinstellungszelle (3) derart, dass eine Phasenverschiebung von 180 Grad zwischen den zwei Komponenten des reflektierten elektrischen Feldes parallel zu den Achsen vorhanden ist, die den leitfähigen Elementen (X_Pi, Y_Pi; X_Di, Y_Di) zugehörig sind.

13. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 10 bis 12, wobei ein Reflexionsarray-Koordinatensystem (X_R, Y_R, Z_R) betrachtet wird, wobei die Achse Z_R senkrecht zu dem Reflexionsarray (1) ist, wobei auch in jeder Phaseneinstellungszelle i (3) ein lokales Koordinatensystem (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_R1) betrachtet wird, das in der Zelle zentriert und parallel zu dem Reflexionsarray-Koordinatensystem (X_R, Y_R, Z_R) ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es ferner Folgendes umfasst:

Definieren eines Schwellenwinkels θ_t, derart, dass die Kreuzpolarisierung, die durch diese Phaseneinstellungszellen (3) erzeugt wird, wo der Einfallswinkel zur Z_R Achse kleiner ist als der Schwellenwinkel θ_t, kleiner als ein vorbestimmter Pegel für die zwei orthogonalen Polarisierungen ist;

Anordnen von jedem leitfähigen Element in denjenigen Phaseneinstellungszellen (3), wo der Einfallswinkel (θ_i) des Feldes, das von der Einspeisung (2) kommt, zur Achse Z_R kleiner ist als der Schwellenwinkel θ_t, derart, dass die Achsen, die dem entsprechenden leitfähigen Element (X_Pi, Y_Pi; X_Di, Y_Di) zugehörig sind, parallel zu den entsprechenden Achsen (X_R, Y_R) des Reflexionsarray-Koordinatensystems (X_R, Y_R, Z_R) sind.

Revendications

1. Antenne à réseau de réflexion à double polarisation linéaire avec des propriétés de polarisation croisée améliorées, comprenant un réseau de réflexion (1) et une alimentation principale (2) configurés pour illuminer un réseau de cellules de mise en phase (3) du réseau de réflexion (1), dans laquelle un système de coordonnées de réseau de réflexion (X_R, Y_R, Z_R) est considéré, l'axe Z_R étant perpendiculaire au réseau de réflexion (1), chaque cellule de mise en phase (3) comprenant au moins une couche diélectrique (6, 8 ; 13 ; 19, 20) et un plan conducteur (9, 17), chaque couche diélectrique (6, 8 ; 13 ; 19, 20) ayant au moins un élément conducteur (5, 7 ; 10, 11, 12 ; 14, 15, 16) imprimé sur sa surface, la taille de chaque élément conducteur de chaque cellule de mise en phase (3) étant déterminée pour produire un faisceau de rayonnement précédemment défini, dans chaque cellule de mise en phase i (3) étant également considéré un système de coordonnées local (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_R1) centré dans la cellule et parallèle au système de coordonnées de réseau de réflexion (X_R, Y_R, Z_R), caractérisé en ce que au moins un élément conducteur de chaque couche diélectrique (6, 8) de chaque cellule de mise en phase i (3) comprend une plaque conductrice (5, 7) dont les axes de symétrie (X_Pi, Y_Pi) forment un angle précédemment calculé α_i par rapport aux axes correspondants (X_R1, Y_R1) du système de coordonnées local (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_Ri), ledit angle α_i étant dépendant de la cellule de mise en phase particulière (3) considérée.

2. Antenne à réseau de réflexion à double polarisation linéaire selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle les plaques conductrices (5, 7) du réseau de réflexion (1) ont l'une quelconque des formes suivantes : forme rectangulaire, forme carrée, forme de croix, forme elliptique, forme polygonale.

3. Antenne à réseau de réflexion à double polarisation linéaire selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 et 2, dans laquelle, pour chaque cellule de mise en phase i (3), l'angle α_i est sélectionné de manière que la direction de propagation du champ incident arrivant de l'alimentation (2) vers ladite cellule de mise en phase i (3) soit contenue dans un plan de symétrie de la plaque conductrice (5, 7) de chaque couche diélectrique (6, 8) de la cellule de mise en phase i (3).

4. Antenne à réseau de réflexion à double polarisation linéaire avec des propriétés de polarisation croisée améliorées, comprenant un réseau de réflexion (1) et une alimentation principale (2) configurée pour illuminer un réseau de cellules de mise en phase (3) du réseau de réflexion (1), dans lequel un système de coordonnées de réseau de réflexion (X_R, Y_R, Z_R) est considéré, l'axe Z_R étant perpendiculaire au réseau de réflexion (1), chaque cellule de mise en phase (3) comprenant au moins une couche diélectrique (6, 8 ; 13 ; 19, 20) et un plan conducteur (9, 17), chaque couche diélectrique (6, 8 ; 13 ; 19, 20) ayant au moins un élément conducteur (5, 7 ; 10, 11, 12 ; 14, 15, 16) imprimé sur sa surface, la taille de chaque élément conducteur de chaque cellule de mise en phase (3) étant déterminée pour produire un faisceau de rayonnement précédemment défini, dans chaque cellule de mise en phase i (3) étant également considéré un système de coordonnées local (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_Ri) centré dans la cellule et parallèle au système de coordonnées de réseau de réflexion (X_R, Y_R, Z_R), caractérisé en ce que au moins un élément conducteur de chaque couche diélectrique (13) de chaque cellule de mise en phase i (3) comprend un premier ensemble de dipôles conducteurs parallèles (10, 11, 12) imprimés sur un côté de la couche diélectrique (13) et un deuxième ensemble de dipôles conducteurs parallèles (14, 15, 16) imprimés sur le côté opposé de la couche diélectrique (13), la cellule de mise en phase i (3) comprenant au moins une autre couche diélectrique (18) pour séparer au moins une couche diélectrique (13) du plan conducteur (17), et dans laquelle le premier ensemble de dipôles conducteurs parallèles (10, 11, 12) est orienté de manière que son axe associé Y_Di, parallèle audit premier ensemble de dipôles (10, 11, 12), forme un angle précédemment calculé α_yi par rapport à l'axe correspondant (Y_Ri) du système de coordonnées local (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_Ri), et le deuxième ensemble de dipôles conducteurs parallèles (14, 15, 16) est orienté de manière que son axe associé (X_Di), parallèle audit deuxième ensemble de dipôles (14, 15, 16), forme un angle précédemment calculé α_xi par rapport à l'axe correspondant (X_R1) du système de coordonnées local (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_Ri), lesdits angles α_xi et α_yi étant dépendants de la cellule de mise en phase particulière (3) considérée.

5. Antenne à réseau de réflexion à double polarisation linéaire avec des propriétés de polarisation croisée améliorées, comprenant un réseau de réflexion (1) et une alimentation principale (2) configurée pour illuminer un réseau de cellules de mise en phase (3) du réseau de réflexion (1), dans lequel un système de coordonnées de réseau de réflexion (X_R, Y_R, Z_R) est considéré, l'axe Z_R étant perpendiculaire au réseau de réflexion (1), chaque cellule de mise en phase (3) comprenant au moins une couche diélectrique (6, 8 ; 13 ; 19, 20) et un plan conducteur (9, 17), chaque couche diélectrique (6, 8 ; 13 ; 19, 20) ayant au moins un élément conducteur (5, 7 ; 10, 11, 12 ; 14, 15, 16) imprimé sur sa surface, la taille de chaque élément conducteur de chaque cellule de mise en phase (3) étant déterminée pour produire un faisceau de rayonnement précédemment défini, dans chaque cellule de mise en phase i (3) étant également considéré un système de coordonnées local (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_R1) centré dans la cellule et parallèle au système de coordonnées de réseau de réflexion (X_R, Y_R, Z_R), caractérisé en ce que chaque cellule de mise en phase i (3) comprend au moins une paire de couches diélectriques (19, 20) avec un premier ensemble de dipôles conducteurs parallèles (10, 11, 12) imprimés sur un côté d'une couche diélectrique (19) et un deuxième ensemble de dipôles conducteurs parallèles (14, 15, 16) imprimés sur l'autre couche diélectrique (20), et dans laquelle le premier ensemble de dipôles conducteurs parallèles (10, 11, 12) est orienté de manière que son axe associé Y_Di, parallèle audit premier ensemble de dipôles (10, 11, 12), forme un angle précédemment calculé α_yi par rapport à l'axe correspondant (Y_Ri) du système de coordonnées local (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_Ri), et le deuxième ensemble de dipôles conducteurs parallèles (14, 15, 16) est orienté de manière que son axe associé (X_Di), parallèle audit deuxième ensemble de dipôles (14, 15, 16), forme un angle précédemment calculé α_xi par rapport à l'axe correspondant (X_R1) du système de coordonnées local (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_Ri), lesdits angles α_xi et α_yi étant dépendants de la cellule de mise en phase particulière (3) considérée.

6. Antenne à réseau de réflexion à double polarisation linéaire selon l'une quelconque des revendications 4 et 5, dans laquelle, pour chaque cellule de mise en phase i (3), l'angle α_yi est sélectionné de manière que l'axe Y_Di définissant la direction du premier ensemble de dipôles conducteurs (10, 11, 12) soit contenu dans le plan d'incidence du champ arrivant de l'alimentation (2) vers ladite cellule de mise en phase i (3) et l'angle α_xi est sélectionné de manière que l'axe X_Di définissant la direction du deuxième ensemble de dipôles conducteurs (14, 15, 16) soit perpendiculaire au plan d'incidence du champ arrivant de l'alimentation (2) vers ladite cellule de mise en phase i (3).

7. Antenne à réseau de réflexion à double polarisation linéaire selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 et 2, 4 et 5, dans laquelle les dimensions de chaque élément conducteur de chaque cellule de mise en phase (3) sont sélectionnées de manière qu'il existe un déphasage de 180 degrés entre les deux composantes du champ électrique réfléchi parallèle aux axes associés aux éléments conducteurs (X_Pi, Y_Pi ; X_Di, Y_Di) et dans laquelle l'orientation de chaque élément conducteur de chaque cellule de mise en phase (3) est telle que la polarisation croisée totale produite à la fois par les projections géométriques et le couplage dans la cellule de mise en phase soit minimisée dans une bande de fréquences préétablie et pour les deux polarisations linéaires.

8. Antenne à réseau de réflexion à double polarisation linéaire selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle les cellules de mise en phase (3) sont agencées dans l'une quelconque des dispositions suivantes : un réseau rectangulaire, un réseau carré, un réseau triangulaire, un réseau hexagonal, un réseau non périodique, une disposition dispersée.

9. Antenne à réseau de réflexion à double polarisation linéaire selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle un système de coordonnées de réseau de réflexion (X_R, Y_R, Z_R) est considéré, l'axe Z_R étant perpendiculaire au réseau de réflexion (1), étant également considéré dans chaque cellule de mise en phase i (3) un système de coordonnées local (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_R1) centré dans la cellule et parallèle au système de coordonnées de réseau de réflexion (X_R, Y_R, Z_R), dans laquelle l'orientation de chaque élément conducteur de ces cellules de mise en phase (3) où l'angle d'incidence (θ_i) du champ arrivant de l'alimentation (2) par rapport à l'axe Z_R est inférieur à un angle de seuil prédéterminé θ_t est sélectionnée de manière que les axes associés à l'élément conducteur correspondant (X_Pi, Y_Pi ; X_Di, Y_Di) soient parallèles aux axes correspondants (X_R, Y_R) du système de coordonnées de réseau de réflexion (X_R, Y_R, Z_R).

10. Procédé pour obtenir une antenne à réseau de réflexion à double polarisation linéaire avec des propriétés de polarisation croisée améliorées selon les revendications 1 à 9, le procédé comprenant :

la fourniture d'un réseau de réflexion (1) et d'une alimentation principale (2) configurés pour illuminer un réseau de cellules de mise en phase (3) du réseau de réflexion (1), chaque cellule de mise en phase (3) comprenant au moins une couche diélectrique (6, 8 ; 13 ; 19, 20) et un plan conducteur (9, 17), chaque couche diélectrique (6, 8 ; 13 ; 19, 20) ayant au moins un élément conducteur (5, 7 ; 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16) imprimé sur sa surface, la taille de chaque élément conducteur de chaque cellule de mise en phase (3) étant déterminée pour produire un faisceau précédemment défini, caractérisé en ce que le procédé comprend en outre :

le calcul, pour chaque élément conducteur de chaque cellule de mise en phase (3), d'une orientation par rapport à la cellule de mise en phase (3) de manière à réduire l'effet de polarisation croisée, ladite orientation étant dépendante de la cellule de mise en phase particulière (3) considérée, ledit calcul comprenant la minimisation, en utilisant une routine d'optimisation, de la polarisation croisée totale produite à la fois par les projections géométriques et le couplage dans la cellule de mise en phase, dans une bande de fréquences préétablie et pour les deux polarisations linéaires ;

la disposition de chaque élément conducteur de chaque cellule de mise en phase (3) dans l'orientation précédemment calculée.

11. Procédé selon la revendication 10, dans lequel l'orientation de chaque élément conducteur de chaque cellule de mise en phase (3) est calculée de manière que la direction de propagation du champ incident arrivant de l'alimentation (2) vers ladite cellule de mise en phase i (3) soit contenue dans un plan de symétrie dudit élément conducteur.

12. Procédé selon la revendication 10, un système de coordonnées de réseau de réflexion (X_R, Y_R, Z_R) étant considéré, avec l'axe Z_R perpendiculaire au réseau de réflexion (1) ; étant également considéré dans chaque cellule de mise en phase i (3) un système de coordonnées local (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_R1) centré dans la cellule et parallèle au système de coordonnées de réseau de réflexion (X_R, Y_R, Z_R) ; dans lequel l'étape de calcul de l'orientation de chaque élément conducteur comprend :

le calcul de dimensions de chaque élément conducteur de chaque cellule de mise en phase (3) de manière qu'il existe un déphasage de 180 degrés entre les deux composantes du champ électrique réfléchi parallèle aux axes associés aux éléments conducteurs (X_Pi, Y_Pi ; X_Di, Y_Di).

13. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 10 à 12, dans lequel un système de coordonnées de réseau de réflexion (X_R, Y_R, Z_R) est considéré, l'axe Z_R étant perpendiculaire au réseau de réflexion (1), étant également considéré dans chaque cellule de mise en phase i (3) un système de coordonnées local (X_Ri, Y_Ri, Z_R1) centré dans la cellule et parallèle au système de coordonnées de réseau de réflexion (X_R, Y_R, Z_R), caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend en outre :

la définition d'un angle de seuil θ_t, tel que la polarisation croisée, produite par ces cellules de mise en phase (3) où l'angle de l'incidence par rapport à l'axe Z_R est inférieur à l'angle de seuil θ_t, soit inférieure à un niveau préétabli pour les deux polarisations orthogonales ;

la disposition de chaque élément conducteur dans ces cellules de mise en phase (3) où l'angle d'incidence (θ_i) du champ arrivant de l'alimentation (2) par rapport à l'axe Z_R est inférieur audit angle de seuil θ_t de manière que les axes associés à l'élément conducteur correspondant (X_Pi, Y_Pi ; X_Di, Y_Di) soient parallèles aux axes correspondants (X_R, Y_R) du système de coordonnées de réseau de réflexion (X_R, Y_R, Z_R).

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