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(11) | EP 2 484 472 B1 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION |
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| (54) |
Machining process and cutting tool Maschinelle Bearbeitung und Schneidwerkzeug Procédé d'usinage et outil de découpe |
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| Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to the European patent granted. Notice of opposition shall be filed in a written reasoned statement. It shall not be deemed to have been filed until the opposition fee has been paid. (Art. 99(1) European Patent Convention). |
BACKGROUND
[0002] A rotor of a typical gas turbine can have more than one hundred blades that are secured to rotating disks. The blade/disk attachment scheme includes providing a root on each blade that is secured to the disk. One type of root used to attach blades, commonly referred to as a "fir tree," includes a convoluted section that has a complementarily shaped slot in the disk periphery.
[0003] Broaching is one common method used to manufacture fir tree slots. Broaching nickel-based super-alloys may induce undesired surface characteristics such as excessive material strain hardening and surface microstructure alteration, which typically results in an uneven surface due to deflection during machining. A white-etched layer (WEL) on the surface is one indication of undesired surface characteristics. Aside from the high cost of the broach tools and limited tool life, part scrap rate will increase due to the defected surface integrity.
[0004] Several mechanical-based approaches are used to remove some of these undesired surface characteristics that remain after broaching. The efficiency of these approaches depends on the thickness of the WEL and depth of surface microstructure alteration. For example, the broached disk typically is moved to a second machining setup to perform post-processing operations to remove the undesired surface characteristics.
[0005] Some known post-processing operations include performing thermal treatment on the broached part by heating and rapid cooling, induction heating, and more recently, laser heat-treating. Such thermal treatment has typically been employed to increase surface hardness subsequent to broaching.
[0006] Although heating and rapid cooling increases surface hardness, this process also induces an internally stressed microstructure that makes the surface brittle. To relieve these internal stresses, a subsequent tempering process is required that typically entails heating the part to a temperature below the critical temperature for several hours. Although tempering facilitates avoidance of a microstructure phase change, the surface hardness is also undesirably reduced.
[0007] In induction heating, the part surface is placed within an induction coil. As electrical current in the induction coil is increased, the surface is heated above the critical temperature, thus also causing a microstructure phase change. When the surface is rapidly cooled, or quenched, a new microstructure phase is formed. Only a shallow depth beneath the surface is heated above the critical temperature and is rapidly quenched, while the remainder of the part remains unchanged. However, the rapid cooling also induces internal stresses that cause the surface to become brittle. Although a subsequent tempering process is required to relieve the internal stresses, tempering is time consuming. Additionally, the heat treated depth is controlled during induction hardening by producing a higher frequency current in the induction coil. However, common induction heating machines and surface area present limitations based on the highest frequency available.
[0008] Hardened steel surfaces have been produced by machining using laser processing. For example, a method of laser heat-treating a flat part, such as a knife or blade, has been employed by focusing a laser beam perpendicular to the major flat surface of the part using a cylindrical lens. The width of the beam is adjusted according to the desired width of the part to be heated. The part is then moved through the laser or the laser may be moved along the part to heat the surface. There is no subsequent machining of the surface of presence of a WEL.
[0009] It is desirable to provide a method of eliminating undesired surface characteristics during broaching without inducing further defects in the part.
[0010] A cutting tool having the features of the preamble of claim 1 is disclosed in CA-A-1191428. Cutting apparatus employing laser heating is disclosed in DE-C-19613183 and one which employs laser pretreatment of a surface disclosed in US-A-4356376.
SUMMARY
[0013] These and other features of the disclosure can be best understood from the following specification and drawings, the following of which is a brief description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] The disclosure can be further understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
Figure 1 is a highly schematic view of a machining system.
Figure 2 is an end view of a rotor disk having a fir tree slot.
Figure 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of the rotor disk shown in Figure 2 with a tool cutting a locally heated area.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0015] A machining system 10 is generally depicted in Figure 1. The system 10 includes a support 14 that retains an article 12, such as a rotor disk. An example rotor disk is shown in more detail in Figure 2. The rotor disk includes a slot 16 provided between lugs 18. The slot 16 is complementarily shaped to receive a fir-tree root of a rotor blade. Other slot shapes may be used to secure rotor blades to the rotor disk.
[0016] Returning to Figure 1, a cutting tool 20 is movable relative to the article 12 to cut an area 42 of the article 12, best shown in Figure 3. In one example, the cutting tool 20 is a broach tool. For example, a broach tool includes a body 22 supporting multiple teeth 24 that are spaced from one another from a forward end 23 to a rearward end 25 to provide gaps 30 between the teeth 24, as shown in Figures 1 and 3. The teeth 24 extend along a longitudinal axis LA of the body 22. The forward end 23 typically includes teeth that more aggressively cut the slot 16 than the teeth on the rearward end 25. Typically, the teeth on the forward and rearward ends 23, 25 are separated by a portion 21, which may include a generally flat surface. Slots 16 are typically broached using multiple broaching tools that include, for example, a rough broach, a semi-finish broach and a finish broach. In the example shown in Figure 1, the cutting tool 20 is a finish broach tool.
[0017] The cutting tool 20 is moved relative to the article 12 by an actuator 26. In the example of a broach tool, the teeth 24 progressively remove material from a surface 40 of the area 42 to form the slot 16, as shown in Figures 2 and 3. Immediately preceding predetermined teeth 24 cutting the surface 40, the system 10 heats the surface 40 of the area 42 using a heating member 28 (Figure 1) so that an in-process heating of the surface 40 is provided during the broaching operation. In one example, the heating member 28 is arranged at the rearward end 25 adjacent to the cutting teeth 24 such that the surface 40 is heated prior to the last several teeth 24, thus facilitating providing a machined area substantially free from undesired surface characteristics. In one example, the surface 40 is machined in an environment 50 (Fig. 1) having a gas, such as helium or nitrogen, with a thermal conductivity greater than air. The environment 50 facilitates more controlled, precise heating of the surface 40.
[0018] The surface 40 is heated above the critical temperature, to facilitate enabling the surface 40 to be machined without introducing surface stresses or altering the microstructure undesirably. While the surface 40 is still heated, the teeth 24 in the rearward end 25 remove surface anomalies 41 as part of the final surface cuts.
[0019] In the example shown in Figure 1, arrays 34 of lenses 32 are arranged in a gap 30 on the portion 21 between the teeth on the forward and rearward ends 23, 25. Lasers 36 are connected to the arrays 34 of lenses 32 by fibers 38. The finish broach tool is designed to accommodate the laser fiber optic beam delivery with the specified fiber core diameter. The body 22 of the broach tool is designed to allow for modular fiber replacement for easy maintenance. The desired number of fiber optic lenses depends upon, for example, the broaching insert pitch. In addition, the size, number and density of optic delivery fibers for the laser power is determined based upon the particular application. Possible alternates to fiber optics arrays include photonic crystals, Fresnel lenses, and diffraction gratings, for example. These lenses may utilize fewer individual laser feeds than fiber optics and may be able to do more thermal processing (for example, manifolding and banking). Various types of lasers are available for heat treating articles, including continuous wave CO2 lasers, excimer lasers, diode-pumped solid state lasers, femtosecond lasers, and continuous wave Nd:YAG.
[0020] The laser 36 produces a beam 44 that is focused, via the lens 32 or the like, which generates an intense energy flux that rapidly heats the surface 40. Laser heat treatment allows the laser beam to be controlled to heat the surface of the metal article above the critical temperature to a depth of only a few microns. The surface 40 is heated to a depth of less than 20 microns (0.00079 inch), for example, 1-2 microns (0.00004 - 0.00008 inch). Controlling the depth of the heating to this shallow level allows for self-quenching. That is, no liquid or air quenching is required. Self-quenching is accomplished by conduction due to the mass and temperature disparity between the portion of the article not heated by the beam and the small depth of the surface that is heated above the critical temperature by the beam. The heat on the surface is quickly transferred to the unheated portion thereby quenching the heated surface. The laser power is adjusted to achieve the required temperature for heating the surface.
[0021] Calculation of laser heating parameters (heated-layer thickness and laser power requirements) and the flow field developed at the gas-liquid boundary is accounted for based upon known flow equations. A laminar model for the flow conditions is taken into account. At any time the interface between the liquid layer and solid material is a straight line and is the melting isotherm. The heat transfer rate at the interface is determined to calculate the temperature rise across the liquid layer. The heat transfer to the solid material is also calculated, which will be less than the heat transferred from the hot gas boundary layer to the liquid metal by an amount equal to that absorbed by the first layer.
a body (22) extending longitudinally with multiple longitudinally spaced teeth (24) supported on the body (22), each of the teeth (24) providing a cutting edge; and characterised by comprising
a heating member (28) supported by the body (22) that is configured to provide heat adjacent to one of the cutting edges, the heating member (28) including a lens (32) and being provided in a gap (30) between at least two adjacent teeth (24).
a support (14) configured to retain an article (12) having an area (40); characterised by comprising
a broach tool (20) including multiple cutting teeth (24) and movable relative to the support (14) via an actuator (26) to cut the area (40); and
a heating member (28) including a lens (32) mounted on the broach tool and configured to locally heat the area (40) of the article (12), the heating member (28) being provided in a gap (30) between at least two adjacent teeth (24).
einen längs ausgedehnten Körper (22) mit mehreren längs beabstandeten Zähnen (24), die vom Körper (22) getragen sind, wobei jeder Zahn (24) eine Schneidekante bereitstellt; und dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es aufweist:
ein vom Körper (22) getragenes Heizelement (28) zum Bereitstellen von Hitze neben einer der Schneidekanten, wobei das Heizelement (28) eine Linse (32) beinhaltet und in einem Spalt (30) zwischen wenigstens zwei nebeneinander liegenden Zähnen (24) liegt.
eine Halterung (14), die derart ausgebildet ist, dass sie einen Gegenstand (12) mit einem Bereich (40) hält; gekennzeichnet durch
Räumwerkzeug (20), das mehrere Schneidezähne (24) aufweist und relativ zu der Halterung (14) über einen Aktuator (26) beweglich ist, um den Bereich (40) zu schneiden; und
ein Heizelement (28) mit einer Linse (32), die auf dem Räumwerkzeug angebracht ist und die derart ausgebildet ist, dass sie den Bereich (40) des Gegenstands (12) lokal erhitzt, wobei das Heizelement (28) angebracht in einem Spalt (30) zwischen wenigstens zwei nebeneinander liegenden Zähnen (24) vorgesehen ist.
un corps (22) s'étendant longitudinalement avec de multiples dents (24) espacées longitudinalement et supportées sur le corps (22), chacune des dents (24) fournissant une arête de coupe, et caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend :
un élément chauffant (28) supporté par le corps (22) qui est configuré pour fournir de la chaleur à proximité de l'une des arêtes de coupe, l'élément chauffant (28) comprenant une lentille (32) et étant aménagé dans un intervalle (30) situé entre au moins deux dents adjacentes (24).
un support (14) configuré pour retenir un article (12) ayant une surface (40) ; caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend :
un outil de brochage (20) comprenant de multiples dents de coupe (24) qui sont mobiles par rapport au support (14) via un actionneur (26) pour découper la surface (40) ; et
un élément chauffant (28) comprenant une lentille (32) montée sur l'outil de brochage et configurée pour chauffer localement la surface (40) de l'article (12), l'élément chauffant (28) étant aménagé dans un intervalle (30) situé entre au moins deux dents adjacentes (24).
REFERENCES CITED IN THE DESCRIPTION
This list of references cited by the applicant is for the reader's convenience only. It does not form part of the European patent document. Even though great care has been taken in compiling the references, errors or omissions cannot be excluded and the EPO disclaims all liability in this regard.
Patent documents cited in the description