FIELD
[0001] Embodiments described herein relate generally to a method for evaluating discomfort
glare and a discomfort glare evaluation program.
BACKGROUND
[0002] When designing lighting for luminaires or interior environments it is important to
appropriately evaluate discomfort glare and obtain favorable glare characteristics.
Here, various methods for evaluating discomfort glare are proposed.
[0003] Luminaires that use semiconductor light emitting devices such as Light Emitting Diodes
(LED) have been developed. A method is thus required to appropriately evaluate glare
from this kind of new luminaire.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0004]
FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a lighting environment to which a method for evaluating
discomfort glare according to a first embodiment is applied;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a lighting environment to which the method for
evaluating discomfort glare according to the first embodiment is applied;
FIG. 3A to FIG. 3D are schematic views showing luminaires to which the method for
evaluating discomfort glare according to the first embodiment is applied;
FIG. 4 is a table showing the position index used in the method for evaluating discomfort
glare according to the first embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing an evaluation environment used in an experiment
relating to discomfort glare;
FIG. 6A to FIG. 6L and FIG. 7A to FIG. 7L are schematic views showing luminaires used
in the experiments relating to discomfort glare;
FIG. 8 is a schematic view showing characteristics of the luminaires used in the experiments
relating to discomfort glare;
FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B are schematic views showing states of the experiments for evaluating
discomfort glare;
FIG. 10 is a view showing subjective evaluation values in the experiments for evaluating
discomfort glare;
FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B are views showing a relationship between the calculated values
UGR and the UGR judgment values;
FIG. 12 and FIG. 13 are graphs showing experimental results relating to discomfort
glare;
FIG. 14 is a graph showing evaluation results obtained by the method for evaluating
discomfort glare according to the first embodiment;
FIG. 15 is a flowchart showing the method for evaluating discomfort glare according
to the first embodiment; and
FIG. 16 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a discomfort glare evaluation
device capable of implementing the method for evaluating discomfort glare according
to the first embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0005] According to one embodiment, a method is disclosed for evaluating discomfort glare.
The method can include obtaining average luminance information relating to an average
luminance La (cd/m
2) of a light luminous surface of a luminaire, luminance uniformity ratio information
relating to a luminance uniformity ratio U (dimensionless value) of the luminous surface,
luminous surface size information relating to a size ω (sr) of the, luminous surface
and background luminance information relating to a background luminance Lb (cd/m
2) of the luminaire. The method can include calculating an evaluation parameter value
based on the average luminance La, the luminance uniformity ratio U, the luminous
surface size ω, and the background luminance Lb obtained in the obtaining. The evaluation
parameter value is a value of a product of a value based on the La, a value based
on the U, and a value based on the ω divided by a value based on the Lb.
[0006] According to another embodiment, a discomfort glare evaluation program includes causing
a computer to obtain information including average luminance information relating
to an average luminance La of a luminous surface of a luminaire, luminance uniformity
ratio information relating to a luminance uniformity ratio U of the luminous surface,
luminous surface size information relating to a size ω of the luminous surface, and
background luminance information relating to a background luminance Lb of the luminaire
and the program includes causing the computer to calculate an evaluation parameter
value based on the average luminance La, the luminance uniformity ratio U, the luminous
surface size ω, and the background luminance Lb obtained in the information obtaining.
The evaluation parameter value is a value of a product of a value based on the La,
a value based on the U, and a value based on the ω divided by a value based on the
Lb.
[0007] Various embodiments will be described hereinafter in detail with reference to the
accompanying drawings.
[0008] The drawings are schematic and conceptual; and the relationships between the thickness
and width of portions, the proportions of sizes among portions, etc., are not necessarily
the same as the actual values thereof. Further, the dimensions and proportions may
be illustrated differently among drawings, even for identical portions.
[0009] In the specification and drawings, components similar to those described or illustrated
in a drawing thereinabove are marked with like reference numerals, and a detailed
description is omitted as appropriate.
(First Embodiment)
[0010] FIG. 1 is a schematic view illustrating a lighting environment to which a method
for evaluating discomfort glare according to a first embodiment is applied.
[0011] As shown in FIG. 1, a interior environment 250 to which the method for evaluating
discomfort glare according to the embodiment may be applied is, for instance, a room.
A luminaire 210 is provided on a ceiling 251 of the room (interior environment 250).
An observer 101 is present on a floor 253 in the room. A line of sight 104 of the
observer 101 connects a viewpoint 102 of the observer 101 with a look-at point 103
of the observer 101.
[0012] A distance along a direction of the line of sight 104 between the viewpoint 102 and
the luminaires 210 is denoted as a line-of-sight distance R. A distance along the
horizontal direction between line of sight 104 and the luminaire 210 is denoted as
a horizontal distance T. A distance along a perpendicular direction between the line
of sight 104 and the luminaire 210 is denoted as a perpendicular distance H.
[0013] For example, a luminance of a luminous surface 220 (light emitting face) of the luminaire
210 may be denoted as a luminance L (cd/m
2: candela/square meter). A background luminance of the luminaire 210 is denoted as
a background luminance Lb (cd/m
2). A size of the luminaire 210 can, for example, be expressed as a solid angle. Specifically,
the size (solid angle) of the luminous surface 220 is denoted as a size w (sr: steradian).
[0014] FIG. 2 is a schematic view illustrating a lighting environment to which the method
for evaluating discomfort glare according to the first embodiment is applied.
[0015] As shown in FIG. 2, the line of sight 104 connecting the viewpoint 102 and the look-at
point 103 is parallel to a horizontal plane 253a.
[0016] For example, an axis parallel to the horizontal direction in the eyes of the observer
101 is denoted as an X-axis. An axis which is vertical in the eyes of the observer
101 is denoted as a Y-axis. An axis perpendicular to the X-axis and the Y-axis is
denoted as the Z-axis.
[0017] Seen from the viewpoint 102, a position of a center of the luminous surface 220 (center
of luminaire 221) of the luminaire 210 is expressed in terms of the line-of-sight
distance R, horizontal distance T, and perpendicular distance H. For example, a distance
along the X-axis between the line of sight 104 and the center of luminaire 221 corresponds
to the horizontal distance T. A distance along the Y-axis between the line of sight
104 and the center of luminaire 221 corresponds to the perpendicular distance H. A
distance along the line of sight 104 (such as the distance along the Z-axis) between
the line of sight 104 and the center of luminaire 221 corresponds to the line-of-sight
distance R.
[0018] In the method for evaluating discomfort glare according to the embodiment, an average
luminance La and a luminance uniformity ratio U of the luminous surface 220 of the
luminaire 210 are used. In the following, the above described parameters are explained.
[0019] FIG, 3A to FIG. 3D are schematic views illustrating luminaires to which the method
for evaluating discomfort glare according to the first embodiment is applied.
[0020] FIG. 3A is a plan view of the luminaire 210 of a first example 210a. FIG. 3B is a
graph illustrating characteristics of the luminaire 210 of the first example 210a.
FIG. 3C is a plan view of the luminaire 210 of a second example 210b. FIG. 3D is a
graph illustrating characteristics of the luminaire 210 of the second example 210b.
[0021] Here, the axis perpendicular to the luminous surface 220 (light emitting face) of
the luminaire 210 is denoted as a Zd-axis. One axis perpendicular to the Zd-axis is
denoted as an Xd-axis. An axis perpendicular to the Zd-axis and the Xd-axis is denoted
as the Yd-axis.
[0022] FIG. 3B and FIG. 3D illustrate luminance along the Xd-axis for the luminaire 210
of the first example 210a and the second example 210b, respectively. The horizontal
axes in the graphs give a position along the Xd-axis. The vertical axes express a
luminance B1 (arbitrary unit).
[0023] As shown in FIG. 3A, the luminaire 210 of the first example 210a includes a plurality
of light sources 230. The plurality of light sources 230 is, for example, LEDs. The
plurality of light sources 230 is aligned along the Xd-axis. A luminance of each of
the plurality of light sources 230 is comparatively high.
[0024] As shown in FIG. 3B, in the first example 210a including the plurality of light sources
230, the luminance B1 varies greatly along the Xd-axis. Specifically, the luminance
B1 is a maximum luminance B1x at positions corresponding to positions of the plurality
of light sources 230. In other words, in the first example 210a, the uniformity ratio
of the luminance B1 is low.
[0025] On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 3C, the luminaire 210 of the second example 210b
includes a single light source 230. The light source 230 is, for example, a fluorescent
lamp FL. The light source 230 extends along the Xd-axis.
[0026] As shown in FIG. 3D, in the second example 210b including the single light source
230, the luminance B1 varies little along the Xd-axis. More specifically, the luminance
B1 is effectively constant along the Xd-axis. In other words, in the second example
210b, the uniformity ratio of the luminance B1 is high.
[0027] Thus, a state of the luminance B1 (such as the uniformity ratio) varies greatly according
to a configuration of the luminaire 210.
[0028] As described in a later section, the inventors were first to discover that a degree
of discomfort glare (such as brightness) experienced by people varies depending on
the uniformity ratio of the luminaire 210. Based on the above phenomenon in the method
for evaluating discomfort glare according to the embodiment, discomfort glare is evaluated
using the luminance uniformity ratio U.
[0029] In the embodiment, the luminance uniformity ratio U (dimensionless value) of the
luminous surface 220 of the luminaire 210 is expressed by U=B1a/B1x. Here, as shown
in FIG. 3B and FIG. 3D, an average luminance B1a is the average value of the luminance
B1 of the luminous surface 220 of the luminaire 210. The maximum luminance B1x is
the maximum value of the luminance B1 of the luminous surface 220.
[0030] Note that, depending on the luminaire 210 to be evaluated, it may be difficult to
define the maximum value of the luminance B1. In this case, as shown in FIG. 3B and
FIG. 3D, a maximum luminance (effective maximum luminance B1xx) may be determined
using a width ΔB1, which is a product of a difference between the peak of the luminance
B1 and a minimum value B1m, and a predetermined value. For example, the width ΔB1
may be 10% of the difference between the peak value of the luminance B1 and the minimum
value B1m. The maximum luminance (effective maximum luminance B1xx) is then a sum
of the minimum value B1m and 90% of the difference between the peak value and the
minimum value B1m. Alternatively for example, the width ΔB1 may be 20% of the difference
between the peak value of the luminance B1 and the minimum value B1m. The maximum
luminance (effective maximum luminance B1xx) is then a sum of the minimum value B1m
and 80% of the difference between the peak value and the minimum value B1m. In this
way, the effective maximum luminance Blxx may be used as the maximum luminance B1x.
[0031] Using the maximum luminance B1x determined in this way and the average luminance
B1a, the luminance uniformity ratio U is determined as, for example, U=B1a/B1x. When
the uniformity ratio of the luminance of the luminous surface 220 in the luminaire
210 is high, the value of the luminance uniformity ratio U is large. When the uniformity
of the luminance is low, the value of the luminance uniformity ratio U is low.
[0032] In the method for evaluating discomfort glare according to the embodiment, the average
luminance La (equivalent to the above-described average luminance B1a) and the luminance
uniformity ratio U are used as the luminance L of the luminous surface 220. Based
on these values, the background luminance Lb and the size ω of the luminous surface
220, an evaluation parameter value for the discomfort glare are calculated.
[0033] Thus, in the embodiment, the evaluation parameter value is calculated based on the
average luminance La, the luminance uniformity ratio U, the luminous surface size
ω and the background luminance Lb. Specifically, the evaluation parameter value is
calculated by dividing the product of a value based on the La, a value based on the
U and a value based on the ω, by a value based on the Lb. Then, in this method for
evaluating discomfort glare, a value based on the evaluation parameter value may,
for example, be outputted.
[0034] Accordingly, discomfort glare for the new luminaire 210 with LEDs or the like can
be appropriately evaluated.
[0035] In the method for evaluating discomfort glare according to the invention, environment
information relating to the interior environment 250 where the luminaire 210 is provided,
and viewpoint information relating to the viewpoint 102 in the interior environment
250 may also be used. Also, information relating to a predetermined position index
pi for an ith (where i is an integer not less than 1) luminaire 210, based on the
environment information and the viewpoint information, may also be used.
[0036] The position index pi is determined in advance using the line-of-sight distance R,
the horizontal distance T, and the perpendicular distance H.
[0037] FIG. 4 is a table illustrating the position index used in the method for evaluating
discomfort glare according to the according to the first embodiment.
[0038] As shown in FIG. 4, the position index pi is determined according to a value of T/R
and a value of H/R which correspond to the position of the luminaire 210 (position
of the center of luminaire 221). Thus, the position index pi is determined according
to the value of T/R and the value of H/R of the ith luminaire 210. For position indices
pi between the T/R values shown in FIG. 4 and the values between the H/R values shown
in FIG. 4, interpolations of the values shown in FIG. 4 are used. For the interpolation,
one of linear interpolation and Lagrange interpolation is used.
[0039] For the ith (where i is an integer not less than 1) luminaire 210, an evaluation
parameter value Y is calculated using formula 1 below from an average luminance Li
(cd/m
2) of the luminous surface 220, a luminance uniformity ratio Ui (dimensionless value)
of the luminous surface 220, a size ωi (sr) of the luminous surface 220, the position
index pi (dimensionless value) and the background luminance Lb (cd/m
2) of the background around the ith luminaire 210.

[0040] In formulae 1, A, B, a, b, c, d, k, n, const 1 and const 2 are constants, and a,
b, c, d, k and n are not less than 0 and not more than 10. " ." represents multiplication.
[0041] Accordingly, discomfort glare for the new luminaire 210 with LEDs or the like can
be appropriately evaluated.
[0042] In the following, experiments which formed the basis for creating the method for
evaluating discomfort glare according to the embodiment are described.
[0043] FIG. 5 is a schematic view illustrating an evaluation environment used in an experiment
relating to discomfort glare.
[0044] As shown in FIG. 5, in this experiment, a room with a depth (length along the Z-axis)
of 5. 0 meters, a width (length along the X direction) of 2.4 m and a height (length
along the Y direction) of 2.4 m was used as the evaluation environment (interior environment
250).
[0045] A reflectance of the ceiling 251 of the interior environment 250 is 82% and a reflectance
of the floor 253 is 20%. For walls 252, two types were used, walls with a high-reflectance
state (reflectance of 82%) and walls with a low-reflectance state (reflectance of
51%).
[0046] For the luminaire 210, the below-described 12 types of luminaire were used. For each
of the 12 types of luminaire 210, the luminaire 210 was installed at 3 locations in
the ceiling 251 of the interior environment 250.
[0047] For the position of the observer 101, two positions were used, a first position Pse
and a second position Psc. The first position Pse is a position near an entrance 254
in the interior environment 250. The second position Psc is a position at a central
portion of the floor 253 of the interior environment 250. The line of sight 104 of
the observer 101 was assumed to be horizontal (parallel to the X-Y plane) and the
height of the line of sight 104 was assumed to be 1.2 m.
[0048] As subjects, 18 people (Japanese) took the part of the observer 101, including 9
women and 9 men.
[0049] FIG, 6A to FIG. 6L and FIG. 7A to FIG. 7L are schematic views illustrating luminaires
used in the experiments relating to discomfort glare.
[0050] FIG. 6A, FIG. 6C, FIG. 6E, FIG. 6G, FIG. 6I, FIG. 6K, FIG. 7A, FIG. 7C, FIG. 7E,
FIG. 7G, FIG. 7I and FIG. 7K are plan views. FIG. 6B, FIG. 6D, FIG. 6F, FIG. 6H, FIG.
6J, FIG. 6L, FIG. 7B, FIG. 7D, FIG. 7F, FIG. 7H, FIG. 7J and FIG. 7L are cross-sectional
views.
[0051] As shown in FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B, the luminaire 210 of a first sample S01 is a bottom-face-open-type
recessed luminaire provided in the ceiling 251 and including a light source 230 which
is the fluorescent lamp FL. A color of the emitted light is neutral white.
[0052] As shown in FIG. 6C and FIG. 6D, the luminaire 210 of a second sample S02 is a bottom-face-open-type
recessed luminaire provided including the light source 230 which is the fluorescent
lamp FL. The color of the emitted light is warm white.
[0053] As shown in FIG. 6E and FIG. 6F, the luminaire 210 of a third sample S03 is an OA
louver-type recessed luminaire including the light source 230 which is the fluorescent
lamp FL.
[0054] As shown in FIG. 6G and FIG. 6H, the luminaire 210 of a fourth sample S04 is a diffused-shade-panel-type
recessed luminaire including the light source 230 which the fluorescent lamp FL.
[0055] As shown in FIG. 6I and FIG. 6J, the luminaire 210 of a fifth sample S05 is a wide-angle-type
surface-mounted luminaire provided on the ceiling 251 and including the light source
230 which is the fluorescent lamp FL.
[0056] As shown in FIG. 6K and FIG. 6L, the luminaire 210 of a sixth sample S06 is a transparent-acrylic-panel-type
surface-mounted luminaire including a light source 230 which is a plurality of LEDs.
[0057] As shown in FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B, the luminaire 210 of a seventh sample S07 is a transparent-acrylic-panel-type
recessed luminaire including a light source 230 which is a plurality of LEDs. A pitch
of the arrangement of the light sources 230 in the seventh sample S07 is shorter than
that of the sixth sample S06. A density of the light sources 230 in the seventh sample
S07 is higher than that of the sixth sample S06.
[0058] As shown in FIG. 7C and FIG. 7D, the luminaire 210 of an eighth sample S08 is an
opaque-panel-type surface-mounted luminaire including a light source 230 which is
a plurality of LEDs.
[0059] As shown in FIG. 7E and FIG. 7F, the luminaire 210 of a ninth sample S09 is a transparent-acrylic-panel-type
recessed luminaire including a light source 230 which is a plurality of LEDs.
[0060] As shown in FIG. 7G and FIG. 7H, the luminaire 210 of a tenth sample S10 is a white-louver-type
recessed luminaire including a light source 230 which is a plurality of LEDs.
[0061] As shown in FIG. 7I and FIG. 7J, the luminaire 210 of an eleventh sample S11 is a
mirror-faced-louver-type recessed luminaire including a light source 230 which is
a plurality of LEDs.
[0062] As shown in FIG. 7K and FIG. 7I, the luminaire 210 of a twelfth sample S12 is a linear-type
recessed luminaire including a light source 230 which is a plurality of LEDs.
[0063] Each of the 12 types of luminaire 210 described above was installed at 3 locations
in the ceiling 251 of the interior environment 250.
[0064] FIG. 8 is a schematic view showing characteristics of the luminaires used in the
experiments relating to discomfort glare.
[0065] FIG. 8 shows an average illuminance Eave (lx) of the luminaire 210 of the first to
twelfth samples S01 to S12. As already described, in this experiment, evaluation is
performed under two conditions, which are a condition under which the reflectance
Rfw of the walls 252 is 82% and a condition under which the reflectance Rfw of walls
is 51%. FIG. 8 shows the average illuminance Eave of the luminaires 210 of the first
to twelfth samples S01 to S12 under the two conditions.
[0066] FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B are schematic views illustrating states of the experiments for
evaluating discomfort glare. FIG. 9A shows a state in which the observer 101 is positioned
at first position Pse (position near entrance 254). FIG. 9B shows a state in which
the observer 101 is positioned at second position Psc (position of central portion
of the floor 253). The above-described 12 types of luminaire 210 were installed and
subjective evaluations of the discomfort glare for each type were made.
[0067] FIG. 10 is a view illustrating subjective evaluation values in the experiments to
evaluate discomfort glare.
[0068] As shown in FIG. 10, in the subjective evaluation, subjective evaluation values Esub
(7 to 31) relating to the extent of the discomfort glare were used. Specifically,
the subjective evaluation value Esub of 7 corresponds to "imperceptible", the subjective
evaluation value Esub of 10 corresponds to "just perceptible", the subjective evaluation
value Esub of 13 corresponds to "perceptible", the subjective evaluation value Esub
of 16 corresponds to "just unacceptable", the subjective evaluation value Esub of
19 corresponds to "unacceptable", the subjective evaluation value Esub of 22 corresponds
to "just uncomfortable", the subjective evaluation value Esub of 25 corresponds to
"uncomfortable", the subjective evaluation value Esub of 28 corresponds to "just intolerable",
and the subjective evaluation value Esub of 31 corresponds to "intolerable".
[0069] For the 12 types of luminaire 210 (first to twelfth samples S01 to S12), a total
of 48 conditions were subjectively evaluated by the observers 101 (subjects). Specifically,
the evaluations included for each sample, evaluations at two positions (first position
Pse and the second position Psc) using the two internal conditions (reflectance Rfw
of the walls 252 of 82% or 51%). Each of the subjects responded using the subjective
evaluation values Esub (personal subjective evaluation values Esubp). The average
value of all the subjects' personal subjective evaluation values Esubp was then calculated
for each of the 48 conditions and denoted as the subjective evaluation value Esuba.
[0070] In contrast, as a method for evaluating discomfort glare for a reference example,
calculated values UGR (Unified Glare Rating), which are expressed in formula 2 below,
were calculated.

[0071] Here, L is the luminaire luminance. In this case, an average luminance La is used.
Lb is a background luminance. ω is a solid angle (size) of the luminous surface 220
of the luminaire 210. p is a position index of the luminaire 210, and is the value
illustrated in FIG. 4.
[0072] Then, to ensure that the calculated values UGR corresponded to the subjective evaluation
values Esub, converted calculated values UGRg were used. UGRg=UGR - 3. The above described
calculated values UGR were determined based on an experimental formula for which the
subjects were not Japanese. It was therefore known that the values of the subjective
results and calculated values UGR would not necessarily match when the subjects were
Japanese. The conversion was performed to correct this.
[0073] FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B are views illustrating a relationship between the calculated
values UGR and the UGR judgment values.
[0074] The two views illustrate the relationship between the calculated values UGR and the
UGR judgment values (UGRj) for Japanese people. This relationship corresponds to the
relationship between the calculated values UGR and the UGR judgment values, as described
in the Lighting Standard Design Guidelines (JCIE. 2009) for indoor workspaces. As
is clear from the two views, in the case of Japanese people, it is appropriate to
use (UGR - 3) as the UGR judgment values (UGRj).
[0075] Hence, in this experiment, an evaluation was made of a relationship between the subjective
evaluation results (subjective evaluation values Esuba) and the converted calculated
values UGRg (=UGR - 3). Hereinafter, for simplicity, the "converted calculated values
UGRg" are denoted simply as "UGRg value".
[0076] FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating experimental results relating to discomfort glare.
[0077] In FIG. 12, the horizontal axis is UGRg value (=UGR - 3) and the vertical axis is
subjective evaluation value Esuba.
[0078] In FIG. 12, a sloped line 301 is the straight line for a relationship of Esuba=UGRg.
For example, points positioned above the sloped line 301 correspond to the case in
which the experimental results (subjective evaluation values Esuba) have been evaluated
as being brighter than would be expected from the UGRg values.
[0079] As seen in FIG. 12, the UGRg value increases as the subjective calculated value increases,
and the UGRg value has a significant correlation with the subjective evaluation value
Esuba. However, the correlation (R) between the UGRg value and the subjective evaluation
values Esuba is 0.54, and scatter is large. Thus, a degree of matching between the
above-described calculated values UGR (and UGRg values) and the subjective evaluation
results is insufficient.
[0080] The inventors further analyzed the results of this experiment.
[0081] FIG. 13 is a graph illustrating experimental results relating to discomfort glare.
[0082] In FIG. 13, in the experimental results illustrated in FIG. 12, marks have been added
to data for a portion of the conditions. As shown in FIG. 13, the sixth sample S06,
which is positioned above the sloped line 301, is for the LED-type luminaire 210 and
has a low luminance uniformity ratio. By contrast, the fourth sample S04, which is
positioned below the sloped line 301, is for the FL-type luminaire 210 and has a high
luminance uniformity ratio. Specifically, the luminance uniformity ratio U of the
sixth sample S06 is 0.01 and the luminance uniformity ratio U of the fourth sample
S04 is 0.77.
[0083] Thus, it can be seen from the evaluation results that there is a large difference
in the luminance uniformity ratio U for samples significantly above the sloped line
301 and samples significantly below the sloped line 301. Even when the UGRg values
were substantially the same, there was a tendency for the subjective evaluation results
to differ greatly according to the difference in the luminance uniformity ratio U.
[0084] Such experimental results were obtained for the first time through the experiments
independently carried out by the inventors. Luminance uniformity ratio U tends to
be low for the LED-type luminaires which are increasingly used in practical applications.
In these new luminaires, the difference between the subjective evaluation results
and the calculated values UGR (and UGRg values) can easily be large. Thus, the problem
of how to reduce this difference was newly discovered. The embodiment provides a configuration
capable of appropriately evaluating discomfort glare while reducing the difference
between the subjective evaluation results and the calculated values.
[0085] The inventors noticed a phenomenon whereby, as described in FIG. 13, even when the
UGRg values were effectively the same, there would be large difference in the subjective
evaluation results due to differences in the luminance uniformity ratio U. Based on
this experimental fact, the inventors configured the method for evaluating discomfort
glare according to the embodiment.
[0086] Specifically in the method for evaluating discomfort glare according to the embodiment,
the evaluation parameter values are calculated based not only on the luminance (average
luminance La) of the luminous surface 220 of the luminaire 210, but also on the luminance
uniformity ratio U.
[0087] Specifically, the inventors introduced an evaluation parameter Y expressed using
the below-described formula 3 (which is the same as formula 1) as a calculated value
corresponding to the subjective evaluation value Esub in the above-described experimental
results.

[0088] In this experiment, three luminaires 210 were used, giving i=1 to 3. For each of
the first to third luminaires 210, the position index pi was found from FIG. 4. For
the ith luminaire 210, the above-described evaluation parameter value Y was calculated
using the average luminance Li of the luminous surface 220, the luminance uniformity
ratio Ui of the luminous surface 220, the size ωi of the luminous surface 220, and
the position index pi.
[0089] Specifically, the below-described formula 4 and formula 5 were used.

[0090] The above-described constant A was then calculated so as to reduce the differences
between the subjective evaluation results (the subjective evaluation values Esuba).
As a result, the below-described Formula 6 was found.

[0091] A relationship between the evaluation parameter value Y expressed in formula 6 and
the subjective evaluation values Esuba is described below.
[0092] FIG. 14 is a graph illustrating evaluation results obtained by the method for evaluating
discomfort glare according to the first embodiment.
[0093] In FIG. 14, the horizontal axis is the evaluation parameter value Y expressed in
formula 6 and the vertical axis is the subjective evaluation value Esuba.
[0094] As can be seen in FIG. 14, the degree of matching of the evaluation parameter value
Y with the subjective evaluation value Esuba is high. In fact, the correlation (R)
between the subjective evaluation values Esuba and the evaluation parameter values
Y was 0.77.
[0095] Thus, according to the method for evaluating discomfort glare of the embodiment,
an evaluation can be made in which the degree of matching with the subjective evaluation
results is higher than in the case that the calculated values UGR (and UGRg) are used.
Thus, an evaluation of discomfort glare can be appropriately made even for new luminaires
with low luminance uniformity ratios U.
[0096] The constants of formula 5 and formula 6 were determined to achieve a match with
the experimental results, and can therefore be appropriately changed according to
the desired condition for evaluating the discomfort glare.
[0097] According to the investigation of the inventors, a and c in formula 1 (which is the
same as formula 3) are preferably not less than 0 and not more than 1. For b and d,
a value of 2 is preferable. In this case, it is more likely that the correlation between
the evaluation parameter Y and the subjective evaluation values Esuba will be high.
Also, for k, the base of the natural logarithm (approximately 2.718) may, for example,
be used. Also, n may, for example, be not less than 2.3 and not more than 3.5. Specifically,
n may be 3. Accordingly, the correlation is more likely to be high.
[0098] FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating the method for evaluating discomfort glare according
to the first embodiment.
[0099] As shown in FIG. 15, the method for evaluating discomfort glare according to the
first embodiment includes an information obtaining process (Step S110) and a calculating
process (Step S120).
[0100] The information obtaining process (Step S110) includes obtaining average luminance
information relating to the average luminance La of the luminous surface 220 of the
luminaire 210, luminance uniformity ratio information relating to the luminance uniformity
ratio U of the luminous surface 220, luminous surface size information relating to
the size ω of the luminous surface 220, and background luminance information relating
to the background luminance Lb of the luminaire 210 (Step S111).
[0101] In the calculating process (Step S120), an evaluation parameter value is calculated
based on the average luminance La obtained in the information obtaining process, the
luminance uniformity ratio U, the luminous surface size ω, and the background luminance
Lb, an evaluation. Specifically, the evaluation parameter value is calculated by dividing
a product of a value based on La, a value based on U, and a value based on ω, by a
value based on Lb.
[0102] In the calculating process (Step S120), a value based on the calculated evaluation
parameter value can be outputted.
[0103] The information obtaining process (Step S110) may further include obtaining environment
information relating to the interior environment 250 where the luminaire 210 is provided
(Step S101) and obtaining viewpoint information relating to the viewpoint 102 in the
interior environment 250 (Step S102).
[0104] The information obtaining process (Step S110) may further include obtaining a predetermined
position index pi for the ith (where i is an integer not less than 1) luminaire 210
(Step S112) based on the environment information and the viewpoint information.
[0105] The average luminance information includes the average luminance Li of the luminous
surface 220 of the ith luminaire 210. The luminance uniformity ratio information includes
the luminance uniformity ratio Ui of the luminous surface 220 of the ith luminaire
210. The luminous surface size information includes a size ωi of the luminous surface
220 of the ith luminaire 210. Also, the calculating process (Step S120) includes calculating,
as the evaluation parameter value, the evaluation parameter value Y expressed in the
above-described Formula 1. Further, the calculating process (Step S120) may include
calculating a value based on the evaluation parameter value.
[0106] For example, in the obtaining of the environment information relating to the interior
environment 250 (Step S101), information relating to a size of the interior environment
250, an internal reflectance of the interior environment 250, information about the
luminaire 210 and a number of the luminaires 210 and the like, is obtained as the
information relating to the interior environment 250. The information about the luminaire
210 includes a distribution of luminous intensity of the luminaire 210, a maximum
luminance of the light emitting face (such as the luminous surface 220), a size (such
as an area in meters squared) of the light emitting face, a conservation ratio, a
dimming ratio and the like. The information relating to the interior environment 250
may be set by a user of the method for evaluating discomfort glare or obtained from
an information source.
[0107] For example, in the obtaining of the viewpoint information relating to the viewpoint
102 in the interior environment 250 (Step S102), information relating to the position
of the viewpoint 102 in the interior environment 250 is obtained. The viewpoint information
may be set by a user of the method for evaluating discomfort glare or obtained from
an information source.
[0108] After executing Step S101 and Step S102, the process determines whether the obtaining
is finished (setting finished) in Step S103, and if the obtaining is finished, proceeds
to Step S111.
[0109] In Step S111, the average luminance La, the luminance uniformity ratio U, the size
ω of the luminous surface 220 are obtained. These values may be set by a user of the
method for evaluating discomfort glare or obtained from an information source. Further,
these values may be calculated based on the above-described environment information
and viewpoint information.
[0110] In the obtaining of the position index pi (Step S112), the position index pi is,
for example, calculated based on the above-described environment information and viewpoint
information. The position index may be set by a user of the method for evaluating
discomfort glare or obtained from an information source.
[0111] Specifically, the average luminance La, the luminance uniformity ratio U, the size
ω of the luminous surface 220 and the background luminance Lb in Step S111, and the
position index pi in Step S112 may, for example, be supplied from a device using various
sensors such as color sensors, photodiodes and image sensors or an information terminal
device capable of input and output.
[0112] After executing Step S111 and Step S112, the process determines whether the obtaining
is finished (setting finished) in Step S113, and if the obtaining is finished, proceeds
to Step S120.
[0113] According to this procedure the discomfort glare of any interior environment 250
can be evaluated.
[0114] FIG. 16 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a discomfort glare evaluation
device capable of implementing the method for evaluating discomfort glare according
to the first embodiment.
[0115] As shown in FIG. 16, a discomfort glare evaluation device 400 according to the embodiment
includes, for example, a setting unit 401, a parameter calculating unit 402, a calculating
unit 403, an output unit 404 and a power supply unit 405. The discomfort glare evaluation
device 400 may further including a storage unit 406.
[0116] The setting unit 401, the parameter calculating unit 402, and the calculating unit
403 are functional blocks which may be integrated. For the discomfort glare evaluation
device 400, an information device such as a computer or the like is used.
[0117] The setting unit 401 sets, for example, the above-described environment information
relating to the interior environment 250. The setting unit 401 supplies, for example,
the set environment information to the parameter calculating unit 402.
[0118] Based on the information obtained from the setting unit 401, the parameter calculating
unit 402 calculates, for example, the average luminance La (or Li) of the luminous
surface 220 of the luminaire 210, the luminance uniformity ratio U (or Ui) of the
luminous surface 220, the size ω (or ωi) of the luminous surface 220, the background
luminance Lb and the position index pi. The calculated values are supplied to the
calculating unit 403.
[0119] The calculating unit 403 calculates the evaluation parameter value Y using the values
supplied from the parameter calculating unit 402. For example, the calculating unit
403 calculates a value corresponding to a degree of discomfort glare felt by a person
for the interior environment 250. The calculated value is supplied to the output unit
404.
[0120] The output unit 404 provides a user of the discomfort glare evaluation device 400
with the value calculated by the calculating unit 403. For the output unit 404, various
types of display, printer or sound generating equipment can, for example be used.
The output unit 404 may supply the data to other electronic equipment.
[0121] The power supply unit 405 supplies electrical power to each of the above-described
units. The storage unit 406 stores required data, and supplies the data as required
to the units.
[0122] The calculating unit 403 is capable of executing operations of the above-described
Step S120. The calculating unit 403 may, for example, when the evaluation parameter
value Y calculated in Step S120 exceeds a predetermined range, supply a signal that
is a warning to the output unit 404. On obtaining the signal that is a warning, the
output unit 404 may provide a warning signal such as a warning sound or warning indicator
to the user. The output unit 404 may provide the warning signal together with the
obtained evaluation parameter value Y.
[0123] By evaluating the discomfort glare using the method for evaluating discomfort glare
according to the embodiment, it is possible to design light devices and lighting spacing
with consideration for discomfort glare. For example, by using Formula 1 and/or Formula
6, it is possible to design luminaires and lighting spacing with low glare discomfort.
[0124] For example, in a lighting environment 250 using a luminaire 210 in which the average
luminance La of the luminous surface 220 of the luminaire 210 is 20000 cd/m
2, the luminance uniformity ratio U of the luminous surface 220 is 0.01, the size ω
(solid angle) of the luminaire 210 is 0.02 sr, the luminance (background luminance
Lb) of the luminaire 210 is 20 cd/m
2 and the position index pi of the luminaire 210 is 10, the evaluation parameter Y
for the discomfort glare of the interior environment 250 is, from Formula 6, 22.0.
As already described, this value strongly matches the subjective evaluation value
Esub.
[0125] When using the subjective evaluation characteristics described with reference to
FIG. 10, the evaluation parameter Y of 22.0 corresponds to "start to feel discomfort".
Suppose, for example, that a reference value is 19, which is the recommended UGR for
offices. By using the embodiment, it can be seen that one way of reducing the evaluation
parameter value from 22.0 to 19 or less than is to set the luminous surface 220 of
the luminaire 210 to not less than 0.06.
[0126] Thus, by using the method for evaluating discomfort glare according to the embodiment,
a design specification for a lighting spacing to reduce discomfort glare can be determined.
[0127] Note that various constants included in Formula 1 can be changed as required. For
example, by using different constants to the constants in Formula 6, discomfort glare
can be appropriately evaluated when the parameters have been logarithmized, when the
calculation method for the luminance uniformity ratio U of the luminous surface 220
of the luminaire 210 has been changed, when the conditions of the luminaire 210 and
the lighting spacing (interior environment 250) have been changed, or when the luminaire
210 is directly observed.
[0128] In the above, a case was described in which the evaluation parameter value Y of the
discomfort glare was determined so as to match the subjective evaluation value Esub
described with reference to FIG. 10, but the characteristics of subjective evaluation
values Esub may differ from the characteristics described in FIG. 10. In this case,
the constants of Formula 1 are appropriately set. Thus the constants in Formula 6
are also appropriately changed.
[0129] Thus, with the method for evaluating discomfort glare according to the embodiment,
discomfort glare in a interior environment 250 using a luminaire 210 (such as an LED
luminaire) having the luminous surface 220 (light emitting face) with a low luminance
uniformity ratio U can be appropriately evaluated by simple calculation. Moreover,
with the method for evaluating discomfort glare according to the embodiment, the discomfort
glare of the luminaire 210 including a portion in which the luminous surface 220 (light
emitting face) has a low luminance uniformity ratio U, can be found by simple calculation.
Moreover, by appropriately evaluating the discomfort glare, lighting parameters can
be proposed for obtaining the interior environment 250 (including the luminaire 210)
with the degree of discomfort glare controlled to a desired level.
(Second Embodiment)
[0130] A second embodiment relates to a computer program for evaluating the discomfort glare.
[0131] A discomfort glare evaluation program according to the embodiment causes, for example,
a computer to execute the operations described with reference to FIG. 15.
[0132] The program causes the computer to obtain information including average luminance
information relating to the average luminance La of the luminous surface 220 of the
luminaire 210, luminance uniformity ratio information relating to the luminance uniformity
ratio U of the luminous surface 220, luminous surface size information relating to
the size ω of the luminous surface 220, and background luminance information relating
to the background luminance Lb of the luminaire 210 (Step S110 including Step S111).
[0133] The program causes the computer to calculate an evaluation parameter value based
on the average luminance La, the luminance uniformity ratio U, the luminous surface
size ω, and the background luminance Lb obtained in the above-described information
obtaining. Specifically, the evaluation parameter value is calculated by dividing
a product of a value based on La, a value based on U, and a value based on ω, by a
value based on Lb (Step S120). The program may, for example, cause the computer to
output a value based on calculated evaluation parameter value.
[0134] The above-described Step S110 may further cause the computer to obtain environment
information relating to the interior environment 250 where the luminaire 210 is provided
(Step S101) and obtain viewpoint information relating to the viewpoint 102 in the
interior environment 250 (Step S102).
[0135] Step S110 may further cause the computer to obtain a predetermined position index
pi for the ith (where i is an integer not less than 1) luminaire 210 (Step S112) based
on the environment information and the viewpoint information.
[0136] The average luminance information includes the average luminance Li of the luminous
surface 220 of the ith luminaire 210. The luminance uniformity ratio information includes
the luminance uniformity ratio Ui of the luminous surface 220 of the ith luminaire
210. The luminous surface size information includes a size ωi of the emitting portion
220 of the ith luminaire 210. Also, Step S120 includes causing the computer to calculate
the evaluation parameter value Y expressed in Formula 1. Further, in Step S120, the
computer may be caused to output a value based on the evaluation parameter value Y.
[0137] For example, in Step S101, the computer is caused to obtain, as information relating
to the interior environment 250, information relating to a size of the interior environment
250, an internal reflectance of the interior environment 250, information about the
luminaire 210, a number of the luminaires 210 and the like. The information about
the luminaire 210 includes a distribution of luminous intensity of the luminaire 210,
a maximum luminance of the light emitting face (such as the luminous surface 220),
a size (such as an area in meters squared) of the light emitting face, a conservation
ratio, a dimming ratio and the like. The program may cause the computer to prompt
the user of the method for evaluating discomfort glare to set the information relating
to the interior environment 250. Alternatively, the program may cause the computer
to obtain the information relating to the interior environment 250 from an information
providing source.
[0138] For example, Step S102 causes the computer to obtain information relating to the
position of the viewpoint 102 in the interior environment 250. The program may cause
the computer to prompt the user of the method for evaluating discomfort glare to set
the viewpoint information. Alternatively, the program may cause the computer to obtain
the viewpoint information from an information providing source.
[0139] After executing Step S101 and Step S102, the process determines whether the obtaining
is finished (setting finished) in Step S103, and if the obtaining is finished, proceeds
to Step S111.
[0140] In Step S111, the program causes the computer to obtain the average luminance La,
the luminance uniformity ratio U, the size ω of the lighting emitting portion 220,
and the background luminance Lb. For example, the program may cause the computer to
prompt the user of the method for evaluating discomfort glare to set the above-described
values. Alternatively, the program may cause the computer to obtain the above-described
values from an information providing source. A future possibility is that the program
causes the computer to calculate the above-described values based on the above-described
environment information and viewpoint information.
[0141] In Step S112, the program causes the computer to calculate the position index pi
based on the above-described environment information and viewpoint information. The
program may cause the computer to prompt the user of the method for evaluating discomfort
glare to set the position index pi. Alternatively, the program may cause the computer
to obtain the position index from an information providing source.
[0142] Specifically, the program may cause the computer to obtain, from various devices,
the average luminance La, the luminance uniformity ratio U, the size ω of the luminous
surface 220 and the background luminance Lb in Step S111, and the position index pi
in Step S112. For the various devices, devices using various sensors such as color
sensors, photodiodes and image sensors, an information terminal device capable of
input and output or the like may be used.
[0143] After executing Step S111 and Step S112, the process determines whether the obtaining
is finished (setting finished) in Step S113, and if the obtaining is finished, proceeds
to Step S120.
[0144] According to this procedure, the discomfort glare of any interior environment 250
can be evaluated.
[0145] With the discomfort glare evaluation program according to the embodiment, the discomfort
glare of luminaires such as the luminaire 210 having a low luminance uniformity ratio
U (LED luminaires, for example), can be appropriately evaluated on a computer. Moreover,
a lighting design with appropriately suppressed discomfort glare can be provided.
[0146] According to the embodiment, the method for evaluating discomfort glare and the discomfort
glare evaluation program capable of appropriately evaluating discomfort glare can
be provided.
[0147] Embodiments of the invention with reference to examples were described above. However,
the embodiments of the invention are not limited to these examples. For example, if
a person with ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains carries out
the invention in the same way by selecting a specific configuration of elements for
the luminaire, luminous surface, lighting environment, and so on for use in the method
for evaluating discomfort glare, as appropriate from the publicly known scope and
can obtain the same results, then this configuration is included within the scope
of the invention.
[0148] Further, any two or more components of the specific examples may be combined within
the extent of technical feasibility and are included in the scope of the invention
to the extent that the purport of the invention is included.
[0149] Further, all methods for evaluating discomfort glare or discomfort glare evaluation
programs obtained by a person skilled in the art through suitable design modifications
based on the method for evaluating discomfort glare and discomfort glare evaluation
program capable of appropriately evaluating discomfort glare in the manner described
in these embodiments, are to be included within the scope of the invention.
[0150] Various other variations and modifications can be conceived by those skilled in the
art within the spirit of the invention, and it is understood that such variations
and modifications are also encompassed within the scope of the invention.
[0151] While certain embodiments have been described, these embodiments have been presented
by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventions.
Indeed, the novel embodiments described herein may be embodied in a variety of other
forms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the
embodiments described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the
inventions. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such
forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the invention.
1. A method for evaluating discomfort glare comprising:
obtaining average luminance information relating to an average luminance La (cd/m2) of a luminous surface (220) of a luminaire (210), luminance uniformity ratio information
relating to a luminance uniformity ratio U (dimensionless value) of the luminous surface
(220), luminous surface size information relating to a size ω (sr) of the luminous
surface (220), and background luminance information relating to a background luminance
Lb (cd/m2) of the luminaire (210); and
calculating an evaluation parameter value based on the average luminance La, the luminance
uniformity ratio U, the luminous surface size ω, and the background luminance Lb obtained
in the obtaining, the evaluation parameter value being a value of a product of a value
based on the La, a value based on the U, and a value based on the ω divided by a value
based on the Lb.
2. The method according claim 1, wherein the obtaining further includes obtaining environment
information relating to a interior environment (250) provided with the luminaire (210),
and viewpoint information relating to a viewpoint (102) in the interior environment
(250),
the obtaining further includes obtaining information relating to a predetermined position
index pi for an ith (where i is an integer not less than 1) luminaire (210), based
on the environment information and the viewpoint information,
the average luminance information includes the average luminance Li (cd/m
2) of the luminous surface (220) of the ith luminaire (210),
the luminance uniformity ratio information includes a luminance uniformity ratio Ui
(dimensionless value) of the luminous surface (220) of the ith luminaire (210),
the luminous surface size information includes a size ωi (sr) of the luminous surface
(220) of the ith luminaire (210), and
the calculating calculates, as the evaluation parameter value, a value Y expressed
by formula 1 below

where, in formula 1, the A, the B, the a, the b, the c, the d, the k, the n, the const
1 and the const 2 are constants, each of the a, the b, the c, the d, the k and the
n is not less than 0 and not greater than 10, and the "." represents a multiplication.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the a is not less than 0 and not more than
1, the b is 2, the c is not less than 0 and not more than 1, and the d is 2.
4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the a and the c are 1, and the b and the
d are 2.
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the k is a base of natural logarithm.
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the n is 3.
7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the A is 5.712.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the B is -0.069, and the const2 is 0.412.
9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the const1 is 0.
10. The method according to any one of claims 2-9, wherein the obtaining includes calculating
at least one of the position index pi, the background luminance Lb, the average luminance
La, the luminance uniformity ratio U, and the size ω of the luminous surface based
on the environment information and the viewpoint information.
11. The method according to any one of claims 2-4, wherein at least one of the environment
information, the viewpoint information, the position index pi, the background luminance
Lb, the average luminance La, the luminance uniformity ratio U, and the size ω of
the luminous surface in the obtaining is an inputted value.
12. The method according to any one of claims 2-4, wherein the obtaining includes measuring
at least one of the environment information, the viewpoint information, the position
index pi, the background luminance Lb, the average luminance La, the luminance uniformity
ratio U, and the size ω of the luminous surface.
13. A discomfort glare evaluation program comprising:
causing a computer to obtain information including average luminance information relating
to an average luminance La of a luminous surface (220) of a luminaire (210), luminance
uniformity ratio information relating to a luminance uniformity ratio U of the luminous
surface (220), luminous surface size information relating to a size ω of the luminous
surface (220), and background luminance information relating to a background luminance
Lb of the luminaire (210); and
causing the computer to calculate an evaluation parameter value based on the average
luminance La, the luminance uniformity ratio U, the luminous surface size w, and the
background luminance Lb obtained in the information obtaining, the evaluation parameter
value being a value of a product of a value based on the La, a value based on the
U, and a value based on the ω divided by a value based on the Lb.
14. The program according claim 13, wherein the obtaining information further includes:
causing the computer to obtain environment information relating to a interior environment
(250) provided with the luminaire (210), and viewpoint information relating to a viewpoint
(102) in the interior environment (250), and
the obtaining information further includes: causing the computer to obtain information
relating to a predetermined position index pi for an ith (where i is an integer not
less than 1) luminaire (210), based on the environment information and the viewpoint
information,
the average luminance information includes an average luminance Li of the luminous
surface (220) of the ith luminaire (210),
the luminance uniformity ratio information includes a luminance uniformity ratio Ui
(dimensionless value)of the luminous surface (220) of the ith luminaire (210),
the luminous surface size information includes a size ωi of the luminous surface (220)
of the ith luminaire (210), and
the calculating includes causing the computer to calculate, as the evaluation parameter
value, a value Y expressed by formula 1 below

where, in formula 1, the A, the B, the a, the b, the c, the d, the k, the n, the const
1 and the const 2 are constants, each of the a, the b, the c, the d, the k and the
n is not less than 0 and not more than 10, and the "." represents a multiplication.
15. The program according claim 14, wherein the a is not less than 0 and not more than
1, the b is 2, the c is not less than 0 and not more than 1, and the d is 2.
16. The program according claim 14, wherein the a and the c are 1, and the b and the d
are 2.
17. The program according claim 16, wherein the k is a base of natural logarithm.
18. The program according claim 17, wherein the n is 3.
19. The program according claim 18, wherein the A is 5.712.
20. The program according claim 19, wherein the B is -0.069, the const2 is 0.412, and
the const1 is 0.