Technical Field
[0001] The present invention relates to a light emitting module. The invention relates more
particularly to a technical field in which a transparent resin is applied to distal
end portions of light shielding walls which surround a semiconductor light emitting
element from the circumference thereof to thereby form a clear cutoff line in a light
distribution pattern.
Background Art
[0002] There are light emitting modules which employ a semiconductor light emitting element
such as a light emitting diode (LED) as a light source, and these light emitting modules
are equipped, for example, in vehicle lamps which shine light emitted from the semiconductor
light emitting element as illumination light. In these vehicle lamps, a predetermined
light distribution pattern is formed by light shone as illumination light.
[0003] In these light emitting modules, there are some light emitting modules which has
a plurality of semiconductor light emitting elements which shine light, a circuit
board on which the semiconductor light emitting elements are mounted, luminescent
material layers which change a wavelength of light emitted from the corresponding
semiconductor light emitting elements, and light shielding walls which surround the
semiconductor light emitting elements and the luminescent material layers from the
circumference thereof (for example, refer to Patent Literature 1).
[0004] In a light emitting module described in Patent Literature 1, light emitted from each
semiconductor light emitting element is prevented from being incident on the semiconductor
light emitting elements which lie adjacent thereto by the light shielding walls which
surround the semiconductor light emitting element and the luminescent material layer
from the circumference thereof.
Related Art Literature
Patent Literature
Summary of the Invention
[0006] Incidentally, an external surface of the luminescent material layer does not have
to project further forwards than distal ends of the light shielding walls in order
to prevent the incidence of light emitted from each semiconductor light emitting element
on the semiconductor light emitting elements which lie adjacent thereto. However,
there exists a possibility that there are caused variances in height of each light
shielding wall, thickness of each semiconductor light emitting element and thickness
of the adhesive due to machining or working accuracy in the production process of
the light emitting module. Consequently, in order to prevent the projection of the
external surface of the luminescent material layer from the distal ends of the light
shielding walls, the distal end portions of the light shielding walls are designed
so as to project further forwards than the external surface of the luminescent material
layer with an allowance which takes the variances described above into consideration.
[0007] In the light emitting module, part of the light emitted from the semiconductor emitting
element and the luminescent material layer is reflected on the light shielding walls
to thereby be shone as illumination light, part of which is then shone as direct illumination
light. As this occurs, the quantity of light shone by the distal end portion of the
light shielding wall which projects further forwards than the luminescent material
layer becomes smaller than the quantity of light emitted from the other portions of
the light shielding wall by such an extent that there is no light which is shone from
the luminescent material layer as direct illumination light. Part of light which is
reflected at the distal end portions of the light shielding walls constitutes light
which forms a cutoff line.
[0008] In the light emitting module described in Patent Literature 1, as described above,
since the quality of light shone after having been reflected at the distal end portion
of the light shielding wall is smaller than the quantity of light which is shone from
the other portions than the distal end portion of the light shielding wall, the cutoff
line in the light distribution pattern becomes unclear, leading to a problem that
a desired light distribution pattern cannot be formed.
[0009] Then, a problem to be solved by the invention is how to overcome the aforesaid problem,
so as to form a clear cutoff line in a light distribution pattern.
Means for Solving the Problem
[0010]
- (1) With a view to solving the problem, according to the invention, there is provided
a light emitting module characterized by including a semiconductor light emitting
element which has a light emitting surface from which light is emitted, a circuit
board on which the semiconductor light emitting element is mounted, a luminescent
material layer which is disposed so as to cover the emitting surface of the semiconductor
light emitting element and which changes a wavelength of at least part of light emitted
from the semiconductor light emitting element and a light shielding wall which is
provided on the circuit board and which surrounds the semiconductor light emitting
element and the luminescent material layer from the circumference thereof, and characterized
in that the luminescent material layer is bonded to the semiconductor light emitting
element and the light shielding wall with a bonding resin having a light transmittivity,
in that a distal end portion of the light shielding wall is caused to project further
forwards than the luminescent material layer, and in that a transparent resin having
a light transmittivity is applied so as to cover at least an exposed surface of the
distal end portion of the light shielding wall.
- (2) In the invention described under (1) above, a plurality of semiconductor light
emitting elements like the semiconductor light emitting element are mounted side by
side at predetermined intervals, the same number of luminescent material layers like
the luminescent material layer as the plurality of semiconductor light emitting elements
are disposed so as to cover individually light emitting surfaces of the semiconductor
light emitting elements, and the light shielding wall is provided so as to surround
the plurality of semiconductor light emitting elements and the plurality of luminescent
material layers from the circumference thereof.
- (3) In the invention described under (1) or (2) above, the transparent resin is applied
so as to cover the whole of an opening portion which is formed by the distal end portion
of the light shielding wall which is caused to project further forwards than the luminescent
material layer.
- (4) In the invention described in any of (1) to (3) above, the transparent resin is
made of the same material as that of the bonding resin.
Advantage of the Invention
[0011] According to the invention described under (1) above, part of the light emitted from
the semiconductor light emitting element is internally reflected in the transparent
resin, and the light which is internally reflected in the transparent resin is reflected
on the light shielding wall to thereby increase the quantity of light at the distal
end portion of the light shielding wall. Therefore, the difference between the quantity
of light shone from the distal end portion of the light shielding wall and the quantity
of light shone from the other portions than the distal end portion of the light shielding
wall is reduced, thereby making it possible to form a clear cutoff line in the light
distribution pattern.
[0012] According to the invention described under (2) above, the luminous intensity of the
light distribution pattern formed by light emitted from the plurality of semiconductor
light emitting elements can be made uniform, and a clear cutoff line can be formed.
[0013] According to the invention described under (3) above, light which is internally reflected
in the transparent resin to be reflected on the exposed surface of the light shielding
wall is increased, and therefore, the quantity of light which is shone from the distal
end portion of the light shielding wall and the quantity of light which is shone from
the other portions than the distal end portion of the light shielding wall become
even, thereby making it possible to form a far clearer cutoff line in the light distribution
pattern.
[0014] According to the invention described under (4) above, the transparent resin can be
applied simultaneously in the step where the bonding resin is applied, and therefore,
the light emitting module can easily be fabricated, and a reduction in the fabrication
time of the light emitting module can be realized.
Brief Description of the Drawing
[0015]
Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of the invention together with Figs. 2 to 4 and is a schematic
vertical sectional view of a vehicle headlamp.
Fig. 2 is an enlarged sectional view of a light emitting module.
Fig. 3 is a conceptual drawing which shows an optical path of light emitted from a
semiconductor light emitting element.
Fig. 4 is an enlarged sectional view showing an example in which a transparent resin
is applied to portions of an opening portion.
Description of Embodiments
[0016] Hereinafter, referring to the accompanying drawings, a mode for carrying out a light
emitting module of the invention will be described.
[0017] In a form which will be described below, a light emitting module of the invention
is applied to a light emitting module which is provided in a vehicle headlamp. It
is noted that the application of the light emitting module of the invention is not
limited the light emitting module provided in the vehicle headlamp and hence that
the invention can also widely be applied to other various types of vehicle lamps than
the vehicle headlamp.
[0018] A vehicle headlamp 1 is disposed mounted at each of left- and right-hand end portions
of a front end portion of a vehicle body.
[0019] As shown in Fig. 1, the vehicle headlamp 1 includes a lamp housing 2 which is formed
into a concave shape which is opened to the front and a cover 3 which closes an opening
side of the lamp housing 2, and a lamp outer housing 4 is made up of the lamp housing
2 and the cover 3. An interior space of the lamp outer housing 4 is formed as a lamp
compartment 5.
[0020] A lamp unit 6 is disposed in the lamp compartment 5. The lamp unit 6 has a bracket
7, a light emitting module 8, a reflector 9, a lens holder 10 and a projection lens
11.
[0021] The bracket 7 is formed, for example, of a metallic material having high thermal
conductivity, and a front surface thereof is formed as a mounting surface 7a. Heat
dissipating fins 7b, 7b, ... (only one of which is shown in Fig. 1) are provided on
a rear surface of the bracket 7 so as to project to the rear.
[0022] A fan 12 is attached to rear surfaces of the heat dissipating fins 7b, 7b, ... which
are provided on the bracket 7. Heat generated when the light emitting module 8 is
driven is dissipated by the heat dissipating fins 7b, 7b, ... and the fan 12.
[0023] As shown in Fig. 2, the light emitting module 8 has semiconductor light emitting
elements 13, 13 which emit light, ..., a circuit board 14 on which the semiconductor
light emitting elements 13, 13, ... are mounted, luminescent material layers 15, 15,
... which change a wavelength of at least part of light emitted from the semiconductor
light emitting elements 13, 13, ... and light shielding walls 16, 16, ... which are
provided on the circuit board 14.
[0024] Front surfaces of the semiconductor light emitting elements 13, 13, ... are made
into light emitting surfaces 13a, 13a, ... from which light is emitted, and rear surfaces
thereof are made into surfaces on which the light emitting elements 13, 13, ... are
mounted on the circuit board 14. The semiconductor light emitting elements 13, 13,
... are provided side by side at predetermined intervals in a left-to-right direction.
For example, a light emitting diode (LED) which emits light of a blue wavelength is
used as the semiconductor light emitting elements 13, 13, ....
[0025] The circuit board 14 is mounted on a central portion of the mounting surface 7a of
the bracket 7 (refer to Fig. 1).
[0026] The semiconductor light emitting elements 13, 13, ... are each connected to a circuit
pattern, not shown, which is formed on the circuit board 14 via connecting terminals
17, 17, .... The semiconductor light emitting elements 13, 13, ... can be individually
and separately illuminated to emit light by means of a driving voltage supplied from
a power supply circuit, not shown.
[0027] The luminescent material layers 15, 15, ... are formed, for example, of a material
such as ceramic or glass and are disposed so as to cover the corresponding light emitting
surfaces 13a, 13a, ... of the semiconductor light emitting elements 13, 13, .... The
luminescent material layers 15 are each formed into a truncated quadrangular prism
whose external form expands as they extend to the front, and external surfaces thereof
are made up of a front surface 15a, a rear surface 15b and four side surfaces 15c,
15c, ... which are inclined so as to displaced outwards as they extend to the front.
The rear surface 15b has substantially the same size of that of the light emitting
surface 13a of the semiconductor light emitting element 13, and the front surface
15a is made larger than the rear surface 15b. As the luminescent material layers 15,
15, ... a layer is used which has a yellow luminescent material which emits light
of a yellow wavelength by being excited, for example, by light of a blue wavelength.
[0028] In the light emitting module 8, blue light emitted from the semiconductor light emitting
elements 13, 13, ... and yellow light emitted from the luminescent material layers
15, 15, ... are mixed together to emit white light.
[0029] The light shielding walls 16, 16, ... are individually caused to project to the front
from the circuit board 14 and are provided so as to surround vertically and horizontally
the corresponding semiconductor light emitting elements 13, 13, ... and luminescent
material layers 15, 15, .... The light shielding walls 16, 16, ... are each formed,
for example, into a pentagonal prism which extends horizontally or vertically.
[0030] The light shielding walls 16 are each made up of an erected portion 18 which connects
to a front surface of the circuit board 14 and which is directed vertically or horizontally
and an inclined portion 19 which is inclined so that both surfaces (external surfaces)
thereof approach each other as the inclined portion 19 extends to the front from a
front end of the erected portion 18. The external surfaces of the inclined portion
19 are formed as inclined surfaces 20, 20, and a front end of a distal end portion
(a front end portion) 21 is made into an apex portion 21a. The inclined surfaces 20,
20 are inclined individually at an angle at which the inclined surfaces 20, 20 follow
individually the side surfaces 15c, 15c of the luminescent material layers 15, 15.
[0031] Outer circumferential surfaces of the light shielding walls 16, 16, ... which do
not surround the semiconductor light emitting elements 13, 13, ... and the luminescent
material layers 15, 15, ... may be directed vertically and horizontally without having
an inclined surface as shown in Fig. 2.
[0032] The semiconductor light emitting element 13 is surrounded by the erected portions
18, 18, ... of the four light shielding walls 16, 16, ... from the circumference thereof,
and the luminescent material layer 15 is surrounded by the inclined portions 19, 19,
... of the four light shielding walls 16, 16, ... from the circumference thereof.
The four side surfaces 15c, 15c, ... of the luminescent material layer 15 and the
four inclined surfaces 20, 20 which surround the luminescent material layer 15 from
the circumference thereof individually stand opposite to each other. The distal end
portions 21, 21, ... of the inclined portions 19, 19, ... are positioned further forwards
than the front surface 15a of the luminescent material layer 15. Of the inclined surfaces
20, 20, ... external surfaces of the distal end portions 21, 21, ... are made into
exposed surfaces 20a, 20a, ... while of the inclined surfaces 20, 20, other surfaces
than the distal end portions 21, 21, ... are made into surrounding surfaces 20b, 20b,
.... Consequently, the luminescent material layer 15 is surrounded from the circumference
thereof by the four surrounding surfaces 20b, 20b, ....
[0033] In the light emitting module 8, portions which are each surrounded by the four distal
end portions 21, 21, ... are formed as opening portions 22, 22, ... which are positioned
at front sides of the luminescent material layers 15, 15, ....
[0034] In the luminescent material layer 15, the rear surface 15b is bonded to the light
emitting surface 13a of the semiconductor light emitting element 13 with a bonding
resin 23, and the four side surfaces 15c, 15c, ... are bonded individually to the
four surrounding surfaces 20b, 20b, ... of the light shielding walls 16, 16, ... with
the bonding resin 23. The thickness of the bonding resin 23 applied between the luminescent
material layer 15 and the semiconductor light emitting element 13 and the thickness
of the bonding resin 23 applied between the luminescent material layer 15 and the
light shielding walls 16, 16, ... are substantially uniform and the bonding resin
23 applied thin therebetween. Consequently, the side surfaces 15c, 15c, ... of the
luminescent material layer 15 and the surrounding surfaces 20b, 20b, ... of the light
shielding walls 16, 16, ... are positioned close to each other.
[0035] The bonding resin 23 has light transmittivity, and for example, a silicone-based
material is used as the boding resin 23.
[0036] A transparent resin 24 is applied to cover the front surface 15a of the luminescent
material layer 15 and the exposed surfaces 20a, 20a, ... of the four light shielding
walls 16, 16, .... Namely, the transparent resin 24 is applied to cover the whole
of the opening portion 22. The transparent resin 24 is applied substantially uniform,
and a front surface 24a thereof is positioned on the same plane as a plane formed
by the apex portions 21a, 21a, ... of the four distal end portions 21, 21, ....
[0037] The transparent resin 24 has light transmittivity, and for example, the same material
as that of the bonding resin 23 is used as the transparent resin 24.
[0038] While the transparent resin 24 and the bonding resin 23 are described exemplarily
as being made of the same material, the transparent resin and the bonding resin may
be made of different materials, as long as the materials are resins having light transmittivity.
For example, the transparent resin may be made of the same material as that of the
luminescent material layer 15. As this occurs, as described above, since the apex
portions 21a, 21a, ... of the distal end portions 21, 21, ... of the light shielding
walls 16, 16, ... are positioned on the same plane as the front surface of the transparent
resin, light which is shone from the transparent resin made of the same material as
that of the luminescent material 15 as direct illumination light exists at the distal
end portions 21, 21, ....
[0039] The reflector 9 is made up of an upper reflector 25 which is disposed at an upper
side of the light emitting module 8 and a lower reflector 26 which is disposed at
a lower side of the light emitting module 8 (refer to Fig. 1). The upper reflector
25 and the lower reflector 26 have a substantially downwardly oriented surface on
a side facing the light emitting module 8 and a substantially upwardly oriented surface
on a side facing the light emitting module 8, respectively, and these surfaces are
formed as reflecting surfaces 25a, 26a. The reflector 9 has a function to reflect
light emitted from the light emitting module 8 towards the projection lens 11.
[0040] The lens holder 10 is mounted on the mounting surface 7a of the bracket 7 and is
formed into a ring-like shape which penetrates substantially in the front-to-rear
direction and is provided so as to cover the light emitting module 8.
[0041] The projection lens 11 is mounted at a front end portion of the lens holder 10 and
is held ahead of the light emitting module 8 by the lens holder 10. The projection
lens 11 has a function to project light emitted from the light emitting module 8 to
the front.
[0042] The lamp unit 6 is supported in the lamp housing 2 so as to tilt freely by a light
axis control mechanism 27. The light axis control mechanism 27 has aiming screws 28,
28 and a leveling actuator 29.
[0043] The aiming screws 28, 28 (only one of which is shown in Fig. 1) are positioned so
as to be spaced apart from each other in the left-to-right direction and each connect
an upper end portion of the bracket 7 with an upper end portion of the lamp housing
2. The lamp unit 6 is tilted substantially vertically or substantially horizontally
by the aiming screw 28 being rotated, whereby the aiming of the lamp unit 6 is controlled.
[0044] The leveling actuator 29 connects a lower end portion of the bracket 7 with a lower
end portion of the lamp housing 2. The lamp unit 6 is tilted substantially vertically
by the leveling actuator 29 being driven, whereby the leveling of the lamp unit 6
is controlled.
[0045] In the vehicle headlamp 1 which is configured as described above, a driving voltage
is applied individually and separately to the semiconductor light emitting elements
13, 13, ... of the light emitting module 8 from the power supply circuit, whereby
light is emitted from the emitting surfaces 13a, 13a, ... of the predetermined semiconductor
light emitting elements 13, 13, ... to which the driving voltage is applied.
[0046] When light is emitted from the semiconductor light emitting elements 13, 13, ...,
part of light is emitted to the front through the bonding resins 23, 23, ..., the
luminescent material layers 15, 15, ... and the transparent resins 24, 24, ....
[0047] In addition, when light is emitted from the semiconductor light emitting elements
13, 13, ..., another part of the light passes through the bonding resin 23 and thereafter
is reflected internally on the front surface 15a of the luminescent material layer
15 or the front surface 24a of the transparent resin 24. Part of the light reflected
internally on the front surface 15a or the front surface 24a is totally reflected
on the surrounding surfaces 20b, 20b, ... of the light shielding walls 16, 16, ...
to thereby be emitted to the front.
[0048] In addition, part of the light which is reflected internally on the front surface
24a is, as shown in Fig. 3, is guided in the transparent resin 24 and is then reflected
totally on the exposed surfaces 20a, 20a, ... of the light shielding walls 16, 16,
... to thereby be emitted to the front (an optical path L). Part of the light which
is reflected on the exposed surfaces 20a, 20a, ... to be emitted to the front constitutes
light which forms a cutoff line of a light distribution pattern.
[0049] Light emitted from the light emitting module 8 is reflected by the reflector 9 to
be directed towards the projection lens 11 or travels directly thereto without being
reflected by the reflector 9 and is shone to the front by the projection lens 11 to
form a desired light distribution pattern.
[0050] In the light emitting module 8, as described above, the transparent resin 24 is applied
to a front side of the luminescent material layer 15, and an internal reflection is
produced on the front surface 24a of the transparent resin 24.
[0051] Consequently, light which is emitted from the semiconductor light emitting elements
13, 13, ... and is then reflected internally on the front surface 24a of the transparent
resin 24 is reflected on the exposed surfaces 20a, 20a, ... of the light shielding
walls 16, 16, ... to increase the quantity of light which is shone from the distal
end portions 21, 21, ... of the light shielding walls 16, 16, ..., whereby the quantity
of light which is shone at the distal end portions 21, 21, ... and the quantity of
light which is shone at the other portions than the distal end portions 21, 21, ...
become substantially even. This can form a light distribution pattern with a clear
cutoff line.
[0052] In the description made above, while the transparent resin 24 is described exemplarily
as being applied to close the whole of the opening portion 22 which is formed by the
distal end portions 21, 21, ... of the light shielding walls 16, 16, ..., the transparent
resin 24 may be applied in such a way as to close part of the opening portion 22,
as long as the light reflected internally therein is directed totally to the exposed
surfaces 20a, 20a, ....
[0053] For example, the transparent resin 24 may be applied only to an outer circumferential
portion of the opening portion 22 in such a way as to cover the exposed surfaces 20a,
20a, ... (refer to Fig. 4). Also, in the case of the transparent resin 24 being applied
only to the outer circumferential portion of the opening portion 22, as in the case
of the transparent resin 24 being applied in such a way as to cover the whole of the
opening portion 22, since an internal reflection is generated on an external surface
24b of the transparent resin 24, part of light is totally reflected by the exposed
surfaces 20a, 20a, ... to thereby be emitted to the front. Consequently, the quantity
of light which is shone at the distal end portions 21, 21, ... of the light shielding
walls 16, 16, ... is increased, whereby the difference between the quantity of light
shone at the distal end portions 21, 21, ... and the quantity of light shone at the
other portions than the distal end portions 21, 21, ... is reduced.
[0054] When the transparent resin 24 is applied only to the outer circumferential portion
of the opening portion 22, the evenness in quantity of light between light shone at
the distal end portions 21, 21, ... and light shone at the other portions than the
distal end portions 21, 21, ... can be ensured while reducing the amount of transparent
resin 24 used to reduce, in turn, the production costs.
[0055] In addition, in the description made above, while the light emitting module 8 is
described exemplarily as having the plurality of semiconductor light emitting elements
13, 13, ... and the plurality of luminescent material layers 15, 15, ..., the light
emitting module 8 may be configured so that one semiconductor light emitting element
13 and one luminescent material layer 15 are surrounded from the circumference thereof
by a plurality of light shielding walls 16, 16, ....
[0056] Thus, as has been described heretofore, in the light emitting module 8, part of light
which is emitted from the semiconductor light emitting element 13 and which is reflected
internally on the front surface 24a or the external surface 24b of the transparent
resin 24 is reflected on the exposed surfaces 20a, 20a, ... of the light shielding
walls 16, 16, ... to be shone to the front for formation of a light distribution pattern.
[0057] Consequently, since the quantity of light shone at the distal end portions 21, 21,
... of the light shielding walls 16, 16, ... is increased, the difference between
the quantity of light shone at the distal end portions 21, 21, ... and the quantity
of light shone at the other portions than the distal end portions 21, 21, ... is reduced,
thereby making it possible to form a clear cutoff line in a light distribution pattern.
[0058] In addition, in the light emitting module 8, the light shielding walls 16, 16, ...
are provided so as to surround individually the plurality of semiconductor light emitting
elements 13, 13, ... and the plurality of luminescent material layers 15, 15, ...
from the circumference thereof.
[0059] Consequently, light which is emitted from the semiconductor light emitting elements
13, 13, ... and which is reflected internally is reflected on the exposed surfaces
20a, 20a, ... of the light shielding walls 16, 16, ..., whereby the difference between
the quantity of light shone at the distal end portions 21, 21, ... and the quantity
of light shone at the other portions than the distal end portions 21, 21, ... is reduced.
Therefore, not only can a uniform luminous intensity be achieved in a light distribution
pattern which is formed by light emitted from the plurality of semiconductor light
emitting elements 13, 13, ... be made uniform, but also a clear cutoff line can be
formed.
[0060] Further, in the light emitting module 8, the transparent resin 24 is applied so as
to close the whole of the opening portion 22 formed by the distal end portions 21,
21, ... of the light shielding walls 16, 16, ....
[0061] Consequently, the area in the transparent resin 24 where light is internally reflected
is increased and part of light which is reflected internally on the front surface
24a of the transparent resin 24 is directed to the exposed surfaces 20a, 20a, ....
This increases the quantity of light which is reflected on the exposed surfaces 20a,
20a, ..., whereby the quantity of light shone at the distal end portions 21, 21, ...
and the quantity of light shone at the other portions than the distal end portions
21, 21, ... become even, thereby making it possible to form a clearer cutoff line
in a light distribution pattern.
[0062] Furthermore, in the light emitting module 8, the transparent resin 24 and the bonding
resin 23 are made of the same material.
[0063] Consequently, since the transparent resin 24 can be applied simultaneously in the
step of applying the bonding resin 23, not only can the light emitting module 8 be
fabricated easily, but also the fabrication time of the light emitting module 8 can
be reduced.
[0064] All the shapes and constructions of the individual portions described in the embodiment
which has been described heretofore are only the specific examples made in carrying
out the invention, and therefore, the technical scope of the invention should not
be construed in a limited fashion by them.
[0065] While the invention has been described in detail and by reference to the specific
embodiment, it is obvious to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains
that various alterations or modifications can be made thereto without departing from
the spirit and scope of the invention.
[0066] This patent application is based on Japanese Patent Application No.
2011-155434 filed on July 14, 2011, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Description of Reference
Numerals
[0067] 8 light emitting module; 13 semiconductor light emitting element; 13a light emitting
surface; 14 circuit board; 15 luminescent material layer; 16 light shielding wall;
20a exposed surface; 21 distal end portion; 22 opening portion; 23 bonding resin;
24 transparent resin.