Technical Field
[0001] The present invention relates to a cosmetic.
Background Art
[0002] Various organic ultraviolet absorbers have been used to impart an ultraviolet blocking
effect to cosmetics. In particular, ultraviolet shielding powders, in which inorganic
powders and ultraviolet absorbers that are organic compounds are formed as a composite,
are known.
[0003] For example, International Publication (WO) No.
2010/098249 discloses a composite powder in which an organic compound having an ultraviolet absorbing
ability is coated on the surface of a base material powder. It is described in
WO 2010/098249 that the composite powder is a composite powder in which an organic compound having
an ultraviolet absorbing ability and an inorganic pigment having an ultraviolet scattering
ability are formed as a composite, and is a powder type capable of being stably blended
into a cosmetic, maintains a high ultraviolet absorbing effect, and is an organic
ultraviolet absorber exhibiting favorable dispersibility. As this kind of composite
powder,
WO 2010/098249 discloses a composite powder in which a surface of fine particles of titanium oxide
is coated with butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane.
[0004] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No.
H07-277936 discloses an ultraviolet shielding powder containing, in predetermined amounts:
an ultraviolet absorber such as 4-tert-butyl-4-methoxybenzoylmethane; wax and/or an
oil gelling agent which has/have a gelling ability, such as dextrin fatty acid ester;
and a powder such as titanium oxide. It is described that the ultraviolet shielding
powder is an ultraviolet shielding powder in which an oily component containing an
ultraviolet absorber is adsorbed to a powder together with wax and/or an oil gelling
agent, and does not cause daily variation even when blended into a hydrous-system
cosmetic, and thus a stable cosmetic with excellent use sensation and usability can
be obtained.
[0005] JP-A No. 2011-68567 discloses a sunscreen cosmetic, in which a UVA absorber such as 4-tert-butyl-4-methoxybenzoylmethane
is blended with a given spherical resin powder such as ultrafine particles of titanium
oxide.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0006] Among the ultraviolet shielding powders described above, however, there are cases
in which the composite powder in which the surface of fine particles of titanium oxide
is coated with butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane absorbs or releases oily components in
an emulsion type cosmetic when the composite powder is blended into the emulsion type
cosmetic. As a result, there are cases in which changes in the viscosity of cosmetic,
or deterioration in the use sensation such as with the occurrence of stickiness or
a lack of appropriate spreading, occur. In addition, there are cases in which the
ultraviolet absorber in the composite powder dissolves out over time or recrystallizes
in the preparation. As described above, the viscosity stability or use sensation of
a cosmetic is not satisfactory when a composite powder having a high ultraviolet shielding
effect is blended into an emulsion type cosmetic.
[0007] An object of the invention, in view of such circumstances, is to provide a cosmetic
exhibiting a high ultraviolet shielding effect, favorable viscosity stability, and
a favorable use sensation.
[0008] The invention is as follows.
- [1] A cosmetic, comprising:
a composite powder of titanium oxide and 4-tert-butyl-4-methoxybenzoylmethane;
at least one emulsifier selected from the group consisting of (1) a linear saturated
alcohol having a total carbon number of from 8 to 16, (2) a linear unsaturated alcohol
having a total carbon number of from 8 to 18, (3) a branched saturated alcohol having
a total carbon number of from 8 to 18, (4) a linear saturated fatty acid having a
total carbon number of from 12 to 22, (5) a linear unsaturated fatty acid having a
total carbon number of from 8 to 18, and (6) a branched saturated fatty acid having
a total carbon number of from 8 to 18; and
an oil absorbing powder.
- [2] The cosmetic according to [1], wherein the oil absorbing powder is at least one
oil absorbing powder selected from the group consisting of a porous silica powder,
a crosslinked silicone powder, a porous nylon powder, a polymethyl methacrylate powder,
and corn starch.
- [3] The cosmetic according to [1], wherein the emulsifier is at least one selected
from the group consisting of (2) a linear unsaturated alcohol having a total carbon
number of from 8 to 18, (3) a branched saturated alcohol having a total carbon number
of from 8 to 18, (5) a linear unsaturated fatty acid having a total carbon number
of from 8 to 18, and (6) a branched saturated fatty acid having a total carbon number
of from 8 to 18.
- [4] The cosmetic according to [1] or [3], wherein the emulsifier is at least one selected
from the group consisting of oleic acid, isostearic acid, oleyl alcohol, and isostearyl
alcohol.
- [5] The cosmetic according to any one of [1], [3], and [4], wherein a content of the
emulsifier is from 0.0001 times to 150 times the amount on a mass basis with respect
to a content of the composite powder.
- [6] The cosmetic according to any one of [1] to [5], being a sunscreen cosmetic.
- [7] The cosmetic according to any one of [1] to [6], wherein the composite powder
comprises a surface treatment layer, including the 4-tert-butyl-4-methoxybenzoylmethane,
on a surface of the titanium oxide.
- [8] The cosmetic according to any one of [1] to [7], wherein an average particle diameter
of the composite powder is less than 1 µm.
- [9] The cosmetic according to any one of [1], [2], and [5] to [8], wherein the (1)
linear saturated alcohol having a total carbon number of from 8 to 16 is at least
one selected from the group consisting of capryl alcohol, decyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol,
myristyl alcohol, and palmityl alcohol.
- [10] The cosmetic according to any one of [1], [2], and [5] to [9], wherein the (2)
linear unsaturated alcohol having a total carbon number of from 8 to 18 is at least
one selected from the group consisting of octenol, decenol, dodecenol, and oleyl alcohol.
- [11] The cosmetic according to any one of [1], [2], and [5] to [10], wherein the (3)
branched saturated alcohol having a total carbon number of from 8 to 18 is at least
one selected from the group consisting of isodecyl alcohol, isotridecyl alcohol, isotetradecyl
alcohol, isopalmityl alcohol, hexyldecanol, and isostearyl alcohol.
- [12] The cosmetic according to any one of [1], [2], and [5] to [11], wherein the (4)
linear saturated fatty acid having a total carbon number of from 12 to 22 is at least
one selected from the group consisting of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid,
stearic acid, and behenic acid.
- [13] The cosmetic according to any one of [1], [2], and [5] to [12], wherein the (5)
linear unsaturated fatty acid having a total carbon number of from 8 to 18 is at least
one selected from the group consisting of undecylenic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitoleic
acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, pinolenic
acid, stearidonic acid, eleostearic acid, and bosseopentaenoic acid.
- [14] The cosmetic according to any one of [1], [2], and [5] to [13], wherein the (6)
branched saturated fatty acid having a total carbon number of from 8 to 18 is at least
one selected from the group consisting of isooctanoic acid, isononanoic acid, isodecanoic
acid, isoundecanoic acid, isolauric acid, isotridecanoic acid, octylic acid, isomyristic
acid, isopalmitic acid, and isostearic acid.
- [15] The cosmetic according to any one of [2] to [14], wherein the porous silica powder
is at least one selected from the group consisting of silica, silica silylate, silica
dimethyl silylate, and silica dimethicone silylate.
- [16] The cosmetic according to any one of [2] to [15], wherein the crosslinked silicone
powder is at least one selected from the group consisting of a silicone gel powder,
a silicone rubber powder, a silicone resin powder, and a silicone elastomer.
- [17] The cosmetic according to any one of [2] to [16], wherein the porous nylon powder
is at least one selected from the group consisting of nylon, nylon-6, nylon-11, nylon-12,
nylon-12/6/66 copolymer, nylon-6/12, and nylon-66.
- [18] The cosmetic according to any one of [1] to [17], wherein the oil absorbing powder
is at least one selected from the group consisting of a porous polymer formed from
styrene/stearyl methacrylate/divinylbenzene or the like, a hydrogenated (styrene/isoprene)
copolymer, a (butylene/ethylene/styrene) copolymer, a (styrene/acrylamide) copolymer,
a (ethylene/propylene/styrene) copolymer, a clay mineral, bentonite, synthetic phlogopite,
a polyamide resin, and flaky titanium oxide.
- [19] The cosmetic according to any one of [1] to [18], wherein the oil absorbing powder
is at least one selected from the group consisting of a (dimethicone/vinyl dimethicone)
crosspolymer, a dimethicone crosspolymer, and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
- [20] The cosmetic according to any one of [1] to [19], wherein a volume average particle
diameter of the oil absorbing powder is from 0.005 µm to 30 µm.
[0009] According to the invention, a cosmetic exhibiting a high ultraviolet shielding effect,
favorable viscosity stability, and a favorable use sensation can be provided.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0010] The cosmetic of the invention is a cosmetic including: a composite powder of titanium
oxide and 4-tert-butyl-4-methoxybenzoylmethane; at least one emulsifier selected from
the group consisting of (1) a linear saturated alcohol having a total carbon number
of from 8 to 16, (2) a linear unsaturated alcohol having a total carbon number of
from 8 to 18, (3) a branched saturated alcohol having a total carbon number of from
8 to 18, (4) a linear saturated fatty acid having a total carbon number of from 12
to 22, (5) a linear unsaturated fatty acid having a total carbon number of from 8
to 18, and (6) a branched saturated fatty acid having a total carbon number of from
8 to 18; and an oil absorbing powder.
[0011] The cosmetic contains a specific composite powder, a specific emulsifier, and an
oil absorbing powder. Therefore, it is presumed that the dissolving out of 4-tert-butyl-4-methoxybenzoylmethane
from the composite powder and recrystallization can be suppressed, and the viscosity
stability and a use sensation of the cosmetic are favorable without impairing the
high ultraviolet shielding performance.
[0012] The term "process" in the present specification includes not only an independent
process but also a case where a process is not clearly distinguished from other processes
as long as the intended purpose of the process is achieved.
[0013] In addition, the term "- (to)" in the present specification denotes a range including
the numerical values described before and after "- (to)" as the minimum value and
the maximum value, respectively.
[0014] Moreover, the amount of each of the components in the composition in the present
specification means, in a case where a plurality of substances, which represents each
of the components in the compositionb is present, the total amount of a plurality
of substances present in the composition, unless otherwise noted.
[0015] Hereinafter, the invention is described.
[0016] The cosmetic according to the invention is a cosmetic including: a composite powder
of titanium oxide and 4-tert-butyl-4-methoxybenzoylmethane; at least one emulsifier
selected from the group consisting of (1) a linear saturated alcohol having a total
carbon number of from 8 to 16, (2) a linear unsaturated alcohol having a total carbon
number of from 8 to 18, (3) a branched saturated alcohol having a total carbon number
of from 8 to 18, (4) a linear saturated fatty acid having a total carbon number of
from 12 to 22, (5) a linear unsaturated fatty acid having a total carbon number of
from 8 to 18, and (6) a branched saturated fatty acid having a total carbon number
of from 8 to 18; and an oil absorbing powder.
[0017] The cosmetic preferably has an emulsion form. The emulsion form is not particularly
limited, and may be a W/O type or an O/W type.
<Composite Powder>
[0018] The cosmetic according to the invention contains a composite powder. The composite
powder is a composite powder of titanium oxide and 4-tert-butyl-4-methoxybenzoylmethane.
The composite powder contains 4-tert-butyl-4-methoxybenzoylmethane, and hence has
high ultraviolet shielding performance.
[0019] The composite powder is preferably a composite powder having, on the surface of titanium
oxide, a surface treatment layer which contains 4-tert-butyl-4-methoxybenzoylmethane
as an ultraviolet absorber. The binding mode between the surface treatment layer and
titanium oxide is not particularly limited as long as 4-tert-butyl-4-methoxybenzoylmethane
and titanium oxide behave integrally. The binding mode may be a chemical bond such
as covalent bond or may be a nonchemical bond such as adsorption.
[0020] In addition, fatty acid and aluminum hydroxide may be contained in the surface treatment
layer. The surface of the powder can be hydrophobic by inclusion of fatty acid in
the surface treatment layer, and titanium oxide can be inactivated by inclusion of
aluminum hydroxide.
[0021] Examples of the composite powder include the composite powders disclosed in
WO 2010/098249. In addition, as the composite powder, a commercially available product can be used
and examples thereof include HXMT-100ZA manufactured by TAYCA.
[0022] The content of the composite powder in the cosmetic is preferably from 0.1% by mass
to 50% by mass, more preferably from 0.5% by mass to 25% by mass, and still more preferably
from 1% by mass to 15% by mass, with respect to the total mass of the cosmetic. When
the content is 0.1 % by mass or more, an ultraviolet blocking effect can be obtained,
and when the content is 50% by mass or less, the composite powder can be stably blended
in the formula.
[0023] An average primary particle diameter of titanium oxide is preferably from 1 nm to
90 nm, and more preferably from 5 nm to 50 nm, from the viewpoint of ultraviolet shielding
performance and transparency of cosmetic. The average primary particle diameter of
titanium oxide is the value obtained by dispersing titanium oxide, subsequently, taking
the image of 1000 or more particles with a transmission electron microscope, performing
image treatment of individual particles in which the images thereof have been taken,
with an image analysis type particle size distribution measuring apparatus, and measuring
the equivalent circle diameter. When a commercially available product is used, the
average primary particle diameter of the commercially available product may be adopted
as it is.
[0024] The average particle diameter of the composite powder is preferably less than 1 µm.
When the average particle diameter of the composite powder is less than 1 µm, the
coloring of cosmetic by the composite itself is suppressed and the so-called white
powder residue also does not occur, therefore it is preferable. The average particle
diameter of the composite powder is preferably from 1 nm to 500 nm and more preferably
from 3 nm to 100 nm, from the viewpoints of ultraviolet shielding performance and
use sensation.
[0025] The average particle diameter of the composite powder can be measured by the same
method as that of measuring the average primary particle diameter.
[0026] In the case that the composite powder is blended into the cosmetic, slurry may be
prepared using a dispersion medium such as silicone oil, and then the composite powder
in a slurry form may be blended with other components, for example.
[0027] The content of the composite powder in the slurry is not particularly limited, and
generally, is preferably from 10% by mass to 80% by mass and more preferably from
20% by mass to 60% by mass, with respect to the total mass of the slurry. When the
content is 10% by mass or more, the composite powder can be stably blended into the
formulation, and the content thereof is still more preferably from 20% by mass to
60% by mass.
<Emulsifier>
[0028] The cosmetic according to the invention contains an emulsifier. The emulsifier is
at least one selected from the group consisting of (1) a linear saturated alcohol
having a total carbon number of from 8 to 16, (2) a linear unsaturated alcohol having
a total carbon number of from 8 to 18, (3) a branched saturated alcohol having a total
carbon number of from 8 to 18, (4) a linear saturated fatty acid having a total carbon
number of from 12 to 22, (5) a linear unsaturated fatty acid having a total carbon
number of from 8 to 18, and (6) a branched saturated fatty acid having a total carbon
number of from 8 to 18. Since the cosmetic contains a specific emulsifier, the cosmetic
exhibits excellent viscosity stability and excellent use sensation.
[0029] Examples of (1) the linear saturated alcohol having a total carbon number of from
8 to 16 include capryl alcohol, decyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, and
palmityl alcohol. When the total carbon number is less than 8, (1) the linear saturated
alcohol does not contribute to the viscosity stability, and when the total carbon
number is more than 16, the viscosity stability of cosmetic significantly decreases
and use sensation is not also ameliorated.
[0030] A linear saturated alcohol having a total carbon number of 14, a total carbon number
of 16, or the like is preferable from the viewpoint of the viscosity stability of
cosmetic.
[0031] Examples of (2) the linear unsaturated alcohol having a total carbon number of from
8 to 18 include octenol, decenol, dodecenol, and oleyl alcohol. When the total carbon
number is less than 8, (2) the linear unsaturated alcohol does not contribute to the
viscosity stability, and when the total carbon number is more than 18, use sensation
is not ameliorated.
[0032] A linear unsaturated alcohol having a total carbon number of 16, a total carbon number
of 18, or the like is preferable and oleyl alcohol is still more preferable, from
the viewpoint of the viscosity stability of cosmetic.
[0033] Examples of (3) the branched saturated alcohol having a total carbon number of from
8 to 18 include isodecyl alcohol, isotridecyl alcohol, isotetradecyl alcohol, isopalmityl
alcohol, hexyldecanol, and isostearyl alcohol. When the total carbon number is less
than 8, (3) the branched saturated alcohol does not contribute to the viscosity stability,
and when the total carbon number is more than 18, use sensation is not ameliorated.
[0034] A branched saturated alcohol having a total carbon number of 16, a total carbon number
of 18, or the like is preferable and isostearyl alcohol is still more preferable,
from the viewpoint of the viscosity stability of cosmetic.
[0035] Examples of (4) the linear saturated fatty acid having a total carbon number of from
12 to 22 include lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and behenic
acid. When the total carbon number is less than 12, (4) the linear saturated fatty
acid does not contribute to the viscosity stability, and when the total carbon number
is more than 22, use sensation (stickiness) is not ameliorated.
[0036] A linear saturated fatty acid having a total carbon number of from 12 to 18, or the
like is preferable, and palmitic acid and stearic acid are still more preferable,
form the viewpoint of obtaining favorable use sensation.
[0037] Examples of (5) the linear unsaturated fatty acid having a total carbon number of
from 8 to 18 include undecylenic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid,
elaidic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, pinolenic acid, stearidonic
acid, eleostearic acid, and bosseopentaenoic acid. When the total carbon number is
less than 8, (5) the linear unsaturated fatty acid does not contribute to the viscosity
stability, and when the total carbon number is more than 18, use sensation is not
ameliorated.
[0038] A linear unsaturated fatty acid having a total carbon number of 16, a total carbon
number of 18, or the like is preferable, and oleic acid is still more preferable,
from the viewpoint of the viscosity stability of cosmetic.
[0039] Examples of (6) the branched saturated fatty acid having a total carbon number of
from 8 to 18 include isooctanoic acid, isononanoic acid, isodecanoic acid, isoundecanoic
acid, isolauric acid, isotridecanoic acid, octylic acid, isomyristic acid, isopalmitic
acid, and isostearic acid. When the total carbon number is less than 8, (6) the branched
saturated fatty acid does not contribute to the viscosity stability, and when the
total carbon number is more than 18, use sensation is not ameliorated.
[0040] A branched saturated fatty acid having a total carbon number of 16, a total carbon
number of 18, or the like is preferable, and isostearic acid is still more preferable,
from the viewpoint of the viscosity stability of cosmetic.
[0041] As the emulsifier, (2) the linear unsaturated alcohol having a total carbon number
of from 8 to 18, (3) the branched saturated alcohol having a total carbon number of
from 8 to 18, (5) the linear unsaturated fatty acid having a total carbon number of
from 8 to 18, or (6) the branched saturated fatty acid having a total carbon number
of from 8 to 18 is preferable, from the viewpoints of improvement in viscosity stability
and use sensation of cosmetic.
[0042] Among the alcohols described in the item (2) and (3) and the fatty acids described
in the item (5) and (6), palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, isostearic acid,
oleyl alcohol, or isostearyl alcohol is preferable, and oleic acid, isostearic acid,
oleyl alcohol, or isostearyl alcohol is still more preferable, from the viewpoint
of viscosity stability of cosmetic.
[0043] In the cosmetic according to the invention, one of the respective emulsifiers exemplified
in the items (1) to (6) may be used singly, or two or more thereof may be used in
combination. A mixture of the respective emulsifiers described above, such as jojoba
alcohol, coconut alcohol, or coconut fatty acid may also be used.
[0044] When the respective emulsifiers described in the items (1) to (6) are used in combination,
examples of a combination include oleic acid and isostearic acid, stearic acid and
isostearic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid, oleyl alcohol and isostearic acid, isostearyl
alcohol and isostearic acid, oleyl alcohol and stearic acid, and isostearyl alcohol
and stearic acid.
[0045] The content of the alcohol described in the items (1) to (3) above is preferably
from 0.01% by mass to 15% by mass, more preferably from 0.05% by mass to 10% by mass,
and still more preferably from 0.1% by mass to 5% by mass, with respect to the total
mass of the cosmetic, from the viewpoints of viscosity stability and use sensation.
When the content is 0.01 % by mass or more, the viscosity stability tends to be improved,
and when the content is 15% by mass or less, use sensation of cosmetic is improved.
[0046] The content of the fatty acid described in the items (4) to (6) above is preferably
from 0.01% by mass to 15% by mass, more preferably from 0.05% by mass to 10% by mass,
and still more preferably from 0.1% by mass to 5% by mass, with respect to the total
mass of the cosmetic, from the viewpoints of viscosity stability and use sensation.
When the content is 0.01 % by mass or more, the viscosity stability tends to be improved,
and when the content is 15% by mass or less, use sensation of is improved.
[0047] The content of the emulsifier is preferably from 0.01% by mass to 15% by mass, more
preferably from 0.05% by mass to 10% by mass, and still more preferably from 0.1%
by mass to 5% by mass, with respect to the total mass of the cosmetic, from the viewpoints
of viscosity stability and use sensation. When the content is 0.01% by mass or more,
the viscosity stability tends to be improved, and when the content is 15% by mass
or less, use sensation is improved.
[0048] The content of the emulsifier is preferably from 0.0001 times to 150 times, more
preferably from 0.0005 times to 50 times, and still more preferably from 0.001 times
to 5 times, the amount on a mass basis, with respect to the content of the composite
powder. When the content is 0.0001 times or higher, the viscosity stability tends
to be improved, and when the content is 150 times or lower, the dispersibility of
the composite powder tends to be improved.
<Oil Absorbing Component>
[0049] The cosmetic according to the invention contains an oil absorbing powder. Since the
cosmetic contains an oil absorbing powder, the cosmetic exhibits excellent viscosity
stability.
[0050] The oil absorbing powder denotes a water insoluble powder having an oil absorption
in which squalane can be absorbed at 25°C in an amount of 30% by mass or more of the
dead weight of powder.
[0051] As the measuring method of oil absorption, a known method may be used. The oil absorption
can be measured, for example, by: placing 1 g of oil absorbing powder on a glass plate;
kneading the oil absorbing powder using a spatula while dropping squalane in small
steps; taking the time point at which the entire oil absorbing powder is in paste
form as the end point; and taking the squalane amount (ml) per 1 g of oil absorbing
powder at this time as the oil absorption.
[0052] As such an oil absorbing powder, examples thereof include at least one oil absorbing
powder selected from the group consisting of a porous silica powder, a crosslinked
silicone powder, a porous nylon powder, a polymethyl methacrylate powder, and corn
starch.
[0053] Examples of the porous silica powder include silica, silica silylate, dimethyl silica
silylate, and silica dimethicone silylate. Preferable examples thereof include silica
from the viewpoint of viscosity stability. Examples of commercially available products
thereof include SUNSPHERE H-31/ H-32/ H-33/ H-51/ H-52/ H-53/ H-121/ H-122/ and H-201
(manufactured by ASAHI GLASS CO., LTD.), VM-2270 Aerogel Fine Particle (manufactured
by Dow Coming Toray Co., Ltd), HDK (registered trademark) H2000, HDK (registered trademark)
H15, HDK (registered trademark) H18, HDK (registered trademark) H20, and HDK (registered
trademark) H30 (manufactured by wacker asahikasei silicone co., ltd.), SYLOPURE (manufactured
by FUJI SILYSIA CHEMICAL LTD.), TOKUSIL (manufactured by Tokuyama Corporation), and
Microbead silica gel (Fuji Davison Chemical Ltd).
[0054] Examples of the crosslinked silicone powder include a silicone gel powder, a silicone
rubber powder, a silicone resin powder, and a silicone elastomer, and these can be
used without distinguishing from one another. As the crosslinked silicone powder,
a (dimethicone/vinyl dimethicone) crosspolymer, a (dimethicone/bis-isobutyl PPG-20)
crosspolymer, a dimethicone crosspolymer, a (PEG-10/lauryl dimethicone) crosspolymer,
a (PEG-10 dimethicone/vinyl dimethicone) crosspolymer, a (PEG-15/lauryl dimethicone)
crosspolymer, a (PEG-15/lauryl polydimethylsiloxyethyl dimethicone) crosspolymer,
a (diphenyl dimethicone/vinyl diphenyl dimethicone/silsesquioxane) crosspolymer, a
(dimethicone/bis-isobutyl PPG-20) crosspolymer, a (dimethicone/vinyl trimethylsiloxysilicate)
crosspolymer, a (dimethicone/phenyl vinyl dimethicone) crosspolymer, a (vinyl dimethicone/lauryl
dimethicone) crosspolymer, a (vinyl dimethicone/methicone silsesquioxane) crosspolymer,
a (lauryl polydimethylsiloxyethyl dimethicone/bis-vinyl dimethicone) crosspolymer,
and the like are preferable, and a (dimethicone/vinyl dimethicone) crosspolymer or
dimethicone crosspolymer is more preferable, from the viewpoint of viscosity stability
of the cosmetic.
[0055] Examples of commercially available products of the silicone gel powder include KSG-15/
16/ 1610, KSG-18A, KSG-41, KSP-100/ 101/ 102/ 105, and KSP-300, 441/ 411, KSG-41/
42/ 43/ 44, KSG-240/ 310/ 320/ 330/ 340/ 710/ 320Z/ 350Z (manufactured by Shin-Etsu
Chemical Co., Ltd.). Examples of commercially available products of the silicone rubber
powder include TREFIL E-506C, E-508, 9701 Cosmetic Powder, 9702 Powder, 9027/ 9040/
9041/ 9045/ 9046/ 9041/ 9546 Silicone Elastomer Blend, EP-9215/ EP-9216 TI/ EP-9289
LL/ EP-9293 AL, EL-8040 ID Silicone Organic Blend (manufactured by Dow Coming Toray
Co., Ltd.), Wacker-Belsil (registered trademark) RG 100 (manufactured by Wacker Asahikasei
Silicone Co., Ltd.), NIKKOL SILBLEND-91 (manufactured by Nikko Chemicals Co., Ltd).
[0056] Examples of the porous nylon powder include nylon, nylon-6, nylon-11, nylon-12, a
nylon-12/6/66 copolymer, nylon-6/12, and nylon-66. Nylon-6, nylon-12, and the like
are preferable from the viewpoint of viscosity stability of cosmetic.
[0057] Examples of commercially available products thereof include TR-1, TR-2, and SP-500
(manufactured by TORAY INDUSTRIES INC.), POMP 605 and POMP 610 (manufactured by UBE
INDUSTRIES LTD.), and NYLON POWDER (manufactured by NIKKO RICA CORPORATION).
[0058] As the polymethyl methacrylate (hereinafter, it is also simply referred to as "PMMA")
powder, a methyl methacrylate crosspolymer, a (methyl methacrylate/glycol dimethacrylate)
crosspolymer, a (methyl methacrylate/acrylonitrile) copolymer, a (polymethyl methacrylate/dimethyl
polysiloxane graft acrylic resin) copolymer, an (ethylhexyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate)
copolymer, and the like are also included, in addition to PMMA.
[0059] Examples of commercially available products thereof include TECHPOLYMER (manufactured
by SEKISUI PLASTICS CO., LTD.) and MATSUMOTO MICROSPHERE (manufactured by Matsumoto
Yushi-Seiyaku Co., Ltd).
[0060] As the corn starch, DRY FLO PURE (manufactured by Akzo Nobel), and the like can be
used.
[0061] In addition, as the oil absorbing powder, a porous polymer formed from styrene/stearyl
methacrylate/divinylbenzene or the like, a hydrogenated (styrene/isoprene) copolymer,
a (butylene/ethylene/styrene) copolymer, a (styrene/acrylamide) copolymer, a (ethylene/propylene/styrene)
copolymer, a clay mineral, bentonite, synthetic phlogopite, a polyamide resin, and
flaky titanium oxide can also be used. Examples of commercially available products
thereof include LUXELEN D (manufactured by NIHONKOKEN Co., Ltd.), TIPAQUE CR-50 (manufactured
by ISHIHARA SANGYO KAISHA, LTD.), PIONEER GEL 12 PAO (manufactured by Hansen & Rosenthal
KG), Jojoba Glaze HV/LV (manufactured by Nikko Chemicals Co., Ltd.), Yodosol GH41F
(manufactured by Akzo Nobel) and Kunipia F/G (manufactured by KUNIMINE INDUSTRIES
CO., LTD).
[0062] As the oil absorbing powder, a (dimethicone/vinyl dimethicone) crosspolymer, a dimethicone
crosspolymer, and PMMA are preferable, and a (dimethicone/vinyl dimethicone) crosspolymer
and PMMA are still more preferable, from the viewpoint of improving the viscosity
stability and use sensation of cosmetic.
[0063] In the cosmetic according to the invention, as the oil absorbing powder, one the
respective components described above may be used singly or two or more thereof may
be used in combination.
[0064] The particle diameter of the oil absorbing powder is not particularly limited, and
the volume average particle diameter is preferably from 0.005 µm to 30 µm, more preferably
from 0.01 µm to 30 µm, and still more preferably from 0.1 µm to 30 µm, from the viewpoint
of improving use sensation. When the volume average particle diameter is 0.005 µm
or more, use sensation is improved without squeaky feel of skin at the time of use.
In addition, when the volume average particle diameter is 30 µm or less, the surface
area per unit weight of the oil absorbing powder does not become too small, decrease
in oil absorption speed does not occur, and adhesion to skin is preserved. The volume
average particle diameter can be measured with various commercially available particle
size distribution meters or the like, and a particle size distribution meter adopting
a dynamic light scattering method is used, in terms of particle size range and ease
of measurement. As a commercially available measuring apparatus using dynamic light
scattering, Nanotrac UPA (manufactured by NIKKISO CO., LTD.), Dynamic Light Scattering
Particle Size Analyzer LB-550 (manufactured by HORIBA Ltd.), and Particle Size Analyzer
for Concentrated System FPAR-1000 (manufactured by OTSUKA ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.) are
exemplified.
[0065] The volume average particle diameter of the oil absorbing powder in the invention
is the value measured using Particle Size Analyzer for Concentrated System FPAR-1000
(manufactured by OTSUKA ELECTRONICS CO., LTD). Specifically, the value measured according
to the following manner is adopted.
[0066] That is, the method of measuring the oil absorbing powder is that the measurement
is performed by diluting the oil absorbing powder with dimethicone so as to have a
concentration of 1% by mass and using a quartz cell. The particle diameter can be
determined as a volume average diameter, when the sample refractive index is set as
1.600, the dispersion medium refractive index is set as 1.000 (dimethicone), and the
viscosity of dispersion medium is set as the viscosity of dimethicone.
[0067] The content of the oil absorbing powder is preferably from 0.01% by mass to 20% by
mass, more preferably from 0.05% by mass to 15% by mass, and still more preferably
from 0.1 % by mass to 10% by mass, with respect to the total mass of cosmetic. When
the content of the oil absorbing powder is 0.01% by mass or more, the viscosity stability
tends to be improved, and when the content of the oil absorbing powder is 20% by mass
or less, the feel tends to be improved.
[0068] The content of the oil absorbing powder is preferably from 0.01 % by mass to 90%
by mass, more preferably from 0.05% by mass to 50% by mass, still more preferably
from 0.1% by mass to 20% by mass, and most preferably from 0.1% by mass to 10% by
mass, with respect to the total mass of the composite powder, from the viewpoint of
improving the viscosity stability.
<Other Components>
(Surfactant)
[0069] The cosmetic may contain a surfactant.
[0070] The surfactant may be any of a nonionic surfactant, an anionic surfactant, and a
cationic surfactant. Examples of the ionic surfactant include an alkyl sulfonate,
an alkyl sulfate, a monoalkyl phosphate, and lecithin. Examples of the nonionic surfactant
include a sorbitan fatty acid ester, a glycerin fatty acid ester, an organic acid
monoglyceride, a polyglycerin fatty acid ester, a propylene glycol fatty acid ester,
a polyglycerin condensed ricinoleic acid ester, a sucrose fatty acid ester, a polyethylene
glycol fatty acid ester, a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, a polyoxypropylene alkyl ether,
a polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether, a polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester, a polyoxyethylene
sorbitan fatty acid ester, a polyoxyethylene sorbitol fatty acid ester, a polyoxyethylene
glycerin fatty acid ester, a polyoxyethylene propylene glycol fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene
castor oil, polyoxyethylene cured castor oil, PEG-9 polydimethylsiloxane ethyl dimethicone,
and a (dimethicone/(PEG-10/15)) crosspolymer. Among these, polyoxyethylene cured castor
oil is preferable in terms of stably dispersing other oil components, which are blended
in for moisture retaining property.
[0071] The content of the surfactant is preferably from 0.01% by mass to 30% by mass, more
preferably from 0.05% by mass to 20% by mass, and still more preferably from 0.1%
by mass to 10% by mass, with respect to the total mass of cosmetic. When the content
of the surfactant is 0.01 % by mass or more, the viscosity stability tends to be improved,
and when the content of the surfactant is 30% by mass or less, use sensation tends
to be improved.
(Ultraviolet Absorber other than 4-Tert-butyl-4-methoxybenzoylmethane)
[0072] The cosmetic may contain other ultraviolet absorbers besides 4-tert-butyl-4-methoxybenzoylmethane.
[0073] As the other ultraviolet absorbers, any known oil soluble and water soluble ultraviolet
absorbers can be used.
[0074] Examples of the oil soluble ultraviolet absorber may include para-aminobenzoic acid,
methyl para-aminobenzoate, glyceryl para-aminobenzoate, amyl para-dimethylaminobenzoate,
octyl para-dimethylaminobenzoate, ethylene glycol salicylate, phenyl salicylate, octyl
salicylate, butylphenyl salicylate, homomenthyl salicylate, octyl methoxycinnamate,
ethoxyethyl methoxycinnamate, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, glyceryl monoethylhexanoate
dimethoxycinnamate, hydroxymethoxybenzophenone, dihydroxydimethoxybenzophenone, butyl
methoxy benzoyl methane, and octyltriazone.
[0075] Examples of the water soluble surfactant include a benzophenone-based ultraviolet
absorber such as 2,4-dihydroxy benzophenone and 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone;
a benzimidazole-based ultraviolet absorber such as phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic
acid and a salt thereof, and phenylenebisbenzimidazole tetrasulfonic acid and a salt
thereof; urocanic acid, ethyl urocanic acid ester, 2,2-(1,4-phenylene) bis-(1H-benzimidazole-4,6-disulphonic
acid), and terephthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acid.
[0076] The content of the other ultraviolet absorbers other than 4-tert-butyl-4-methoxybenzoylmethane
is preferably from 0.001% by mass to 30% by mass, more preferably from 0.01 % by mass
to 20% by mass, and still more preferably from 0.1 % by mass to 10% by mass, with
respect to the total mass of cosmetic in terms of complementing the ultraviolet blocking
performance.
[0077] The total amount of ultraviolet absorber in the cosmetic is preferably from 0.001
% by mass to 70% by mass, more preferably from 0.01% by mass to 50% by mass, and still
more preferably from 0.1% by mass to 30% by mass, with respect to the total mass of
cosmetic in terms of use sensation.
(Solvent)
[0078] The cosmetic may contain a volatile oil component as a solvent. By inclusion of the
volatile oil component, feel of stickiness is reduced, therefore it is preferable.
[0079] The volatile oil component means a component having a boiling point in a range of
from 60°C to 260°C under normal pressure. As the volatile oil component used in the
invention, a volatile silicone-based oil and a volatile hydrocarbon-based oil are
exemplified.
[0080] Examples of the volatile silicone-based oil include a linear polysiloxane such as
dimethylpolysiloxane (1.5 cs [1.5 × 10
-6m
2/s]), dimethylpolysiloxane (10 cs) (dimethicone 10 CS), methylphenyl polysiloxane,
and methylhydrogen polysiloxane; a cyclic polysiloxane such as octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane,
cyclopentasiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane, and
tetramethylhydrogen cyclotetrasiloxane, and caprylyl methicone. Examples of the commercially
available product thereof include KF 96L-0.65, KF 96L-1, KF 96L-1.5, and KF 995 (manufactured
by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.), SH 200-1cs, SH 200-1.5cs, SH 200-2cs, 2-1184 Fluid,
SH 245 Fluid, DC 246 Fluid, DC 345 Fluid, and SS 3408 (manufactured by Dow Coming
Toray Co., Ltd), and TSF 404, TSF 405, and TSF 4045 (manufactured by Momentive Performance
Materials Inc).
[0081] As the volatile hydrocarbon-based oil, any of a linear volatile hydrocarbon-based
oil and a branched volatile hydrocarbon-based oil may be used. Examples of such a
volatile hydrocarbon-based oil include a C
8 to C
16 isoalkane (it is also known as isoparaffin) such as isodecane, isododecane, and isohexadecane.
Examples of the commercially available product thereof include ISOPAR (registered
trademark) A, ISOPAR C, ISOPAR D, ISOPAR E, ISOPAR G, ISOPAR H, ISOPAR K, ISOPAR L,
and ISOPAR M (manufactured by Exxon Mobil Corporation), SHELLSOL (registered trademark)
71 (manufactured by Shell), SALTROL (registered trademark) 100, SALTROL 130, and SALTROL
220 (manufactured by Philips), ISOSOL (registered trademark) 400 (manufactured by
Nippon Petrochemicals Co., Ltd.), PARLEAM (registered trademark) 4 (manufactured by
NOF CORPORATION), IP SOLVENT (registered trademark) 1620 and IP Solvent 2028 (manufactured
by Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd.), Isohexadecane and Tetraisobutane 90 (manufactured by
Bayer AG), and PERMETHYL (registered trademark) 99A, PERMETHYL 101A, and PERMETHYL
102A (manufactured by Presperse LLC).
[0082] One of the volatile oil components may be used singly, or two or more thereof may
be used in combination.
[0083] The content of the volatile oil component is preferably from 0.001 % by mass to 60%
by mass, more preferably from 0.01% by mass to 40% by mass, and still more preferably
from 0.1 % by mass to 20% by mass, with respect to the total mass of cosmetic in terms
of use sensation.
(Polyhydric Alcohol)
[0084] The cosmetic may contain a polyhydric alcohol. By inclusion of a polyhydric alcohol,
use sensation (moisture retaining property) can be improved.
[0085] Examples of the polyhydric alcohol may include glycerin, 1,3-butanediol (1,3-BG),
ethylene glycol, and a polysaccharide such as reduced starch syrup, sucrose, erythritol,
xylitol, glucose, galactose, sorbitol, maltotriose, and trehalose. These may be used
singly or two or more thereof may be used in combination.
(Other Components)
[0086] The cosmetic may contain other components, which are commonly used for cosmetics,
based on the form of emulsion or the intended use. Examples of other components may
include a water soluble organic solvent such as ethanol, a chelating agent, a skin
lightening agent, a moisturizer, an antioxidant, a thickener, a coloring agent, a
preservative, a perfume, various oil components, and various aqueous components.
[0087] The cosmetic of the invention can be produced by appropriately blending the respective
components described above and then preparing a W/O type or O/W type emulsified composition
by a general method.
[0088] The form of the cosmetic is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include
skin care cosmetics such as skin toner (lotion), milky lotion, cream, eye cream, serum,
massage materials, pack materials, ointment, cream, and body cream, and makeup cosmetics
such as makeup base.
[0089] It is particularly preferable that the cosmetic of the invention is used as a sunscreen
cosmetic due to high ultraviolet shielding performance and favorable use sensation.
EXAMPLES
[0090] Hereinafter, the invention is described in detail with reference to Examples. However,
the invention is not limited thereto.
[Example 1]
[0091] After sufficiently dispersing (1) cyclopentasiloxane, (2) HXMT-100ZA (manufactured
by TAYCA) and (3) dimethicone 10 CS at room temperature using a disperser so as to
have the final concentration (% by mass) shown in Table 1 below, (4) PEG-9 polydimethylsiloxane
ethyl dimethicone (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.), (5) oleic acid as
an emulsifier (LUNAC O-V (manufactured by Kao Corporation)), (6) a (dimethicone/vinyl
dimethicone) crosspolymer (KSG-16 having a volume average particle diameter of 5 µm,
and manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) as an oil absorbing powder, and
(7) a (dimethicone/(PEG-10/15) crosspolymer (KSG-210 manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical
Co., Ltd.) were mixed by agitation to perform homogenization, thereby obtaining the
oil phase component. Subsequently, a predetermined amount of (8) ethanol, (9) 1,3-butylene
glycol (1,3-BG) and (11) water (a portion thereof) were weighed, mixed by agitation
at room temperature and homogenized, thereby obtaining the aqueous phase component.
Emulsification was performed by gradually adding the aqueous phase component to the
oil phase component while agitating the oil phase component with a homomixer, (10)
phenoxyethanol was added thereto, and the homogenization was performed by adding the
rest of the water, thereby obtaining emulsion 1 containing the respective components
at the blending amounts shown in Table 1 below.
[Example 2 to Example 16, and Comparative Example 1 to Comparative Example 7]
[0092] Emulsions 2 to 16 according to Examples 2 to 16 and emulsions 17 to 23 according
to Comparative Examples 1 to 7 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except
that the kind or amount (% by mass) of (5) the emulsifier and the kind or amount (%
by mass) of (6) the oil absorbing powder described in Example 1 were changed to those
shown in Table 1. In a case where the fatty acid or alcohol selected was solid at
room temperature, the fatty acid or the alcohol was dissolved by heating in advance,
and then mixed into the dispersion of (1) to (3), and (4), (6), and (7), at 80°C,
emulsification was performed by gradually adding the aqueous phase component that
was heated at 80°C, subsequently, (10) was added to the emulsion, and homogenization
was performed by adding the rest of the water, thereby obtaining the emulsion containing
the respective components at the blending amounts shown in Table 1 below.
[0093] PMMA manufactured by Matsumoto Yushi-Seiyaku Co., Ltd. was used as the oil absorbing
powder, and calcium carbonate manufactured by SAKAI CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO., LTD. was
used as the non-oil absorbing powder. The volume average particle diameter of each
of the oil absorbing powders used was 5 µm.
<Evaluation>
(1) Evaluation of Viscosity Stability
[0094] The viscosity (initial viscosity) of the emulsions 1 to 23 was measured with a BL-type
viscometer (manufactured by TOKI SANGYO CO., LTD.) at room temperature (25°C) after
the emulsions 1 to 23 were left to stand for one day. Thereafter, the viscosity (viscosity
over time) at 25°C was measured using a BL-type viscometer after two days in a high
temperature bath at 40°C.
[0095] The rate of change of viscosity with respect to the initial value was defined as
the index for evaluating the stabilization, which indicates the extent to which the
increase or decrease in viscosity from the initial value was suppressed, by the following
Expression. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0096] Rate of change of viscosity with respect to initial value (%) = [(viscosity over
time - initial viscosity)/(initial viscosity)] × 100
[0097] The viscosity stability was evaluated as (A) "excellent" in a case where the rate
of change of viscosity was ±30% or less. The viscosity stability was evaluated as
(C) "inappropriate" in a case where the rate of change of viscosity was more than
±30%, or separation of the aqueous phase and oil phase occurred. The results are shown
in Table 1.
(2) Evaluation of Use Sensation
[0098] Each of the emulsions obtained as described above was applied to the face by ten
expert panelists, and the evaluation was performed with regard to the two criteria
of spreading at the time of application and stickiness immediately after application,
in five grades from outstanding (5 points) to extremely poor (1 point). The average
of the evaluation results by the ten expert panelists was determined, and then the
evaluation was performed such that an average of from 1 to less than 2 was ranked
as C, an average of from 2 to less than 3 was ranked as B, an average of from 3 to
less than 4 was ranked as A, and an average of from 4 to 5 was ranked as S. The results
are shown in Table 1.
(3) Overall Determination
[0100] As shown in Table 1, all of the emulsions 1 to 16 according to Examples 1 to 16 exhibited
a small rate of change of viscosity and excellent viscosity stability, compared with
the emulsions 17 to 23 according to Comparative Examples 1 to 7. In addition, the
emulsions 1 to 16 according to Examples 1 to 16 also exhibited a favorable result
in the evaluation of use sensation with respect to spreading and stickiness.
[0101] In particular, the evaluation of use sensation was particularly high for Examples
1, 2, 9, 10, and 16, in which a linear unsaturated alcohol, a branched saturated alcohol,
a linear unsaturated fatty acid, or a branched saturated fatty acid was used as the
emulsifier.
[0102] In contrast, the evaluation of use sensation with respect to spreading and stickiness
was poor and the viscosity stability was significantly impaired in Comparative Examples
1 to 4, in which an oil absorbing powder was not used, and in Comparative Examples
5 to 7, in which the specific emulsifier according to the invention was not used.
[Example 15 and Example 16]
[0103] A W/O type emulsified UV milk (Table 2) and an O/W type emulsified UV milk (Table
3) are formulated according to the formulae shown in Table 2 and Table 3, respectively.
The numerical values in Table 2 and Table 3 mean % by mass. HXMT-100ZA (manufactured
by TAYCA) was used as the composite powder of "1. titanium oxide and t-butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane"
in Table 2 and Table 3. The volume average particle diameter of each of the oil absorbing
powders used was 5 µm.
[Table 2]
| W/O emulsified UV milk |
| 1 |
Titanium oxide |
15% |
| t-Butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane |
| 2 |
Cyclopentasiloxane |
17% |
| 3 |
Dimethicone |
10% |
| 4 |
PEG-9 polydimethylsiloxy ethyl dimethicone |
4% |
| 5 |
Diphenylsiloxy phenyl trimethicone |
3% |
| 6 |
Ethanol |
3% |
| 7 |
1,3-BG |
3% |
| 8 |
Sorbitan sesquioleate |
1% |
| 9 |
Isostearic acid |
0.50% |
| 10 |
(Dimethicone/(PEG-10/15)) crosspolymer |
0.50% |
| 11 |
(Dimethicone/vinyl dimethicone) crosspolymer |
0.50% |
| 12 |
(Methyl methacrylate/glycol dimethacrylate) crosspolymer |
0.50% |
| 13 |
Phenoxy ethanol |
0.30% |
| 14 |
Water |
total 100% |
[Table 3]
| O/W emulsified UV milk |
| 1 |
Titanium oxide |
9% |
| t-Butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane |
| 2 |
Isotridecyl isononanoate |
5% |
| 3 |
Ethanol |
5% |
| 4 |
Octyldodecyl myristate |
4% |
| 5 |
1 , 3-BG |
4% |
| 6 |
Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate |
4% |
| 7 |
Cyclopentasiloxane |
4% |
| 8 |
(Butyl acrylate/glycol dimethacrylate) crosspolymer |
1% |
| 9 |
PEG-60 hydrogenated castor oil |
1% |
| 10 |
Squalane |
1% |
| 11 |
PMMA |
1% |
| 12 |
Isostearic acid |
0.50% |
| 13 |
Phenoxy ethanol |
0.30% |
| 14 |
Water |
total 100% |
[0104] Both of the W/O type emulsified UV milk (Table 2) and the O/W type emulsified UV
milk (Table 3) are cosmetics that exhibiting a high ultraviolet shielding effect,
excellent viscosity stability, and an excellent use sensation since both of the W/O
type emulsified UV milk (Table 2) and the O/W type emulsified UV milk (Table 3) are
cosmetics containing the composite powder, emulsifier, and oil absorbing powder according
to the invention.
[0105] As described above, according to the invention, a cosmetic exhibiting a high ultraviolet
shielding effect, excellent viscosity stability, and an excellent use sensation can
be provided.
entirety of the disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No.
2011-239727 is incorporated herein by reference. All documents, patent applications, and technical
standards described herein are incorporated by reference to the same extent as a case
in which each of the documents, patent applications, and technical standards is individually
and specifically incorporated by reference herein. The foregoing description with
regard to the exemplary embodiments of the invention is for the purpose of illustration
and explanation, and is not intended to be exhaustive or limit the invention to the
precise forms disclosed. Although it is clear, it is appreciated by those skilled
in the art that many modifications or changes may be made in these embodiments without
departing from the principles and spirit of the invention. The embodiments described
above are selected in order to best explain the principles of the invention and practical
applications, to provide various embodiments applicable to particular uses estimated
or various modifications, and to aid those skilled in other arts in understanding
the invention. It is intended that the scope of the invention is defined in the appended
claims and their equivalents.