BACKGROUND
[0001] The present invention relates to a wireless telecommunications network method and
wireless telecommunications network node.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Base stations in wireless communication systems provide wireless connectivity to
user equipment within a geographic area, or cell, associated with the base station.
The wireless communication links between the base station and each of the user equipment
typically include one or more downlink (or forward) channels for transmitting information
from the base station to the user equipment and one or more uplink (or reverse) channels
for transmitting information from the user equipment to the base station. Multiple-input-multiple-output
(MIMO) techniques may be employed when the base station and, optionally, the user
equipment include multiple antennas. For example, a base station that includes multiple
antennas can transmit multiple independent and distinct signals to multiple user equipment
concurrently and on the same frequency band.
[0003] For example, consider a cellular system with M antennas at the base station and N
antennas at the user equipment. In such communication systems, the radio channel between
the base station and the user equipment can be described in terms of NxM links. Each
link typically has a time-varying complex gain (i.e. amplitude and phase). This channel
state information is measured by the user equipment and fed back to the base station
in order to allow the base station to adapt characteristics of the signals transmitted
to the user equipment to match it in the most appropriate way to the prevailing channel
state.
[0004] In order to reduce the amount of feedback, typically both the base station and the
user equipment are configured with the same set of codebooks which define typically
phase shifts applied to signals feeding the antennas. The receiver measures characteristics
of the signals and estimates which of the set of codebooks would best improve the
characteristics of the received signals, and an indication of this codebook is fed
back to the transmitter. The transmitter can then apply the phase shifts identified
by the indicated codebook to the signals feeding the antennas in order to improve
the characteristics of the received signals. Existing techniques typically utilise
two codebooks which together provide the required phase shifts. One codebook relates
to wideband or long-term channel properties, whilst the other codebook (which is indicated
more frequently) relates to sub-band or short-term channel properties.
[0005] Although these techniques can improve received signals, they have their own shortcomings.
Accordingly, it is desired to provide an improved technique for improving received
signals.
SUMMARY
[0006] According to a first aspect, there is provided a wireless telecommunications network
method, comprising: providing a plurality of codebooks, each codebook identifying
a phase shift to be applied to each signal to be transmitted by each of a plurality
of antenna elements arranged in a plurality of pairs, each pair of antenna elements
being spaced apart by a distance greater than a half wavelength of a carrier frequency,
each codebook identifying a phase shift to be applied to each signal to generate a
plurality of beams, each of which has a different angle of departure.
[0007] The first aspect recognises that a problem with current codebook structures provided
by the standards is that they assume closely-spaced (typically a half wavelength spacing)
of the antenna elements of the antenna array and so also assume that the angle of
departure (or grid of beam) for each of the transmitted beams should be identical
in order to improve the characteristics of the channels being received by the user
equipment. However, the first aspect also recognises that when more widely-spaced
antenna elements are utilised within the antenna array, this assumption may not be
correct and that the angle of departure of the different beams may need to be different
in order to improve the reception characteristics of the channels due to the reduction
in correlation as the antenna elements become more widely spaced and differing propagation
characteristics experienced by the different beams.
[0008] Accordingly, a wireless telecommunications network node method may be provided. The
method may comprise the step of providing, provisioning or configuring a plurality
of codebooks. Each of these codebooks may identify phase shifts that may be applied
to those signals which are to be transmitted by each of a plurality of different antenna
elements. The antenna elements may be arranged in pairs. Each of the pairs of antenna
elements may be spaced apart or separated by a distance which is greater than a half
wavelength of a carrier signal. Each of the codebooks then identifies phase shifts
that maybe applied to those signals in order to generate different beams, each of
which has a different angle of departure. In this way, a codebook is provided which
enables different beams to be generated concurrently, each with a different angle
of departure. This enables the channel conditions at the receiver to be improved using
these different codebooks since beams are generated with the different angles of departure
in order to better suit the different conditions experienced by the different beams.
[0009] In one embodiment, the plurality of codebooks identify a phase shift to be applied
to each signal to generate the plurality of beams, each of the plurality of beams
being spatially divergent with respect to each other. By having different angles of
departure, it will be appreciated that the beams concurrently generated may not be
parallel, but m ay be spatially divergent.
[0010] In one embodiment, a subset of the plurality of codebooks identify a phase shift
to be applied to each signal to generate a plurality of beams, each of the plurality
of beams being spatially orthogonal with respect to each other. Accordingly, beams
that are orthogonal (that is to say, they are transmitted at 90° to each other), may
be generated using a subset of the codebooks. It will be appreciated that another
subset generates beams that are not spatially orthogonal.
[0011] In one embodiment, each codebook comprises a product of one of a plurality of first
codebooks and one of a plurality of second codebooks. Accordingly, the codebooks may
use existing functionality already provided by the standards, which generates precoding
vectors from the product of a first codebook and a second codebook.
[0012] In one embodiment, the first codebook comprises one of plurality of identity matrices
and diagonal matrices. Again, the codebooks may use existing functionality already
provided by the standards.
[0013] In one embodiment, the first codebook comprises one of plurality of matrices having
entries arranged in a number of rows and a number of columns corresponding to the
plurality of antenna elements.
[0014] In one embodiment, the first codebook comprises one of plurality of matrices W1,
where

[0015] In one embodiment, the second codebook comprises a vector having a number of entries
corresponding to the plurality of antenna elements arranged in one of a column and
a row.
[0016] In one embodiment, each entry of the product of the first and second codebook is
associated with a final phase shift to be applied to each signal transmitted by a
corresponding antenna element.
[0017] In one embodiment, wherein the second codebook comprises one of plurality of matrices
W2, where

[0018] It will be appreciated that this embodiment W2 may function as a rank 1 matrix.
[0019] In one embodiment, the second codebook comprises one of the plurality of matrices
W2, where rank 2 and other higher rank codebooks of W2 are transformed from the rank
1 codebook of W2 by applying a householder transformation to a function of W2. It
will be appreciated that for MIMO spatial multiplexing where the MIMO can transmit
2,3, or 4 data streams simultaneously, W2 is a rank 2,3,or 4 matrix (W2 has 2,3,4
column vectors). To obtain a rank 2 or higher rank codebook of W2, it is possible
to utilise the rank 1 W2 (mentioned above) at first and then extend it to other ranks
by a householder transformation.
[0020] In one embodiment, the method comprises evaluating which of the plurality of first
and second codebooks are estimated to provide a desired characteristic of the beams
and signalling an indication of which of the plurality of first and second codebooks
are estimated to provide the desired characteristic of the beams.
[0021] In one embodiment, the step of signalling the indication comprises signalling a value
of m and n.
[0022] In one embodiment, the step of signalling the indication comprises signalling a value
of m more frequently than signalling a value of n.
[0023] In one embodiment, spatially orthogonal beams are generated using the first codebook
having a value of n of one of 0 and 8 and the second codebook having any value of
m.
[0024] In one embodiment, spatially non-orthogonal beams are generated using the first codebook
having a value of n between 0 and 15 other than 0 and 8 and the second codebook having
any value of m.
[0025] In one embodiment, each pair of antenna elements are spaced apart by a plurality
of wavelengths of the carrier frequency.
[0026] In one embodiment, the plurality of antenna elements comprise four antenna elements
arranged in two pairs.
[0027] In one embodiment, each pair of antenna elements comprise two cross polarised antenna
elements.
[0028] According to a second aspect, there is provided a wireless telecommunications network
node, comprising: providing logic operable to provide a plurality of codebooks, each
codebook identifying a phase shift to be applied to each signal to be transmitted
by each of a plurality of antenna elements arranged in a plurality of pairs, each
pair of antenna elements being spaced apart by a distance greater than a half wavelength
of a carrier frequency, each codebook identifying a phase shift to be applied to each
signal to generate a plurality of beams, each of which has a different angle of departure.
[0029] In one embodiment, the plurality of codebooks identify a phase shift to be applied
to each signal to generate the plurality of beams, each of the plurality of beams
being spatially divergent with respect to each other.
[0030] In one embodiment, a subset of the plurality of codebooks identify a phase shift
to be applied to each signal to generate a plurality of beams, each of the plurality
of beams being spatially orthogonal with respect to each other.
[0031] In one embodiment, each codebook comprises a product of one of a plurality of first
codebooks and one of a plurality of second codebooks.
[0032] In one embodiment, the first codebook comprises one of plurality of identity matrices
and diagonal matrices.
[0033] In one embodiment, the first codebook comprises one of plurality of matrices having
entries arranged in a number of rows and a number of columns corresponding to the
plurality of antenna elements.
[0034] In one embodiment, the first codebook comprises one of plurality of matrices W1,
where

[0035] In one embodiment, the second codebook comprises a vector having a number of entries
corresponding to the plurality of antenna elements arranged in one of a column and
a row.
[0036] In one embodiment, each entry of the product of the first and second codebook is
associated with a final phase shift to be applied to each signal transmitted by a
corresponding antenna element.
[0037] In one embodiment, the second codebook comprises one of plurality of matrices W2,
where

[0038] In one embodiment, the second codebook comprises one of the plurality of matrices
W2, where rank 2 and other higher rank codebooks of W2 are transformed from the rank
1 codebook of W2 by applying a householder transformation to a function of W2.
[0039] In one embodiment, the network node comprises evaluation logic operable to evaluate
which of the plurality of first and second codebooks are estimated to provide a desired
characteristic of the beams and signalling logic operable to signal an indication
of which of the plurality of first and second codebooks are estimated to provide the
desired characteristic of the beams.
[0040] In one embodiment, the signalling logic is operable to signal a value of m and n.
[0041] In one embodiment, the signalling logic is operable to signal a value of m more frequently
than signalling a value of n.
[0042] In one embodiment, spatially orthogonal beams are generated using the first codebook
having a value of n of one of 0 and 8 and the second codebook having any value of
m.
[0043] In one embodiment, spatially non-orthogonal beams are generated using the first codebook
having a value of n between 0 and 15 other than 0 and 8 and the second codebook having
any value of m.
[0044] In one embodiment, each pair of antenna elements are spaced apart by a plurality
of wavelengths of the carrier frequency.
[0045] In one embodiment, the plurality of antenna elements comprise four antenna elements
arranged in two pairs.
[0046] In one embodiment, each pair of antenna elements comprise two cross polarised antenna
elements.
[0047] According to a third aspect, there is provided a computer program product operable,
when executed on a computer, to perform the method steps of the first aspect.
[0048] Further particular and preferred aspects are set out in the accompanying independent
and dependent claims. Features of the dependent claims may be combined with features
of the independent claims as appropriate, and in combinations other than those explicitly
set out in the claims.
[0049] Where an apparatus feature is described as being operable to provide a function,
it will be appreciated that this includes an apparatus feature which provides that
function or which is adapted or configured to provide that function.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0050] Embodiments of the present invention will now be described further, with reference
to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 illustrates an arrangement of a transmitter according to one embodiment.
DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
Overview
[0051] Before discussing the embodiments in any more detail, first an overview will be provided.
As mentioned above and illustrated in Figure 1, current standards specify techniques
which utilise codebooks W
1W
2 to feed back the different phase shifts P
1 to P
4 required to be applied by a phase shifter 10 to signals S
1 to S
4 transmitted from antenna elements 20A to 20D in order to form different beams B
1 and B
2. The current standards assume certain characteristics of the arrangement of the antenna
elements and the resultant required characteristics of the formed beams. For example,
the current codebooks assume that the antenna array is made of closely spaced (for
example, half wavelength spaced) antenna elements which generate beams having an identical
angle of departure from the antenna array. Whilst these codebooks are suitable for
such antenna arrays, they are generally unsuitable for more widely spaced arrays where
the antenna elements are spaced apart by greater than half a wavelength, typically
between around 4 and 10 wavelengths. This is because with such widely spaced antenna
elements, correlation decreases and propagation characteristics vary more than with
the closely spaced antenna elements. In other words, as the distance between antenna
elements increases, the correlation between the beams decreases, and so different
angles of departure may be required in order to improve channel conditions, given
the effects of the different paths through which the beams will travel due to differing
environmental conditions experienced by the beams. Accordingly, with widely spaced
antenna elements, improved channel conditions may be achieved if the angles of departure
of the beams are not identical. However, it is also desirable to avoid the complete
replacement of the existing codebook arrangement, techniques and functionality in
order to accommodate additional codebooks for these more widely spaced antennas.
[0052] Accordingly, embodiments provide an arrangement where codebooks are provided, provisioned
or configured for antenna arrays which have antenna elements spaced apart by a distance
which is greater than half a wavelength. These different codebooks provide phase shifts
which, when applied to different signals, generate beams having different angles of
departure. This enables user equipment to evaluate, based on measurements made regarding
the received channel signals, which of the different codebooks would provide the most
desirable channel signals when the different phase shifts are applied to the signals
transmitted by the antenna elements and beams are formed with different angles of
departure.
[0053] Hence, existing codebook feedback arrangements may be utilised, such as using a two-stage
codebook structure which feeds back sub-band or short-term channel properties frequently
using one codebook and wideband or long-term channel properties less frequently using
another codebook. In addition, the wideband or long-term channel property codebook
may be identical for both closely spaced and widely spaced antenna elements, but the
codebook of the sub-band or short-term channel property for widely spaced antenna
elements differs, as will be explained in more detail below.
Channel State Evaluation
[0054] As already mentioned above, in order to improve the properties of the channels between
a base station and user equipment, user equipment will typically perform measurements
of the characteristics of the channels being received. The user equipment is provided
with a set of codebooks which define different combinations of phase shifts that can
be applied at the base station to the signals being transmitted from its antenna array.
The user equipment can evaluate all or a sub-set of these codebooks in order to estimate
how those phase shifts would improve the characteristics of the channels being received.
The identity of the most appropriate codebooks can then be fed back to the base station
in order that the base station may utilise the phase shifts specified within those
codebooks in order to improve the conditions of the channels being received by the
user equipment.
[0055] Using codebooks rather than transmitting information relating to the channel conditions
is useful, since this reduces the quantity of feedback required between the user equipment
and the base station. However, the use of codebooks is also constraining, since if
these are not provisioned or configured appropriately, then optimal improvements to
the channel conditions may not be possible.
Codebook Structure - Closely Spaced Antenna Elements
[0056] For a typical cross-polarised or co-polarised antenna array with a half-wavelength
spacing, a two-stage codebook structure W
1W
2 is provided. W
1 provides wideband or long-term channel properties, whilst W
2 provides sub-band or short-term channel properties. The two-stage codebook structure
is used in order to balance overhead and accuracy of channel state information feedback.
Typically, W
1 is fed back relatively infrequently, such as, for example, every 100 ms, whilst W
2 is fed back more frequently, such as, for example, every 5 ms.
[0057] W
1 will typically be a diagonal matrix with n bits to capture the angle of departure
or grid of beam for a closely spaced antenna array which may be either cross-polarised
or co-polarised:

[0058] W
2 can be a vector with m bits to capture the phase shift between polarisations:

[0059] In other words, varying the value of n will change the angle of departure of both
beams transmitted by the four antenna elements so that both beams are together directed
at the same one of 16 different angles of departure, specified by the value n. Likewise,
the phase shift between the two beams may be one of eight different phase shifts specified
by the value m. Hence, the value n may be transmitted using four bits, typically every
100ms, whilst the value m may be transmitted using three bits every 5ms. This helps
to generate the two beams with the same required angle of departure and different
phase shift in order to improve the channel conditions at the user equipment.
[0060] However, this configuration of codebooks is optimised for a calibrated antenna array
with correlated antenna elements (typically having a half wavelength spacing and propagation
with a single dominant angle of departure path (for example, line of sight). Given
that different configuration antenna arrays may be provided, it is desirable to modify
the codebook such that it contains code words which can be used for different antenna
spacing between antenna arrays (XX array) with multiple wavelength spacing such as,
for example, four or 10 wavelengths, which allows for multiple path propagation with
more freedom at the same time.
Codebook Structure - Widely Spaced Antenna Elements
[0061] Whilst it is possible to retain W
1 in its configuration mentioned above, W
2 is modified to:

[0062] With this modified W
2, W
1W
2=[1
ej2nπ/16 ej4mπ/16 -
ej(4m+2n)π/16].
[0063] With this arrangement, two orthogonal co-phasing or precoding vectors for two polarisations
can be found when n = 0,8 and any m. That is to say, the two beams formed when n =
0,8 will be spatially orthogonal (i.e. the two beams will transmit with a 90° angle
of separation α between them). It will be appreciated that the angle of departure
β is the angle at which the beam extends from the surface of the antenna array.
[0064] W
1 may be configured either as an identity matrix or a diagonal matrix (1, -1, 1, -1)
representing long term channel characteristics of a full transmission element widely-spaced
antenna array. Other non-orthogonal co-phasing vectors or pre-coding vectors for two
polarisations can be found with other combination values of n and m.
[0065] Therefore, with the modified arrangement of W
2 this codebook can reuse the codebook design structure that currently exists for closely
spaced antenna arrays with very limited modification of design in order to support
widely spaced antenna arrays. Simply transmitting values of n and m in accordance
with current procedures can be used to generate beams with varying angles of departure
β and angles of separation α in order to improve the channel conditions at the user
equipment.
Codebook Structure - Combined Widely Spaced and Closely Spaced Antenna Elements
[0066] It will be appreciated that the codebook W
2 may include vectors suitable for both closely spaced and widely spaced antennas,
for example the codebook may comprise the union of both

[0067] When both the standard W
2 matrix and the modified W
2 matrix are provided, the selection between the two codebooks may be indicated by
higher level signalling from the base station to the user equipment (since the base
station may be aware of which type of antenna array is being utilised), or may be
signalled from the user equipment to the base station based on its evaluation of both
the standard and modified codebook W
2, together with feedback for the W
1 code word selection, or together with feedback for the W
2 code word selection.
[0068] Accordingly, it can be seen that embodiments provide a technique where W
1 is semi-statically measured and fed back from the user equipment where W
1 is used to quantise the phase shift within an antenna pair showing the same polarisation.
The standard W
1 codebook arrangement can be applied. W
2 is defined according to the following principles: for a code word represented by
W
1W
2 user equipment can feed back two different phase shift/co-phasing vectors corresponding
to different polarisations, even though they share the same long-term quantisation
of W
1; for a code word represented by W
1W
2, two different phase shift/co-phasing vectors can be orthogonal or non-orthogonal.
This arrangement provides a codebook that can give improved MIMO performance for widely-spaced,
cross-polarised antenna configurations, which is an increasingly common base station
antenna configuration. This arrangement can be implemented with only minimal changes
to existing standards.
[0069] A person of skill in the art would readily recognize that steps of various above-described
methods can be performed by programmed computers. Herein, some embodiments are also
intended to cover program storage devices, e.g., digital data storage media, which
are machine or computer readable and encode machine-executable or computer-executable
programs of instructions, wherein said instructions perform some or all of the steps
of said above-described methods. The program storage devices may be, e.g., digital
memories, magnetic storage media such as a magnetic disks and magnetic tapes, hard
drives, or optically readable digital data storage media. The embodiments are also
intended to cover computers programmed to perform said steps of the above-described
methods.
[0070] The functions of the various elements shown in the Figures, including any functional
blocks labelled as "processors" or "logic", may be provided through the use of dedicated
hardware as well as hardware capable of executing software in association with appropriate
software. When provided by a processor, the functions may be provided by a single
dedicated processor, by a single shared processor, or by a plurality of individual
processors, some of which may be shared. Moreover, explicit use of the term "processor"
or "controller" or "logic" should not be construed to refer exclusively to hardware
capable of executing software, and may implicitly include, without limitation, digital
signal processor (DSP) hardware, network processor, application specific integrated
circuit (ASIC), field programmable gate array (FPGA), read only memory (ROM) for storing
software, random access memory (RAM), and non volatile storage. Other hardware, conventional
and/ or custom, may also be included. Similarly, any switches shown in the Figures
are conceptual only. Their function may be carried out through the operation of program
logic, through dedicated logic, through the interaction of program control and dedicated
logic, or even manually, the particular technique being selectable by the implementer
as more specifically understood from the context.
[0071] It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that any block diagrams herein
represent conceptual views of illustrative circuitry embodying the principles of the
invention. Similarly, it will be appreciated that any flow charts, flow diagrams,
state transition diagrams, pseudo code, and the like represent various processes which
may be substantially represented in computer readable medium and so executed by a
computer or processor, whether or not such computer or processor is explicitly shown.
[0072] The description and drawings merely illustrate the principles of the invention. It
will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various
arrangements that, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles
of the invention and are included within its spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples
recited herein are principally intended expressly to be only for pedagogical purposes
to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the invention and the concepts
contributed by the inventor(s) to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being
without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions. Moreover,
all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the invention,
as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass equivalents thereof.
1. A wireless telecommunications network method, comprising:
providing a plurality of codebooks, each codebook identifying a phase shift to be
applied to each signal to be transmitted by each of a plurality of antenna elements
arranged in a plurality of pairs, each pair of antenna elements being spaced apart
by a distance greater than a half wavelength of a carrier frequency, each codebook
identifying a phase shift to be applied to each signal to generate a plurality of
beams, each of which has a different angle of departure.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said plurality of codebooks identify a phase shift
to be applied to each signal to generate said plurality of beams, each of said plurality
of beams being spatially divergent with respect to each other.
3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein a subset of said plurality of codebooks identify
a phase shift to be applied to each signal to generate a plurality of beams, each
of said plurality of beams being spatially orthogonal with respect to each other.
4. The method of any preceding claim, wherein each codebook comprises a product of one
of a plurality of first codebooks and one of a plurality of second codebooks.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein said first codebook comprises one of plurality of identity
matrices and diagonal matrices.
6. The method of claim 4 or 5, wherein said first codebook comprises one of plurality
of matrices having entries arranged in a number of rows and a number of columns corresponding
to said plurality of antenna elements.
7. The method of any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein said first codebook comprises one
of plurality of matrices W1, where
8. The method of any one of claims 4 to 7, wherein said second codebook comprises a vector
having a number of entries corresponding to said plurality of antenna elements arranged
in one of a column and a row.
9. The method of any one of claims 4 to 8, wherein each entry of the product of the first
and second codebook is associated with a final phase shift to be applied to each signal
transmitted by a corresponding antenna element.
10. The method of any one of claims 4 to 9, wherein said second codebook comprises one
of plurality of matrices W2, where
11. The method of any one of claims 4 to 9, wherein said second codebook comprises one
of the plurality of matrices W2, where rank 2 and other higher rank codebooks of W2
are transformed from the rank 1 codebook of W2 by applying a householder transformation
to a function of W2.
12. The method of any one of claims 4 to 11, comprising evaluating which of said plurality
of first and second codebooks are estimated to provide a desired characteristic of
said beams and signalling an indication of which of said plurality of first and second
codebooks are estimated to provide said desired characteristic of said beams.
13. The method of any one of claims 4 to 12, wherein spatially orthogonal beams are generated
using said first codebook having a value of n of one of 0 and 8 and said second codebook
having any value of m and wherein spatially non-orthogonal beams are generated using
said first codebook having a value of n between 0 and 15 other than 0 and 8 and said
second codebook having any value of m.
14. A wireless telecommunications network node, comprising:
providing logic operable to provide a plurality of codebooks, each codebook identifying
a phase shift to be applied to each signal to be transmitted by each of a plurality
of antenna elements arranged in a plurality of pairs, each pair of antenna elements
being spaced apart by a distance greater than a half wavelength of a carrier frequency,
each codebook identifying a phase shift to be applied to each signal to generate a
plurality of beams, each of which has a different angle of departure.
15. A computer program product operable, when executed on a computer, to perform the method
steps of any one of claim 1 to 13.