[Field of the Invention]
[0001] The present invention relates to a lighting apparatus that changes the color temperature
of illuminating light taking into account appearance of color.
[Background of the Invention]
[0002] Conventionally, there has been known a lighting apparatus that renders the color
of a visual object vivid to make the color of the visual object look desirable. As
an example of such a lighting apparatus, a lighting apparatus has been known in which
a color gamut area is increased by additive color mixing of light from red, blue,
green, and white LEDs, for example, thereby making the color of a visual object illuminated
with illuminating light look vivid (refer to Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication
No.
2011-204659, for example).
[0003] Further, it has been known that vividness of the color of a visual object under an
illuminating environment is influenced by conspicuity of the visual object. However,
the influence by the conspicuity cannot be appropriately evaluated by an average color
rendering index (Ra) that is generally used for conventional evaluation of color rendering
property. Therefore, a feeling of contrast index (FCI) as an index for evaluation
of conspicuity is used in combination with the Ra, whereby color rendering property
of a light source can be multilaterally evaluated more appropriately (refer to "
New Version of Color Science Handbook [3rd Edition], The Color Science Association of Japan", for example).
[0004] The FCI is an index indicating the extent of contrast and vividness in color reproduction
of a light source, and is defined by the following formula (1):
[0005] [Formula 1]
where
G
LAB(T) is a color gamut area of a color combination sample for four colors of red, blue,
green, and yellow in an LAB color system under a test illuminant, and
G
LAB(D65) is a color gamut area of the four-color combination sample in the LAB color
system under a standard illuminant D65.
[0006] The FCI is 100 under the standard illuminant D65, and an illuminant whose FCI is
higher than 100 renders the color more vivid and makes the space look brighter, as
compared to the standard illuminant D65. As a lighting apparatus using the FCI as
an index for evaluation, there has been known a lighting apparatus in which the types
of phosphors used in a discharge lamp and the weight ratio thereof are set so that
the FCI of light emitted from the discharge lamp is within a predetermined range (refer
to Japanese Patent No.
3040719, for example). Using this lighting apparatus, it is possible to perform lighting
that makes the colors of flowers and green leaves appear more conspicuous.
[Brief Summary of the Invention]
[Problems to be Solved by the Invention]
[0007] However, the FCI is lowered as the color temperature increases under a general white
light source. Specifically, the FCI of an incandescent lamp whose correlated color
temperature is 2700 K is 123, whereas the FCI of a high color-rendering type fluorescent
lamp whose correlated color temperature is 5200 K is 104. In recent years, a lighting
apparatus has been widely used, which includes a plurality of light sources having
different emission colors, and controls the output ratio of the light sources to change
the color temperature of illuminating light. However, simply changing the color temperature
of the illuminating light might cause unintended change in desirability of color appearance.
[0008] The present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and an object of
the present invention is to provide a lighting apparatus that can easily vary the
color of illuminating light in accordance with a desired atmosphere while maintaining
vividness of a visual object illuminated with the light, and desirable color appearance.
[Solution to the Problems]
[0009] In order to solve the above problems, a lighting apparatus according to the present
invention includes: two or more types of light sources having different emission spectrums;
an operation unit that allows setting of a color temperature of illuminating light
from the light sources; and a control unit that individually controls outputs of the
light sources so that the illuminating light has the color temperature set by means
of the operation unit. The control unit, when the operation unit has been operated
to change the set color temperature, controls outputs of the light sources so that
the color temperature is varied in a state where a feeling of contrast index FCI is
higher than 123 and a variation width of the FCI keeps within 10.
[0010] In the above-mentioned lighting apparatus, preferably, a variation width of the color
temperature of the illuminating light set by means of the operation unit is 2700 K
to 5000 K.
[0011] In the above-mentioned lighting apparatus, preferably, the light sources include
a light emitting device that emits white light having a relatively high color temperature,
a light emitting device that emits white light having a relatively low color temperature,
a light emitting device that emits green light, and a light emitting device that emits
red light.
[Effects of the Invention]
[0012] According to the present invention, when the color temperature is changed, the feeling
of contrast index FCI is maintained at a value higher than 123. Therefore, it is possible
to easily vary the color of illuminating light in accordance with a desired atmosphere
while maintaining vividness of a visual object illuminated with the light, and desirable
color appearance.
[Brief Description of the Drawings]
[0013]
[FIG 1] FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a lighting apparatus according to an embodiment
of the present invention.
[FIG 2] FIGS. 2A to 2E are diagrams showing variations of operation means in a controller
of the lighting apparatus.
[FIG 3] FIG. 3A is a perspective view of a lighting fixture in which the lighting
apparatus is incorporated, FIG. 3B is an exploded perspective view of the lighting
fixture, and FIG. 3C is a top view showing solid state light emitting devices and
a circuit board used in the lighting fixture.
[FIG 4] FIG. 4 is a side cross-sectional view of an LED used in the lighting apparatus.
[FIG 5] FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a power supply unit used in the lighting
apparatus.
[FIG. 6] FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a correlation between feeling of contrast index
and desirability of color appearance.
[FIG. 7] FIG. 7A is a diagram showing emission spectrums of light sources used in
Working Example 1, FIG. 7B is a diagram showing emission spectrums of light sources
used in Working Example 2, and FIG. 7C is a diagram showing emission spectrums of
light sources used in Comparative Example.
[FIG. 8] FIG. 8 is a diagram showing emission spectrums of illuminating light at color
temperatures of 2700 K and 4700 K in the light sources used in Working Example 2.
[FIG. 9] FIG. 9 is a diagram showing correlations between correlated color temperatures
and chromas of red color appearance in Working Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example.
[Detailed Description of the Invention]
[0014] A lighting apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention will be
described with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 9. As shown in FIG. 1, the lighting apparatus
1 according to the present embodiment includes: light sources 2; an operation unit
(hereinafter referred to as a controller) 3 for setting a color temperature of illuminating
light generated by the light sources 2; and a control unit 4 that controls the outputs
of the light sources 2 individually so that the illuminating light has the color temperature
set by the controller 3. As the light sources 2, two or more types of solid state
light emitting devices (hereinafter referred to as LEDs) having different emission
spectrums are used. In FIG. 1, LEDs 2a, 2b, and 2c are used as the light sources 2,
and are incorporated in a lighting fixture 10. However, the number of the types of
the light sources is not limited to three. In Working Examples described later, two
or four types of light sources are used. Further, the lighting apparatus 1 includes
a power supply unit 5 that supplies predetermined voltages to the LEDs 2a to 2c, respectively.
The power supply unit 5 may be independently configured as shown in FIG. 1, or may
be incorporated in the controller 3 or the lighting fixture 10.
[0015] The controller 3 includes: a housing 30; a cylindrical volume switch 31 that allows
a user to set a color temperature of illuminating light; and a power switch 32 that
allows the user to turn on/off the lighting apparatus 1. The volume switch 31 is provided
rotatably with respect to the housing 30, and allows the user to set a desired color
temperature. The power switch 32 is composed of a tumbler switch, a pushbutton switch,
or the like, and opens and closes a feeding path from an alternating-current power
supply AC to the power supply unit 5. The control unit 4 is provided in the housing
30 of the controller 3, and generates a DC voltage signal based on the correlated
color temperature set by user operation on the volume switch 31.
[0016] In FIG. 1, the rotary volume switch 31 is shown as an example of the operation means
operated by the user. However, the operation means may have other configurations as
long as the operation means allows the user to set a desired color temperature. For
example, the operation means may be: a fader that is vertically slidable as shown
in FIG. 2A; "up" and "down" push buttons as shown in FIG. 2B; or a multistage switch
associated with specific color temperatures as shown in FIG. 2C. Alternatively, a
rotary volume switch and a multistage switch may be combined as shown in FIG. 2D,
or operation means that allows the user to input a numerical value of a color temperature
as shown in FIG. 2E may be used. Still alternatively, the above-mentioned buttons
and fader may be displayed on a touch panel and represented by colors corresponding
to set color temperatures. The display may be made by characters or colors such as
orange and blue.
[0017] As shown in FIG. 3A, the lighting fixture 10 is used as a downlight to be embedded
in, for example, a ceiling, a wall, or the like. The lighting fixture 10 includes
a main body 11 that holds the equipment body, and houses a power supply unit (not
shown) for lighting the LEDs 2a to 2c constituting the light sources 2. Further, the
lighting fixture 10 includes: a frame 12 that is fitted in an opening formed in a
ceiling or the like, and holds the light sources 2 and the like; a terminal block
13 to which a power supply line for receiving power supplied from a commercial power
supply is connected; and mounting springs 14 for fixing the frame 12 to the ceiling
or the like.
[0018] Further, as shown in FIG. 3B, the lighting fixture 10 includes: a circuit board 15
on which the LEDs 2a to 2c are mounted; a heat sink member 16 for transferring heat
of the LEDs 2a to 2c; and a holder member 17 provided between the circuit board 15
and the heat sink member 16. Further, the lighting fixture 10 includes a protection
cover 18 for protecting the LEDs 2a to 2c. On the rear side of the protection cover
18, screw holders (not shown) are provided, and the protection cover 18 and the heat
sink member 16 are fixed to each other by screws (not shown) inserted into the screw
holders from the inner side of the heat sink member 16 (main body 11).
[0019] As shown in FIG. 3C, the LEDs 2a to 2c are arranged in a substantially center area
of the circuit board 15 and in the vicinity of the center area, preferably alternately,
such that the LEDs of the same type are not adjacent to each other. The arrangement
of the LEDs 2a to 2c is not limited to the arrangement shown in FIG. 3C.
[0020] The circuit board 15 is a generic circuit board for a light emitting module, and
is made of a material such as: metal oxide (including ceramic) or metal nitride having
an electrical insulating property, such as aluminum oxide (Al
2O
3) or aluminum nitride (AlN); metal; resin; or glass fibers. A wiring circuit (not
shown) formed on the circuit board 15 is coated with an insulating material, and portions
of the wiring circuit connected to positive and negative electrodes of the LEDs 2a
to 2c and portions thereof connected to wires are exposed as electrode terminals (not
shown).
[0021] As shown in FIG. 4, the light source 2 (each of the LEDs 2a to 2c) includes: a base
20 having a rectangular cross section; a light emitting unit (LED chip) 21 mounted
on the base 20; a frame part 22 having a recess in which the LED chip 21 is disposed;
and a filler 23 filled in the frame part 22. The filler 23 is silicone or the like,
and contains phosphors 24a and 24b that convert the wavelength of light emitted from
the LED chip 21. In the example of FIG. 4, two types of phosphors 24a and 24b are
used. However, the number of the types of phosphors is not limited to two, and is
appropriately adjusted so that the light emitted from the light source 2 has an emission
spectrum described later.
[0022] A cathode electrode 25 is provided on one side surface of the base 20 while an anode
electrode 26 is provided on the other side surface of the base 20. The cathode electrode
25 and the anode electrode 26 are connected to external connecting electrodes 27 and
28 formed at both ends of a lower surface of the base 20, respectively. Further, the
cathode electrode 25 and the anode electrode 26 are connected to electrode terminals
(not shown) of the LED chip 21 by wires 29. An inner circumferential surface of the
frame part 22 is formed to be a conical surface having an opening in the light outgoing
direction, and the conical surface has a light reflecting function.
[0023] Preferably, a blue LED element that emits blue light is used as the LED chip 21,
and an LED 2 that emits light of a desired chromaticity is obtained by adjusting the
types or contents of the phosphors 24a and 24b. Assuming that the chromaticity coordinates
of light colors of the LEDs 2a, 2b, and 2c shown in FIG. 1 are (x
1, y
1), (
X2, y
2), and (x
3, y
3), respectively, and the light amounts of the LEDs 2a, 2b, and 2c are Y
1, Y
2, Y
3, respectively, the chromaticity coordinates (x
0, y
0) of light color of illuminating light as mixed-color light and the light amount Y0
of the illuminating light are represented by the following formula (2). By varying
the ratio of the light amounts Y
1, Y
2, and Y
3 of the LEDs 2a, 2b, and 2c, it is possible to vary the color temperature of the illuminating
light obtained as the mixed-color light.
[0025] In addition to or instead of the phosphors 24a and 24b, a filter (not shown) may
be used, which converts the wavelength of the light emitted from the LED 2 by selectively
transmitting light of a specific wavelength. Such a filter may be provided in the
protection cover 18 (refer to FIG. 3B) of the lighting fixture 10. Further, the LED
2 may be provided with a lens member (not shown) for adaptively controlling distribution
of the emitted light. The phosphors 24 or the filter may be incorporated in the lens
member or between the LED 2 and the lens member.
[0026] As shown in FIG. 5, the power supply unit 5 includes: a control signal input unit
51 to which a control signal from the controller 3 is input; and an AC/DC converter
52 that converts an AC voltage supplied via the controller 3 into a desired DC voltage.
Further, the power supply unit 5 includes: first to third LED drive units 53a to 53c
that drive the LEDs 2a to 2c (refer to FIG. 1), respectively; and a drive signal converter
54 that converts the control signal input to the control signal input unit 51 into
drive signals to be output to the first to third LED drive units 53a to 53c. The drive
signal converter 54 outputs a drive signal composed of a rectangular wave signal having
a constant period, whose on-duty ratio is variable, to control, by PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation), switching elements (not shown) of the first to third LED drive units
53a to 53c, thereby adjusting the amount of power supplied to the LEDs 2a to 2c.
[0027] In the power supply unit 5, a control signal output from a control signal generator
of the controller 3 is converted into a DC voltage signal having a voltage level corresponding
to the on-duty ratio (color temperature) by the control signal input unit 51. Then,
the DC voltage signal is converted into the drive signals for the first to third LED
drive units 53a to 53c by the drive signal converter 54. The drive signal converter
54 includes a microcomputer and a memory. The memory stores therein: the signal level
of the DC voltage signal (the color temperature); the chromaticity coordinates (x
0, y
0) of the light color of the illuminating light corresponding to the set color temperature;
the ratio of the light amounts Y
1, Y
2, and Y
3 of the LEDs 2a to 2c corresponding to the chromaticity coordinates; and a conversion
table representing the correspondence relationship among them. The microcomputer converts
the DC voltage signal into a drive signal based on the conversion table stored in
the memory.
[0028] An experiment was conducted in which a plant as a visual object was illuminated with
illuminating light of various FCIs (feeling of contrast indexes), and desirability
of appearance was evaluated. A result of the experiment is shown in FIG. 6. As shown
in FIG. 6, the higher the FCI is, the higher the evaluated desirability is. Under
the condition where the variation width of the FCI is higher than 10, there is a significant
difference in the evaluation. The FCI of an incandescent lamp that is generally said
to make a visual object look desirable is 123. So, in the present embodiment, when
the controller 3 has been operated to change the set color temperature, the control
unit 4 controls the output of each LED so that the color temperature is varied in
a state where the FCI is higher than 123 and the variation width of the FCI keeps
within 10.
[0029] The FCI is a value defined by the above-mentioned formula (1). That is, the FCI is
represented by [G
LAB(T)/G
LAB(D65)]
1.5 × 100 where G
LAB(T) is a color gamut area of a color combination sample for four colors of red, blue,
green, and yellow in an LAB color system under a test illuminant, and G
LAB(D65) is a color gamut area of the four-color combination sample in the LAB color
system under a standard illuminant D65.
[0030] Hereinafter, the lighting apparatus 1 of the present embodiment will be described
with reference to specific Working Examples and Comparative Example.
<Working Example 1>
[0031] A lighting apparatus 1 according to Working Example 1 uses two types of light sources
2, i.e., an incandescent LED 1a having a high FCI and a low color temperature, and
a white LED 2a having a high color temperature, thereby making the correlated color
temperature of the illuminating light variable while maintaining a high FCI. FIG.
7A shows the emission spectrums of the LEDs 1a and 2a used as the light sources 2
of Working Example 1. The LED 1a is obtained by coating a GaN-based blue LED chip
with a filler to which CASN-based red phosphor is added, and the LED 2a is obtained
by coating a GaN-based blue LED chip with a filler to which BOSE-based green phosphor
is added. The amounts of the phosphors added to the respective fillers are adjusted.
<Working Example 2>
[0032] A lighting apparatus 1 according to Working Example 2 uses four types of light sources
2, i.e., an incandescent LED 1b having high color rendering property, a white LED
2b having high color rendering property, a GaN-based green LED 3b, and an AlInGaP-based
red LED 4b, thereby making the correlated color temperature of the illuminating light
variable while maintaining a high FCI. FIG. 7B shows the emission spectrums of the
LEDs 1b, 2b, 3b, and 4b used as the light sources 2 of Working Example 2. The LED
1b is obtained by coating a GaN-based blue LED chip with a filler to which CASN-based
red phosphor is added, and the LED 2b is obtained by coating a GaN-based blue LED
chip with a filler to which BOSE-based green phosphor is added. The amounts of the
phosphors added to the respective fillers are adjusted to be different from each other.
The LEDs 1b and 2b of Working Example 2 are different from the LEDs 1a and 2a of Working
Example 1, respectively, in the amounts of the phosphors added to the fillers. The
LED 3b is obtained by coating a GaN-based blue LED chip with a filler to which Ba
2SiO
4:Eu is added, and the LED 4b is obtained by coating a GaN-based blue LED chip with
a filler to which CaAlSiN
3:Eu is added.
<Comparative Example>
[0033] A lighting apparatus according to Comparative Example uses an LED 1c having a low
color temperature and high color rendering property, and an LED 2c having a high color
temperature. FIG. 7C shows the emission spectrums of the LEDs 1c and 2c used as the
light sources of Comparative Example. The LEDs 1c and 2c are different from the LEDs
1a and 1b and the LEDs 2a and 2b of Working Examples 1 and 2, respectively, in the
amounts of the phosphors added to the fillers.
[0034] Regarding the lighting apparatuses 1 according to Working Examples 1 and 2 and the
lighting apparatus according to Comparative Example, the volume switch 31 of the controller
3 was operated to set the color temperature in a range from 2700 K to 4700 K (to 5000
K in Working Example 1). This color temperature range realizes illuminating light
of incandescent, warm white, white, and natural white that are defined by JIS(Japanese
Industrial Standards) Z9112. Further as shown in Table 1 below, the output ratio of
the light sources 2 corresponding to each set color temperature is stored in the memory
included in the drive signal converter 54 (refer to FIG. 5), and the light amount
Y of each LED is controlled so as to correspond to the set color temperature.
[Table 1]
|
Correlated color temperature [K] |
Output ratio |
Feeling of contrast index FCI (difference from MAX value) |
LED 1a |
LED 2a |
|
|
Working Example 1 |
2700 |
0 |
1 |
- |
- |
135 (-2) |
3500 |
0.62 |
1 |
- |
- |
137 (±0) |
4000 |
1.6 |
1 |
- |
- |
137 (±0) |
4700 |
1 |
0.1 |
- |
- |
135 (-2) |
5000 |
1 |
0 |
- |
- |
135 (-2) |
|
Correlated color temperature[K] |
Output ratio |
Feeling of contrast index FCI (difference from MAX value) |
LED 1b |
LED 2b |
LED 3b |
LED 4b |
Working Example 2 |
2700 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0.9 |
134 (±0) |
3500 |
1 |
0.3 |
0.05 |
1.5 |
134 (±0) |
4000 |
1.2 |
0 |
0.1 |
1.5 |
133 (-1) |
4700 |
1 |
0 |
0.25 |
0.855 |
126 (-8) |
|
Correlated color temperature [K] |
Output ratio |
Feeling of contrast index FCI (difference from MAX value) |
LED 1c |
LED 2c |
|
|
Comparative Example |
2700 |
0 |
1 |
- |
- |
126 (±0) |
3500 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
120 (-6) |
4000 |
3 |
1 |
- |
- |
114 (-12) |
4700 |
1 |
0 |
- |
- |
105 (-21) |
[0035] In Comparative Example, as the user performs an operation to rise the color temperature,
the feeling of contrast index FCI is lowered, and the vividness and desirability of
appearance of the illuminated object are varied. In contrast, in Working Example 1,
even when the user performs an operation to rise the color temperature, the FCI is
kept within a certain range, and therefore, vivid and desirable color appearance of
the illuminated object is maintained. A similar result is obtained for Working Example
2.
[0036] FIG. 8 shows the emission spectrums of illuminating light output from the light source
2 when the set value of the correlated color temperature is 2700 K and 4700 K, respectively,
in Working Example 2. In Working Example 2, since the four LEDs 1b, 2b, 3b, and 4b
having different illumination colors are used, it is possible to efficiently obtain,
at each set color temperature, a wavelength component required for achieving the color
temperature.
[0037] FIG. 9 shows the chroma (Cab*) of red color appearance for each correlated color
temperature (CCT) in the lighting apparatuses 1 according to Working Examples 1 and
2 and the lighting apparatus according to Comparative Example. As shown in FIG. 9,
in Working Examples 1 and 2, the chroma (Cab*) is higher than 60 at any CCT, and does
not vary so much with the variation in the color temperature. On the other hand, in
Comparative Example, the chroma (Cab*) is lowered as the CCT increases.
[0038] As described above, in the lighting apparatus 1, when the controller 3 has been operated
to change the set color temperature, the color temperature is varied in a state where
the feeling of contrast index FCI is higher than 123 and the variation width of the
FCI keeps within 10. Since the FCI is maintained at a value higher than 123, the color
of illuminating light can be easily varied in accordance with a desired atmosphere
while maintaining vividness of a visual object illuminated by the illuminating light,
and the desirable color appearance.
[0039] The present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiment, and various
modifications can be made. The combination of phosphors to realize spectral distribution
of each LED is not limited to that mentioned above. Further, the number of the types
of LEDs and the combination thereof are not limited to the number and the combination
described in Working Examples. Any types of LEDs and any combination may be adopted
so long as the variation in the correlated color temperature and the feeling of contrast
index FCI can be maintained.
[Description of Reference Characters]
[0040]
- 1
- lighting apparatus
- 2
- light source
- 2a, 2b, 2c
- LED
- 3
- controller (operation unit)
- 4
- control unit