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(11) | EP 2 835 450 B1 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION |
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MICRO-NANO PROCESSING METHOD FOR ALUMINUM OR ALUMINUM ALLOY SURFACE MIKRO-NANOVERARBEITUNGSVERFAHREN FÜR ALUMINIUM- ODER ALUMINIUMLEGIERUNGSOBERFLÄCHE PROCEDE DE MICRO-NANO-TRAITEMENT POUR SURFACE EN ALUMINIUM OU EN ALLIAGE D'ALUMINIUM |
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| Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to the European patent granted. Notice of opposition shall be filed in a written reasoned statement. It shall not be deemed to have been filed until the opposition fee has been paid. (Art. 99(1) European Patent Convention). |
BACKGROUND
Technical Field
[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of aluminum or aluminum alloy surface processing, and in particular to a micro-nano processing method of an aluminum alloy surface, and a method for integrating aluminum or an aluminum alloy and a plastic.
Related Art
[0002] In a nano-molding technique, nano-holes are formed on a surface of a metal through chemical or electrochemical etching, and a micro-nano porous structure having a form similar to a coral reef is formed on the surface of the metal by selecting a special etching solution. Next, a treated metal piece is placed in a mold for in-mold injection molding, where a plastic component is directly injected onto the surface of the metal and solidified, and by means of a mechanical interlocking effect of the micro-nano porous structure, a plastic is closely combined to the surface of the metal. Finally, all modification processing for a surface of a metal can be performed on the injection molded piece removed from the mold. Through such micro-nano treatment on the surface of the metal, plane bonding between the metal and the plastic can be achieved, so that a metal-plastic bonding process is omitted. This nano-molding technique is mainly applied in metal-plastic integration bonding. During existing current micro-nano treatment of an aluminum alloy surface, a used etching solution contains a large amount of organic ingredients that may pollute the environment, and the processing efficiency and effect of nano-holes are far from desirable.
SUMMARY
[0003] In order to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, an object of the present application is to provide a micro-nano processing method of an aluminum or aluminum alloy surface, which effectively solves problems of environmental pollution caused by organics, and meanwhile, improve micro-nano hole processing efficiency and improve processing quality.
[0004] Another object is to provide a method for integrating aluminum or an aluminum alloy and a plastic, which has the advantages described above.
[0005] In order to achieve the objects, the present application employs the following technical solutions:
[0006] A micro-nano processing method of an aluminum or aluminum alloy surface for integration with a plastic includes a step of placing aluminum or an aluminum alloy as an anode in an electrolyte containing hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and an etching inhibitor for DC electrochemical etching, where the concentration of hydrochloric acid is 1.5 to 3 mol/L, the concentration of sulfuric acid is 0.9 to 1.2 mol/L, and the concentration of phosphoric acid is 0.6 to 1 mol/L, the concentration of the etching inhibitor is 0.5 to 2.0 g/L, the etching inhibitor is selected from thiourea, methyl cellulose, morpholine, butyl amine, cyclohexylamine, cyclohexanol, ethylene diamine, triethylene tetramine, and derivatives thereof, or is selected from copper sulfate, potassium iodide, and potassium bromide, the etching current density is 0.1 to 0.4 A/cm2, the temperature of the etching solution is 40°C to 70°C, and the powered etching time is 30s to 80s.
[0008] In some embodiments, before DC electrochemical etching, the aluminum or aluminum alloy surface is treated with an alkali solution.
[0009] Preferably, the aluminum or aluminum alloy surface is immersed in a NaOH solution having a mass concentration of 2% to 4% for 2 to 6 min.
[0010] In some embodiments, before DC electrochemical etching, the aluminum or aluminum alloy surface is treated with an acid solution.
[0011] Preferably, the aluminum or aluminum alloy surface is immersed in a HNO3 solution having a mass concentration of 1% to 4% for 1 to 4 min.
[0012] A method for integrating aluminum or an aluminum alloy and a plastic includes the following steps:
forming a micro-nano porous structure on an aluminum or aluminum alloy surface by using the micro-nano processing method; and
closely combining a plastic and the aluminum or aluminum alloy surface by means of the micro-nano porous structure.
[0013] An aluminum or aluminum alloy structure has a micro-nano porous structure formed on the surface of the aluminum or aluminum alloy structure by using the micro-nano processing method for integration with a plastic.
[0015] According to the present application, an electrolyte containing inorganic acid components of 1.5 to 3 mol/L hydrochloric acid, 0.9 to 1.2 mol/L sulfuric acid, and 0.6 to 1 mol/L phosphoric acid and an etching inhibitor is used to perform DC electrochemical etching on aluminum or an aluminum alloy, the hole distribution of the resulting micro-nano porous structure is even and uniform, and the processing is rapid and efficient; moreover, problems of environmental pollution caused by organic components contained in the etching solution used in the prior art are completely eliminated. The processing method of the present application has the advantages of being rapid and safe, simple process and desirable controllability. The micro-nano porous structure formed on the aluminum or aluminum alloy surface by using the present application makes integration of the aluminum or aluminum alloy structure and a plastic easier, and after injection molding, a metal-plastic component having a high bonding strength may be obtained, thereby achieving combined preparation of integration of an aluminum alloy and a plastic in an environmental friendly and high efficient manner.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] The present application will become more fully understood from the detailed description given herein below for illustration only, and thus are not limitative of the present application, and wherein:
FIG. 1 is an electron micrograph of an aluminum alloy plate (A5052) after etching obtained according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 2 is a high-power electron micrograph of an aluminum alloy plate (A5052) after etching obtained according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 3 is an electron micrograph of an aluminum alloy plate (A6063) after etching obtained according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 4 is a high-power electron micrograph of an aluminum alloy plate (A6063) after etching obtained according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 5 is an electron micrograph of an aluminum foil after etching obtained according to an embodiment of the present application; and
FIG. 6 is a high-power electron micrograph of an aluminum foil after etching obtained according to an embodiment of the present application.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0018] In the following, the present application is further described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments.
[0019] In the following, the embodiments of the present application are described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be emphasized that the description below is merely exemplary, but not intended to limit the scope and application of the present application.
[0020] Referring to FIG. 1, in some specific embodiments, a micro-nano processing method of an aluminum or aluminum alloy surface includes the following process:
(1) Sample preparation
[0021] Aluminum or an aluminum alloy (such as 1000-7000 series aluminum alloys) is processed into a desired shape and size, and a fit jig is designed according to the product.
(2) Sample pretreatment
[0022] The pretreatment process may be performed in the following manner:
(2.1) The aluminum or aluminum alloy surface is polished by using different types of sandpaper to remove an oxide layer generated during storage of the aluminum or aluminum alloy, so as to obtain a new surface, or the oxide layer on the surface may be removed by using a chemical cleaning method.
(2.2) Degreasing treatment
[0023] The aluminum or aluminum alloy surface is cleaned with a solution of a detergent and water to remove grease from the surface, is then cleaned with distilled water, and then dried in a vacuum oven at 120°C.
(2.3) Treatment with alkali solution
[0024] The part that does not need to be etched may be first protected through coating with paraffin wax, and the aluminum or an aluminum alloy is then immersed in a NaOH solution for several minutes, where the mass concentration of NaOH is preferably 2% to 4%, and the immersion time is preferably 2 to 6 min.
(2.4) Treatment with acid solution
[0025] The aluminum or aluminum alloy is immersed in a HNO3 solution for several minutes, where the mass concentration of HNO3 is preferably 1% to 4%, and the immersion time is preferably 1 to 4 min.
[0026] Since the state of the aluminum or aluminum alloy surface has important influence on the subsequent etching process, through the pretreatment on the aluminum or aluminum alloy surface with the above steps, the grease and oxide layer on the surface may be effectively removed, and the surface is activated, thereby improving the effect of subsequent electrochemical etching.
(3) DC electrochemical etching
[0027] This step is a critical step for micro-nano etching of the aluminum alloy surface. An electrolyte of a certain concentration is formulated by hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid, where the concentration of hydrochloric acid is 1.5 to 3 mol/L, the concentration of sulfuric acid is 0.9 to 1.2 mol/L, the concentration of phosphoric acid is 0.6 to 1 mol/L, a suitable amount of etching inhibitor is added, the concentration of the etching inhibitor is 0.5 to 2.0 g/L. The electrolyte of the above formula achieves the optimal etching inhibition effect. The aluminum alloy sample after pretreatment is placed in the electrolyte as an anode, the cathode may be an inert graphite or platinum electrode, the temperature of the etching solution is controlled to be 40°C to 70°C, the current density of the applied DC current is 0.1 A/cm2 to 0.4 A/cm2, and the powered time is 30s to 80s.
(4) Post-treatment
[0028] After etching, post-treatment can be implemented for cleaning and drying. For example, the aluminum foil after DC electrochemical etching is cleaned with distilled water, then immersed in alcohol or acetone for several seconds, and then dried in a drying oven at 70°C.
[0029] Through the nano processing process of the aluminum or aluminum alloy surface according to the embodiments, evenly distributed micro-nano holes whose hole diameters are between 50 nanometer to 20 micrometer are quickly generated on the aluminum or aluminum alloy surface, thereby achieving environmental friendly, high-efficiency, and high-quality nano molding of the aluminum or aluminum alloy surface.
[0030] The present invention relates to a method for integrating aluminum or an aluminum alloy and a plastic, where the method includes the following steps:
forming a micro-nano porous structure on an aluminum or aluminum alloy surface by using the micro-nano processing method; and
closely combining a plastic and the aluminum or aluminum alloy surface by means of the micro-nano porous structure.
[0031] Some other embodiments relate to an aluminum or aluminum alloy structure, having a micro-nano porous structure formed on the surface of the aluminum or aluminum alloy structure by using the micro-nano processing method.
[0032] In the following, features and advantages of the present application are further demonstrated through several examples.
Example 1
[0033] A commercially available aluminum alloy plate A5052 having a thickness of 2 mm was purchased and was evenly cut into aluminum sheets of 20 mm x 10 mm by using line cutting, and the aluminum sheet was polished by using model 360#, 600# and 800# iron sand papers in sequence. During polishing, each time when a sandpaper is changed, the sample needs to be rotated by 900 degrees to ensure that all scratches left in a previous procedure were worn off, so that the thickness of the polished sample reaches a level of about 5 µm. Next, the sample was cleaned for 10 min with ultrasonic waves in an ethanol solution to remove the grease from the surface, and was then cleaned with deionized water and dried in a drying oven at 120°C.
[0034] 100 ml NaOH solution having a mass concentration of 2% was formulated with ion exchange water and heated to 40°C in water bath, and the aluminum alloy sheet was immersed in the NaOH solution for 2 min in a suspended manner and then cleaned with deionized water.
[0035] Next, 100 ml HNO3 solution having a mass concentration of 1% was diluted with ion exchange water and heated to 40°C in water bath, and the aluminum alloy sheet was immersed in the HNO3 solution for 4 min in a suspended manner and then cleaned with deionized water.
[0036] Then, with the aluminum alloy sheet as an anode, a graphite sheet as a cathode, a mixed solution in an electrolytic cell containing 1.5 mol/L hydrochloric acid, 0.9 mol/L sulfuric acid, and 0.6 mol/L phosphoric acid as an electrolyte, a certain etching inhibitor was added, and the current density was controlled to be 0.15 A/cm2 by a constant voltage DC source, the temperature of the electrolyte was 40°C, and the powered time was 30s. Next, the aluminum alloy sheet was cleaned with deionized water, then immersed for 5s in acetone, and dried in a drying oven at 70°C. Electron micrographs of the aluminum alloy sheet after etching are shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. It can be seen from the electron micrographs after etching that the hole diameter of a large hole obtained on the etching surface is 1 to 3 micrometers, and a large amount of nano holes having a hole diameter of 30 to 50 nanometers are evenly distributed.
Example 2
[0037] A commercially available aluminum alloy plate A6063 having a thickness of 2 mm was purchased and was evenly cut into aluminum sheets of 20 mm x 10 mm by using line cutting. A small hole was opened on each aluminum alloy sheet, and the surface of the aluminum alloy sheet was polished by using model 360#, 600# and 800# iron sand papers in sequence. During polishing, each time when a sandpaper is changed, the sample needs to be rotated by 900 degrees, so as to ensure that all scratches left in a previous procedure were worn off, so that the thickness of the polished sample reaches a level of about 5 µm. Next, the sample was cleaned for 10 min with ultrasonic waves in an ethanol solution to remove grease from the surface, and then was cleaned with deionized water and dried in a drying oven at 120°C.
[0038] 100 ml NaOH solution having a mass concentration of 2% was formulated with ion exchange water and heated to 40°C in water bath, and the aluminum alloy sheet was immersed in the NaOH solution for 2 min in a suspended manner and then cleaned with deionized water.
[0039] Next, 100 ml mixed solution of HNO3 having a mass concentration of 1% and HF having a mass concentration of 0.5% was formulated with ion exchange water and heated to 40°C in water bath, and the aluminum alloy sheet was immersed in the mixed solution for 1 min in a suspended manner and then cleaned with deionized water.
[0040] Then, with the aluminum alloy sheet as an anode, the aluminum alloy sheet was treated in an electrolyte formed by mixing 2 mol/L hydrochloric acid, 0.9 mol/L sulfuric acid, 0.8 mol/L phosphoric acid, 2.0 g/L polyethylene glycol, and 1.5 g/L thiourea for 70s, where the etching current density was 0.3 A/cm2, and the temperature of the electrolyte was 60°C. Next, the aluminum alloy sheet was cleaned with deionized water, immersed in acetone for 5s, and then dried in a drying oven at 70°C. Electron micrographs of the aluminum alloy sheet after etching are shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4. It can be seen from the electron micrographs after etching that the hole diameter of a large hole obtained on the etching surface is 1 to 3 micrometers, and a large amount of nano holes having a hole diameter of 20 to 40 nanometers are evenly distributed.
Example 3
[0041] A commercially available aluminum foil was purchased and was cut into thin sheets of 20 mm x 10 mm. A small hoe was opened on each thin sheet, and the surface of the thin sheet was directly polished by using a 800# iron sand paper; next, the thin sheet was cleaned with ultrasonic waves for 10 min in an ethanol solution to remove the grease on surface, and then was cleaned with deionized water and dried in a drying oven at 120°C.
[0042] 100 ml NaOH solution having a mass concentration of 1.5% was formulated with ion exchange water and heated to 40°C in water bath, and the aluminum foil sheet was immersed in the NaOH solution for 2 min in a suspended manner and then cleaned with deionized water.
[0043] Next, 100 ml HNO3 solution having a mass concentration of 1% was diluted with ion exchange water and heated to 40°C in water bath, and the aluminum foil sheet after being washed with the alkali solution was immersed in the HNO3 solution for 1 min in a suspended manner and then cleaned with deionized water.
[0044] Then, with the aluminum foil sheet as an anode and a graphite sheet as a cathode, the aluminum foil sheet was treated for 70s in an electrolyte having an etching solution including 2 mol/L hydrochloric acid, 0.9 mol/L sulfuric acid, 0.6 mol/L phosphoric acid, and 0.4 g/L triethylene tetramine, where the temperature was maintained at 60°C, and the applied DC current was 0.15A/cm2. Next, the aluminum foil sheet was cleaned with deionized water, immersed in acetone for 5s, and then dried in a drying oven at 70°C. Electron micrographs of the aluminum foil sheet after etching are shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6. It can be seen from the electron micrographs after etching that the hole diameter of a large hole obtained on the etching surface is 1 to 5 micrometers, and a large amount of nano holes having a hole diameter of 30 to 60 nanometers are evenly distributed.
[0045] It is verified by numerous other examples (which are not repeated herein), in the electrolyte of the present application, it is feasible that the concentration of hydrochloric acid is 1.5 to 3 mol/L, the concentration of sulfuric acid is 0.9 to 1.2 mol/L, and the concentration of phosphoric acid is 0.6 to 1 mol/L; moreover, in the case that the electrolyte of the present application is used, the temperature of the etching solution is as low as 25°C, the etching current density is as low as 0.1 A/cm2, and the continuous powered etching is as short as 10s, although the hole processing effect is not ideal, a nano hole structure with desirable shapes and distribution may be obtained.
[0046] In the above, the present application is further described in detail with reference to the specific preferred embodiments, and it should not be construed that the specific implementation of the present application is limited to these descriptions. Several simple derivations and replacements may be made by persons of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the concept of the present application should be considered as falling within the protection scope of the present application.
1. A micro-nano processing method of an aluminum or aluminum alloy surface for integration
with a plastic, comprising: placing the aluminum or aluminum alloy as an anode in
an electrolyte containing hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and an
etching inhibitor for DC electrochemical etching, wherein the concentration of hydrochloric
acid is 1.5 to 3 mol/L, the concentration of sulfuric acid is 0.9 to 1.2 mol/L, the
concentration of phosphoric acid is 0.6 to 1 mol/L, the concentration of the etching
inhibitor is 0.5 to 2.0 g/L, the etching inhibitor is selected from thiourea, methyl
cellulose, morpholine, butyl amine, cyclohexylamine, cyclohexanol, ethylene diamine,
triethylene tetramine, and derivatives thereof, or is selected from copper sulfate,
potassium iodide, and potassium bromide, the etching current density is 0.1 to 0.4
A/cm2, the temperature of the etching solution is 40°C to 70°C, and the powered etching
time is 30s to 80s.
2. The micro-nano processing method according to claim 1, wherein, before DC electrochemical
etching, the aluminum or aluminum alloy surface is treated with an alkali solution.
3. The micro-nano processing method according to claim 2, wherein the aluminum or aluminum
alloy surface is immersed in a NaOH solution having a mass concentration of 2% to
4% for 2 to 6 min.
4. The micro-nano processing method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, before
DC electrochemical etching, the aluminum or aluminum alloy surface is treated with
an acid solution.
5. The micro-nano processing method according to claim 4, wherein the aluminum or aluminum
alloy surface is immersed in a HNO3 solution having a mass concentration of 1% to
4% for 1 to 4 min.
6. A method for integrating aluminum or an aluminum alloy and a plastic, comprising:
forming a micro-nano porous structure on an aluminum or aluminum alloy surface by using the micro-nano processing method according to any one of claims 1 to 5; and
closely combining a plastic and the aluminum or aluminum alloy surface by means of the micro-nano porous structure.
1. Verfahren zur Mikro- und Nanobearbeitung der Oberfläche eines Aluminiums oder einer
Aluminiumlegierung zur einteiligen Verbindung mit einem Kunststoff, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es einen Schritt zur elektrochemischen Gleichstromkorrosion des Aluminiums oder der
Aluminiumlegierung als Anode in einem Salzsäure, Schwefelsäure, Phosphorsäure und
einen Korrosionsinhibitor enthaltenden Elektrolyt aufweist, wobei die Salzsäure in
einer Konzentration von 1,5 - 3 mol/L, die Schwefelsäure in einer Konzentration von
0,9 - 1,2 mol/L, die Phosphorsäure in einer Konzentration von 0,6 - 1 mol/L und der
Korrosionsinhibitor in einer Konzentration von 0,5 - 2,0 g/L vorhanden sind, und wobei
der Korrosionsinhibitor aus Thioharnstoff, Methylcellulose, Morpholin, Butylamin,
Cyclohexylamin, Cyclohexanol, Ethylendiamin, Triethylentetramin und deren Derivaten
ausgewählt ist oder Kupfersulfat, Kaliumjodid, Kaliumbromid ist, und wobei die Korrosionsstromdichte
0,1 - 0,4 A/cm2 beträgt, die Temperatur der korrosiven Flüssigkeit bei 40°C - 70°C liegt und die
bestromte Korrosion 30 - 80 s dauert.
2. Mikro- und Nanobearbeitungsverfahren gemäß Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass vor der elektrochemischen Gleichstromkorrosion die Oberfläche des Aluminiums oder
der Aluminiumlegierung mit einer Alkalilösung behandelt wird.
3. Mikro- und Nanobearbeitungsverfahren gemäß Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Oberfläche des Aluminiums oder der Aluminiumlegierung für 2 bis 6 Minuten in
einer NaOH - Lösung mit einer Massenkonzentration von 2 % - 4 % eingeweicht wird.
4. Mikro- und Nanobearbeitungsverfahren gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass vor der elektrochemischen Gleichstromkorrosion die Oberfläche des Aluminiums oder
der Aluminiumlegierung mit einer Säurelösung behandelt wird.
5. Mikro- und Nanobearbeitungsverfahren gemäß Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Oberfläche des Aluminiums oder der Aluminiumlegierung für 1 bis 4 Minuten in
einer HNO3-Lösung mit einer Massenkonzentration von 1 % - 4 % eingeweicht wird.
6. Verfahren zur einteiligen Verbindung eines Aluminiums oder einer Aluminiumlegierung
mit einem Kunststoff, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es folgende Schritte umfasst:
- Erzeugen einer porösen Mikro- und Nanostruktur in der Oberfläche des Aluminiums oder der Aluminiumlegierung mit dem Mikro- und Nanobearbeitungsverfahren gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5;
- Herstellen einer innigen Verbindung zwischen dem Kunststoff und der Oberfläche des Aluminiums oder der Aluminiumlegierung mit Hilfe der porösen Mikro- und Nanostruktur.
1. Procédé de micro-nano-traitement d'une surface d'aluminium ou d'alliage d'aluminium
pour intégration avec un plastique, comprenant : le placement de l'aluminium ou de
l'alliage d'aluminium comme une anode dans un électrolyte contenant de l'acide chlorhydrique,
de l'acide sulfurique, de l'acide phosphorique, et un inhibiteur de gravure pour une
gravure électrochimique CC, dans lequel la concentration d'acide chlorhydrique est
1,5 à 3 mol/l, la concentration d'acide sulfurique est 0,9 à 1,2 mol/l, la concentration
d'acide phosphorique est 0,6 à 1 mol/l, la concentration de l'inhibiteur de gravure
est 0,5 à 2,0 g/l, l'inhibiteur de gravure est choisi parmi la thiourée, la méthylcellulose,
la morpholine, la butylamine, la cyclohexylamine, le cyclohexanol, l'éthylènediamine,
la triéthylène-tétraamine, et des dérivés de ceux-ci, ou est choisi parmi le sulfate
de cuivre, l'iodure de potassium, et le bromure de potassium, la densité de courant
de gravure est 0,1 à 0,4 A/cm2, la température de la solution de gravure est 40°C à 70°C, et la durée de gravure
sous tension est 30 s à 80 s.
2. Procédé de micro-nano-traitement selon la revendication 1, dans lequel, avant la gravure
électrochimique CC, la surface d'aluminium ou d'alliage d'aluminium est traitée avec
une solution alcaline.
3. Procédé de micro-nano-traitement selon la revendication 2, dans lequel la surface
d'aluminium ou d'alliage d'aluminium est immergée dans une solution de NAOH ayant
une concentration en masse de 2% à 4% pendant 2 à 6 min.
4. Procédé de micro-nano-traitement selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3,
dans lequel, avant la gravure électrochimique CC, la surface d'aluminium ou d'alliage
d'aluminium est traitée avec une solution acide.
5. Procédé de micro-nano-traitement selon la revendication 4, dans lequel la surface
d'aluminium ou d'alliage d'aluminium est immergée dans une solution de HNO3 ayant une concentration en masse de 1% à 4% pendant 1 à 4 min.
6. Procédé pour intégrer de l'aluminium ou un alliage d'aluminium et un plastique, comprenant
:
la formation d'une structure micro-nano-poreuse sur une surface d'aluminium ou d'alliage d'aluminium en utilisant le procédé de micro-nano-traitement selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5 ; et
la combinaison étroite d'un plastique et de la surface d'aluminium ou d'alliage d'aluminium au moyen de la structure micro-nano-poreuse.