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(11) | EP 3 096 443 A1 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
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| (54) | ELECTROMECHANICAL ACTUATOR FOR CONTROLLING THE MOVEMENT OF A MOVING OUTER PART OF AN AIRCRAFT, AND AIRCRAFT INCLUDING ONE SUCH ELECTROMECHANICAL ACTUATOR |
| (57) This electromechanical actuator-(10) comprises an actuating member (20), such as
a rod, that is translatable along an axis (X-X) relative to a case (10) and that is
made up of a deployed part (21) and a non-deployed part (22), which are following
one another along the axis and which are respectively deployed and not deployed outside
the case, the axial span of the deployed part varying proportionally opposite that
of the non-deployed part as a function of the translated position of the actuating
member. This actuator also comprises an electric motor (30) for translating the actuating
member, which is supported by the case and is connected to the non-deployed part of
the actuating member by mechanical transmission means (50). The case defines an inner
volume (V10) inside which the non-deployed part of the actuating member, the motor
and the transmission means are arranged. In order to reinforce the strength of the
actuator under harsh conditions, the inner volume is, during operation of the actuator,
pressurized while being filled with a gaseous atmosphere having, irrespective of the
translated position of the actuating member, a pressure greater than or equal to a
preset absolute value of at least 1.5 bars, sealing elements (60, 61) further being
provided to seal the inner volume relative to the outside of the case so as to keep
the inner volume pressurized.
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[0001] The present invention relates to an electromechanical actuator for controlling the movement of a moving outer part of an aircraft, as well as an aircraft including such an electromechanical actuator.
[0002] The invention thus examines the field of aeronautics, in which such electromechanical actuators are for example used for the movement and retraction of aircraft landing gear.
[0003] Traditionally, such an electromechanical actuator comprises an actuating member, typically a rod, which, by translation, deploys and retracts with respect to a case of the actuator, under the driving action of an electric motor supported by the case. A transmission mechanism connects the output of the motor, often rotating, to the end of the rod, opposite that deployed outside the case. In practice, during various maneuvers by the aircraft, the actuator is implemented in harsh environments, in which it is subject to liquid water, steam, oxygen from the air, dust, dirty spray, sand, etc., which, over time, tend to alter the operation of its actuator by corroding the electric motor and/or the transmission mechanism, as well as by attenuating their lubrication. To protect the motor and the transmission mechanism, it may be provided to arrange them in an inner volume of the case, but this solution quickly proves ineffective inasmuch as, by closing this inner volume, a relative vacuum is created therein when the rod is deployed outside the center volume, such that the corrosion agents listed above tend to penetrate therein easily, by aspiration and/or driving by the rod during the retraction of the latter: once these agents have penetrated the inside of the inner volume of the case, they alter the operation of the actuator, in the same way as when there are no arrangements related to the aforementioned inner volume.
[0004] The aim of the present invention is to propose an improved electromechanical aeronautic actuator, the resistance of which to harsh operating conditions is reinforced.
[0005] To that end, the invention relates to an electromechanical actuator for controlling the movement of a moving outer part of an aircraft, as defined in claim 1.
[0007] One of the ideas at the base of the invention is to pressurize a tight inner volume of the case of the actuator, inside which one places the motor and the mechanical transmission means between the output of this motor and the part of the actuating member translating the actuator, provided not to deploy outside the actuator. In order to pressurize the inner volume while the actuator is working, the invention provides for filling this inner volume with a gaseous atmosphere such that, irrespective of the translated position of the actuating member, the absolute value of the pressure of the gaseous atmosphere is preset to at least 1.5 bar, or even at least 2 bars, or even at least three bars, or more, while maintaining the pressurization of the inner volume by the sealing elements, which seal this inner volume at each opening of the inner volume to the outside: thus, during the operation of the actuator, even when the actuating member is moved maximally and is therefore the furthest outside the inner volume, the latter retains a pressure much higher than the atmospheric pressure, in other words, higher than the pressure of the air around the outside of the case. In particular, the absolute value of the pressure of the gaseous atmosphere is provided such that, under all possible implementing conditions of the actuator according to the invention, related to the various maneuvers the can be considered for the aircraft, the pressure gradient does not change direction, the pressure inside the inner volume always being higher than that of the outside air. In this way, the aforementioned corrosion agents, such as liquid water, steam, oxygen from the air, dust, dirty spray, sand, etc., are effectively kept outside the inner volume of the case, thus greatly limiting or even eliminating the corresponding pollution of the gaseous atmosphere filling this inner volume. Likewise, the pressurization of the inner volume of the actuator makes it possible to fully know the composition of the gaseous atmosphere filling this inner volume: it is advantageously possible to choose a gas or a mixture of gases, which limits the natural inner corrosion of the actuator and/or limits the combined inner corrosion of the "fretting corrosion" type of the actuator and/or that makes it possible to do without an unoxidizable material for the engine and the transmission means and/or that limits the deterioration of the lubricants of the engine and transmission means. Furthermore, the pressurization of the inner volume of the case can advantageously be used to improve the sealing of the inner volume, by choosing and/or arranging at least some of the sealing elements such that each of these elements still further seals the corresponding opening when the pressure of the inner volume is high. Examples of such sealing elements will be outlined later. In all cases, it will be understood that this improvement in the tightness of the actuator typically makes it possible to make the inner volume hermetic and/or makes it possible only to lubricate the engine and transmission means with oil, not using grease.
[0008] Additional features and advantages of the electromechanical actuator according to the invention are specified in claims 2 to 10 and 12.
[0009] The invention will be better understood upon reading the following description, provided solely as an example and done in reference to the drawings, in which:
- figure 1 is a longitudinal diagrammatic sectional view of an electromechanical actuator according to the invention; and
- figure 2 is a view similar to figure 1, showing an alternative embodiment according to the invention.
[0010] Figure 1 shows an electromechanical actuator 1. As one preferred example, this actuator 1 is onboard an aircraft and commands the movement, relative to the chassis of the aircraft, of the moving outer parts of this aircraft, such as its landing gear, for example. Other usage examples of the actuator 1 are provided in the introductory part of this document.
[0011] As shown in figure 1, the actuator 1 comprises a case 10, which can also be called body. This case 10 has a sufficient rigidity so as on the one hand to be secured to the chassis of the aircraft, for example at a fastening tab 11 of this case, and on the other hand to withstand the reactions resulting from the actuating forces generated by the actuator 1. In practice, the case 10 is for example made from metal or from a plastic-based composite material.
[0013] The actuator 1 also comprises a rod 20. For the actuator 1, this rod 20 forms an actuating member that acts on one of the aforementioned moving outer parts of the aircraft, for example on its landing gear, to move this outer part relative to the chassis of the aircraft. The rod 20 defines a longitudinal central axis X-X along which this rod is translatable relative to the case 10. As shown in figure 1, the rod 20 extends, along the axis X-X, partially inside the inner volume V10 of the case 10, the rest of the rod 20 being outside this volume V10. In other words, along the axis X-X, the rod 20 is made up of two successive parts, i.e., a deployed part 21 and a non-deployed part 22 that is not deployed outside the case 10, the junction zone between these deployed 21 and non-deployed 22 parts being situated through an opening 12, defined by the case 10 so as to be centered on the axis X-X and connecting the inner volume V10 to the outside of the case.
[0014] Due to the translational mobility of the rod 20 along the axis X-X, the axial span of the deployed part 21 varies proportionally opposite that of the non-deployed part 22 based on the axial position of the rod 20 relative to the case 10. Thus, when the rod 20 is translated to the left in figure 1, the axial span of its deployed part 21 increases, while the axial span of its non-deployed part 22 decreases in a corresponding manner, until reaching a minimum span. Conversely, when the rod 20 is translated to the right, the axial span of its non-deployed part 22 increases, while the axial span of its deployed part 21 decreases in a corresponding manner, until reaching a minimal span. In all cases, i.e., irrespective of the axial position of the rod 20, its non-deployed part 22, which is more or less expansive compared to the span of its deployed part 21, remains inside the inner volume V10 of the case 10, while its deployed part 21 remains outside the case.
[0015] In practice, the deployed part 21 of the rod 20 is secured, directly or indirectly, to the aforementioned moving outer part to be actuated, at a corresponding fastening tab 23 of that part 21.
[0016] In order to translate the rod 20, the actuator 1 comprises an electric motor 30. The specificities of this motor 30 are not limiting inasmuch as it converts electricity powering it into a mechanical driving output. Typically, this driving output is rotational, selectively in both directions, around the axis X-X, the motor 30 including an output shaft 31, centered on the axis X-X and rotating around an axis, in both rotation directions. It will be noted that in the figure, the motor 30 is shown by a set of rectangles which, in practice, respectively correspond, for example, to a stator, an air gap, a binding band, magnets, a magnet holder, etc. Furthermore, this motor 30 here includes an electronic control board 32.
[0017] Irrespective of the embodiment of the electric motor 30, the latter is arranged inside the inner volume V10 of the case 10, as shown in figure 1. As shown in the figure, the volume V10 extends through the different components of the motor 30, going so far as to encompass its electronic board 32. In order to supply electricity to the motor 30 from outside the case 10, the latter defines an opening 13, which connects the inner volume V10 to the outside of the case, for example in a direction transverse to the axis X-X, and inside which a plug 40 is arranged for connecting to an electricity source, not shown, outside the actuator 1. The plug 40 may also be described as an electric connector.
[0018] Inside the inner volume V10 of the case 10, the electric motor 30, more specifically its output shaft 31, is connected to the non-deployed part 22 of the rod 20 by mechanical transmission means 50: this transmission means 50 transmits, if applicable while converting them, the movements from the driving output of the motor 30 to the rod 20 to translate the latter along the axis X-X relative to the case 10. As an example, known in itself and considered in figure 1, the transmission means 50 include a worm 51, which is coupled in rotation around the axis X-X to the output shaft 31 of the motor 30, with an interposition of rolling bearings or main bearings 52 with respect to the case 10, and a core 53, which is screwed around the screw 51 and blocked in rotation on itself around the axis X-X relative to the case 10, while being securely connected in translation along that axis to the non-deployed part 22 of the rod 20. Of course, this example does not limit the transmission means 50, any transmission mechanism between the driving output, irrespective of whether it rotates, of the motor 30 and the non-deployed part 22 of the translating rod 20 being able to be considered.
[0019] The inner volume V10 of the case 10 is filled with a gaseous atmosphere pressurizing the inside of the case 10. Thus, this gaseous atmosphere has a pressure whereof the absolute value is preset to at least 1.5 bars, preferably at least 2 bars, or even preferably at least 3 bars. It will be noted that this preset absolute value of the gaseous atmosphere filling the inner volume V10 of the case 10 is effective once the actuator 1 is in use and irrespective of the translated position of the rod 20 along the axis X-X: in particular, even when the rod 20 is deployed maximally and its non-deployed part 22 therefore has a minimal axial span, the pressure in the inner volume V10 has at least the preset absolute value, or is greater than the latter.
[0020] In practice, the value selected for the pressure of the gaseous atmosphere may vary depending on the usage context of the actuator 1, the idea being to preset a large enough value so that, under all possible operating conditions of the actuator 1 related to the various possible maneuvers for the aircraft, the pressure gradient between the inside and the outside of the case 10 does not change direction.
[0021] Owing to this pressurization of the inner volume V10 when the actuator 1 is operating, the pollution of this inner volume is limited or even avoided, preventing outside agents from penetrating therein, such as liquid water, steam, oxygen from the air, dirty spray, dust, sand, etc. More generally, the gaseous atmosphere of the inner volume V10, in which the motor 30 and the transmission means 50 bathe, is controlled regarding its composition, due to its relative overpressure with respect to the outside of the case 10. Unwanted components, such as the aforementioned outside agents, can therefore be excluded therefrom and prevented from penetrating therein. In the extension of the aforementioned considerations, the gaseous atmosphere is advantageously made up of a neutral gas or a mixture of neutral gases, for example nitrogen: the inner corrosion of the actuator 1, both natural corrosion and combined corrosion of the "fretting corrosion" type, as well as the deterioration of the lubrication of the engine 30 and the transmission means 50 are thus limited or even avoided.
[0022] Of course, for the pressurization of the inner volume V10 of the case 10 to be lasting, this volume V10 is made tight with respect to the outside. In particular, the openings 10 and 13 of the case 10 are respectively provided with sealing elements able to maintain the relative pressurization of the gaseous atmosphere filling the volume V10. For the opening 13, the corresponding sealing element(s), which are only shown diagrammatically under reference 61 and are for example fittings, need only have a static effect, inasmuch as this or these elements 61 statically seal the fixed interface between the case 10 and the connection plug 40, at the opening 13. Regarding the opening 12, the corresponding sealing element(s) consist of one or more seals 60 having a dynamic sealing effect, inasmuch as this or these seals 60 are designed to seal the moving interface between the case 10 and the translating rod 20, at the opening 12: according to one preferred and particularly advantageous arrangement, this or these dynamic sealing seals 60 are provided to be pressed against the case 10 and the rod 20 under the effect of pressure from the gaseous atmosphere filling the inner volume V10 of the case 10. In this way, it will be understood that the higher the inner pressure of the case 10 is, the more the sealing effect produced by the seal(s) 60 is reinforced. As one non-limiting example, the seal(s) 60 are lip seals oriented from the inside toward the outside of the opening 12.
[0023] According to one optional arrangement, the transmission means 50 are lubricated exclusively with oil, i.e., using a liquid lubricant, without using a pasty or solid lubricant, such as grease. The use of such oil-based lubrication is made possible by the control of the composition of the gaseous atmosphere filling the inner volume V10 of the case 10 and by the high level of sealing of this volume V10, in particular at the openings 12 and 13 of the case. Indeed, as explained above, the leakage risks of this liquid lubrication and/or pollution of this lubrication are controlled.
[0024] It will be understood that the presence of the pressurized gaseous atmosphere, filling the inner volume V10 of the case 10, substantially extends the lifetime of the actuator 1, by limiting or even avoiding its deterioration or wear due to aggressive agents, in particular originating from outside the actuator. This being the case, the presence of this pressurized gaseous atmosphere is not essential to the operation of the actuator 1: if this pressurized gaseous atmosphere disappears, for example in case of a break in the sealing of the inner volume V10, both at the openings 12 and 13 and at another location of the case 10, the actuator 1 is functionally operational, its rod 20 being equally able to be translated by the motor 30 as it can be in the presence of the aforementioned gaseous atmosphere. Of course, when the gaseous atmosphere is not present, the aforementioned problems of corrosion and wear will occur for the actuator 1, in the same manner as for the actuators of the prior art.
[0025] Figure 2 shows an alternative of the electromechanical actuator 1, referenced 100. This actuator 100 has the same arrangements as the actuator 1 and in particular includes the same components, such that, subsequently and in figure 2, these components are designated using the same references as those previously used, in connection with figure 1.
[0026] The actuator 100 differs from the actuator 1 by additional arrangements, namely:
- a pressurized gas cartridge 101, the inner pressure of which is high inasmuch as it is significantly above the preset value for the minimum pressure of the gaseous atmosphere filling the inner volume V10 of the case 10, and that is connected to that inner volume V10 by a pressure regulator 102, and
- a pressure regulator 103, which directly connects the inner volume V10 to the outside of the case 10, through a wall of that case.
[0027] The pressure regulator 102 is designed so as to selectively open or close the passage between the cartridge 101 and the inner volume V10 depending on whether the pressure of the gaseous atmosphere filling that volume V10 is lower than the aforementioned preset value: thus, when the pressure of the gaseous atmosphere drops below the preset value, the pressure regulator 102 opens the aforementioned passage such that the cartridge 101 recharges the gaseous atmosphere, supplying it with pressurized gas. Once the pressure of the gaseous atmosphere returns to a point above the preset value, if applicable with a given deviation, the pressure regulator 102 closes. It will be understood that the cartridge 101 and the pressure regulator 102 jointly form a gas supply means, able to automatically reinflate the gaseous atmosphere of the inner volume V10 when that inner volume deflates.
[0028] According to one practical and easy-to-implement provision, the cartridge 101 is supported by the case 10, as shown diagrammatically in figure 2. That being the case, the cartridge 101 can be made as an independent component of the actuator 100. Furthermore, the embodiment of the cartridge 101 is not limiting, inasmuch as this cartridge is only one example embodiment of a high-pressure gas source, to be connected to the inner volume V10 of the case 10 via the pressure regulator 102.
[0029] The pressure regulator 103 is in turn designed to open when the pressure of the gaseous atmosphere of the inner volume V10 passes above a predetermined pressure threshold that is midway between the high pressure of the cartridge 101 and the aforementioned preset value: thus, if a substantially high overpressure, i.e., greater than or equal to the aforementioned predetermined threshold, appears in the inner volume V10, the pressure regulator 103 releases this overpressure, by discharging part of the gaseous atmosphere of the volume V10 outside the case 10. The appearance of such an overpressure may for example result from a failure of the pressure regulator 102. In all cases, the pressure regulator 103 corresponds, in a way, to a safety valve, preventing excessive pressurization of the inside of the case 10.
1. An electromechanical actuator (1; 100) for controlling the movement of a moving outer
part, such as landing gear, of an aircraft, the electromechanical actuator comprising:
- a case (10),
- an actuating member (20), such as a rod, that is translatable along an axis (X-X) relative to the case and that is made up of a deployed part (21) and a non-deployed part (22), which are following one another along the axis and which are respectively deployed and not deployed outside the case, the axial span of the deployed part varying proportionally opposite that of the non-deployed part as a function of the translated position of the actuating member relative to the case, and
- an electric motor (30) for translating the actuating member (20), which is supported by the case (10) and is connected to the non-deployed part (22) of the actuating member by mechanical transmission means (50),
the case (10) defining an inner volume (V10) inside which the non-deployed part (22) of the actuating member (20), the motor (30) and the transmission means (50) are arranged, characterized in that, during operation, the inner volume (V10) is pressurized while being filled with a gaseous atmosphere having, irrespective of the translated position of the actuating member, a pressure greater than or equal to a preset absolute value of at least 1.5 bars, and in that the actuator (1; 100) further comprises sealing elements (60, 61) that seal the inner volume (V10) relative to the outside of the case (10) so as to keep the inner volume pressurized.2. The electromechanical actuator according to claim 1, characterized in that the preset absolute value is at least 2 bars.
3. The electromechanical actuator according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the preset absolute value is at least 3 bars.
4. The electromechanical actuator according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the gaseous atmosphere is made up of a neutral gas or a mixture of neutral gases.
5. The electromechanical actuator according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the sealing elements (60, 61) comprise at least one sealing gasket (60), which is
inserted between the case and the actuating member (20), while being designed to be
pressed against them under the effect of the pressure from the gaseous atmosphere.
6. The electromechanical actuator according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the transmission means (50) are lubricated exclusively with oil.
7. The electromechanical actuator according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the actuator (100) further comprises gas supply means (101, 102), suitable for recharging
the gaseous atmosphere when its pressure drops below the preset absolute value.
8. The electromechanical actuator according to claim 7, characterized in that the supply means comprise a pressurized gas source (101), which has a pressure strictly
greater than the preset absolute value and that is connected to the inner volume (V10)
of the case (10) via a pressure regulator (102) that selectively opens or closes the
passage between the gas source and the inner volume depending on whether the pressure
of the gaseous atmosphere is below the preset absolute value.
9. The electromechanical actuator according to claim 8, characterized in that the gas source is a cartridge (101) supported by the case (10).
10. The electromechanical actuator according to any one of claims 7 to 9, characterized in that the actuator (100) further comprises overpressure release means (103), suitable for
discharging part of the gaseous atmosphere outside the case (10) when the pressure
of said gaseous atmosphere drops below a predetermined threshold.
11. An aircraft, including:
- a chassis,
- an outer part, which is movable relative to the chassis, and
- an electromechanical actuator (1; 100) for controlling the movement of the outer part, this electromechanical actuator being according to any one of the preceding claims, the case (10) of the electromechanical actuator being secured to the chassis while its actuating member (20) is secured to the outer part.
12. The aircraft according to claim 11, characterized in that the outer part is a landing gear.