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(11) | EP 3 109 157 A1 |
| (12) | EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION |
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| (54) | AIRCRAFT STORES TRANSPORT SYSTEM |
| (57) A system comprising: a low observable aircraft (2) having its external surfaces oriented
at a limited number of directions; a device (12) mounted to the aircraft (2) outside
the external surfaces of the aircraft (2); and a cover (10) located outside the external
surfaces of the aircraft (2), the cover (10) being releasably coupled to the one or
more external surfaces of the aircraft (2), at least part of the cover (10) being
spaced apart from one or more of the external surfaces of the aircraft (2) so as to
define a chamber between the cover (10) and that one or more external surfaces of
the aircraft (2). The device (12) is wholly located within the chamber. One or more
external surfaces of the cover (10) are oriented in the same direction as at least
one external surface of the aircraft (2).
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FIELD OF THE INVENTION
BACKGROUND
[0002] Planform alignment is used in the design of many stealth, or "Low Observable" (LO) (i.e. low detectability by radar systems), aircraft. Planform alignment involves using a small number of surface orientations in the shape of the structure of the aircraft. For example, leading and trailing edges of the aircraft wing, tail surfaces of the aircraft, and surface of other aircraft structures (such as intakes and apertures) may be set to be the same angle. This is done to so that the aircraft reflects radar signals that are detectable only in very specific directions relative to the aircraft, rather than returning a radar signal that may be detected at many different angles.
[0003] LO aircraft may be used to carry payloads. Payloads tend to be carried by LO aircraft in internal storage bays. This tends to reduce the radar signature of the payload and maintain the low radar visibility properties of the aircraft.
[0004] Deployment of payloads by LO aircraft commonly involves the opening and closing of powered doors on an underside of the aircraft. Such opening and closing of powered doors may be performed while the aircraft is travelling at high speeds.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a system comprising: a low observable aircraft having its external surfaces oriented at a limited number of directions; a device mounted to the aircraft outside the external surfaces of the aircraft; and a cover located outside the external surfaces of the aircraft, the cover being releasably coupled to the one or more external surfaces of the aircraft, at least part of the cover being spaced apart from one or more of the external surfaces of the aircraft so as to define a chamber between the cover and that one or more external surfaces of the aircraft. The device is wholly located within the chamber. One or more external surfaces of the cover are oriented in the same direction as at least one external surface of the aircraft.
[0006] Each of the external surfaces of the cover may be oriented in the same direction as at least one external surface of the aircraft.
[0008] The system may further comprise a sealant located at an interface between the cover and one or more external surfaces of the aircraft, the sealant being non-electrically conductive.
[0009] The system may further comprise a cover detachment system operable to detach the cover from the aircraft.
[0010] The cover detachment system may comprise a hinge between the cover and the aircraft, the hinge being configured to permit rotation of the cover with respect to the aircraft, and to permit free movement of the cover away from the aircraft when the cover is at a predefined angle with respect to the aircraft.
[0011] The system may further comprise a propulsion system configured to propel the cover away from the aircraft. The propulsion system may be a cold gas propulsion system.
[0012] The aircraft may comprise a cover retaining device for retaining the cover against one or more external surfaces of the aircraft. The aircraft may comprise a first retraction device configured to, after release of the cover from the aircraft, retract the cover retaining device into the aircraft such that the cover retaining device is within the external surfaces of the aircraft.
[0013] The aircraft may further comprise means for sealing an opening through which the cover retaining device is retracted into the aircraft.
[0014] The aircraft may comprise a mounting device for releasably mounting the device to the aircraft and operable to detach the device from the aircraft. The aircraft may comprise a second retraction device configured to, after release of the device from the aircraft, retract the mounting device into the aircraft such that the mounting device is within the external surfaces of the aircraft.
[0015] The aircraft may further comprise means for sealing an opening through which the mounting device is retracted into the aircraft.
[0016] The cover may comprise means for fragmenting or destroying (e.g. combusting) the cover after separation of the cover from the aircraft.
[0017] The cover may be at least partially made of a material selected from a group of materials consisting of: a radar absorbent material, a degradable material, a biodegradable material, and a material that is dissolvable in water.
[0018] The device may be a device selected from the group of devices consisting of: a missile, a rocket, a bomb, a pyrotechnic device, and a sonobuoy.
[0019] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of providing a system. The method comprises: providing a low observable aircraft having its external surfaces oriented at a limited number of directions; mounting a device to the aircraft outside the external surfaces of the aircraft; and releasably coupling a cover to the aircraft outside the external surfaces of the aircraft such that: at least part of the cover is spaced apart from one or more of the external surfaces of the aircraft so as to define a chamber between the cover and that one or more external surfaces of the aircraft; the device is wholly located within the chamber; and one or more external surfaces of the cover are oriented in the same direction as at least one external surface of the aircraft.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0020]
Figure 1 is a schematic illustration (not to scale) of a bottom view of an example aircraft in which an embodiment of a missile transport system is implemented;
Figure 2 is a schematic illustration (not to scale) of a front view of the aircraft;
Figure 3 is a schematic illustration (not to scale) of a side view of the aircraft 2; and
Figure 4 is a schematic illustration (not to scale) showing detachment of a missile cover from the aircraft.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0021] Figure 1 is a schematic illustration (not to scale) of a bottom view of an example aircraft 2 using which an embodiment of a missile transport system is implemented.
[0024] In this embodiment, the aircraft 2 is a manned aircraft. However, in other embodiments, the aircraft 2 is an unmanned or autonomous aircraft.
[0025] In this is embodiment, the aircraft 2 is a "Low Observable" (LO) aircraft, i.e. an aircraft that is relatively difficult to detect using radar systems. In this embodiment, the principle of planform alignment has been used in the design of the shape of the aircraft 2, i.e. there are a relatively small number of different orientations of the surfaces of the aircraft structure compared to the number of different surface orientations in aircraft that are not Low Observable aircraft. In this embodiment, the leading edges of the aircraft wing are at the same angle as the edges of the trailing surfaces of the aircraft 2. Other structures, such as an air intake bypass doors and a re-fuelling aperture, also use the same angles as the aircraft wing/tail portions. The effect of planform alignment is that only radar radiation (emitted by a radar antenna) that is incident onto the aircraft 2 at a small number of specific angles (i.e. normal to the angles of orientation of the surfaces of the aircraft) is reflected back towards the radar antenna, whereas radar radiation that is incident onto the aircraft 2 at an angle other than one or those specific angles tends to be reflected away from the radar antenna. This is in contrast to aircraft that are not Low Observable aircraft. Such non-Low Observable aircraft would typically reflect incident radar radiation in many directions so that that aircraft is detectable at many angles. Thus, the aircraft 2 tends only to be "visible" to radar systems when it is at certain, very specific angles relative to the radar antenna of that system.
[0026] In this embodiment, the external surface of the aircraft 2 is made of or is coated in a radar-absorbent material (RAM) such as a foam absorber. The RAM that forms the external skin of the aircraft 2 tends to have relatively low electrical conductivity e.g. compared to the material that forms the aircraft frame.
[0027] In this embodiment, the aircraft 2 comprises a fuselage section 4, two wings 6, two missile covers 10, and two missiles12.
[0028] In this embodiment, the aircraft fuselage 4 is a portion of the aircraft 2 that houses aircraft systems including, but not limited to, an aircraft undercarriage, avionics systems, environmental control systems, and a cockpit.
[0029] The aircraft wings 6 are located on opposite sides of the aircraft fuselage 4. In this embodiment, the aircraft wings 6 have a primary purpose of generating lift for the aircraft 2. The aircraft wings 6 have aerofoil shaped cross section. When viewed from below as in Figure 1, the aircraft wings 6 have substantially uniform thickness such that a leading edge of an aircraft wing 6 has substantially the same orientation as the trailing edge of that aircraft wing 6. This alignment of the leading and trailing edges of each aircraft wing 6 tends to reduce the visibility of the aircraft 2 to radar systems.
[0030] In this embodiment, the missile covers 10 are elongate bowl-shaped covers. Each missile cover 10 is mounted to a bottom surface of the aircraft 2 an interface of the aircraft fuselage 4 and a respective aircraft wing 6. The missile covers 10 contact with the underside of the fuselage 4 and an aircraft wing 6. Each missile cover 10 defines a chamber between the missile cover 10 and the rest of the aircraft 2 (i.e. between the missile cover 10 and the fuselage/wing 4, 6).
[0031] Attachment of the missile covers 10 to the rest of the aircraft 2 is described in more detail later below with reference to Figure 4.
[0032] The missile covers 10 are detachable from the body of the aircraft 2. An example method in which a missile cover 10 detaches from the rest of the aircraft 2 while the aircraft 2 is in flight is described in more detail later below with reference to Figure 4.
[0033] In this embodiment, an interface between each missile cover 10 and the fuselage 4 and aircraft wing 6 to which that missile cover 10 is attached is a "blended" or continuous interface or join. In other words, an outer surface of the aircraft 2 may be contiguous with an outer surface of a missile cover 10. In some embodiments, a sealant seals at least part of the boundary between the missile cover 10 and the fuselage/wing 4, 6. Such sealant may be made of a non-electrically conductive material, such as rubber. Preferably, the entirety of the boundary is sealed. Such sealing of the boundary between the missile cover 10 and the fuselage/wing 4, 6 tends to reduce the visibility of the boundary to radar systems. Thus, the chambers defined between the missile covers 10 and the fuselage/wing 4, 6 may be sealed.
[0034] In this embodiment, the external surfaces of the missile covers 10 are aerodynamically contoured so as to minimise disruption to the bulk flow of air passing over the external surfaces of the missile covers 10 in flight and hence minimise aerodynamic drag. The missile covers 10 are aerodynamically smooth.
[0035] In this is embodiment, the shapes of the missile covers 10 are in accordance with the principle of planform alignment. Each external surface of each missile cover 10 is oriented in the same direction as an external surface of the rest of the aircraft 2. In other words, each external surface of each missile cover 10 is parallel to an external surface of the rest of the aircraft 2. Thus, the missile covers 10 on the aircraft 2 tend not to significantly increase a radar cross section of the aircraft 2.
[0036] The missile covers 10 may be made of, for example, a carbon fibre composite material. Furthermore, the external surfaces of the missile covers 10 may be coated in a RAM.
[0037] The missiles 12 are mounted to a bottom surface of the aircraft 2. In particular, each missile cover 10 is attached to the underside of a respective aircraft wing 6 at or proximate to a proximal end of that aircraft wing 6. Each missile 12 is mounted to the aircraft 2 by a respective ejection release unit (ERU). The ERUs are for releasing and projecting the missiles 12 from the aircraft 2.
[0038] In this embodiment, each missile cover 10 is a cover that is fitted over a respective missile 12 such that that missile 12 and any coupling devices (e.g. the ERUs) are wholly covered by the missile cover 10. Thus, each missile 12 (and associated mounting devices) is wholly contained within a respective chamber defined between a respective missile cover 10 and the rest of the aircraft 2.
[0039] The missile covers 10 advantageously tend to insulate, and preferably isolate, the missiles 12 and ERUs from incident radar waves. Thus, the radar cross section of the aircraft 2 tends to reduced, for example, compared to if the missile covers 10 weren't present and the missiles 12 were exposed.
[0040] Figure 4 is a schematic illustration (not to scale) showing a side view of the aircraft and illustrates detachment of a missile cover 10 from the rest of the aircraft 2 while the aircraft 2 is in flight.
[0041] In this embodiment, prior to launching the missile 12 from the aircraft 2, while the aircraft 2 is in flight, the missile cover 10 is ejected from the aircraft 2.
[0042] In this embodiment, the missile cover 10 is coupled to the underside of the aircraft 2 via a cold gas propulsion system 20 and a hinge 22.
[0043] The cold gas propulsion system 20 is located inside the chamber defined by the missile cover 10 at or proximate to a leading edge (i.e. a front end) of the missile cover 10. The cold gas propulsion system 20 is configured to, in operation, use pressurised cold gas to propel the front end of the missile cover 10 away from the underside of the aircraft 2, as indicated in Figure 4 by an arrow and the reference numeral 24. The cold gas propulsion system 20 may be controlled by a missile launch system on-board the aircraft 2, which may be controlled by a pilot of the aircraft 2.
[0044] The hinge 22 is located inside the chamber defined by the missile cover 10 at or proximate to a trailing edge (i.e. a rear end) of the missile cover 10. The hinge 22 provides a pivot about which the missile cover 10 rotates when the front end of the missile cover 10 is propelled from the underside of the aircraft 2 by the cold gas propulsion system 20. The hinge 22 is further configured to release the missile cover 10 from the rest of the aircraft 2 when the missile cover 10 is at a predefined angle with respect to the aircraft 2, thereby allowing the missile cover 10 to move away from the rest of aircraft 2, as indicated in Figure 4 by arrows and the reference numeral 26.
[0045] In some embodiments, the hinge 22 is a frangible hinge that is configured to break or fracture when the missile cover 10 rotates to or beyond the predefined angle with respect to the aircraft 2, thereby allowing the missile cover 10 to move away from the aircraft 2 under the effects of gravity.
[0046] In some embodiments, the hinge 22 comprises a system that includes a bar and a bar receiving member. The bar may be located on the missile cover 10 and the bar receiving member may be located on the underside of the fuselage/wing 4, 6. Alternatively, the bar may be located on the underside of the fuselage/wing 4, 6 and the bar receiving member may be located on the missile cover 10. The bar receiving member may have a C-shaped profile and comprise an opening through which the bar may be moved. The opening of the C-shaped receiving member may be oriented at the predefined angle with respect to the aircraft 2. The missile cover 10 rotating about the hinge 22 may cause the bar to rotate in the C-shaped bar receiving member until the missile cover 10 is aligned along the direction of the opening of the bar receiving member (i.e. at the predefined angle with respect to the aircraft). When the missile cover 10 is aligned along the direction of the opening of the bar receiving member, the bar may move out of the opening of the bar receiving member, and the missile cover 10 may move away from the aircraft 2 under the effects of gravity.
[0047] After the missile cover 10 is ejected from the aircraft 2, the missile 12 may be launched from the aircraft 2. In some embodiments, a motor of the missile 12 is activated once the missile 12 is remote from the aircraft 2, thereby reducing the risk of damage to the aircraft 2 by the plume of the missile 12.
[0048] In this embodiment, the aircraft 2 further comprises a retraction mode 28 that is operatively coupled to the mounting or coupling devices on the aircraft 2 that were used to attach the missile cover 10 and the missile 12 to the aircraft 2. After the missile cover 10 has been ejected from the aircraft 2 and the missile 12 has been launched from the aircraft 2, the retraction module 28 retracts the exposed mounting or coupling devices on the aircraft 2 into the fuselage 4 or aircraft wing 6. Preferably, the exposed mounting or coupling devices are retracted into the body of the aircraft 2 so that no coupling device protrudes from the aircraft 2 beyond the external surface of the aircraft skin. For example, ERU yokes, the cold gas propulsion system 20, and the part of the hinge 22 fixed to the aircraft 2 may be retracted, by the retraction module 28, into the fuselage 4 or aircraft wing 6 such that no part of those devices projects from the underside of the aircraft 2 beyond an external surface of the aircraft skin. Retracting the mounting or coupling devices into the aircraft structure advantageously tends to reduce the visibility of those devices to radar systems. Thus, the radar cross section of the aircraft 2 tends to be reduced. Furthermore, retracting the mounting or coupling devices into the aircraft structure advantageously tends to reduce drag on the aircraft 2.
[0049] In some embodiments, the retraction module 28 may be further configured to close the openings in the aircraft skin through which the mounting or coupling devices were retracted. For example, in some embodiments, after retraction of the mounting or coupling devices into the body of the aircraft 2, the retraction module 28 fills the openings in the aircraft skin through which the mounting or coupling devices were retracted with a self-expanding foam. The foam may be made of a RAM. Thus, the visibility of the mounting or coupling devices to radar systems tends to be further reduced.
[0050] Any other openings in the aircraft external skin may be filled, for example with a RAM foam, in a similar fashion.
[0052] For many conventional aircraft, the deployment of a payload from that aircraft typically involves the rapid opening and closing of powered door panels on a lower surface of the aircraft, often at relatively high aircraft speed. Powerful actuators tend to be required to open and close the door panels into the air stream at high aircraft speeds. Furthermore, when a large storage bay on the aircraft is opened at high aircraft speed, the aircraft tends to experience very high acoustic and aerodynamic loads. Furthermore, the opening of door panels while the aircraft is in flight, into the air stream, tends to adversely affect that stability of the aircraft and tends to hinder control of the aircraft.
[0053] Advantageously, the above described missile launch system tends to reduce or eliminate use of such door panels. Thus, the powerful actuators used for opening the door panels may be omitted, thereby reducing aircraft weight.
[0054] Furthermore, the acoustic and aerodynamic loads experienced by the aircraft when deploying a payload tend to be reduced.
[0055] Furthermore, the above described missile launch system tends not destabilise or hinder control of the aircraft. This may be, at least in part, due to the above described missile launch system not including doors or panels that are opening into the air stream.
[0056] Advantageously, use of the releasable hinge to mount a missile cover to the underside of the aircraft tends to provide that separation of the missile covers from the aircraft occurs in a predictable and repeatable way, thereby minimising a likelihood of damage to the aircraft.
[0057] In the above embodiments, there are two missile covers mounted to the underside of the aircraft. However, in other embodiments, there is a different number of missile covers. In some embodiments, one or more of the missile covers is mounted to a different part of the aircraft other than a bottom surface of the aircraft, for example, the top of the aircraft.
[0058] In the above embodiments, each aircraft wing has substantially uniform cross section along its length, i.e. from where that wing attached to the aircraft fuselage to the wing tip. However, in other embodiments, one or more aircraft wings has non-uniform cross section along its length. For example, in some embodiments, an aircraft wing may, when viewed from above for example, taper to a point at its tip.
[0059] In the above embodiments, a missile is mounted to the aircraft and housed in a missile cover. However, in other embodiments, a different type of aircraft store or payload is mounted to the aircraft and housed in the missile cover instead of or in addition to a missile. The terminology "aircraft store" and "payload" is used interchangeably herein to refer to any device or item intended for internal or external carriage and mounted on or in the aircraft. The item may be intended to be separated in flight from the aircraft. Aircraft stores may be expendable, i.e. an aircraft store may be configured to be separated from the aircraft in flight. Examples of expendable stores include, but are not limited to, missiles, rockets, bombs, sonobuoys, or unmanned air vehicles (UAVs). Alternatively, an aircraft store may be non-expendable, i.e. an aircraft store which is not normally separated from the aircraft in flight.
[0060] Thus, in some embodiments, the missile cover may be a cover for a device or structure other than a missile. A missile cover may be a fairing that is mounted to the aircraft and configured to be detached from the aircraft in flight. The terminology "fairing" is used herein to refer to an external structure added to the aircraft that may increase streamlining of aircraft.
[0061] In the above embodiments, an interface between each missile cover and the fuselage/wing is a "blended" or continuous interface or join. However, in other embodiments, the interface may be discontinuous depending on a desired aerodynamic profile and/or radar cross section profile of the aircraft.
[0062] In the above embodiments, the missile covers are attached to the underside of the aircraft via cold gas propulsion systems and hinges. However, in other embodiments, one or more of the missile covers is attached to the aircraft in a different appropriate way.
[0063] For example, in some embodiments, a plurality of latches are spaced apart from each other on the aircraft, and are configured to attach to the missile cover around an edge of the missile cover. These latches may be configured to hold the missile cover against the underside of the aircraft. When the missile cover is to be ejected from the aircraft, the latches may disengage from the missile cover allowing the missile cover to move away from the aircraft. One or more propulsion systems, e.g. cool gas propulsion systems, may be used to propel the missile cover away from the aircraft.
[0064] In some embodiments, a frangible adhesive may be used to fix the missile cover to the aircraft. One or more propulsion systems, e.g. cool gas propulsion systems, may be used to break the adhesive bond between the missile cover and the aircraft skin, and propel the missile cover away from the aircraft.
[0065] In the above embodiments, the missile covers are made of a carbon fibre composite material coated in a RAM. However, in other embodiments, one or more of the missile covers are made of a different appropriate material. In some embodiments, a missile cover may be made of a degradable (e.g. biodegradable) material. In some embodiments, a missile cover may be made of a material that dissolves in a liquid (for example, when exposed to rainwater, or if the missile cover lands in water such as a sea or river). In some embodiments, the missile cover may include a "self-destruct" device, such as an explosive, that is configured to destroy or fragment the missile cover after it has been ejected from the aircraft. Use of degradable materials, dissolvable material, self-destruct devices, and the like advantageously tends to reduce the likelihood of an ejected missile cover being retrieved and analysed by unfriendly parties.
1. A system comprising:
a low observable aircraft (2) having its external surfaces oriented at a limited number of directions;
a device (12) mounted to the aircraft (2) outside the external surfaces of the aircraft (2); and
a cover (10) located outside the external surfaces of the aircraft (2), the cover (10) being releasably coupled to the one or more external surfaces of the aircraft (2), at least part of the cover (10) being spaced apart from one or more of the external surfaces of the aircraft (2) so as to define a chamber between the cover (10) and that one or more external surfaces of the aircraft (2); wherein
the device (12) is wholly located within the chamber; and
one or more external surfaces of the cover (10) are oriented in the same direction as at least one external surface of the aircraft (2).
2. A system according to claim 1, wherein each of the external surfaces of the cover
(10) are oriented in the same direction as at least one external surface of the aircraft
(2).
3. A system according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the chamber is a closed chamber.
4. A system according to any of claims 1 to 3, the system further comprising a sealant
located at an interface between the cover (10) and one or more external surfaces of
the aircraft (2), the sealant being non-electrically conductive.
5. A system according to any of claims 1 to 4, the system further comprising a cover
(10) detachment system operable to detach the cover (10) from the aircraft (2).
6. A system according to claim 5, wherein the cover (10) detachment system comprises
a hinge (22) between the cover (10) and the aircraft (2), the hinge (22) being configured
to permit rotation of the cover (10) with respect to the aircraft (2), and to permit
free movement of the cover (10) away from the aircraft (2) when the cover (10) is
at a predefined angle with respect to the aircraft (2).
7. A system according to any of claims 1 to 6, the system further comprising a propulsion
system (20) configured to propel the cover (10) away from the aircraft (2).
8. A system according to claim 7, wherein the propulsion system (20) is a cold gas propulsion
system (20).
9. A system according to any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the aircraft (2) comprises:
a cover retaining device for retaining the cover (10) against one or more external surfaces of the aircraft (2); and
a first retraction device (28) configured to, after release of the cover (10) from the aircraft (2), retract the cover retaining device into the aircraft (2) such that the cover retaining device is within the external surfaces of the aircraft (2).
10. A system according to claim 9, wherein the aircraft (2) further comprises means for
sealing an opening through which the cover retaining device is retracted into the
aircraft (2).
11. A system according to any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the aircraft (2) comprises:
a mounting device for releasably mounting the device (12) to the aircraft (2) and operable to detach the device (12) from the aircraft (2); and
a second retraction device (28) configured to, after release of the device (12) from the aircraft (2), retract the mounting device into the aircraft (2) such that the mounting device is within the external surfaces of the aircraft (2).
12. A system according to claim 11, wherein the aircraft (2) further comprises means for
sealing an opening through which the mounting device is retracted into the aircraft
(2).
13. A system according any of claims 1 to 12, wherein the cover (10) comprises means for
fragmenting or destroying the cover (10) after separation of the cover (10) from the
aircraft (2).
14. A system according to any of claims 1 to 13, wherein the cover (10) is at least partially
made of a material selected from a group of materials consisting of: a radar absorbent
material, a degradable material, a biodegradable material, and a material that is
dissolvable in water.
15. A method of providing a system, the method comprising:
providing a low observable aircraft (2) having its external surfaces oriented at a limited number of directions;
mounting a device (12) to the aircraft (2) outside the external surfaces of the aircraft (2); and
releasably coupling a cover (10) to the aircraft (2) outside the external surfaces of the aircraft (2) such that:
at least part of the cover (10) is spaced apart from one or more of the external surfaces of the aircraft (2) so as to define a chamber between the cover (10) and that one or more external surfaces of the aircraft (2);
the device (12) is wholly located within the chamber; and
one or more external surfaces of the cover (10) are oriented in the same direction as at least one external surface of the aircraft (2).