Field of the Invention
[0001] The present invention provides improvements in relation to tactile ground surface
indicators. More particularly, the invention provides improved methods of manufacturing
a tactile ground surface indicator, and indicators formed by such methods.
Background
[0002] Tactile ground surface indicators comprise protuberances which are fixed over walking
surfaces, including in particular footpaths, stairs and platforms, principally to
warn blind and vision-impaired pedestrians of a hazard ahead and/or to provide them
with directional orientation information. The present invention provides improvements
relating to tactile ground surface indicators, particularly the manufacture thereof.
Summary of the Invention
[0003] According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method
of manufacturing a tactile ground surface indicator which comprises a head configured
to lie fixed over a ground surface, the method comprising plastically deforming a
section of metal plate to form a dish-shaped piece and machining an exterior of the
dish-shaped piece whereby an external profile of said head is formed.
[0004] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the section of metal plate is substantially
simultaneously cut - preferably punched - from flat metal plate and plastically deformed
to form said piece. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the section of
metal plate is cut - preferably punched - from the flat metal plate to form a blank
and the blank is thereafter plastically deformed to form said piece.
[0005] Preferably, said section is coined to form the dish-shaped piece. Alternatively,
said section may be forged to form the dish-shaped piece.
[0006] Preferably said dish-shaped piece is formed so as to have a substantially flat central
portion and a sloped peripheral portion extending radially outwardly from the central
portion.
[0007] Preferably, the section is substantially circular, whereby the dish-shaped piece
is generally frustoconical and the head is generally button-shaped. Preferably, the
head is formed such that a lower end of a peripheral side wall thereof has an outer
diameter of about 35mm and an upper end of the peripheral side wall has an outer diameter
of about 25mm. Preferably, the head is formed such that it has a height in the range
of about 4mm to about 5mm.
[0008] Preferably, said head is configured with a grip, and said machining comprises machining
the central portion to form the grip.
[0009] Preferably, the grip comprises concentric upwardly projecting ribs. Preferably, the
dish-shaped piece is the generally frustoconical one, whereby the ribs comprise rings.
[0010] In one embodiment of the invention, the machining is effected such that the grip
includes or is defined by an upwardly projecting lip which is coincident with or closely
adjacent to an upper end of an inclined peripheral side face of the head. Preferably,
the dish-shaped piece is the generally frustoconical one, such that the lip is a ring.
[0011] In one embodiment of the invention, said head is to have a smooth inclined peripheral
side face and said machining comprises machining the peripheral portion to define
said side face. In another embodiment of the invention, said head is to have a peripheral
side wall having an inclined, stepped exterior, and said machining comprises machining
the peripheral portion to define that exterior.
[0012] Preferably, the indicator is manufactured so as to include a downwardly projecting
stem connected to the head to be fixedly receivable by a cavity formed through the
ground surface for anchoring the indicator head over the ground surface.
[0013] Preferably, the method includes connecting an element defining the stem or from which
the stem is derived to the head or a piece from which the head is derived to effect
the interconnection between the head and the stem.
[0014] Preferably, the element is positioned such that an end portion thereof extends through
a hole formed through the head/piece and plastic deformation of the end and/or head/piece
is effected to create an interlock between the head/piece and stem/element.
[0015] Preferably, the element is connected to the head/piece before the machining. Advantageously,
the dish-shaped piece can then be mounted to an apparatus, preferably a lathe, used
to effect the machinining, via the element.
[0016] According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method
of manufacturing a tactile ground surface indicator having a head and a downwardly
projecting member connected to the head to be fixedly receivable by a cavity formed
through the ground surface for anchoring the head over a ground surface, in which
method an element defining the downwardly projecting member or from which that member
is derived is positioned such that an end portion thereof extends through an opening
formed through either the head or a piece from which is derived an exterior portion
of the head arranged to be visibly exposed when the head is anchored, and plastic
deformation of the end portion and/or piece is effected to create an interlock between
the piece and element.
[0017] Preferably, the plastic deformation is effected by swaging.
[0018] In a preferred embodiment of the invention the downwardly projecting member comprises
a stem. In such an embodiment, the head may be generally button-shaped or configured
in the form of a truncated cone.
[0019] Preferably, the opening is defined by a hole.
[0020] In an embodiment of the invention, substantially the entirety of the head is derived
from said piece.
[0021] According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method
of manufacturing a tactile ground surface indicator having a head and a downwardly
projecting stem connected to the head to be fixedly receivable by a cavity formed
through the ground surface for anchoring the indicator head over a ground surface,
in which method an element defining the stem or from which the stem is derived is
positioned such that an end portion thereof extends through a hole formed through
either the head or a piece from which the head is derived and plastic deformation
of the end portion and/or head/piece is effected to create an interlock between the
head/piece and stem/element.
[0022] In one embodiment of the invention, the method according to the second or third aspect
of the invention accords with the first aspect of the invention, formation of the
head comprising deformation of said section of metal plate. In another embodiment
of the invention, the head comprises a substantially flat base occupying substantially
the entirety of a footprint of the head to be receivable against the ground surface.
Preferably, in the latter embodiment, the head is a substantially solid piece of metal.
[0023] In a preferred embodiment of any one of the first to third aspects, said element
is configured with a plug portion which is sized so as to be incapable of passing
through said opening or hole such that withdrawal of the downwardly projecting member
or stem from the head in an axial direction from the plug portion to the opening or
hole is precluded.
[0024] Preferably, the element is further configured with a void and the head/piece is plastically
deformed such that material of which the head/piece is comprised flows into said void
to occupy it, thereby precluding withdrawal of the downwardly projecting member or
stem from the head in an axial direction from the opening or hole to the plug portion.
Preferably, said material flows to occupy substantially the entirety of said void.
Preferably, the plug portion is formed at an upper end of said end portion and said
void is formed below that upper end. Preferably, the void is bounded at an upper end
thereof by a lower end of said plug portion. Preferably, the void extends circumferentially.
Preferably, the element is configured with a radially inward or transverse taper defining
said void. Preferably, the plastic deformation of the head/piece is effected by applying
pressure
through the plug portion. Preferably, the application of said pressure through the
plug portion effects countersinking of part of the plug portion in the head/piece.
In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the plug portion can thus thereafter
be machined such that what remains thereof is flush with an upwardly facing surface
of the indicator head.
[0025] Preferably, the downwardly projecting member or stem is metal.
[0026] Preferably, the metal is steel. Preferably, the steel is stainless steel.
[0027] In one embodiment of any one of the first, second and third aspects of the invention,
the indicator is one in which the downwardly projecting member or stem is fully exposed.
The downwardly projecting member or stem may then be received directly into cement
or adhesive in the cavity to be secured thereby when the cement or adhesive sets,
such that anchorage of the head over the ground surface is effected. Preferably the
downwardly projecting member or stem is shaped to form an interlock with the cement
or adhesive when set; to this end, the downwardly projecting member or stem may be
configured with a circumferentially extending notch or channel into which adhesive/cement
in the channel can flow before it sets.
[0028] In another embodiment of any one of the first, second and third aspects of the invention,
the indicator is to include a casing over said downwardly projecting member or stem,
which casing is configured to deform against a side wall of the cavity when forced
into the cavity, thereby effecting anchorage of the head over the ground surface.
Preferably the downwardly projecting member or stem is shaped to form an interlock
with the casing; to this end, the downwardly projecting member or stem may be configured
with a peripherally or circumferentially or peripherally extending notch or channel
which receives a complementarily formed, transversely or radially inwardly projecting
portion of said casing.
[0029] Preferably, the casing is plastic.
[0030] Preferably, the casing is moulded to the downwardly projecting member or stem. Preferably,
the casing is formed by injection moulding.
[0031] In a preferred embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the injection moulding
is effected to form, in addition to said casing, an infill which occupies a downwardly
opening recess defined within the head and created by the plastic deformation of the
section of metal plate.
[0032] According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an indicator
formed by a method according to any one of said first aspect, said second aspect and
said third aspect.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0033] The present invention will now be described, by way of non-limiting example only,
with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a blank for forming a head of a tactile ground surface
indicator in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the invention;
Figure 2 is a schematic view showing preliminary fitting of an elongate metal element
to the blank for the purposes of forming a metal stem of the indicator;
Figures 3A to 3C schematically depict subjection of a preassembly, comprising the
blank and elongate element, to a stamping and pressing process to effect coining of
the blank, thereby forming a dish-shaped piece therefrom, and plastic deformation
of an upper end of the elongate element to fix that element to the piece;
Figure 4 schematically depicts machining of an upper surface of the dish-shaped piece
and lower end of the elongate element to form a gripping pattern and annular channel
respectively;
Figure 5 schematically depicts the formation, by injection moulding, of a casing over
the stem and an infill occupying a recess defined in the head;
Figure 6 is an upper perspective view of the indicator as formed in accordance with
the first embodiment;
Figure 7 is a lower perspective view of the indicator shown in Figure 6;
Figure 8 is a cross sectional elevation view of the indicator shown in Figure 6 installed;
Figure 9 schematically depicts simultaneous cutting out and deforming of a section
of stainless steel plate, from which an indicator head derives, in the manufacture
of an indicator in accordance with a second preferred embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 10 shows a dish-shaped piece formed by the step depicted in Figure 9;
Figure 11 depicts preassembly of the piece shown in Figure 10 and an elongate element
defining a stem of the indicator;
Figure 12 schematically depicts subjection the resulting preassembly to a pressing
process to effect plastic deformation and thus fixing of the element to the dish-shaped
piece;
Figures 13A and 13B schematically illustrate the manner in which the dish-shaped piece
arid an upper end of the elongate element are deformed in the step depicted in Figure
12;
Figure 14 schematically illustrates the assembly created via the step depicted in
Figure 12;
Figure 15 schematically depicts machining of the assembly shown in Figure 14 to form
the steel component of the indicator manufactured in accordance with the second embodiment;
Figure 16 schematically depicts what remains of a deformed upper end of the elongate
element following the machining step depicted in Figure 15;
Figure 17 schematically depicts the formation, by injection moulding, of a casing
over the stem and an infill occupying a recess defined in the head in the method according
to the second embodiment;
Figure 18 is an upper perspective view of the indicator as formed in accordance with
the second embodiment;
Figure 19 is a perspective view of a blank for forming a head of a tactile ground
surface indicator in accordance with a third preferred embodiment of the invention;
Figure 20 is a schematic view showing preliminary fitting of an elongate metal element
to the blank for the purposes of forming a metal stem of the indicator in the
method according to the third embodiment;
Figures 21 and 22 schematically depict subjection of a preassembly comprising the
blank and elongate element, resulting from the step shown in Figure 20, to a pressing
process to effect plastic deformation of an upper end of the elongate element to fix
that element to the piece;
Figure 23 schematically depicts machining of an assembly formed by the step shown
in Figures 21 and 22 to form a gripping pattern and annular channel;
Figure 24 schematically depicts the formation, by injection moulding, of a casing
over the indicator stem defined as a result of the step shown in Figure 23;
Figure 25 is a lower perspective view of the indicator as formed in accordance with
the third embodiment;
Figure 26 is a perspective view of a blank for forming a head of a tactile ground
surface indicator in accordance with a fourth preferred embodiment of the invention;
Figure 27 is a schematic view showing preliminary fitting of an elongate metal element
to the blank for the purposes of forming a metal stem of the indicator in the method
according to the fourth embodiment;
Figures 28 and 29 schematically depict subjection of a preassembly comprising the
blank and elongate element, resulting from the step shown in Figure 27, to a pressing
process to effect plastic deformation and thus fixing of the blank to the element;
Figure 30 schematically depicts machining of an assembly formed by the step shown
in Figures 28 and 29 to form a gripping pattern and annular channel;
Figure 31 schematically depicts what remains of a deformed upper end of the elongate
element following the machining step depicted in Figure 30;
Figure 32 schematically depicts the formation, by injection moulding, of a casing
over the indicator stem defined as a result of the step shown in Figure 30; and
Figure 33 is a lower perspective view of the indicator as formed in accordance with
the fourth embodiment.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments
[0034] The present invention is embodied in methods of manufacturing a tactile ground surface
indicator, and indicators manufactured by such methods, including the indicators 100,
100', 200, 200' illustrated in Figures 6, 18, 25 and 33 respectively.
[0035] Manufacture of an indicator according to each of the preferred embodiments comprises
interconnection of a piece defining a head of the indicator, or from which the head
is derived (i.e., out of which the head is formed), to an element defining a stem
of the indicator, or from which the stem is derived (i.e., out of which the stem is
formed), by effecting plastic deformation of either or each of the element and piece.
[0036] A method of manufacturing indicator 100, shown in Figures 6 and 7, will now be described.
The indicator 100 comprises a head 5, a downwardly projecting stem 10 and a single-piece
moulding 15 which defines both a casing 16 over the stem 10 and an infill 19 which
occupies a downwardly opening recess formed in the underside of the head 5.
[0037] Manufacture of the indicator 100 commences, referring to Figures 1 and 2, with the
formation of a blank 2, from which the head 5 is derived, and an elongate element
6, from which the stem 10 is derived. The blank 2 comprises a section cut from 2.5mm
thick stainless steel plate. The blank 2 is circular, thus assuming the configuration
of a disc, and is formed with a hole 3 therethrough. Preferably, the formation of
the hole 3 and the formation of the disc perimeter are simultaneous, i.e. both are
formed by subjecting the steel plate to a single punching step. The elongate element
6 is formed from a section of 4.5mm diameter stainless steel round bar, which section
is machined at one end such that the element is configured with an end portion 7 of
reduced diameter and an annular shoulder 9. The end portion 7 has a diameter which
is a fraction larger than that of the hole 3 and is introduced into the hole 3, for
example by gentle tapping of the opposite end of the element 6 with a hammer, such
that the shoulder 9 abuts one of the main faces 4 of the blank, whereby there is formed
a preassembly 11, comprising the blank 2 and element 6, in which an axially outermost
end of the end portion 7 projects proud of the other main face 4 of the blank 2.
[0038] Referring to Figure 3A, the element 6 is then introduced into a cylindrical cavity
20 in a mounting part 22 of the die press 27, whereby the blank 2 and exposed end
of portion 7 are
presented to a frustoconical cavity 25 of the die 28. Referring to Figures 3B and
3C, when the die 28 is urged towards the mounting part 22, the exposed end of portion
7 and the blank 2 are forced against the internal wall structure of the cavity 25,
comprising a flat upper face 25A and an inclined circumferential face 25B, whereby
the blank 2 is deformed so as to form a domed or dish-shaped piece 12, comprising
a substantially flat central portion 13 and a sloped peripheral portion 14 extending
radially outwardly from the central portion 13, the portions 13 and 14 defining a
downwardly opening recess 8, and the end of portion 7 is plastically deformed, thereby
spreading or mushrooming to form a plug portion 7A which is transversely too large
to be drawn through the hole 3. The pressure applied through the exposed end of portion
7, by the face 25A, may, in addition to causing the plastic deformation of that end,
cause localised plastic deformation of an annular portion of the blank 2 adjacent
the hole 3 such that at least part of the plug portion 7A is countersunk in the dish-shaped
piece.
[0039] The element 6 is thus swaged. More particularly, the portion 13 is trapped between
the shoulder 9 and plug portion 7A such that the piece 12 is securely fixed to the
element 6.
[0040] Next, referring to Figure 4, the preassembly, comprising the thus securely interconnected
element 6 and piece 12, is machined such that a circumferential notch or channel 17
is formed into the element 6 adjacent a lower end thereof, whereby the stem 10 is
defined, and an external profile is formed on the piece 12, whereby the head 5 is
defined. The circumferential channel 17 can alternatively be formed in the element
6 before it is attached to the blank 2, without departure from the invention.
[0041] In the formation of the head external profile, the preassembly is mounted in a lathe,
via element 6, and portions 14 and 13 machined such that the head 5 has a smooth inclined
circumferential side face 5A and a top portion configured with concentric upwardly
projecting rings 104 which define a grip that reduces the likelihood of slippage when
the head 5 is stepped upon.
[0042] In this embodiment, and each of the other embodiments, the resulting assembly 30,
comprising the head 5 and stem 10, may constitute an indicator in its own right. Specifically,
the stem 10 can be received directly into adhesive or cement provided in a cavity
formed through the ground surface, whereby the adhesive/cement flows such that some
of it occupies the annular channel, creating an interlock with the stem when the adhesive/cement
sets, to anchor the head 5 over the ground surface. This being said, it is preferable
that a deformable casing be applied to the stem, as outlined below.
[0043] The assembly 30, referring to Figure 5, is mounted in an injection moulding apparatus
40 in a manner such that there is defined a mould cavity 41 which is bounded by the
inner surface 5 A of the head 5 and by the exterior surface 10A of the stem 10, and
also bounded by mould tool sections of the apparatus 40, whereby plastic injected
into the cavity 41 forms a single-piece moulding 15 comprising an infill 19 which
occupies the recess 8 defined by the dish-shaped head 5, and a casing 16 which surrounds
the stem 10 and which additionally covers the lower end thereof whereby no part of
the stem 10 is exposed (see also Figures 6 and 7). During the injection moulding,
plastic flows into the annular channel 17 whereby an interlock between the moulding
15 and assembly 30 is created, reliably securing the former to the latter.
[0044] The casing 16 is preferably moulded in a manner such that it is configured with four
axially extending ribs 16A spaced therearound at 90° intervals, and a tapered lower
end 16B.
[0045] Advantageously, infilling of the recess 8 with plastic (to form infill 19) when the
casing 16 is formed eliminates the need for a mould piece which would otherwise need
to be received by the cavity, whereby the mould tooling is simplified, as will be
recognised by a person skilled in the art.
[0046] The infill 19 has a flat exterior face which is flush with a flat annular face defining
the base of the head 5.
[0047] With reference to Figure 8, installation of the indicator 100 comprises drilling
of a cavity 80 into hard ground 85, e.g. concrete, introducing the end 18B of the
casing 16 into the cavity 80 and driving the indicator 100 downwardly, such that the
ribs are compressed radially inwardly by the circumferential cavity wall, until the
base of the head 5 and underside (exterior face) of the infill 19 abut the ground
surface 82, the resulting frictional and compressive engagement between the casing
16 and the ground securely anchoring the head 5 over the surface 82.
[0048] In the forthcoming description of the additional embodiments of the invention, the
same reference numerals as have been used in relation to earlier-described embodiments
will, where appropriate, be used to denote and refer to the same or corresponding
features.
[0049] Manufacture of indicator 100', shown in Figure 18, in accordance with a second preferred
embodiment of the invention is the same as for the indicator 100 except with respect
to the manner in which portions from which the head and stem derive are formed, brought
together and fixed together. In this embodiment, referring to Figure 9, the section
of stainless steel plate 2' from which the head 5 derives is simultaneously cut out
from steel plate and deformed, in a combined punching and deforming/coining operation
whereby circular piece 12' is formed, as illustrated in Figure 10. The operation is
effected by way of an apparatus 27' comprising a die 28' similar to the die 28 except
that is additionally comprises an inner cylindrical cutter 29A, for forming the hole
3, and outer cylindrical cutter 29B, for forming the perimeter of the piece 12, and
further comprising a part 22' similar to the part 22 except that it is formed with
a shallow recess 20', which receives a portion of the cutter 29A once it has been
driven through the plate section.
[0050] Referring to Figure 11, the elongate element 6, prior to being received by piece
12', is formed with annular channel 17 and configured at an upper end thereof with
a shallow head 6A, defining a radially outwardly projecting flange, and an undercut
6B, preferably defined by a taper, immediately below the head 6A. In this embodiment,
the element 6 and piece 12 are brought together by introducing a bottom end of the
element 6 through the top end of the hole 3 and passing the stem-defining part of
the element through the hole 3 such that the underside of the head 6A is received
against the top face of the piece 12 and the undercut 6B is located within the hole
3 whereby it defines, as shown in Figure 13 A, a void 6C between the surface of the
taper and the cylindrical internal face which defines the hole 3. The hole 3 has a
greater diameter than in the previous embodiment, such that the stem-defining part
of the element can be passed therethrough. Referring to Figure 12, the preassembly
thus created is mounted in a press 27", which is similar to the apparatus 27, comprising
a part 22 which receives the element 6 and is received against the bottom surface
of the upper portion 13, and a part 23 which is receivable against the top of the
head 6A, the working face of the latter part in this embodiment comprising solely
a flat face 25C. The part 23 is then urged toward the part 22, or vice versa, whereby
the face 25C and head 6A are forced against each other, such that an annular portion
of the piece 12 adjacent the undercut 6B is plastically deformed (and the piece 12'
thus swaged) and the material forming that portion is displaced so as to occupy the
undercut and such that a bottom section of the head is countersunk in the thus-deformed
central portion 13, whereby a plug portion 7A which is transversely too large to be
drawn through the hole 3 is formed, as shown in Figure 13B. The underside of the head,
the taper and the material occupying the void 6C together define an interlock whereby
the piece 12 is securely fixed to the element 6.
[0051] The thus-formed assembly, shown in Figure 14, is then machined, as shown in Figure
15, to define the external profile of the head, including the smooth, inclined circumferential
side face 5A and the top 5B formed with the grip comprising concentric upwardly projecting
rings 104. Advantageously, because the plug portion 7 A' is partially countersunk,
as described above, it can be machined such that what remains of it is flush with
an upwardly facing surface of the head 5, as shown in Figure 16.
[0052] Referring to Figure 17, the moulding 19 is then formed in exactly the same manner
as described for the indicator 100.
[0053] It will be noted that, in first and second embodiments, part of the piece 12 or element
6 is deformed plastically to effect fixing of the piece 12 and element 6 together.
In indicators formed in accordance with variants of these embodiments, which variants
also fall within the scope of the invention, the attachment between the head and stem
is effected in an alternative manner - e.g. by welding or fusion, or there is no stem
whatsoever and the indicator head, formed by deformation and machining, is anchored
over the ground surface in an alternative manner - e.g. by adhesive between the head
underside and the ground surface - the indicators.
[0054] The head 5 can vary in size and thickness. This being said, it is generally preferable
that, in all of the embodiments, the lower end/base of the head have an outside diameter
of about 35mm, the upper end of the head have a diameter of about 25mm and the head
have a height of 4-5mm, whereby the indicator can comply with relevant prescribed
standards, including Australian Standard 1428. The inventor has found that the steel
plate section thickness being 2.5mm (at least) is sufficient to permit, advantageously,
machining of the piece 12, coined from that section, to form the external profile
of the head 5 in the indicators 100 and 100'.
[0055] Manufacture of indicator 200, shown in Figure 25, in accordance with a third embodiment
of the present invention will now be described. The indicator 200 also comprises a
head 5, a downwardly projecting stem 10 attached to the head 5, and a moulding defining
casing 16 over the stem 10.
[0056] The interconnection between the head and stem in this embodiment is effected in the
same manner as in the manufacture of indicator 100. However, formation of the generally
frustoconical shape of the head 5 in this embodiment does not comprise plastic deformation/coining.
Instead, referring to Figures 19 to 22, the blank 2 is punched from thicker steel
plate, preferably having a thickness of 5-6mm and, once the elongate piece 6 has been
fitted thereto, the resulting preassembly 11 is pressed, using apparatus 27", in a
manner such that the end portion 7 (which in this embodiment is longer such that its
end protrudes from an upper end of the blank 2) mushrooms/spreads out and preferably
also an annular portion of the blank 2 adjacent the hole 3 plastically deforms such
that at least part of the thus-formed plug portion 7A is countersunk in the blank
(in generally the same manner as described for the indicator 100). With reference
to Figure 23, with the blank 2 now securely fixed to the piece 6, machining is then
carried out such that the external profile of the head 5, comprising the side face
5A and top portion 5B having the gripping pattern comprising rings 104, is formed.
In the manufacture of both the indicator 200 and the indicator 100, assuming that
manufacture involves the aforementioned countersinking of part of the plug portion
7A, the machining can, advantageously, include machining of an upper end portion of
the plug portion 7A to form a flat upwardly facing surface that is flush with an annular
surface portion adjacent thereto which is formed by machining the blank 2. In this
embodiment, the head 5, having not been formed by coining/deformation, comprises a
solid piece of steel having a flat base receivable directly against the ground surface;
it does not include downwardly opening recess 8. Accordingly, referring to Figure
24, the injection moulding is effected to create only casing 16, since the flat base
of the steel piece defines an end of the mould cavity.
[0057] Manufacture of indicator 200', shown in Figure 33, is essentially the same as the
manufacture of indicator 200 with respect to formation of the head 5, which does not
comprise plastic deformation/coining but instead, referring to Figure 26, comprises
punching the blank 2 from thicker steel plate, preferably having a thickness of 5-6mm.
The manufacture of indicator 200' differs with respect to the manner in which the
portion from which the stem derives is formed and the interconnection between the
stem and head is formed, and is consistent in this regard with the manufacture of
the indicator 100', as will be apparent from the following description. Referring
to Figure 27, elongate element 6 is formed with annular channel 17 and configured
at an upper end thereof with a shallow head 6A, defining a radially outwardly projecting
flange, and an undercut 6B, preferably defined by a taper, immediately below the head
6A, the element 6 and blank 2 are brought together by introducing a bottom end of
the element 6 through the top end of the hole 3 and passing the stem-defining part
of the element through the hole 3 such that the underside of the head 6A is received
against the top face of the blank 2 and the undercut 6B is located within the hole
3 whereby it defines a void, essentially the same as void 6C shown in Figure 13A,
between the surface of the taper and the cylindrical internal face which defines the
hole 3. The preassembly thus created, referring to Figures 27 and 28, is mounted in
apparatus 27", and the face 25C and head 6A are forced against each other, such that
an annular portion of the blank 2 adjacent the undercut 6B is plastically deformed
and the material forming that portion is displaced so as to occupy the undercut and
such that a bottom section of the head 6 A is countersunk in the thus-deformed central
portion whereby a plug portion 7A which is transversely too large to be drawn through
the hole 3 is formed, as shown in Figure 31. The underside of the head, the taper
and the material occupying the void 6C together define an interlock whereby to create
the interconnection.
[0058] The thus-formed assembly is then machined, as shown in Figure 30, to define the external
profile of the head, including the smooth, inclined circumferential side face 5A and
the top 5B formed with the grip comprising concentric upwardly projecting rings 104.
Advantageously, because the plug portion 7A' is partially countersunk, as previously
described, it can be machined such that what remains of it is flush with an upwardly
facing surface of the head 5, as previously described.
[0059] Referring to Figure 32, the moulding 19 is then formed in exactly the same manner
as described for the indicator 200.
[0060] In the embodiments which have been described and illustrated, the entirety of that
part of the head which is visibly exposed when the indicator is installed is defined
by or formed out of the metal component which is machined and/or coined/stamped. However,
in other embodiments, part of that visually exposed part may, without departure from
the invention, be defined by another component; for example, the head of the finished
indicator may be formed so as to include an infill, e.g. comprising carborundum, which
defines an anti-slip top surface of the head.
[0061] While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it
should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not
by way of limitation. It will be apparent to a person skilled in the relevant art
that various changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from
the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention should not be limited
by any of the above described exemplary embodiments.
[0062] Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires
otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as "comprises" and "comprising",
will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of
integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers
or steps.
[0063] The reference in this specification to any prior publication (or information derived
from it), or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as an acknowledgment
or admission or any form of suggestion that that prior publication (or information
derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in the
field of endeavour to which this specification relates.
The present invention may also be described or defined in accordance with the following
clauses:
[0064]
- 1. A method of manufacturing a tactile ground surface indicator which comprises a
head configured to lie fixed over a ground surface, the method comprising plastically
deforming a section of metal plate to form a dish-shaped piece and machining an exterior
of the dish-shaped piece whereby an external profile of said head is formed.
- 2. A method according to clause 1, wherein the section of metal plate is substantially
simultaneously cut from flat metal plate and plastically deformed to form said piece.
- 3. A method according to clause 1, wherein the section of metal plate is cut from
the flat metal plate to form a blank and the blank is thereafter plastically deformed
to form said piece.
- 4. A method according to clause 2 or 3, wherein said section is punched from said
flat metal plate.
- 5. A method according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein said section is
coined to form the dish-shaped piece.
- 6. A method according to any one of the preceding clauses wherein said section is
forged to form the dish-shaped piece.
- 7. A method according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the dish-shaped
piece is formed so as to have a substantially flat central portion and a sloped peripheral
portion extending radially outwardly from the central portion.
- 8. A method according clause 7, wherein said head has a smooth inclined peripheral
side face and said machining comprises machining the peripheral portion to define
said side face.
- 9. A method according to clause 7 or 8, wherein said head is configured with a grip
and the machining comprises machining the central portion to form the grip.
- 10. A method according to clause 9, wherein the grip comprises concentric upwardly
projecting ribs.
- 11. A method according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the section is
substantially circular, whereby the dish-shaped piece is generally frustoconical and
the head is generally button-shaped.
- 12. A method according to clause 11 as appended to clause 10, wherein the ribs comprise
rings.
- 13. A method according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the machining
is effected such that the grip includes or is defined by an upwardly projecting lip
which is coincident with or closely adjacent to an upper end of an inclined peripheral
side face of the head.
- 14. A method according to clause 13 as appended to clause 11 or 12, wherein the lip
is a ring.
- 15. A method according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the head is formed
such that a lower end of a peripheral side wall thereof has an outer diameter of about
35mm and an upper end of the peripheral side wall has an outer diameter of about 25mm.
- 16. A method according to clause 15, wherein the head is formed such that it has a
height in the range of about 4mm to about 5mm.
- 17. A method according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the indicator
is manufactured so as to include a downwardly projecting member or stem connected
to the head to be fixedly receivable by a cavity formed through the ground surface
for anchoring the indicator head over the ground surface.
- 18. A method according to clause 17, including connecting an element defining the
member/stem or from which the member/stem is derived, to a piece defining the head
or from which is derived an external portion of the head arranged to be visibly exposed
when the indicator is anchored, to effect the interconnection between the head and
the member/stem.
- 19. A method according to clause 18, wherein the element is positioned such that an
end portion thereof extends through an opening formed through the piece and plastic
deformation of the end and/or piece is effected to create an interlock between the
piece and the element.
- 20. A method according to 18 or 19, wherein the element is connected to the head/piece
before the machining.
- 21. A method according to clause 20, wherein the dish-shaped piece is mounted via
the element to an apparatus used to effect the machining.
- 22. A method of manufacturing a tactile ground surface indicator having a head and
a downwardly projecting member connected to the head to be fixedly receivable by a
cavity formed through the ground surface for anchoring the head over a ground surface,
in which method an element defining the downwardly projecting member or from which
that member is derived is positioned such that an end portion thereof extends through
an opening formed through either the head or a piece from which is derived an exterior
portion of the head arranged to be visibly exposed when the head is anchored, and
plastic deformation of the end portion and/or piece is effected to create an interlock
between the piece and element.
- 23. A method according to clause 22, wherein the downwardly projecting member comprises
a stem.
- 24. A method according to clause 22 or 23, wherein the opening is defined by a hole.
- 25. A method according to any one of clauses 22 to 24, wherein substantially the entirety
of the head is derived from said piece.
- 26. A method according to any one of clauses 22 to 25, said method being in accordance
with any one of clauses 1 to 21, wherein formation of the head comprises deformation
of said section of metal plate.
- 27. A method according to any one of clauses 22 to 25, wherein the head is formed
so as to comprise a substantially flat base occupying substantially the entirety of
a footprint of the head to be receivable against the ground surface.
- 28. A method according to clause 27, wherein the head comprises a substantially solid
piece of metal.
- 29. A method according to any one of clauses 22 to 28, wherein said element is configured
with a plug portion which is sized so as to be incapable of passing through said opening
such that withdrawal of the downwardly projecting member from the head in a direction
from the plug portion to the opening is precluded.
- 30. A method according to any one of clauses 22 to 29, wherein the element is further
configured with a void and the piece is plastically deformed such that material of
which the piece is comprised flows into said void to occupy it, thereby precluding
withdrawal of the downwardly projecting member from the head in an axial direction
from the hole to the plug portion.
- 31. A method according to clause 30, wherein said material flows to occupy substantially
the entirety of said void.
- 32. A method according to clause 30 or 31, wherein the plug portion is formed at an
upper end of said end portion and said void is formed below that upper end.
- 33. A method according to any one clauses 30 to 32, wherein the void is bounded at
an upper end thereof by a lower end of said plug portion.
- 34. A method according to any one of clauses 30 to 33, wherein the void extends transversely
or circumferentially.
- 35. A method according to any one of clauses 30 to 34, wherein the element is configured
with a transversely or radially inward taper defining said void.
- 36. A method according to any one of clauses 30 to 34, wherein the plastic deformation
of the piece is effected by applying pressure through the plug portion.
- 37. A method according to clause 36, wherein the application of said pressure through
the plug portion effects countersinking of part of the plug portion in the piece.
- 38. A method according to clause 37, wherein the plug portion is machined after the
countersinking is effected such that what remains thereof is flush with an upwardly
facing surface of the indicator head.
- 39. A method according to any one of clauses 22 to 38, wherein the indicator is formed
so as to include a casing over said downwardly projecting member, which casing is
configured to deform against a side wall of the cavity when forced into the cavity,
thereby effecting anchorage of the head over the ground surface.
- 40. A method according to clause 39, wherein the downwardly projecting member is shaped
to form an interlock with the casing.
- 41. A method according to clause 40, wherein the downwardly projecting member is configured
with a peripherally or circumferentially extending notch or channel which receives
a complementarity formed, transversely or radially inwardly projecting portion of
said casing.
- 42. A method according to any one of clauses 39 to 41, wherein the casing is plastic.
- 43. A method according to any one of clauses 39 to 42, wherein the casing is moulded
to the downwardly projecting member.
- 44. A method according to any one of clauses 39 to 43, wherein the casing is formed
by injection moulding.
- 45. A method according to clause 43 or 44, wherein the moulding is effected to form,
in addition to said casing, an infill which occupies a downwardly opening recess defined
within the head.
- 46. A method according to any one of clauses 22 to 45, wherein the downwardly projecting
member is metal.
- 47. A method according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein said metal is
steel.
- 48. A method according to clause 47, wherein the steel is stainless steel.
- 49. The indicator as manufactured by a method according to any one of the preceding
clauses.
1. A method of manufacturing a tactile ground surface indicator (100', 200') having a
head (5) and a downwardly projecting member connected to the head to be fixedly receivable
by a cavity (80) formed through the ground surface (82) for anchoring the head over
a ground surface, in which method an element (6) defining the downwardly projecting
member or from which that member is derived is positioned such that an end portion
thereof extends through an opening (3) formed through either the head or a piece (12,
12') from which is derived an exterior portion of the head arranged to be visibly
exposed when the head is anchored, and plastic deformation of the head or piece is
effected to create an interlock between the head or piece and element, characterised in that said element is configured with a plug portion (6A) which is formed at an upper end
of said end portion and sized so as to be incapable of passing through said opening
such that withdrawal of the downwardly projecting member from the head or piece in
a direction from the plug portion to the opening is precluded, in that the element is further configured with a void (6B) formed below the upper end and
the head or piece is plastically deformed such that material of which the head or
piece is comprised flows into said void to occupy it, thereby precluding withdrawal
of the downwardly projecting member from the head or piece in an axial direction from
the opening to the plug portion, and in that the plastic deformation of the head or piece is effected by applying pressure through
the plug portion and the application of said pressure through the plug portion effects
countersinking a part of the plug portion in the head or piece.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the opening is defined by a hole (3).
3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the head (5) is formed so as to comprise
a substantially flat base occupying substantially the entirety of a footprint of the
head to be receivable against the ground surface (82).
4. A method according to claim 3, wherein the head (5) comprises a substantially solid
piece of metal.
5. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, being such that the indicator (100')
is configured to lie fixed over the ground surface (82), the method comprising plastically
deforming a section of metal plate (2, 2') to form a dish-shaped piece (12, 12'),
being said piece from which is derived an exterior portion of the head (5), and machining
an exterior of the dish-shaped piece whereby an external profile of said head is formed.
6. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein substantially the entirety
of the head (5) is derived from said piece (12, 12').
7. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the indicator (100',
200') is formed so as to include a casing (16) over said downwardly projecting member,
which casing is configured to deform against a side wall of the cavity (80) when forced
into the cavity, thereby effecting anchorage of the head (5) over the ground surface
(82).
8. A method according to claim 7 as appended to claim 5, wherein the casing (16) is moulded
to the downwardly projecting member, and wherein the moulding is effected to form,
in addition to said casing, an infill (19) which occupies a downwardly opening recess
(8) defined within the head (5) created by the plastic deformation of the section
of metal plate (2, 2').
9. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said material flows
to occupy substantially the entirety of said void (6B).
10. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the void (6B) is bounded
at an upper end thereof by a lower end of said plug portion (6A).
11. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the void (6A) extends
transversely or circumferentially.
12. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the element (6) is
configured with a transversely or radially inward taper defining said void (6A).
13. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the plug portion (6A)
is machined after the countersinking is effected such that what remains thereof is
flush with an upwardly facing surface of the head (5).
14. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the downwardly projecting
member comprises a stem (10).
15. The indicator (100', 200') as manufactured by a method according to any one of the
preceding claims.