TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to gel insulated electrical devices.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Breakdown of a dry insulation of an electrical device or component, e.g. instrument
transformer, power transformer, bushing etc., results in formation of a breakdown
channel formed through the insulation and thus device failure. The device is irreparably
damaged and cannot be reused. The breakdown of epoxy or silicone insulation, which
are the common choices of dry insulation, creates irreversible loss of insulation
properties. Additionally, due to specific features of epoxy resin, recycling of metal
parts after failure of the device is difficult and expensive. Any defect at manufacturing
or processing of the device may result in device failure at type or routine test.
SUMMARY
[0003] It is an objective of the present invention to provide a method of repairing electrical
insulation of an electrical device after breakdown of said insulation. This is achieved
by using a thermo-reversible gel as insulation material, wherein the gel can be heated
to above a transition temperature of the gel to transition from a solid form to a
liquid form in which the breakdown channel formed by the breakdown is collapsed and
the insulation is repaired, after which the gel is cooled to below the transition
temperature to transition from its liquid form to its solid form once again.
[0004] According to the present invention, there is provided a method of repairing an electrical
insulator of an electrical device after electrical breakdown of said insulator. The
insulator comprises an oil-based thermo-reversible gel comprising a thickener. The
method comprises operating the electrical device at an operating temperature below
a transition temperature of the gel, at which the gel is in its solid form. The method
also comprises, during the operating of the device, determining electrical breakdown
of the insulator. The method also comprises, after the determining, increasing the
temperature of the insulator to a repair temperature, which is above the transition
temperature of the gel, whereby the gel transitions to its liquid form. The method
also comprises, after the increasing of the temperature, reducing the temperature
of the insulator to below the transition temperature, whereby the gel returns to its
solid form. The method also comprises, after the reducing of the temperature, re-operating
the electrical device at an operating temperature below the transition temperature
of the gel.
[0005] Thus, a solid electrical insulator of an electrical device can be repaired and reused.
[0006] Further, the use of the gel insulation allows the processing of the insulation material
to be simpler, faster and cheaper. Advanced process equipment may not be required.
The cost of material may be lower related to resin such as epoxy. Therefore, this
solution renders possible reduction of labour and material costs.
[0007] Moreover, if a device failure is caused by an internal defect in active part (and
device cannot be regenerated) the recycling process of metal parts is very easy compared
with if solid epoxy or other resin is used and thus stuck to the metal parts.
[0008] In terms of safety and environmental aspects, the gel may have high flash and fire
points, e.g. above 200°C, depending on the oil used for preparation of the gel.
[0009] Further, the gel insulation material does not risk to be absorbed into the soil or
get into the waste and/or ground water upon leakage since the gel will solidify upon
cooling and is easily recovered in solid form.
[0010] Other objectives, further optional or preferred features and advantages of the enclosed
embodiments will be apparent from the following detailed disclosure, from the attached
dependent claims as well as from the drawings.
[0011] Generally, all terms used in the claims are to be interpreted according to their
ordinary meaning in the technical field, unless explicitly defined otherwise herein.
All references to "a/an/the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc." are
to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one instance of the element, apparatus,
component, means, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. The steps of any
method disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed,
unless explicitly stated. The use of "first", "second" etc. for different features/components
of the present disclosure are only intended to distinguish the features/components
from other similar features/components and not to impart any order or hierarchy to
the features/components.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] Embodiments will be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying
drawings, in which:
Fig 1 schematically illustrates an electrical device, here in the form of a HV bushing,
with a gel insulation, for use in a method in accordance with the present invention.
Fig 2 is a schematic graph showing the complex viscosity at different temperatures
for an oil based gel, where the gel is solid at temperatures below a transition temperature
(corresponding to a knee in the graph), and liquid at temperatures above said transition
temperature, said gel being for use in an electrical insulator for use in a method
in accordance with the present invention.
Fig 3 is a schematic flow chart of an embodiment of the method of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0013] Embodiments will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying
drawings, in which certain embodiments are shown. However, other embodiments in many
different forms are possible within the scope of the present disclosure. Rather, the
following embodiments are provided by way of example so that this disclosure will
be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those
skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout the description.
[0014] The use of electrically insulating thermo-reversible gels are known for impregnating
power cable insulation, where the gel can be made sufficiently soft and resilient
to allow the cable to be flexible.
[0015] WO 97/04466 relates to a High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) power cable comprising an insulation
of a plurality of permeable tapes wound around the conductor. An impregnating compound
fills all voids among the tape layers. The impregnating compound has a very steep
slope of change of viscosity characteristics, the viscosity being high with a solid
gel type structure at temperatures equal to and below the maximum operating temperature
of the cable and being low with a thin liquid type structure at higher temperatures
at which impregnation takes place. Preferably, 95% of the impregnating compound consists
of alkane chains with chain lengths above 15 carbon units but no more than 2% of the
chains have chain lengths above 28 carbon units.
[0016] WO 99/33066 discloses a dielectric gelling composition, exhibiting a thermo-reversible liquid-gel
transition at a transition temperature, wherein the gel comprises an oil and a gelator
with a block copolymer. The gelling composition is used as an impregnant in an insulated
direct current (DC) cable having at least one conductor and an impregnated insulation
system. The insulation system comprises a solid electrically insulating dielectric
part with a porous, fibrous and/or laminated structure impregnated with the dielectric
gelling composition.
[0017] US 6,391,447 relates to a method for manufacture of an electric device having at least one conductor
and a porous, fibrous and/or laminated electrically insulating dielectric system comprising
a solid electrically insulating part impregnated with a dielectric fluid, wherein
the method comprises impregnating with a dielectric fluid, wherein a gelling additive
is added to impart a high viscosity and elasticity to the fluid at conditions for
which the device is designed to operate under.
[0018] US 8,134,089 discloses the use of an electrically insulating filler comprising a gel for an electrical
device, e.g. a bushing.
[0019] US 6,383,634 B1 discloses an electric cable having at least one conductor and an impregnated insulation
system comprising a solid electrically insulating dielectric part with a porous, fibrous
and/or laminated structure impregnated with a dielectric gelling composition comprising
an oil and a gelator and having a thermo-reversible liquid-gel transition at a transition
temperature.
[0020] However, none of these documents are concerned with the problem of repairing a solid
insulation after breakdown thereof.
[0021] Figure 1 illustrates an embodiment of a an electrical device 1, here a High-Voltage
(HV) bushing, comprising an insulator 3, here in the form of a condenser core, surrounding
a conductor 2. The bushing 1 may e.g. be for allowing the conductor 2 to pass through
a wall, e.g. of a power transformer, converter or other electrical equipment. The
insulator 3 comprises an insulating material 4 comprising a thermo-reversible gel,
e.g. by itself or impregnating a permeable solid insulation material. The permeable
solid material may e.g. be cellulose based such as a paper material, e.g. craft or
crepe paper or board, or synthetic e.g. aramid-based such as NOMEX™, or a combination
thereof, which can be impregnated by the gel in liquid form. The gel is a mixture
of an oil with a thickener, and optional additives such as an anti-oxidant. Optionally,
the insulator 3, e.g. condenser core, comprises a plurality of electrically conducting
foils 5, floating in the insulation material 4 for modifying the electrical field
formed by the conductor 2 in the electrical when in use, e.g. of aluminium (Al) or
copper (Cu). Typically, the insulator 3 is encased in a shell (not shown).
[0022] The oil may be any electrically insulating oil, e.g. mineral oil, aromatic oil, ester
oil and/or paraffinic oil, e.g. iso-paraffinic oil, or a mixture thereof. The thickener
may be a polymeric thickener e.g. SEPTON styrene thermoplastic elastomer containing
block copolymers - e.g. SEPTON™ 1000-SERIES (SEP), SEPTON™ 4000-SERIES (SEEPS) from
Kuraray. As an example, a thickener comprising or consisting of SEEPS™ 4099 (a tri-block
copolymer consisting of polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-ethylene/propylene)-b-polystyrene)
and/or SEP™ 1020 (a di-block copolymer consisting of polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene/propylene))
may be used. However, this is non-exhaustive and the skilled person recognizes that
other polymeric thickeners may be used. The thickener may be present in an amount
of at most 10 wt% of the gel (4), e.g. 1-5 wt%.
[0023] In some embodiments, the gel 4 may, in addition to the oil and thickener, one or
several additives, such as an anti-oxidant as mentioned above, or any other additive
may be added, e.g. up to 1 wt% of the gel 4. For instance, it has been realised that
boron nitride (BN), e.g. 2D hexagonal BN (h-BN) improves the electrical properties
of the gel, and reduces problems with oxidation. By suspending particles, e.g. nano-structures,
of BN in the gel 4, the particles remain dispersed.
[0024] The electrical device may be any electrical device with solid insulation, and a bushing
is only an example thereof. Other examples include, but are not limited to, instrument
transformers, power transformers e.g. current and voltage transformers, capacitors
and cable endings. In most oil insulated devices, the oil can be replaced with an
oil-based gel as per the present invention. However, devices with impregnated paper
may not be preferred since paper is degraded in high temperatures. Instead of paper,
synthetic fibres may be used for a solid insulation impregnated with the gel, e.g.
in a mesh material similar as used for Resin Impregnated Synthetic (RIS) insulators.
The insulator 3 may provide insulation to ground in the electrical device 1.
[0025] The operating voltage of the electrical device 1 may preferably be medium voltage
(MV), up to 72 kV, but high voltage (HV) applications above 72 kV are possible as
well. The insulating gel 4 may act as a major insulation (between the high potential
and ground) of the electrical device 1.
[0026] Figure 2 illustrates the change in viscosity over a temperature range of an oil-based
gel. The gel 4 should have a high viscosity (be in its solid form) at operating temperatures
of the electrical device 1 but should also have a relatively low viscosity (be in
its liquid form) at a regeneration temperature where any breakdown channels are melted
together. This makes the gel thermo-reversible, being in a solid form at temperatures
below a transition temperature and in a liquid form at temperatures above said transition
temperature, forming a knee in the viscosity curve of figure 2. In the example of
figure 2, the gel has a complex viscosity above 10 Pa·s (is in its solid form) below
about 50°C and a complex viscosity below 0.01 Pa·s (is in its liquid form) above about
90°C.
[0027] The preferred viscosity of the gel 4 at the operating temperature of the electrical
device 1, as well as the transition temperature and preferred viscosity of the gel
when in liquid form (when the insulator (3) is repaired, may vary depending on the
application. As an example, the gel may have a viscosity in solid form, e.g. below
90°C, of at least 10 Pa·s, and a viscosity in liquid form, e.g. above 110°C, of at
most 0.1 Pa·s, e.g. for an operating temperature of the electrical device of 80°C.
[0028] The insulator 3 comprises a gel 4 based on an insulating oil, e.g. mineral oil, aromatic
oil, ester oil and/or paraffinic oil, e.g. iso-paraffinic oil. The gel is formed by
mixing of the oil with a polymeric thickener (e.g. thermoplastic elastomer consisting
block copolymers) at an elevated temperature (e.g. above about 100°C). The polymeric
thickener thus dissolves in the oil. The gel increases its viscosity while cooling
down until it has passed its transition temperature and becomes solid. The process
is fully reversible. After heating up above the transition temperature, the gel returns
to liquid form. Thanks to that, the oil-based gel has repairable and self-healing
properties. That feature makes the gel an interesting alternative to other dry insulation
materials. The viscosity and transition temperature of the gel can be adjusted by
the amount and type of thickener added to the oil. The more thickener, the higher
transition temperature (corresponding to the knee in figure 2).
[0029] Regenerating properties of the gel have been proven at laboratory scale by testing
number of small scale samples and then confirmed by Alternating Current (AC) and Lightning
Impulse (LI) tests on concept demonstrator of TJC4 voltage transformer.
[0030] The small scale test samples contained two flat epoxy coated electrodes of 25 mm
and 75 mm diameters insulated by a 2 mm thick layer of the gel. The samples broke
at average level of ca. 88 kV. Then, the samples were regenerated by heating the gel
above its transition temperature. When the temperature was high enough, the gel became
liquid and the breakdown channel disappeared due to convection and diffusion. After
regeneration, the samples were subjected to breakdown voltage test once again. In
the second test, the average breakdown voltage was of ca. 53 kV.
[0031] It is noted that in the test samples a small amount of the gel was used. At regeneration
process, the carbonized particles coming from the breakdown channel dispersed in the
gel near the inter-electrode area. If the particles stay in the high electric field
intensity area, they will be a source of Partial Discharges (PDs), leading to failure.
Therefore, the regeneration quality may be improved if a larger amount of the gel
is used, resulting in a thicker layer of gel 4 around the conductor 2, e.g. as in
case of real scale Medium Voltage (MV) Instrument Transformer (IT). The regeneration
quality may be improved if the gel in its liquid form is stirred to disperse the carbonized
particles to a larger extent.
[0032] The repairable properties of the gel 4 have been confirmed at real scale on the basis
of a TJC4 MV Voltage Transformer (VT) of 12 kV. The voltage transformer was filled
with the gel comprising 3 wt% of thickener and then subjected to AC withstand and
LI tests. The history of the gel insulated TJC4 VT was as follows:
- Filling with gel: 3wt% of thickener,
- 28 kV AC withstand test and PD measurement - passed,
- LI 75 kV test - passed,
- Cold test (16 h at -40°C),
- 28 kV AC withstand test and PD measurement - passed,
- LI 75 kV test - failed,
- Regeneration of insulation at 150°C,
- 28 kV AC withstand test and PD measurement - passed,
- LI 75 kV test - failed.
[0033] After regeneration, the transformer insulation gel 4 recovered its properties and
passed the AC withstand and PD tests, but then failed at the LI test.
[0034] Dissection of the transformer after tests showed that breakdown occurred between
the sharp edge of the HV shield and grounded core in the high electric field intensity
area. The reason for breakdown was not related to carbonized particles after regeneration
process but to sharp edges of the HV shield.
[0035] The gel in liquid state has good penetrating and impregnating properties and may
be used together with permeable solid insulation, e.g. paper. The gel easily penetrates
and fills voids in the permeable solid insulation, as well as between non-permeable
interlayer foils within primary winding of the voltage transformer, improving its
insulating properties.
[0036] The gel 4 may have neutral or at least very limited environmental impact thanks to
its self-solidifying properties. If the gel in liquid state (e.g. of a temperature
above 100°C, depending on the thickener content) is spilled onto the ground (leakage),
it solidifies before penetrating into the soil.
[0037] Figure 3 is a schematic flow chart of an embodiment of the method of the present
invention. The method is for repairing an electrical insulator 3 of an electrical
device 1 after electrical breakdown of said insulator, wherein the insulator comprises
an oil-based thermo-reversible gel 4 comprising a thickener, as discussed herein.
[0038] The electrical device 1 is operated M1 at an operating temperature below a transition
temperature of the gel 4, at which the gel is in its solid form. For instance, the
operating temperature may be up to 80°C, e.g. within the range of 50-80°C or 30-60°C,
depending on application and voltage or current rating of the electrical device. The
gel 4 can be regarded as solid when having a complex viscosity above 10 Pa·s, and
as liquid when having a complex viscosity of less than 0.1 or 0.01 Pa·s. The transition
temperature may e.g. be within the range of 60-110°C, e.g. within the range of 60-90°C
or 80-110°C, depending on application and voltage or current rating of the electrical
device.
[0039] During the operating M1 of the device 1, electrical breakdown of the insulator 3
is determined M2. There are different methods for determining breakdown of the electrical
device 1, e.g. by measuring the resistance over the insulator 3 or by applying voltage
to the device 1 and measuring the current flow between the high potential in the device
and ground.
[0040] After the determining M2 that the insulator has broken down, the temperature of the
insulator 3 is increased M3 to above the transition temperature of the gel, e.g. to
above 90 or 110°C, whereby the gel 4 transitions to its liquid form. This increased
temperature may be called the repair temperature and may e.g. be at least 90 or 110°C,
e.g. up to 150°C, depending on the transition temperature of the gel. The time period
during which the repair temperature of the insulator is maintained depends on the
application, particularly on the volume of the insulating gel 4 to be heated above
the transition temperature from solid to liquid form. A larger volume of the insulator
3 may require a longer time for all the gel 4 to transition to its liquid form. For
instance, the time period at the repair temperature may be within the range of from
5 or 8 hours (e.g. for a volume of the gel below 10 litres) to more than 10 hours,
e.g. at least 20 h, (for larger volumes of gel 4). The time needed for repairing breakdown
channels in the gel may also depend on the viscosity of the gel at the repair temperature.
In some embodiments, the repair process may be improved by e.g. stirring the gel 4
in its liquid form, oil treatment, filtering, or even regeneration, if required. As
the gel is in its liquid form, any breakdown channel(s) formed in the insulator 3
by the electrical breakdown is collapsed and the insulator is repaired.
[0041] After the increasing M3 of the temperature, the temperature of the insulator is again
reduced M4 to below the transition temperature, whereby the gel returns to its solid
form. The repaired insulator 3 is thus once again in solid form, without any breakdown
channels, cracks or other cavities in the gel 4.
[0042] After the reducing M4 of the temperature, the electrical device 1 is once again operated
M5 at the operating temperature. Optionally, before the operating M5 of the electrical
device with repaired and cooled M4 insulator 3, the electrical device, or the insulator
thereof, may be tested at operating temperature and measurements may be made to determine
whether the insulator is repaired or still suffering from the electrical breakdown.
[0043] The present disclosure has mainly been described above with reference to a few embodiments.
However, as is readily appreciated by a person skilled in the art, other embodiments
than the ones disclosed above are equally possible within the scope of the present
disclosure, as defined by the appended claims.
1. A method of repairing an electrical insulator (3) of an electrical device (1) after
electrical breakdown of said insulator, wherein the insulator comprises an oil-based
thermo-reversible gel (4) comprising a thickener, the method comprising:
operating (M1) the electrical device (1) at an operating temperature below a transition
temperature of the gel (4), at which the gel is in its solid form;
during the operating (M1) of the device, determining (M2) electrical breakdown of
the insulator (3);
after the determining (M2), increasing (M3) the temperature of the insulator (3) to
a repair temperature, which is above the transition temperature of the gel, whereby
the gel (4) transitions to its liquid form;
after the increasing (M3) of the temperature, reducing (M4) the temperature of the
insulator to below the transition temperature, whereby the gel returns to its solid
form; and
after the reducing (M4) of the temperature, re-operating (M5) the electrical device
(1) at an operating temperature below the transition temperature of the gel (4).
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transition temperature is within the range of 60-110°C,
in particular within the range of 60-90°C or 80-110°C.
3. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the operating temperature is up to 80°C,
in particular within the range of 50-80°C or 30-60°C.
4. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the repair temperature is maintained around
the insulator (3) for at least 5 h, in particular at least 8, 10 or 20 h, during the
step of increasing (M3) the temperature of the insulator.
5. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the thickener comprises a styrenic block
copolymer, in particular a di- and/or a tri-block copolymer.
6. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the gel (4) is based on an oil selected
among mineral oil, aromatic oil, ester oil and paraffinic oil, in particular iso-paraffinic
oil, or a mixture thereof.
7. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the gel (4) comprises dispersed particles
of boron nitride.
8. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the electrical device (1) comprises a bushing,
an instrument transformer, a power transformer, a capacitor or a cable ending.
1. Verfahren zum Reparieren eines elektrischen Isolators (3) einer elektrischen Einrichtung
(1) nach elektrischem Ausfall des Isolators, wobei der Isolator ein ölbasiertes thermoreversibles
Gel (4) umfasst, das ein Verdickungsmittel aufweist, wobei das Verfahren umfasst:
Betreiben (M1) der elektrischen Einrichtung (1) bei einer Betriebstemperatur unterhalb
einer Übergangstemperatur des Gels (4), bei der das Gel in seiner festen Form ist;
während des Betriebs (M1) der Einrichtung: Feststellen (M2) eines elektrischen Ausfalls
des Isolators (3);
nach der Feststellung (M2): Erhöhen (M3) der Temperatur des Isolators (3) auf eine
Reparaturtemperatur, die oberhalb der Übergangstemperatur des Gels liegt, wobei das
Gel (4) in seine flüssige Form übergeht;
nach dem Erhöhen (M3) der Temperatur: Verringern (M4) der Temperatur des Isolators
bis auf unterhalb der Übergangstemperatur, wobei das Gel zu seiner festen Form zurückkehrt;
und
nach dem Verringern (M4) der Temperatur: erneutes Betreiben (M5) der elektrischen
Einrichtung (1) bei einer Betriebstemperatur unterhalb der Übergangstemperatur des
Gels (4).
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Übergangstemperatur innerhalb des Bereichs von
60-110 °C, insbesondere innerhalb des Bereichs von 60-90 °C oder 80-110 °C, ist.
3. Verfahren nach einem vorstehenden Anspruch, wobei die Betriebstemperatur bis zu 80
°C, insbesondere innerhalb des Bereichs von 50-80 °C oder 30-60 °C, ist.
4. Verfahren nach einem vorstehenden Anspruch, wobei die Reparaturtemperatur um den Isolator
(3) herum während des Schritts des Erhöhens (M3) der Temperatur des Isolators über
mindestens 5 h, insbesondere mindestens 8 h, 10 h oder 20 h, aufrechterhalten wird.
5. Verfahren nach einem vorstehenden Anspruch, wobei das Verdickungsmittel ein Styrol-Blockcopolymer,
insbesondere ein Di- und/oder ein Tri-Blockcopolymer umfasst.
6. Verfahren nach einem vorstehenden Anspruch, wobei das Gel (4) basiert auf einem Öl,
ausgewählt unter Mineralöl, Aromaöl, Esteröl und paraffinischem Öl, insbesondere isoparaffinischem
Öl, oder einer Mischung daraus.
7. Verfahren nach einem vorstehenden Anspruch, wobei das Gel (4) dispergierte Partikel
von Bornitrid umfasst.
8. Verfahren nach einem vorstehenden Anspruch, wobei die elektrische Einrichtung (1)
eine Buchse, einen Messwandler, einen Netztransformator, einen Kondensator oder einen
Kabelabschluss umfasst.
1. Procédé de réparation d'un isolateur électrique (3) d'un dispositif électrique (1)
après un claquage électrique dudit isolateur, l'isolateur comprenant un gel thermoréversible
à base d'huile (4) comprenant un épaississant, le procédé comprenant :
le fonctionnement (M1) du dispositif électrique (1) à une température de fonctionnement
inférieure à une température de transition du gel (4), à laquelle le gel est sous
sa forme solide ;
pendant le fonctionnement (M1) du dispositif, la détermination (M2) du claquage électrique
de l'isolateur (3) ;
après la détermination (M2), l'augmentation (M3) de la température de l'isolateur
(3) jusqu'à une température de réparation, qui est supérieure à la température de
transition du gel, le gel (4) passant à sa forme liquide ;
après l'augmentation (M3) de la température, la réduction (M4) de la température de
l'isolateur jusqu'à une température inférieure à la température de transition, le
gel revenant à sa forme solide ; et
après la réduction (M4) de la température, la remise en marche (M5) du dispositif
électrique (1) à une température de fonctionnement inférieure à la température de
transition du gel (4).
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, la température de transition se situant dans la
plage de 60 à 110 °C, en particulier dans la plage de 60 à 90 °C ou 80 à 110 °C.
3. Procédé selon n'importe quelle revendication précédente, la température de fonctionnement
allant jusqu'à 80 °C, en particulier dans la plage de 50 à 80 °C ou 30 à 60 °C.
4. Procédé selon n'importe quelle revendication précédente, la température de réparation
étant maintenue autour de l'isolateur (3) pendant au moins 5 h, en particulier au
moins 8, 10 ou 20 h, pendant l'étape d'augmentation (M3) de la température de l'isolant.
5. Procédé selon n'importe quelle revendication précédente, l'épaississant comprenant
un copolymère séquencé styrénique, en particulier un copolymère di- et/ou tri-séquencé.
6. Procédé selon n'importe quelle revendication précédente, le gel (4) étant basé sur
une huile choisie parmi une huile minérale, une huile aromatique, une huile d'ester
et une huile paraffinique, en particulier une huile isoparaffinique, ou un mélange
de celles-ci.
7. Procédé selon n'importe quelle revendication précédente, le gel (4) comprenant des
particules dispersées de nitrure de bore.
8. Procédé selon n'importe quelle revendication précédente, le dispositif électrique
(1) comprenant une douille, un transformateur d'instrument, un transformateur de puissance,
un condensateur ou une extrémité de câble.