The present disclosure relates generally to electronic interconnect systems. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to implementing systems and methods for providing a high speed interconnect system with reduced crosstalk.

VPX is an ANSI standard that provides VMEbus-based systems with support for switched fabrics over a high speed connector. Switched fabrics technology supports the implementation of multiprocessing systems that require the fastest possible communications between processors. The high speed connectors are often referred to in the art as VPX connectors (e.g., the MultiGig RT2 connector available from TE Connectivity of Switzerland). VPX connectors are rated typically to support up to 16 Giga bits per second ("Gbps").

Document WO0022894A1 discloses an apparatus and system comprising electrical interconnection devices (EIDs), such as printed wiring boards, semiconductor packages, and printed circuit boards. The vias may be positioned off-center from the pattern of the surface pads. Via groups, or staircase vias, connect surface pads with vias extending into the electrical interconnection device. The via groups convert the pad geometry on the surface to a more open via pattern on one or more internal layers. The EID comprises a plurality of pads formed on a surface for providing electrical connections to another EID. A plurality of vias each extend from a corresponding pad to another layer of the printed wiring board. Each via is offset from a central location of its corresponding pad. A via group comprises a plurality of vias with a first via connecting a surface of the electrical interconnection device to a first inner layer electrically connects a pad on a surface of the electrical interconnection device to a second via. The second via extends from the first inner layer to a second layer of the electrical interconnection device. The centers of the first via and the second via are non-collinear. Another EID includes a uniformly spaced set of pads on the surface. Via groups, comprising a first set of vias and a second set of vias, extend from the uniformly spaced surface pads. Spacing among the second set of vias is nonuniform.

Document US2017149155A1 discloses a tapered surface interconnect is formed on a printed circuit board (PCB). A compliant pin of an electrical connector may be coupled to the tapered surface interconnect and soldered thereto. The surface interconnect may be formed by drilling through one or more layers of the PCB. The depth of the surface interconnect may be shorter than a height or a thickness of the PCB. The surface interconnect may have a tapered side wall to allow for a better fit with a tapered compliant pin. The inclination of the side wall of the surface interconnect may be linear or concave. The intersection between the tapered sidewall and the bottom of the surface interconnect may be rounded to minimize pin insertion issues and may allow for easier solder flux evacuation from the surface interconnect during the soldering process. The compliant pin may be soldered into place upon being coupled to the tapered surface interconnect.

The present disclosure concerns implementing systems and methods for providing a Printed Wiring Board ("PWB") designed to reduce cross talk associated with a high speed electrical connector with relatively short pins. The methods comprise: forming a core substrate comprising a plurality of laminated dielectric substrate layers with a first via (e.g., core via) formed therethrough; disposing a first trace on an exposed surface of the core substrate that is in electrical contact with the first via (e.g., core via); laminating a first High Density Interconnect ("HDI") substrate to the core substrate such that the first trace electrically connects the first via (e.g., core via) with a second via (e.g., a micro-via) formed through the first HDI substrate; disposing a second trace on an exposed surface of the first HDI substrate that is in electrical contact with the second via (e.g., a micro-via); and laminating a second HDI substrate to the first HDI substrate such that the second trace electrically connects the second via (e.g., a micro-via) a third via (e.g., a blind via) formed through the second HDI substrate. The second via comprises a buried via with a central axis spatially offset (e.g., horizontally offset) from central axis of the first and third vias. The first and second vias having diameters which are smaller than a diameter of the third via.

In some scenarios, the central axis of the first via (e.g., core via) is aligned with the central axis of the third via (e.g., blind via). The diameter of the second via (e.g., micro-via) is smaller than the diameter of the first via (e.g., core via). The depth of the third via (e.g., blind via) is selected to provide optimized solderability between the PWB and a pin of the high speed electrical connector. The depth of the third via (e.g., blind via) is 0.381 mm (15 mils), the pin has a length between 0.635-0.762mm (25-30 mils), and/or the distance between the PWB and the high speed electrical connector when the pin is soldered in the third via is between 0.254-0.381mm (10-15 mils). Additionally, or alternatively, the PWB and the high speed electrical connector collectively support high speed +25 Gbps data rates at low bit error rate of < 1E-15.

The present solution will be described with reference to the following drawing figures, in which like numerals represent like items throughout the figures.

• FIG. 1 is an illustration of an illustrative system.
• FIG. 2 is an image of an illustrative connector.
• FIG. 3 is an illustration that is useful for understanding a connector and PWB architecture in accordance with the present solution.
• FIG. 4 is an illustration that is useful for understanding a via design in accordance with the present solution.
• FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a via taken along lines 416-416 of FIG. 4 .
• FIG. 6 is an illustration that is useful for understanding the differences between the present solution and a conventional through hole via.
• FIGS. 7A-7Q (collectively referred to as "FIG. 7") provide illustrations that are useful for understanding how the present solution is fabricated.
• FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of an illustrative method for making a PWB in accordance with the present solution.

It will be readily understood that the components of the embodiments as generally described herein and illustrated in the appended figures could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Thus, the following more detailed description of various embodiments, as represented in the figures, is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure, but is merely representative of various embodiments. While the various aspects of the embodiments are presented in drawings, the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale unless specifically indicated.

The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the present solution is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by this detailed description.

Reference throughout this specification to features, advantages, or similar language does not imply that all of the features and advantages that may be realized with the present solution should be or are in any single embodiment of the present solution. Rather, language referring to the features and advantages is understood to mean that a specific feature, advantage, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present solution. Thus, discussions of the features and advantages, and similar language, throughout the specification may, but do not necessarily, refer to the same embodiment.

Furthermore, the described features, advantages and characteristics of the present solution may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, in light of the description herein, that the present solution can be practiced without one or more of the specific features or advantages of a particular embodiment. In other instances, additional features and advantages may be recognized in certain embodiments that may not be present in all embodiments of the present solution.

Reference throughout this specification to "one embodiment", "an embodiment", or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the indicated embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present solution. Thus, the phrases "in one embodiment", "in an embodiment", and similar language throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, all refer to the same embodiment.

As used in this document, the singular form "a", "an", and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. As used in this document, the term "comprising" means "including, but not limited to".

The current generation of industry standard VPX connectors are challenged to support a 25 Giga bits per second ("GBps") data rate at Bit Error Rates ("BER") of 1E-15 or better when trying to communicate from a 25 Gbps transceiver chip on the first daughter card, through a VPX connector, across 30.48 cm (12 inches) of backplane, through another VPX connector to a second transceiver chip on a second daughter card. Accordingly, the present solution provides a connector that is designed to address this drawback of conventional VPX connectors. The connector is also compliant to and can be used for avionics applications. As such, the connector will survive avionics environmental exposures, as well as other harsh environments associated with military hardware applications.

Analysis shows a limitation of conventional VPX connectors (e.g., VITA46 connectors) to 25 Gbps operation is the crosstalk occurring in the via field directly underneath the VPX connectors on both the circuit (or daughter) cards and the backplane. The present solution involves a novel refinement to the VPX standard connector pins, and a novel Printed Wiring Board ("PWB") structure that uses Double Transition ("DT") vias which reduce cross talk in the via field directly underneath the VPX connector, yet does not reduce the VPX connectors ability to survive the environment.

Referring now to FIG. 1, there is provided an illustration of an illustrative system 100 that is useful for understanding the present solution. System 100 is designed to test circuit cards for performance in accordance with IEEE standards and by emulating the final system in which the circuit cards will be disposed. In this regard, system 100 comprises circuit cards 102, 104 and a backplane 106. A rack (not shown in FIG. 1) mechanically supports the circuit cards and backplanes in their relative vertical and horizontal positions. Such a rack is well known in the art, and will not be described herein.

Integrated Circuit ("IC") chips 112 of the circuit cards 102, 104 are electrically connected to each other through connectors 108, 110 and traces (notionally shown) formed in the backplane 106. Paths 114 are provided to show these electrical connections between the IC chips 112 through components 106, 108, 110. In some scenarios, the IC chips 112 include communications technology, such as transceivers. Transceivers are well known in the art, and therefore will not be described herein. Any known or to be known transceiver can be used herein without limitation. During operations, data is communicated between IC chips 112 at a relatively high speed of a 25 Gbps data rate with a BER of 1E-15 or better. This high speed data communication is facilitated by the present solution including novel connectors 108, 110 and via designs which will become more evident as the discussion progresses. The present solution is compliant with the VITA base standard defining physical features that enable high speed communication in a system.

An illustration of a conventional VPX connector 200 is provided in FIG. 2 . VPX connector 200 is designed for press-fit applications and is rated to support up to 16 Giga bits per second ("Gbps"). As shown in FIG. 2 , the VPX connector 200 comprises a plurality of elongate pins 202. The length of the pins 202 are selected such that the pins respectively pass through vias formed in the backplane. These vias are through hole type vias 600 as shown in FIG. 6 . Accordingly, the elongate lengths of the pins 202 are typically between 1.524-2.286 mm (60-90 mils).

The connectors 108, 110 of FIG. 1 comprise a modified version of VPX connector 200. In this regard, it should be understood that the pins of connectors 108, 110 have smaller elongate lengths than that of pins 202. As noted above, the elongate lengths of conventional pins 202 are between 1.524-2.286 mm (60-90 mils). In contrast, the elongate lengths of the pins of connectors 108, 110 are between 0.635-0.762mm (25-30 mils) in some scenarios. The short pins allow the connectors 108, 110 to be mounted to the circuit cards 102, 104 by way of surface mounts or solder interfaces. This difference is important since it facilitates a reduction in cross talk interferences within the connectors 108, 110 and the circuit cards 102, 104. In this regard, it should be understood that the longer the pins the greater the cross talk interference. Cross talk is minimized by decreasing the length of the pins.

Additionally, to establish the 25 Gbps performance, a novel interconnect and layering (or junction) configuration is provided with the PWB 106, 108, 110 to minimize the cross talk and electrical performance within the PWB. This novel interconnect and layering (or junction) configuration will become more evident as the discussion progresses.

Referring now to FIG. 3, there is provided a cross-sectional view that is useful for understanding an interconnect interface between pin(s) 302 of a connector 300 and a PWB 304 in accordance with the present solution. Connectors 108, 110 of FIG. 1 can be the same as or similar to connector 300, and/or the boards 102, 104, 106 of FIG. 1 can be the same as or similar to PWB 304. As such, the discussion of connector 300 and PWB 304 is sufficient for understanding components 102-110 of FIG. 1.

Although connector 300 is shown as having a single pin 302, the present solution is not limited in this regard. Connector 300 can have any number of pins selected in accordance with a particular application. The pins can have an array format defined by rows and columns, which may be equally spaced apart.

Pin 302 is soldered to blind via 306. The solder is not shown in FIG. 3 for purposes of simplifying the illustration. Pin 302 has a length and the blind via 306 has a shape/size which are selected to ensure that (a) a certain distance 314 is provided between the connector's surface 316 and the PWB's surface 318 and (b) a satisfactory solder based connection is made between the connector 300 and PWB 304. In some scenarios, the pin's length 308 is between 0.635-0.762mm (25-30 mils). The distance 314 between the surface's 316, 318 is 0.254-0.381mm (10-15 mils). The aperture 324 of blind via 306 has a diameter 310 of 25 mils and a depth 312 of 0.381mm (15 mils) selected for optimizing solderability of the pin 302 to the PWB 304. The cladding 320 of blind via 306 has a thickness 322 of 0.127 (5 mils). The present solution is not limited to the particulars of this example.

Notably, the depth 312 of the via 306 into which the pin 302 is disposed is significantly less than that of conventional connector 200. As noted above, the via 600 which is used for each pin 202 of connector 200 is a through hole with a depth 604. Depth 312 is at least reduced by 50% as compared to depth 604. This via depth reduction is at least partially facilitated by the overall design of a novel via with multiple structural interconnected portions. One of these interconnected portions comprises the blind via 306. Notably, the interconnection between blind via 306 and another structural portion of the novel via is not shown in FIG. 3 for purposes of illustrative simplicity.

Referring now to FIG. 4, there is provided a perspective view of an illustrative novel via 400 formed in a PWB 414 in accordance with the present solution. The PWB 414 is formed of a plurality of laminated substrate layers, which are not shown in FIG. 4 for illustrative simplicity. The via 400 is provided to connect a pin of a connector (e.g., pin 302 of FIG. 3) to a circuit trace 412 formed on an internal substrate layer of the PWB 414.

As shown in FIG. 4 , via 400 comprises a blind via 402, a buried via 404 and a core via 406. Blind via 306 of FIG. 3 corresponds to blind via 402. Blind via 402 can be same as or similar to blind via 306. As such, the discussion provided above in relation to blind via 306 is sufficient for understanding blind via 402. Blind via 402 is the via into which the connector pin is inserted and solder interfaced with the PWB 414. A cross-sectional view of the via 400 taken along line 416-416 is provided in FIG. 5 .

As shown in FIGS. 4-5 , blind via 402 is electrically connected to buried via 404 by way of trace 408. Buried via 404 is electrically connected to core via 406 by way of trace 410. Blind via 402 and core via 406 have central axis 420 which are aligned with each other. However, core via 406 has a smaller diameter 514 as compared to the diameter 516 of blind via 402. Core via 406 is vertically spaced apart from blind via 402 by a distance. This diameter difference and vertical spacing facilitates the reduction in cross talk interference because a parasitic capacitance between interconnection pairs is minimized.

Buried via 404 has a smaller diameter 518 and depth 522 as compared to those 516/524, 514/520 of blind via 402 and core via 406. In some scenarios, the depth 522 of buried via 404 is between 0.0762-0.1524 mm (3-6 mils). The present solution is not limited in this regard. The depth 522 is selected based on a given application. The smaller the depth 522 the less reflections and cross talk. The central axis 418 of buried via is horizontally offset from the central axis 420 of vias 402, 406. The distance 422 between central axis 418 and central axis 420 is selected so that the buried via 404 does not overlap any portion of buried via 404 and/or core via 406. The offset arrangement and reduced sizing of buried via 404 also facilitates the reduction in cross talk interference.

Also, the length 520 of core via 406 is variable and depends on the particulars of a given application. For example, in the scenarios shown in FIGS. 4-5, length 520 is defined by the thickness of substrate layers 502, 504, 506, 510 through which the core via 406 passes. The present solution is not limited in this regard. The PWB can include more or less substrate layers than that shown in FIG. 5. Accordingly, the length 520 of core via 406 can be shorter or longer than that shown in FIGS. 4-5 .

Referring now to FIG. 7 , illustrations are provided to show how the present solution may be fabricated. In some scenarios, 3-5 lamination cycles are needed to fabricate the present solution, which is less than that required to fabricate a conventional VPX connectors. The present solution is not limited in this regard. The number of lamination cycles needed to form the present solution is dependent on a given application.

In all cases, HDI technology is used to create substrate layers 510 and 512. HDI technology is well known in the art, and therefore will not be described herein. Any known or to be known HDI technology can be used herein without limitation. HDI technology allows for higher circuit density than traditional circuit boards, and improved Radio Frequency ("RF") performance.

Referring now to FIG. 7A-7G, a first lamination cycle is performed to create a laminated core dielectric substrate 708. A second lamination cycle is performed in FIGS. 7H-7M, and a third lamination cycle is performed in FIGS. 7N-7Q. Additional lamination cycles can be performed to add more substrate layers in accordance with a particular application.

As shown by FIGS. 7A-7G, the core dielectric substrate 708 is formed by laminating a plurality of substrate layers 502-508 together. The lamination process involves acquiring a first substrate layer 502 as in FIG. 7A. The first substrate layer 502 comprises a planar sheet of dielectric material. The dielectric material includes, but is not limited to, a plastic. A first bonding agent 700 is disposed on a first surface 750 of the substrate layer 502, as shown in FIG. 7B. Bonding agents are well known in the art, and therefore will not be described herein. The bonding agent can include, but is not limited to, an adhesive (e.g., glue).

Next in FIG. 7C, a second substrate layer 504 is disposed on top of the bonding agent 700. The second substrate layer 504 comprises a planar sheet of dielectric material. The dielectric material can be the same as or different than that of the first substrate layer 502. In FIG. 7D, a bonding agent 702 is disposed on a second surface 752 of the first substrate layer 502. The bonding agent 702 used here is the same as or different than the bonding agent 700 used in FIG. 7B.

A third substrate layer 506 is then placed on the bonding agent 702 as shown in FIG. 7E. The third substrate layer 506 comprises a planar sheet of dielectric material. The dielectric material can be the same as or different than that of the first substrate layer 502 and/or the second substrate layer 504. A trace 412 is formed on an exposed surface 754 of the third substrate 506, as also shown in FIG. 7E. In FIG. 7F, a bonding agent 706 is then disposed on the exposed surface 754 of the third substrate 506 and trace 412. The bonding agent 706 used here is the same as or different than the bonding agent 700 used in FIG. 7B and/or the bonding agent 702 used in FIG. 7D.

A fourth substrate layer 508 is placed adjacent to the bonding agent 706, as shown in FIG. 7G. The fourth substrate layer 508 comprises a planar sheet of dielectric material. The dielectric material can be the same as or different than that of the other substrate layers 502-506. Subsequently, heat and pressure is applied to the stack of substrate layers for a given period of time as shown by arrows 770 in FIG. 7G. As a consequence, the laminated core dielectric substrate 708 is formed.

Once the laminated core dielectric substrate 708 is formed, a hole 710 is drilled through substrate layers 502-508 in FIG. 7H. The hole is then filled with an electrically conductive material 756 so as to form the core via 406, as shown in FIG. 7I. The electrically conductive material can include, but is not limited to, copper. Plating may also be performed in FIG. 7I.

Next in FIG. 7J, trace 410 is formed on an exposed surface 758 of substrate layer 504. An electrically conductive material (e.g., copper) is used to form trace 410. A bonding agent 716 is then disposed on the trace 410 and the exposed surface 758 of substrate layer 504, as shown in FIG. 7K. The bonding agent used here is the same as or different than the bonding agent used in FIG. 7B, FIG. 7D and/or FIG. 7F.

A first HDI substrate layer 510 is placed adjacent to the bonding agent 716 in FIG. 7L. The first HDI substrate layer 510 is formed using an HDI process. HDI processes are well known in the art, and therefore will not be described herein. Notably, the first HDI substrate layer 510 has a via 718 formed therein with an electrically conductive cladding. The electrically conductive cladding can comprise the same or different electrically conductive material (e.g., copper) used to form core via 406 and/or trace 410. Via 718 can include, but is not limited to, a micro-via drilled through an HDI substrate using a laser. The via 718 is located in the first HDI substrate layer 510 so that the trace 410 provides an electrical connection between the via 718 and the core via 406. Heat and pressure is applied to the stack during a second lamination process as shown by arrows 772 of FIG. 7M.

In FIG. 7N, trace 408 is formed on an exposed surface 760 of HDI substrate layer 510. An electrically conductive material (e.g., copper) is used to form trace 408. A bonding agent 722 is then disposed on the trace 408 and the exposed surface 760 of substrate layer 510, as shown in FIG. 7O. The bonding agent used here is the same as or different than the bonding agent used in FIG. 7B, FIG. 7D, FIG. 7F and/or FIG. 7K.

A second HDI substrate layer 512 is placed adjacent to the bonding agent 722 in FIG. 7P. The second HDI substrate layer 512 is formed using an HDI process. HDI processes are well known in the art, and therefore will not be described herein. Notably, the second HDI substrate layer 512 has a via 762 formed therein with an electrically conductive cladding. The electrically conductive cladding can comprise the same or different electrically conductive material (e.g., copper) used to form core via 406, trace 410, trace 408, and/or via 718. Via 762 can include, but is not limited to, a via drilled through an HDI substrate using a laser. The via 762 is located in the second HDI substrate layer 512 so that the trace 408 provides an electrical connection between the via 762 and the via 718. Heat and pressure is applied to the stack during a third lamination process as shown by arrows 774 of FIG. 7Q. As a result of the third lamination process, a laminated substrate 764 is created comprising a core via 406, a buried via 404 and a blind via 402 with traces 408, 410 electronically connecting the same to each other.

As evident from the above description, the present solution combines a connector and PWB architecture into a system that is VITA48 compliant and has capacity to support high speed +25 Gbps data rates at low BER of < 1E-15. The connector has short pins that can be soldered into a structured blind via that is fabricated to securely hold the connector to survive the temperature, shock and vibrations of an avionics environment. The blind via is combined with a buried via to form a DT via. The DT via minimizes cross talk by reducing the parasitic capacitance between adjacent DT vias.

Referring now to FIG. 8, there is provided a flow diagram of an illustrative method 800 for making a PWB in accordance with the present solution. The PWB is designed to reduce cross talk associated with a high speed electrical connector. The PWB and the high speed electrical connector collectively support high speed +25 Gbps data rates at low bit error rate of < 1E-15.

Method 800 begins with 802 and continues with 804 where a core substrate (e.g., core substrate 708 of FIG. 7) is formed. The core substrate comprises a plurality of laminated dielectric substrate layers (e.g., dielectric layers 502-508 of FIGS. 5 and 7) with a first via (e.g., core via 406 of FIGS. 4-7) formed therethrough. In 806, a first trace (e.g., trace 410 of FIGS. 4-7) is disposed on an exposed surface (e.g., surface 758 of FIG. 7J) of the core substrate that is in electrical contact with the first via. In 808, a first HDI substrate (e.g., HDI substrate layer 510 of FIGS. 5 and 7) is laminated to the core substrate such that the first trace electrically connects the first via with a second via (e.g., via 404 of FIG. 4 and/or 718 of FIG. 7L) formed through the first HDI substrate. In 810, a second trace (e.g., trace 408 of FIGS. 4-7) is disposed on an exposed surface (e.g., surface 760 of FIG. 7N) of the first HDI substrate that is in electrical contact with the second via. In 812, a second HDI substrate (e.g., HDI substrate layer 512 of FIGS. 5 and 7) is laminated to the first HDI substrate such that the second trace electrically connects the second via to a third via formed through the second HDI substrate. Subsequently 814 is performed where method 800 ends or other actions are taken.

The second via comprises a buried via with a central axis spatially offset (e.g., horizontally offset) from central axis of the first and third vias. The first and second vias having diameters which are smaller than a diameter of the third via. In some scenarios, the central axis of the first via is aligned with the central axis of the third via (e.g., a blind via). The diameter of the second via (e.g., a micro-via) is smaller than the diameter of the first via.

The depth of the third via is selected to provide optimized solderability between the PWB and a pin of the high speed electrical connector. For example, the depth of the third via is 0.381 mm (15 mils), the pin has a length between 0.635-0.762mm (25-30 mils), and/or a distance between the PWB and the high speed electrical connector when the pin is soldered in the third via is between 0.254-0.381mm (10-15 mils).

Although the present solution has been illustrated and described with respect to one or more implementations, equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of this specification and the annexed drawings. In addition, while a particular feature of the present solution may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present solution should not be limited by any of the above described embodiments. Rather, the scope of the present solution should be defined in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.