Embodiments described herein relate particularly, but not exclusively, to systems, methods and computer programs usable in controlling operation of a user device configured for use by a radiologist when analysing medical information associated with a patient.

A healthcare network enables accumulation and/or provisioning of healthcare, clinical and/or medical data. The healthcare network comprises a plurality of systems including devices and software applications. The devices may include medical devices (e.g. an ultrasound system or other imaging modalities for Computed Tomography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging or the like), user devices for use by medical professionals and patients, specialist user terminals (e.g. nurse call system), servers and medical data sources. Software applications operate on, or in conjunction with or are accessible via, the devices, and may include communication applications that facilitate communication between devices on the healthcare network, medical applications configured to process medical information, applications configured to manage patent information, applications for managing knowledge in a healthcare environment, and applications configured to manage medical records.

Typically, a healthcare network comprises several disparate data sources, which are rarely integrated so as to operate homogeneously. A radiologist, when analysing medical information associated with a patient, may need healthcare information from different data sources at different stages of the analysis. In addition, healthcare professionals from different disciplines may need different healthcare data for their analysis. For example, different members of a multidisciplinary group of healthcare professionals that reviews ongoing cases may need access to different healthcare data. However, as the data sources are not integrated, radiologists have to manually retrieve medical information from relevant data sources at every stage of their analysis.

Therefore, it is desirable to provide a homogeneous healthcare environment in which information from disparate data sources can be seamlessly accessed and presented to a radiologist. In addition, it is desirable to automatically retrieve, adapt and/or update information from disparate data sources via a user interface based on a frame of reference. It is also desirable to automatically select and update functions provisioned via the user interface to enable a radiologist to analyse the presented medical information.

US 2006 / 0 116 908 A1 discloses an apparatus and method for generating a patient's medical record. The apparatus comprises a data input component that executes through a plurality of clinical, tree-like pathways that are traversed as data describing the patient's condition is entered, for example, by the physician during a clinical examination. At each node, the physician is prompted as to the additional health information required to traverse the clinical pathway. Once an end "leaf" is reached, the medical record is generated based on the path traversed through the clinical pathway. A web site stores the record for access via a web browser.

JP 2001 166803 A discloses a robot action rule generation device having a case data base for storing various action cases to be executed by a mobile robot, a conversion module for acquiring a set of cases from the data base and generating a determination tree from the acquired set and an action rule data base for storing the determination tree generated by the module as the action rules of the robot a and outputting a determination tree corresponding to an acquisition request outputted from the robot controller.

JP 2009 061176 A discloses a process of discriminating a lesion candidate on the basis of two or more kinds of medical images on the basis of a decision.

According to an aspect, there is provided a system according to claim 1.
User devices may comprise advanced visualization stations with a plurality of high resolution display screens, single computers, mobile devices like smartphones or tablets or the like. The data sources are medical data sources which may comprise a mix of disparate proprietary and off-the-shelf data sources. The data sources may, for example, include a picture archiving and communication system (PACS), an electronic medical records (EMR), an emergency care summary (ECS), a key information summary (KIS), an electronic patient record (EPR), a personal health record (PHR) and an expert system like online textbooks or cockpits, e.g. Thieme eRef, Radiope-dia, an anatomical atlas, reference databases with proven diagnoses for similar cases or the like.

The medical information (also referred to as medical data) comprises clinical data (also referred to as clinical information) and/or healthcare data (also referred to as healthcare information). Clinical information comprises data collected during the course of ongoing patient care, e.g. laboratory test results and/or medical images acquired using at least one of a plurality of medical imaging modalities, e.g. image studies produced using Computed Tomography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Positron-Emission-Tomography, X-Ray, Ultrasound or the like and/or as part of a formal clinical trial program, such as drug testing program. Clinical data may comprise: electronic health records of one or more patients, patient / disease registries indicative of data relating to chronic conditions such as Alzheimer's, clinical trials data, data for use in, for example, clinical or statistical decision support systems and/or anonymised patient medical records for, for example, use by a population health management system. Healthcare data may comprise administrative, regulatory and R&D (research and development) data, guidelines and/or legal regulations.

The radiologist (or another healthcare professional) analyses the medical information relevant for and/or related to one patient by reviewing the relevant inputs, such as symptoms and/or patient history, in order to take relevant steps regarding prevention, diagnosis, therapy and/or follow-up care. With other words, the radiologist's analysis may comprise deducing medical findings from medical image data and/or laboratory test results related to the patient. The system maintains and stores the association between a medical condition and at least one of a plurality of decision trees.

Therefore, the system advantageously integrates disparate data sources based on the information required by radiologists. The system may repeat the above process for each of the nodes successive to the first node of the identified decision tree, and thereby enable the radiologist (or another healthcare professional) to navigate the identified decision tree from the root node to the leaf nodes. Therefore, the system presents relevant medical information relevant for every node of the identified decision tree. The relevant medical information includes information required as input by a radiologist (or another healthcare professional) to navigate from a current node to a successive node. For example, the radiologist (or another healthcare professional) may require data indicative of age of a patient suspected with pneumonia because if the patient is less than three months old than they may require a full sepsis work-up, which may not be required for other patients.

The user interface or interface may be physically integrated with the user device or remote or separate from the user device. However, user device and user interface are connected to enable data transfer. The user interface is adapted to enable interaction of the user with the system. The user interface may be embodied in the form of a display screen which is connected with an input measure, e.g. a touchscreen, a mouse controller, a microphone for speech control or the like.

The system additionally identifies one or more of a plurality of functions usable for processing the retrieved medical information based on a combination of the first output and data indicative of the retrieved medical information. The one or more functions comprise image manipulation and/or evaluation measures/steps/actions typically used for deducing medical findings from medical images, for example, a function to measure size, volume and/or diameter/extent of a lesion, a function to measure distance of a lesion to a predefined landmark/organ, a function for certain color mapping, for zooming, for panning or fading out parts of the contained image information, for comparing medical images in part or in total, for identifying differences between medical images or the like.

In an embodiment not part of the claimed invention, the system may cause the user device to provision the identified one or more of the plurality of functions to the radiologist (or another healthcare professional), whereby enabling processing of the retrieved medical information. The identified one or more of the plurality of functions may be presented via a user interface in conjunction with the relevant medical information, thereby reducing operational burden on a healthcare professional.

In an embodiment not part of the claimed invention, the system may maintain a state parameter indicative of a stage associated with a determination of a second output in connection with the first node, i.e. a current stage of analysis. The system may cause the user device to present at least part of the retrieved medical information based on the state parameter. The state parameter may, for example, be indicative of a stage intermediate between a current node and a successive node of the identified decision tree, and will be explained in more detail below.

In an embodiment not part of the claimed invention, the system, in response to receiving an input from the radiologist (or another healthcare professional), may cause the user device to present at least a part of the retrieved medical information based on a combination of the input and the state parameter. The input may, for example, comprise an interaction with the user interface, such as selection of a region of interest in a medical image, and/or further medical information, such as patient history. Therefore, the system dynamically adapts the information presented to the user based upon user activity.

The system may retrieve medical information based on: data indicative of the patient; data indicative of the radiologist (or another healthcare professional); data indicative of a medical condition; data indicative of one or more guidelines; data indicative of one or more legal regulations, e.g standards like BI-RADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System), PI-RADS (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System) defined by the ACR (American College of Radiology); data acquired on the basis of monitoring of prior actions of the radiologist while navigating at least one of the plurality of decision trees to analyse medical information; data indicative of a customisation parameter; and/or data indicative of a user setting. A customization parameter may for example depend on the user knowledge or user experience, i.e. a senior radiologist does not need all possible functions or information presented to derive a reliable diagnosis, while a beginner would need more and/or more detailed assistance provided by the inventive system, User settings or a single user setting corresponds to a system setting defined and/or chosen by the user. Depending on a user setting the system may for example directly show comparable cases when a initial diagnosis is already suspected (corresponding to an experienced radiologist using the system) or may alternatively present additional functions which further assist the user to find an initial diagnosis (corresponding rather to a unexperienced radiologist).

A medical guideline or clinical guideline is a document with the aim of guiding decisions and criteria regarding diagnosis, management, and treatment in specific areas of healthcare. Modern clinical guidelines identify, summarize and evaluate the highest quality evidence and most current data about prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, therapy including dosage of medications, risk/benefit and cost-effectiveness. They define most important questions related to clinical practice and identify all possible decision options and their outcomes. Guidelines may contain decision or computation algorithms to be followed. Thus, they integrate the identified decision points and respective courses of action with the clinical judgment and experience of practitioners. Some guidelines may place treatment alternatives into classes to help providers in deciding which treatment to use. One major objective of clinical guidelines is to standardize medical care, to raise quality of care, to reduce several kinds of risk (to the patient, to the healthcare provider, to medical insurers and health plans) and to achieve the best balance between cost and medical parameters such as effectiveness, specificity, sensitivity, resolutiveness, etc. Guidelines are usually produced at national or international levels by medical associations or governmental bodies, such as the United States Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Local healthcare providers may produce their own set of guidelines or adapt them from existing top-level guidelines.

The retrieved medical information may comprise data indicative of: medical information associated with the patient, e.g. medical images, laboratory test results or prior diagnoses from the patient history file; medical information associated with one or more further patients, e.g. medical images of one or more further patients which comprise anatomical similarities to the patients anatomy; and/or expert medical knowledge, especially expert medical knowledge related to the patient, e.g. scientific and/or medical publications as collected in the international public MEDLINE database which might serve as background information for the diagnosis of the patient or which might assist in deducing correct findings for the patient. Therefore, the system retrieves medical information based on the associated frame of reference, such as the patient or the healthcare professional.

The system, based on the first output and the first node, may identify a further radiologist (or another healthcare professional) and cause the user device to facilitate the radiologist to communicate therewith. Thus, enabling the radiologist (or another healthcare professional) to solicit a second opinion regarding a case.

In an embodiment not part of the claimed invention, the system may, additionally or alternatively, process the retrieved medical information to be presented based on a predetermined parameter, and thereafter cause at least a part of the processed medical information to be presented. The predetermined parameter may, for example, comprise: data acquired on the basis of monitoring of prior actions of the radiologist while navigating at least one of the plurality of decision trees to analyse medical information; and/or data indicative of a protocol associated with a medical condition. The protocol may for example be defined in a medical guideline and may correspond to a defined catalogue or list of actions corresponding to image and/or information analysis corresponding to an initial suspicion or clinical request.

The system, in response to navigation of the identified decision tree from the root node to the leaf nodes, may prepare a report or medical report based on the navigation path from the root node to the one of the plurality of leaf nodes. A medical report my comprise medical findings and/or results of interpretation of relevant medical information contained in a medical patient history file, especially medical findings deduced by analysing and interpreting medical image data of the patient. A medical report may comprise an unstructured free-form text report, but also a structured report, e.g. a structured report corresponding to the DICOM standard. Therefore, the system enables, for example, a diagnostic and/or a therapeutic report to be prepared based on the navigation of the identified decision tree, thus reducing burden on healthcare professionals. The prepared report may be circulated internally with professionals associated with the healthcare network, or externally with patients, professionals and and/or clinical collaboration partners. The report may, for example, be a decision report comprising data identifying an outcome of a clinical process, such as diagnostic step, and/or a structured report comprising data identifying navigation from the root node to the one of the leaf nodes setting out the rationale for reaching the decision.

According to a further aspect, there is provided a method according to claim 12.

According to a further aspect, there is provided a computer program according to claim 13.

The computer program may, for example, be comprised on a computer operable medium, such as a CD-ROM, a flash memory, a USB memory and/or a USB dongle, and/or may be provisioned electronically over a wired or wireless communications medium.

In an embodiment not part of the claimed invention, there is provided a system operable to control operation of a user device, the user device being configured for use by a radiologist when analysing medical information associated with a patient, the system comprising at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the system at least to perform the steps of:

• maintaining, in a database, an association between a medical condition and at least one of a plurality of decision trees, each decision tree comprising a plurality of nodes organised in a tree structure originating at a root node and terminating at a plurality of leaf nodes via a plurality of branch nodes, wherein the root node and each of the branch nodes have a plurality of outputs, each of the plurality of outputs links a node of the plurality of nodes to a further node of the plurality of nodes and wherein each output causes the system to differently control operation of the user device;
• in response to receiving medical information associated with the patient, identifying, based on the association, a decision tree from the plurality of decision trees;
• for the root node of the identified decision tree, performing a process comprising:
  • causing the user device to retrieve medical information from at least one of a plurality of data sources based on a combination of the root node and a state parameter, the state parameter being indicative of one of different stages associated with a determination regarding a first output in connection with the root node;
  • causing at least a part of the retrieved medical information to be displayed on the user device; and
  • in response to receiving data indicative of the first output, selecting a first of the plurality of nodes.

As described above, the state parameter is indicative of a stage intermediate between a current node and a successive node of the identified decision tree. The state parameter is indicative of an analysis stage intermediate two nodes, and using it the system is able to retrieve and update relevant medical information as the radiologist (or another healthcare professional) navigates between successive nodes via one or more intermediate stages. Therefore, the system advantageously integrates disparate data sources based on the information required by radiologists or another healthcare professional at every stage of analysis.

In an embodiment not part of the claimed invention, the system may repeat the above process for each of the nodes successive to the first node of the identified decision tree, and thereby enable the radiologist (or another healthcare professional) to navigate the identified decision tree from the root node to the leaf nodes. Therefore, the system presents relevant medical information relevant for every node and intermediate stages between successive nodes of the identified decision tree.

In an embodiment not part of the claimed invention, the system may additionally identify one or more of a plurality of functions usable for processing the retrieved medical information based on a combination of the state parameter and data indicative of the retrieved medical information, and may cause the user device to provision the identified one or more of the plurality of functions to the radiologist (or another healthcare professional), whereby enabling processing of the retrieved medical information. The identified one or more of the plurality of functions may be presented via a user interface in conjunction with the relevant medical information, thereby reducing burden on a healthcare professional.

In an embodiment not part of the claimed invention, the system, in response to receiving an input from the radiologist (or another healthcare professional), may cause the user device to present at least a part of the retrieved medical information based on a combination of the input and the state parameter. The input may, for example, comprise an interaction with the user interface, such as selection of a region of interest, and/or further medical information, such as patient history. Therefore, the system adapts the information presented in accordance with the further information provided thereto.

The system may monitor prior actions of the radiologist (or another healthcare professional) when analysing medical information associated with at least some of the different stages and cause at least a part of the retrieved medical information to be displayed on the user device and/or adapt how the medical information is displayed based on the monitoring. Therefore, the system learns over time the style of working and preferences of a healthcare professional, and adapts the information presented accordingly. A prior action according to the invention comprises a certain function applied to a medical image of a comparable patient or case at the same stage of the inventive decision process, e.g. a certain measurement tool like a distance measurement tool or a certain display tool like a color changing tool or Cinematic Rendering tool.

The system processes the retrieved medical information based on the monitoring and cause at least a part of the retrieved medical information to be displayed on the user device. Therefore, the system pre-processes retrieved medical information based on observed behaviour of a professional, thereby increasing their efficiency.

The system may retrieve medical information based on: data indicative of the patient; data indicative of the radiologist (or another healthcare professional); data indicative of a medical condition; data indicative of one or more guidelines; data indicative of one or more legal regulations; data acquired on the basis of monitoring of prior actions of the radiologist while navigating at least one of the plurality of decision trees to analyse medical information; data indicative of a customisation parameter; and/or data indicative of a user setting.

The retrieved medical information may comprise data indicative of: medical information associated with the patient; medical information associated with one or more further patients; and/or expert medical knowledge. Therefore, the system retrieves medical information based on the associated frame of reference, such as the patient or the healthcare professional.

In an embodiment not part of the claimed invention, the system, based on the state parameter and the first node, may identify a further radiologist (or another healthcare professional) and cause the user device to facilitate the radiologist to communicate therewith. Thus, enabling the radiologist (or another healthcare professional) to solicit a second opinion regarding a case.

The system, in response to navigation of the identified decision tree from the root node to the leaf nodes, prepare a report based on the navigation path from the root node to the one of the plurality of leaf nodes. Therefore, the system enables a diagnostic and/or therapeutic report to be prepared based on the navigation of the identified decision tree, thus reducing burden on healthcare professionals. The prepared report may be circulated internally with professionals associated with the healthcare network, or externally with patients, professionals and and/or clinical collaboration partners.

In an embodiment not part of the claimed invention, there is provided a method of controlling operation of a user device, the user device being configured for use by a radiologist when analysing medical information associated with a patient, the method comprising:

• maintaining, in a database, an association between a medical condition and at least one of a plurality of decision trees, each decision tree comprising a plurality of nodes organised in a tree structure originating at a root node and terminating at a plurality of leaf nodes via a plurality of branch nodes, wherein the root node and each of the branch nodes have a plurality of outputs, each of the plurality of outputs links a node of the plurality of nodes to a further node of the plurality of nodes and wherein each output causes operation of the user device to be differently controlled;
• in response to receiving medical information associated with the patient, identifying, based on the association, a decision tree from the plurality of decision trees;
• for the root node of the identified decision tree, performing a process comprising:
  • causing the user device to retrieve medical information from at least one of a plurality of data sources based on a combination of the root node and a state parameter, the state parameter being indicative of one of different stages associated with a determination regarding a first output in connection with the root node;
  • causing at least a part of the retrieved medical information to be displayed on the user device; and
  • in response to receiving data indicative of the first output, selecting a first of the plurality of nodes.

In an embodiment not part of the claimed invention, there is provided a computer program comprising a set of instructions, which, when executed by a computerised device, cause the computerised device to perform a method of controlling operation of a user device, the user device being configured for use by a radiologist when analysing medical information associated with a patient, the method comprising, at the computerised device:

• maintaining, in a database, an association between a medical condition and at least one of a plurality of decision trees, each decision tree comprising a plurality of nodes organised in a tree structure originating at a root node and terminating at a plurality of leaf nodes via a plurality of branch nodes, wherein the root node and each of the branch nodes have a plurality of outputs, each of the plurality of outputs links a node of the plurality of nodes to a further node of the plurality of nodes and wherein each output causes operation of the user device to be differently controlled;
• in response to receiving medical information associated with the patient, identifying, based on the association, a decision tree from the plurality of decision trees;
• for the root node of the identified decision tree, performing a process comprising:
  • causing the user device to retrieve medical information from at least one of a plurality of data sources based on a combination of the root node and a state parameter, the state parameter being indicative of one of different stages associated with a determination regarding a first output in connection with the root node;
  • causing at least a part of the retrieved medical information to be displayed on the user device; and
  • in response to receiving data indicative of the first output, selecting a first of the plurality of nodes.

The computer program may, for example, be comprised on a computer operable medium, such as a CD-ROM, a flash memory, a USB memory and/or a USB dongle, and/or may be provisioned electronically over a wired or wireless communications medium.

Therefore, the system advantageously integrates disparate data sources based on the information required by radiologists at every stage of analysis, and processes the retrieved medical information based on a style of working of the radiologist (or another healthcare professional) or with other words automatically integrates user preferences operating the system in every stage of analysis, thereby increasing efficiency.

The system, in response to receiving data indicative of a first of a plurality of outputs in connection with the root node, may select a first of the plurality of nodes, thereby enabling navigation from the root node to a successive node. The system may repeat the above process for each of the nodes successive to the root node of the identified decision tree, and thereby enable the radiologist (or another healthcare professional) to navigate the identified decision tree from the root node to the leaf nodes. Therefore, the system processes the retrieved medical information at every stage of analysis, thereby customising presented information in accordance with the style of working of the radiologist (or another healthcare professional).

In an embodiment not part of the claimed invention, the system may maintain a state parameter indicative of a stage associated with a determination of a second output in connection with the root node, i.e. a current stage of analysis. The system may cause the user device to present at least part of the retrieved medical information based on the state parameter. The state parameter may, for example, be indicative of a stage intermediate between a current node and a successive node of the identified decision tree.

The system may additionally identify one or more of a plurality of functions usable for processing the retrieved medical information based on a combination of the root node and the identified prior actions. The system may use at least one of the functions for processing the retrieved medical information. For example, if a radiologist prefers to analyse scans in a specific resolution, using a certain color mapping and/or prefers a specific view angle on medical image data, then the system may process the retrieved medical information so as to change the resolution, the color mapping and/or the view angle of scans and/or the image data automatically, accordingly.

In an embodiment not part of the claimed invention, the system may, additionally or alternatively, cause the user device to provision the identified one or more of the plurality of functions to the radiologist (or another healthcare professional), whereby enabling processing of the retrieved medical information. The identified one or more of the plurality of functions may be presented via a user interface in conjunction with the relevant medical information, thereby reducing burden on a healthcare professional.

The system, in response to receiving an input from the radiologist (or another healthcare professional), may cause the user device to present at least a part of the retrieved medical information based on a combination of the input and the identified prior actions. The input may, for example, comprise an interaction with the user interface, such as selection of a region of interest, and/or further medical information, such as patient history. Therefore, the system adapts the information presented in accordance with the further information provided thereto.

The system cause the user device to process the retrieved medical information based on data indicative of the radiologist. The system may further cause the user device to process the retrieved medical information based on: data associated with the patient; data associated with another patient; data indicative of a medical condition; data indicative of one or more guidelines; data indicative of one or more legal regulations; data indicative of a customisation parameter; and/or data indicative of a user setting. Therefore, the system uses the associated frame of reference for pre-processing the retrieved medical information.

The system may retrieve medical information based on: data indicative of the patient; data indicative of the radiologist (or another healthcare professional); data indicative of a medical condition; data indicative of one or more guidelines; data indicative of one or more legal regulations; data acquired on the basis of monitoring of prior actions of the radiologist while navigating at least one of the plurality of decision trees to analyse medical information; data indicative of a customisation parameter; and/or data indicative of a user setting.

The retrieved medical information may comprise data indicative of: medical information associated with the patient; medical information associated with one or more further patients; and/or expert medical knowledge. Therefore, the system retrieves medical information based on the associated frame of reference, such as the patient or the healthcare professional.

The system, based on the identified prior actions, may identify a further radiologist (or another healthcare professional) and cause the user device to facilitate the radiologist to communicate therewith. Thus, enabling the radiologist (or another healthcare professional) to solicit a second opinion regarding a case.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the examples pertain. Above term definitions given with regard to a certain embodiment of the present invention do likewise apply for any other embodiment, if not explicitly excluded.

• Figure 1 shows a schematic block diagram of an example of a healthcare network in accordance with embodiments;
• Figure 2 shows an example decision tree in accordance with embodiments;
• Figure 3 shows a flow diagram depicting an example of processing data in accordance with embodiments;
• Figure 4 shows an example decision tree in accordance with embodiments;
• Figure 5 shows a flow diagram depicting an example of processing data in accordance with embodiments;
• Figure 6 shows a flow diagram depicting an example of processing data in accordance with embodiments; and
• Figures 7-16 present examples of the interface shown in accordance with embodiments.

Referring to Figure 1, there is shown schematically an example of a healthcare network 100. The healthcare network 100 comprises a number of systems. The term "system" is used herein to denote an entity (or entities) in the healthcare network 100. A system may be embodied in the form of apparatus, hardware, software, a function, a virtualized resource, etc., or any combination of same. A healthcare network can comprise at least some different and/or additional components to those shown in Figure 1.

The healthcare network 100 comprises one or more user devices 101a-n configured for use by a radiologist when analysing medical information associated with a patient. The user devices 101a-n may comprise a smart watch, a smart telephone, a tablet computer, a personal computer and/or be embodied as an advanced visualization (AV) station comprising more than one display screen as typically present in a radiology department of a hospital or medical centre. The user devices 101a-n may comprise an application for presenting medical information to a radiologist. The medical information may be provided and/or displayed via a user interface as described in more detail with reference to Figures 7 to 16. Preferably, the medical information may be displayed via the display screen of the user device 101a-n. At least some of the user devices 101a-n may be communicatively coupled to each other via, for example, a local area network, metropolitan area network or a wide area network, and may have access to systems external to the healthcare network 100 via a Candidate Access Network (CAN) (not shown). The user devices 101a-n may comprise one or more processors (not shown) for performing various data processing operations according to embodiments and/or one or more memories (not shown) for storing various data according to embodiments.

The CAN may, for example, be a wireless access network or a wired access network. Examples of wireless access networks include, but are not limited to, Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) and mobile radio access networks. An example of a mobile radio access network is an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN). An example of a wired access network is an Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) .

The healthcare network 100 may additionally comprise one or more servers (not shown) configured to provision applications and data to the user devices 101a-n, a plurality of data sources 107a-n configured to provision medical information, a specialist user terminal (for example, a nurse call system an advanced visualization station or the like) and/or one or more medical devices (for example, an ultrasound system, Computed Tomography system, a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance system or the like).

The data sources 107a-n may comprise a mix of disparate proprietary and off-the-shelf data sources. The data sources 107a-n may, for example, include a picture archiving and communication system (PACS), an electronic medical records (EMR), an emergency care summary (ECS), a key information summary (KIS), an electronic patient record (EPR), a personal health record (PHR), a hospital and/or radiology information system (HIS/RIS) and/or an expert system, like the public MEDLINE database.

At least some of the user devices 101a-n have access to a system 103 for controlling operation thereof. The system 103 may be implemented on a single computer or a network of computers. In examples, the system 103 may be a central or location-specific distributed system. The system 103 comprises one or more processors (not shown) for performing various data processing operations according to embodiments. The system 103 comprises or otherwise has access to a database 105 for storing various data according to embodiments. The database 105 may comprise one or more memories (not shown). The memory may be volatile so that data stored therein may need to be re-learnt upon failure/re-boot.

The database 105 maintains an association between a medical condition and at least one of a plurality of decision trees. Each of the decision trees comprise a plurality of nodes organised in a tree structure originating at a root node and terminating at a plurality of leaf nodes via a plurality of branch nodes, in which the root node and each of the branch nodes have a plurality of outputs that link a node to a further node. Each of the outputs causes the system 103 to differently control operation of the user devices 101a-n. The decision trees define at least two clinical process paths leading to a diagnosis of a medical condition for a patient, wherein each of the nodes is a diagnostic stage in the clinical process, wherein each stage in the clinical process may be based on or defined by a medical guideline relevant for the patient, a clinical request procedure as defined by or as based on an initial suspicion, an initial medical question or indication and/or an initial suspicion which lead to the further examination of the patient, e.g. to an image acquisition procedure. Thus, also the used imaging modality or the imaging protocol may be used to define and/or chose a process path and/or nodes of the decision tree.

Referring to Figure 2, there is shown an example decision tree S comprising a root node S1, a plurality of branch nodes S2a-c and S3a-f, and a plurality of leaf nodes S4a-c. The leaf nodes S4a-c may be indicative of one or more medical conditions, thereby associating the decision tree S with the medical conditions identified by the leaf nodes S4a-c. Each path from the root node S1 to the leaf nodes S4a-c may indicate diagnostic stages involved in a clinical process involved in determining a medical condition.

The root node S1 and the branch nodes S2a-c and S3a-f each have a plurality of outputs that link it with a different one of the branch or leaf nodes S2a-c, S3a-f or S4a-c. For example, various outputs link the root node S1 with the branch nodes S2a-c. The outputs may be based on an input from a radiologist analysing medical information associated with a patient.

In an example deviating from the claimed invention as set forth in Figure 3, the system 103 controls operation of the user device 101 when operated by a radiologist analysing medical information associated with a patient. In this example, the system 103 receives medical information associated with the patient (block 301). The medical information associated with the patient may, for example, be received by the system 103 in response to an event, including: the radiologist selecting the case for analysis; availability of a diagnostic report; and/or upcoming appointment of the radiologist with the patient. The medical information associated with the patient may, for example, include medical images, image data sets and/or medical image studies from image acquisition scans acquired using at least one of above introduced medical imaging modalities and healthcare information associated with the patient, e.g. provided from PACS, HIS and/or RIS of the medical facility the radiologist is working at.

In response to receiving medical information associated with the patient, the system 103 identifies a decision tree based on the aforementioned association between the decision trees and medical conditions. In this example, the system 103 identifies the decision tree S (block 303).

For the root node S1 (block 305), the system 103 causes the user device 101, or an application executing at least partially thereon (alternatively executing on central or local server, or in cloud), to present medical information associated with the patient for consideration by the radiologist (or another healthcare professional). The application may be understood as a software program providing for the display of medical information, the provision of manipulation, input and/or analysing measures or tools. The presented medical information may comprise all or part of the received medical information, and/or medical information different to the received medical information. The radiologist may analyse the presented medical information and decide on a first of a plurality of outputs which link the root node S1 with one of the branch nodes S2a-c. The radiologist's analysis may preferably comprise manipulation/evaluation/analysis of recent medical images related to the patient, e.g. identification and/or measurement of lesions, organs, anatomical structures and/or tissues, but also prior imaging studies of the patient and/or laboratory test results contained in the patient history file. Preferably, the radiologist may enter the analysis-based decision on the first one of a plurality of outputs via the user interface to the system 103 or to the user device 101, e.g. by entering result information via mouse, keypad, microphone or the like.

In response to receiving from the user data indicative the first output in connection with the root node S1, the system 103 selects a first of the branch nodes S2a-c (block 307), whereby advancing diagnosis to a next stage. For example, the received medical information may indicate a potentially cancerous lesion in a patient's body, and as a first step the radiologist may assess scan images to identify organ(s) affected by the lesion.

The system 103 causes the user device 101 to retrieve medical information from one or more of the data sources 107a-n (block 309). The retrieved medical information is based on the first node S2a-c (as appropriate). For example, if the radiologist determines that the lesion affects the prostate gland, the system 103 may cause the user device 101 to retrieve medical information relevant for the assessment of potentially cancerous lesions affecting the prostate gland, e.g. image data of another patient related to a similar medical indication. Therefore, embodiments flexibly integrate disparate data sources in the healthcare network 100. The integration is based on outputs linking nodes in the decision trees and medical information relevant for further assessment in the clinical process.

The system 103 causes at least a part of the retrieved medical information to be displayed on the user device 101 (block 311). Therefore, enabling the radiologist to continue analysis of medical information associated with the patient.

In some arrangements, the system 103 repeats blocks 307-311 for each of the nodes successive to the aforementioned first node S2a-c (as appropriate), thereby enabling the radiologist to navigate the identified decision tree S from the root node S1 to the leaf nodes S4a-c. Therefore, embodiments assist the radiologist at every stage of diagnosis by retrieving and presenting relevant medical information.

In embodiments, the system 103, based on a combination of the first output at block 307 and data indicative of the medical information retrieved at block 309, causes the user device 101 to identify one or more of a plurality of functions usable for processing the retrieved medical information. The functions may, for example, include a function for assessing change in dimensions of lesions over time and a function for assessing change in colour profile of lesions over time.

The system 103 causes the user device 101 to provision the identified functions to the radiologist, whereby enabling processing of the medical information retrieved at block 309. Therefore, embodiments provide relevant medical information to the radiologist and provision relevant functions to enable the radiologist to process the medical information, thereby reducing the cognitive burden on the healthcare professional, and the time it takes with state of the art tools to assess medical conditions. The provisioning of the identified functions may comprise the displaying of an activation/operation button for the identified function via the user interface, so that the user enabled to start, operate, use or apply the identified function to displayed medical information. The provisioning of the identified function may comprise the addition of a tool button corresponding to the identified function in a list of tools provided by the application, which may then be selected by the user via the user interface. Alternatively, the identified function may automatically be applied to the medical information displayed upon identification. This may also depend on user preferences or the configuration of the inventive system.

In embodiments, the system 103 may maintain a state parameter indicative of a stage intermediate between a current node and a successive node of the identified decision tree. In the example set forth in Figure 4, intermediate the root node S1 and the branch nodes S2a-c there are two intermediate stages for controlling transition therebetween. In this example, the radiologist identifies a potentially cancerous lesion as part of assessment in connection with the root node S1. Subsequently, the radiologist assesses whether the identified lesion is well localised, i.e. the identified lesion is limited to an organ (such as the prostate gland), and does not extend beyond that one organ (intermediate stage S1.5a). The radiologist additionally considers whether the identified lesion is well defined, i.e. the edges of the identified lesion are reasonably sharp and clearly define its extent (intermediate stage S1.5b). Based on the outcome of the assessment the intermediate stages S1.5a and S1.5b, the system 103 selects one of the branch nodes S2a-c.

In this example, the state parameter may indicate the intermediate stage S1.5a or S1.5b associated with a determination of the first output in connection with the root node S1. Similarly, there may be stages intermediate the first node S2a-c (as appropriate) and a successive node, and in which case the state parameter may be indicative of a stage associated with a determination of a second output in connection with the first node S2a-c (as appropriate).

The system 103 may cause the user device 101 to present at least a part of the medical information retrieved at block 309 based on the state parameter. Therefore, embodiments present medical information relevant for a current stage of analysis, and thereby reduce the cognitive burden.

The system 103 may, in response to receiving an input from the radiologist, cause the user device 101 to present at least a part of the medical information retrieved at block 309 based on a combination of the input and state parameter. For example, the radiologist at the intermediate stage S1.5a may assess medical images, i.e. medical scans in relation to regions neighbouring the prostate gland by interacting with the currently presented medical information, and the system 103 causes the user device 101 to update the previously presented medical information based on the interactions and the state parameter, thereby maintaining relevance of the presented medical information for a current stage of assessment and for what the radiologist is doing.

In some arrangements, the medical information is retrieved at block 309 based on: data indicative of the patient; data indicative of the radiologist; data indicative of a medical condition; data indicative of one or more guidelines; data indicative of one or more legal regulations; data acquired on the basis of monitoring of prior actions of the radiologist while navigating at least one of the plurality of decision trees to analyse medical information; data indicative of a customisation parameter; and/or data indicative of a user setting. Therefore, embodiments retrieve relevant medical information based on associated context and/or user preference. The customization parameter may be in the form of a default setting, which may be actively chosen or changed by a user or which may automatically change over time depending on user input/interaction with the system.

In embodiments, the medical information retrieved at block 309 comprises data indicative of: medical information associated with the patient; medical information associated with one or more further patients; and/or expert medical knowledge. The system 103 may, for example, cause further relevant medical information related to the patient to aid analysis and/or for analysis in relation to a comorbidity. The system 103 may, additionally or alternatively, retrieve medical information corresponding to other patients with similar symptoms and/or conditions. The system 103 may, additionally or alternatively, retrieve expert medical information from, for example, scientific journals from medical expert databases to aid the radiologist with his assessment. Therefore, embodiments provide comprehensive medical information relevant for a current stage of analysis.

In some arrangements, the system 103, based at least on the aforementioned first output in connection with the root node S1 and the aforementioned first node S2a-c (as appropriate) selected at block 307, identifies a further radiologist or another healthcare professional. For example, the further radiologist or healthcare professional may be an expert or a colleague with bandwidth to have formal or informal discussions regarding the case under consideration. The system 103 may cause the user device 101 to facilitate communication between the radiologist and the further radiologist. Therefore, embodiments enable collaboration between radiologists in order to improve diagnosis.

In embodiments, the system 103 processes at least a part of the medical information retrieved at block 309 based on a predetermined parameter, and thereafter causes at least a part of the processed medical information to be displayed on the user device 101. The predetermined parameter may, for example, comprise or be based on: data acquired on the basis of monitoring of prior actions of the radiologist while navigating at least one of the plurality of decision trees to analyse medical information; and/or data indicative of a protocol associated with a medical condition. Therefore, embodiments customise retrieved medical information in accordance with the radiologist's preferences or style of working, and/or based on relevant guidelines or protocols.

In some arrangements, in response to navigation of the identified decision tree from the root node S1 to the leaf nodes S4a-c, the system 103 prepares a report based on a navigation path from the root node S1 to one of the leaf nodes S4a-c (as appropriate). The report may, for example, be a decision report comprising data indicative of a clinical stage, such as a diagnostic test. The report may, alternatively, be a structured report comprising data indicative of the clinical path setting out various stages of assessment of the received medical information and conclusion of the radiologist as regards the medical condition. Structured reports, like a DICOM structured report, follow a pre-defined template, and comprise analysis regarding decisions at every stage of analysis. The report may be for internal circulation within the healthcare network, and/or may be circulated externally with patients, healthcare service providers, healthcare professionals and/or clinical collaboration partners. In examples, the reports may be anonymised before external circulation, and may, for example, serve as an input to: a statistical decision support system, a clinical decision support system, an expert system, and/or a healthcare population management system.

In some embodiments, the aforementioned outputs in connection with the root node S1 and the branch nodes S2a-c and S3a-f correspond to an output from a medical domain, i.e. the outputs are indicative of an outcome of a medical consideration

In an example deviating from the claimed invention as set forth in Figure 5, the system 103 controls operation of the user device 101 when operated by a radiologist analysing medical information associated with a patient. Responsive to receiving medical information (block 301), the system 103 identifies a decision tree based on the aforementioned association between the decision trees and medical conditions. In this example, the system 103 identifies the decision tree S (block 303). Blocks 301 and 303 are identical to identically numbered blocks in Figure 3.

For the root node S1 (block 501), the system 103 may cause the user device 101, or an application executing thereon, to retrieve medical information from one or more of the data sources 107a-n based on a combination of the root node S1 and the aforementioned state parameter (block 503). As described above, the state parameter is indicative of a stage intermediate between a current node, i.e. the root node S1 in this example, and a successive node, i.e. one of the branch nodes S2a-c in this example, of the identified decision tree. With reference to example set forth in Figure 4, the state parameter may, for example, be indicative of the intermediate stages S1.5a or S1.5b shown in Figure 4.

The system 103 may cause at least a part of the retrieved medical information to be displayed on the user device 101 (block 505). The system 103 therefore retrieves medical information relevant for analysis in relation to a current stage of analysis, and as a consequence presents relevant medical information in real time. The system 103, responsive to receiving data indicative of the first output in connection with the root node S1, selects a first of the plurality of linked branch nodes S2a-c.

Therefore, embodiments in accordance with Figure 5 flexibly integrate input from disparate data sources 107a-n in a healthcare network based on medical information that is relevant for assessment in respect of a current stage in the clinical process.

The system 103 may repeat blocks 503-507 for each of the nodes successive to the aforementioned first node S2a-c (as appropriate), thereby enabling the radiologist to navigate the identified decision tree S from the root node S1 to the leaf nodes S4a-c. Therefore, embodiments assist the radiologist at every stage of diagnosis by retrieving and presenting relevant medical information.

In embodiments, the system 103, based on a combination of the state parameter and data indicative of the medical information retrieved at block 503, may cause the user device 101 to identify one or more of a plurality of functions usable for processing the retrieved medical information. The functions may, for example, include a function for calculating dimensions of lesions identified in a medical scan, functions for measuring distances to reference points or landmarks, rendering functions to advantageously display certain tissues and/or anatomical structures, functions for color mapping, functions for displaying image data under a preferred view angle or the like.

The system 103 may cause the user device 101 to provision the identified functions to the radiologist, whereby enabling processing of the medical information retrieved at block 503. Therefore, embodiments provision relevant tools concurrent with provisioning of relevant medical information, e.g. the tools serve medical image manipulation, display and/or image analysis steps via the user interface.

The system 103, in response to receiving an input from the radiologist, may cause the user device 101 to present at least a part of the medical information retrieved at block 503 based on a combination of the input and the state parameter. Therefore, embodiments update relevant medical information based on the radiologist's interaction in connection with the medical information that is currently presented.

In some arrangements, the system 103 can monitor prior actions of the radiologist when analysing medical information associated with at least some of the different stages associated with a determination regarding a first output in connection with the root node S1. The system 103, based on the monitoring of the prior actions, causes at least a part of the medical information retrieved at block 503 to be displayed on the user device in a tailored manner. Therefore, embodiments customise the information presented in accordance with radiologists' style and/or preferences of working, and as a consequence are capable of personalising the display of medical information, e.g. certain functions are initially displayed for activation by the radiologist at a node within the decision tree, as he/she is usually using this function at this stage of the decision process.

The system 103 may, additionally or alternatively process the medical information retrieved at block 503 based on the monitoring of the prior actions. For example, if the system determines that the radiologist changes the scanned images to a certain resolution, then the system 103 may process subsequently received scanned images to that same resolution. The system 103 may then cause at least part of subsequently processed medical information to be displayed on the user device 101.

In some embodiments, the medical information is retrieved at block 503 based on: data indicative of the patient; data indicative of the radiologist; data indicative of a medical condition; data indicative of one or more guidelines; data indicative of one or more legal regulations; data acquired on the basis of monitoring of prior actions of the radiologist while navigating at least one of the plurality of decision trees to analyse medical information; data indicative of a customisation parameter; and/or data indicative of a user setting. Therefore, embodiments retrieve relevant medical information based on associated context and/or user preference.

In some arrangements, the medial information retrieved at block 503 comprises data indicative of: medical information associated with the patient; medical information associated with one or more further patients; and/or expert medical knowledge.

Similar to the example set forth in Figure 3, the system 103 may identify a further radiologist or another healthcare professional based on the state parameter and the current node, i.e. one of the branch nodes S2a-c, for collaboration. The system may, additionally or alternatively, prepare a report responsive to navigation of the identified decision tree S from the root node S1 to the leaf nodes S4a-c.

In response to navigation of the identified decision tree from the root node (S1) to the leaf nodes (S4a-c), the system 103 may prepare a report based on a navigation path from the root node (S1) to the one of the plurality of leaf nodes (S4a-c).

In the example set forth in Figure 6, the system 103 controls operation of the user device 101 when operated by a radiologist analysing medical information associated with a patient.

The system 103 identifies a plurality of prior actions performed by the radiologist while navigating at least one of the decision trees to analyse medical information (block 601). The system 103 may monitor actions performed by a radiologist for identify habits, preferences and style of working of the radiologist. The system 103 may identify the prior actions at block 601 based on this monitoring. The prior actions are associated with nodes, decision trees and/or stages associated with various clinical processes, and the identification of the prior actions may be based on this association. An example prior action may for example be: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance image data sets are always displayed and/or analysed using a certain resolution, zooming factor and/or color mapping.
The system 103, responsive to receiving medical information associated with a patient (block 301), identifies a decision tree based on the aforementioned association between the decision trees and medical conditions. In this example, the system 103 identifies the decision tree S (block 303). Blocks 301 and 303 are identical to identically numbered blocks in Figure 3.

For the root node S1 (block 603), the system 103 may cause the user device 101, or an application executing thereon, to retrieve medical information from one or more of the data sources 107a-n based on a combination of the root node S1 and the prior actions identified at block 601 (block 605). Embodiments in accordance with Figure 6 therefore process the retrieved medical information so as to customise it based on the radiologist's style of working.

The system 103 causes at least a part of the medical information processed at block 605 to be displayed on the user device 101 (block 607). Therefore, embodiments improve the user experience by automatically personalising information displayed in accordance with individual habits, preferences and style of working.

In response to data indicative of a first of a plurality of outputs in connection with the root node S1, the system 103 selects a first of the plurality of linked nodes S2a-c. Thus, enabling the radiologist to navigate the decision tree identified at block 303. The system 103 may, additionally, repeat blocks 605 and 607 for each of the nodes successive to the aforementioned first node S2a-c (as appropriate), thereby enabling the radiologist to navigate the identified decision tree S from the root node S1 to the leaf nodes S4a-c. Therefore, embodiments assist the radiologist at every stage of diagnosis by retrieving and presenting relevant medical information.

In some arrangements, the system 103 may cause the user device 101 to present at least a part of the retrieved medical information at block 309 based on the aforementioned state parameter. Therefore, embodiments present medical information relevant for a current stage of analysis, and thereby improving user experience and reducing cognitive burden on the radiologist or another healthcare professional.

In embodiments, the system 103, based on a combination of the root node S1 and data indicative of the prior actions identified at block 601, causes the user device 101 to identify one or more of a plurality of functions usable for processing the retrieved medical information. The system 103 may cause the user device 101 to provision the identified functions to the radiologist, whereby enabling processing of the medical information retrieved at block 605. The system 103 may, additionally or alternatively, use one or more of the identified functions to process the retrieved medical information, and may thereafter cause the user device 101 to present at least a part of the processed medical information.

In embodiments, in response to receiving an input from the radiologist or another healthcare professional, the system 103 causes the user device 101 to present at least a part of the retrieved medical information at block 605 based on a combination of the input and the identified prior actions.

In some arrangements, the system 103 causes the user device 101 to process the medical information retrieved at block 605 based on: data indicative of the patient; data indicative of the radiologist; data indicative of a medical condition; data indicative of one or more guidelines; data indicative of one or more legal regulations; data indicative of a customisation parameter; and/or data indicative of a user setting. Therefore, embodiments pre-process the retrieved medical information in order to aid the radiologist.

In some embodiments, the medial information is retrieved at block 605 based on: data indicative of the patient; data indicative of the radiologist; data indicative of a medical condition; data indicative of one or more guidelines; data indicative of one or more legal regulations; data indicative of a customisation parameter; and/or data indicative of a user setting. Therefore, embodiments retrieve relevant medical information based on associated context and/or user preference.

In some arrangements, the medial information retrieved at block 605 comprises data indicative of: medical information associated with the patient; medical information associated with one or more further patients; and/or expert medical knowledge.

In embodiments, based on the identified prior actions, the system 103 identifies a further radiologist, and causes the user device 101 to facilitate communication between radiologist and the further radiologist.

In some arrangements, in response to navigation of the identified decision tree S from the root node S1 to the leaf nodes S4a-c, the system 103 prepares a report based on a navigation path from the root node S1 to the one of the plurality of leaf nodes S4a-c.

In the example set forth in Figures 7 to 16, an interface or user interface 700 comprising one or more User Interface (UI) portions for presentation of medical information retrieved at blocks 309, 503 and/or 605, or otherwise retrieved. The interface 700 may be provisioned via an application on the user device 101 and/or via an application remote from the user device. The medical information may correspond to one or more patients and may be presented in conjunction with one or more of the functions for use in processing thereof, whereby enabling a radiologist or another healthcare professional in making clinical, administrative and/or management decisions.

In this example, the interface 700 presents data identifying the user, such as a radiologist or another healthcare professional, such as Dr Grossman in UI portion 701. The data identifying the user may, for example, be acquired based on a user and/or access rights verification procedure. User identification may enable the system 103 to apply user-specific customisation, for example, on the basis of monitoring of the prior actions as described above.

In the UI portion 702 the system 103 may cause the interface 700 to present data identifying upcoming appointments, as a work list, for the user. The user may e.g. via interaction with the user interface select a case for review from the cases listed in the UI portion 702 via a man machine interface, such as a mouse or a keypad.

The system 103 may identify a case as recommended case for the user to review in UI portion 703. The recommended case may, for example, correspond to the user's next appointment. In UI portion 704 the system 103 may cause the interface 700 to present relevant medical information relating to the recommended case. For example, the relevant medical information may include identification of clinical stage, patient history, birthday etc. The system 103 may, in response to identifying the recommended case, cause the user device 101 to retrieve the relevant medical information from one or more of the disparate data sources 107 and present at least some of the retrieved medical information via the interface 700 in UI portion 704.

As described above, the system 103 may be coupled to one or more support systems, such as an expert system, a clinical decision support system, a statistical decision support system and/or a population health management system e.g. "Thieme", "Radiopaedia", "Galileo", "Teamplay" for assisting the user in reviewing the medical information. In this example, the interface 700 presents an assistive function in UI portion 705 that selectively uses one or more of the support systems based on a user query. For example, the user may enquire about likely medical conditions based on, for example, symptoms and/or diagnostic procedures carried out in relation to a case, such as the recommended case, and in this case the system may use the expert system to identify likely medical conditions that may be affecting a patient and that may support in analysing the recommended case.

The system causes the interface 700 to present an option for the user to solicit a second opinion from a further radiologist or another healthcare professional in UI portion 706. In response to the user requesting a second opinion, the system 103 may identify a further radiologist or another healthcare professional based on the current node, the state parameter and/or the monitored prior actions in respect of the user as described above.

The system 103 causes the interface 700 to present an option for the user to research a medical topic using online resources in UI portion 707. Online resources may, for example, scientific journals, expert reports, and/or online repositories, such as https://radiopaedia.org/.

In the example UI set forth in Figure 8, in response to the user selecting a case for review, the system 103 causes the user device 101 to retrieve relevant medical information from one or more of the data sources 107 based on, for example, a current stage of assessment, which may be identified on the basis of a current node of an identified decision tree and/or the state parameter as described above. The system 103 may generate a timeline with relevant clinical events such as..., and cause the interface 700 to present the timeline in UI portion 708. The system 103 may additionally select one or more of graphical elements, such as a recent scan, from the retrieved medical information to give an overview of the case to the user and cause the interface to present it in UI portion 709.

In response to the user selecting the case for a detailed analysis, the system 103 may cause the interface 700 to classify the retrieved medical information from at least one of the plurality of different data sources into different categories. In the example UI set forth in Figure 9, the retrieved medical information can be classified into various categories, including: reasons; rick factors; staging; comorbidities; and lab values, with a link to each of the categories being displayed in UI portion 710. The category reason may, for example, include data indicative of symptoms experienced and/or patient history. The category risk factors may, for example, include data indicative of patient age and/or lifestyle factors that may affect diagnosis and/or treatment. The category staging may, for example, include data indicative of a stage associated with the identified and/or suspected medical condition. The category comorbidity may, for example, include data indicative of a related or a comorbidity medical condition that the user needs to factor in their assessment. The category lab values may, for example, include data indicative of results from diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures previously conducted.

In an example UI the interface 700 may display the case under review, e.g. patient name A together with another case of e.g. patient name B for comparison in a corresponding UI portion. The other case may be selected by the system 103 using, for example, one or more of the support systems. Alternatively, in an example UI set forth in Figure 10 the interface 700 may display for the case under review a follow-up study, for example image data of an affected body region of the patient, i.e. patient name A, and a prior study, i.e. image data of the same affected body region which were acquired some time ago in the UI portion 711 thus enabling comparison of anatomical structures and thereby deducing for example growth/shrinkage of a lesion.

The system may retrieve further relevant medical information using, for example, one or more of the support systems. In the example set forth in Figure 11, the system may identify similar cases, i.e. cases with similar symptoms and/or conditions, for use in comparison by the user and cause the interface 700 to present the identified similar cases in UI portion 712. The system 103 uses one or more of the support systems to identify trends between various scans carried out over time relating to the case to identify, for example, the trend in growth of the identified lesion and current diameter thereof, and cause the interface 700 to present it in UI portion 713. The system 103 causes the interface 700 to present data indicative of anatomy indicative of the affected organs and/or regions thereof in UI portion 714.

In response to a user input in relation to UI portion 712, the system 103 may cause the interface 700 to display further relevant medical information relating to similar cases, as in the example set forth in Figure 12.

In response to a user input in relation to UI portion 707, the system 103 retrieves relevant medical information from various online and offline research resources, such as https://radiopaedia.org/, and causes the interface 700 to present it in UI portion 712, as in the example set forth in Figure 13. The interface 700 automatically updates the presented medical information in response to a user input, such as scrolling, as in the example set forth in Figure 14.

The system 103, either alone or in conjunction with one or more of the support systems, may generate a list of trending topics from the topics that are of interest to the user, and cause the interface 700 to present it in UI portion 713, as in the example UI set forth in Figure 15.

In response to a user input in relation to UI portion 706, the system 103 may identify a further radiologist or another healthcare professional as described above and cause the interface 700 to facilitate communication between the healthcare professionals via a communications function provisioned in UI portion 713, as in the example set forth in Figure 16.

Therefore, the framework enables a homogeneous environment in which disparate data sources are integrated based on information required for a current stage in the clinical process. The retrieved information is based on relevant context, and is automatically updated as the analysis advances to a next stage. In addition, presented information is customised in accordance with preferences of radiologists', thereby improving their user experience. In addition, analysis of medical information is controlled by the radiologist, and the system assists the radiologist by providing relevant information.

The above are to be understood as illustrative examples. Further examples are envisaged.

In examples described above, the healthcare network 100 comprises one or more user devices 101, a system 103, a database 105 and one or more data sources 107. In other examples, the healthcare network comprises additional systems.

In examples described above, the system 103 controls operation of a user device configured for use by a radiologist when analysing medical information associated with a patient. In other examples, the system 103 can be configured to control operation of a user device for use by any healthcare professional when analysing medical information associated with a patient.