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(11)

EP 4 540 601 A1

(12)

(43) Date of publication: 23.04.2025 Bulletin 2025/17 (21) Application number: 23729453.3 (22) Date of filing: 01.06.2023

(51) International Patent Classification (IPC):  G01N 29/02(2006.01) G01N 29/24(2006.01) H03H 3/02(2006.01) H10N 30/30(2023.01) G01N 29/036(2006.01) B06B 1/06(2006.01) H10N 30/85(2023.01) (52) Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC): G01N 29/022; G01N 29/036; G01N 29/2437; G01N 2291/0422; B06B 1/0644; H10N 30/85; G01N 2291/02818; H03H 9/02062; H03H 9/174; H03H 9/0514; H03H 9/175; H03H 9/02228 (86) International application number: PCT/FI2023/050310 (87) International publication number: WO 2023/242468 (21.12.2023 Gazette 2023/51)

(84) Designated Contracting States: AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC ME MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR Designated Extension States: BA Designated Validation States: KH MA MD TN (30) Priority: 14.06.2022 FI 20225530 (71) Applicant: Teknologian tutkimuskeskus VTT Oy 02150 Espoo (FI)	(72) Inventor: PENSALA, Tuomas 02150 Espoo (FI) (74) Representative: Boco IP Oy Ab  Kansakoulukatu 3 00100 Helsinki 00100 Helsinki (FI)