TURBINE ENGINE HAVING AN AIRFOIL WITH COOLING HOLES

Abstract

 A gas turbine engine having a blade assembly (30) with a platform (50), an airfoil (60), and a shank (40). The airfoil has a plurality of cooling conduits (70), and the shank has a plurality of inlet passages (48) to provide cooling fluid to the cooling conduits in the airfoil. The cooling fluid is vented through a plurality of cooling holes (69) along the trailing edge and through a plurality of cooling holes (90) at the tip of the airfoil. The blade assembly has specific geometries that improve durability.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This patent claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/597,837, titled "TURBINE ENGINE HAVING AN AIRFOIL WITH A SET OF COOLING HOLES," which was filed on November 10, 2023, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/686,065, titled "TURBINE ENGINE HAVING AN AIRFOIL WITH COOLING HOLES," which was filed on August 22, 2024. U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 63/597,837 and 63/686,065 are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 63/597,837 and 63/686,065 is hereby claimed.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present subject matter relates generally to a blade assembly for a turbine engine, and more specifically to a turbine engine having an airfoil with cooling holes.

BACKGROUND

[0003] A gas turbine engine typically includes a turbomachine, with a fan in some implementations. The turbomachine generally includes a compressor, combustor, and turbine in serial flow arrangement. The compressor compresses air which is channeled to the combustor where it is mixed with fuel. The mixture is then ignited to generate hot combustion gases. The combustion gases are channeled to the turbine, which extracts energy from the combustion gases for powering the compressor and fan, if used, as well as for producing useful work to propel an aircraft in flight or to power a load, such as an electrical generator.

[0004] During operation of the gas turbine engine, various systems generate a relatively large amount of heat and stress. For example, a substantial amount of heat or stress can be generated during operation of the thrust generating systems, lubrication systems, electric motors and/or generators, hydraulic systems or other systems. A design that mitigates heat loads and/or stresses on an engine component is advantageous.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0005] A full and enabling disclosure of the present disclosure, including the best mode thereof, directed to one of ordinary skill in the art, is set forth in the specification, which makes reference to the appended figures, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a gas turbine engine, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a turbine section of the gas turbine engine of FIG. 1, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3A is a perspective view of a blade assembly for use in the gas turbine engine of FIG. 1, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3B is a schematic used to calculate a radius of curvature of the stator rotor seal of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 4 is a top view of an airfoil of the blade assembly from FIG. 3A.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the airfoil taken along line V-V of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the airfoil taken along line VI-VI of FIG. 4.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the airfoil taken along line VII-VII of FIG. 4.

[0006] The figures are not to scale. In general, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawing(s) and accompanying written description to refer to the same or like parts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0007] Reference will now be made in detail to present embodiments of the disclosure, one or more examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The detailed description uses numerical and letter designations to refer to features in the drawings. Like or similar designations in the drawings and description have been used to refer to like or similar parts of the disclosure.

[0008] Aspects of the disclosure generally relate to a blade assembly having conduits located within the blade assembly. Specifically, the blade assembly includes an airfoil with a plurality of cooling conduits. The airfoil also includes cooling holes fluidly coupled to the plurality of cooling conduits within the airfoil.

[0009] The blade assembly may be a blade assembly in a turbine section of a gas turbine engine. For example, the blade assembly may be a stage one blade assembly of a high pressure turbine, which typically experiences the highest thermal and mechanical stresses.

[0010] The blade assembly includes a shank and a platform. The shank is used to attach the blade assembly to a turbine disk. In some implementations the shank is formed as a dovetail received in the turbine disk.

[0011] The platform of the blade assembly, together with other circumferentially arranged platforms and seals of other blade assemblies, defines a continuous annular ring that prevents and/or reduces hot gas leakage into the turbine disk cavity and/or a stator ring of the gas turbine engine. The airfoil extends radially from the platform, away from the turbine disk, while the shank extends radially from the platform, toward the turbine disk.

[0012] High engine temperatures and operational forces impart relatively large thermal and mechanical stresses on the blade assemblies. In addition, the cooling conduits in the blade assembly create stress concentrations. For example, the size of the cooling conduits affects the thickness of the airfoil wall, which affects stress concentrations in the airfoil. Relatively large stresses can contribute to an unexpected or premature part replacement. Therefore, there is a need for a blade assembly with greater durability to increase time on wing.

[0013] Connection references (e.g., attached, coupled, connected, and joined) are to be construed broadly and can include intermediate structural elements between a collection of elements and relative movement between elements unless otherwise indicated. As such, connection references do not necessarily infer those two elements are directly connected and in fixed relation to one another. The exemplary drawings are for the purposes of illustration only and the dimensions, positions, order, and relative sizes reflected in the drawings attached hereto can vary.

[0014] As used herein, a "stage" of either a compressor or a turbine of a gas turbine engine is a set of blade assemblies and an adjacent set of vane assemblies, with both sets of the blade assemblies and the vane assemblies circumferentially arranged about an engine centerline. A pair of circumferentially-adjacent vanes in the set of vane assemblies are referred to as a nozzle. The blade assemblies rotate relative to the engine centerline and, in one example, are mounted to a rotating structure, such as a disk, to affect the rotation. As used herein, the word "exemplary" means "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any implementation described herein as "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other implementations. Additionally, unless specifically identified otherwise, all embodiments described herein should be considered exemplary.

[0015] As used herein, the terms "first," "second," "third," and "fourth" can be used interchangeably to distinguish one component from another and are not intended to signify location or importance of the individual components.

[0016] As used herein, a "set" or a set of elements can include any number of said elements, including one.

[0017] As used herein, the terms "forward" and "aft" refer to relative positions within a gas turbine engine and refer to the normal operational attitude or direction of travel of the gas turbine engine. For example, with regard to a gas turbine engine, forward refers to a position relatively closer to the nose of an aircraft and aft refers to a position relatively closer to a tail of the aircraft.

[0018] As used herein, the terms "upstream" and "downstream" refer to a direction with respect to a direction of fluid flow along a flowpath.

[0019] As used herein, the term "fluid" refers to a gas or a liquid and "fluidly coupled" means a fluid can flow between the coupled regions.

[0020] As used herein, forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0021] As used herein, the term "stress," as well as related terms "centrifugal stress" and "thermal stress" refers to the internal force balance within a material that produces strain or deformation of a part subjected to internal (inertial, thermal) or external forces (point or pressure loading). When a yield stress occurs, a part irrecoverably deforms. When an ultimate stress is exceeded, the material is compromised resulting in material failure. This local material failure would drive a redistribution of loading across the part, which can result in fracture or propagation of a prior existing crack in a part. Centrifugal stress, as used herein, refers to stresses on the blade that are primarily caused by centrifugal forces as the blade rotates about the rotational axis. Thermal stress, as used herein, refers to stresses resulting from temperature differences between internal and external parts of the blade.

[0022] As used herein, the term "fatigue," refers to a progressive and localized damage of a material under cyclic or fluctuating stress.

[0023] As used herein, the term "field distress" refers to distress observed on hardware in operation which may or may not have been observed in component testing.

[0024] As used herein, the term "creep," refers to a slow and/or continuous deformation of a material under a constant stress.

[0025] As used herein, a radial direction (denoted "R") is a direction that is perpendicular to a base plane on a shank of a blade assembly.

[0026] As used herein, an axial direction (denoted "A") is a direction that is perpendicular to a shank leading-edge plane on the shank of the blade assembly.

[0027] As used herein, a tangential direction (denoted "T") is a direction that is perpendicular to the radial direction and the axial direction.

[0028] As used herein "cooling conduit" refers to a conduit formed in the airfoil.

[0029] As used herein "set of cooling holes" refers to a number of cooling holes located proximate the tip of the airfoil.

[0030] A cooling passage length (denoted L) as used herein is the length of a cooling passage of a single cooling hole in the set of cooling holes measured from along the centerline of the cooling passage between an inlet of the cooling passage to an outlet of the cooling passage.

[0031] An average cooling passage length (denoted L_avg and also referred to as an average bore length) as used herein is an average of all lengths L of the respective cooling passages associated with each cooling hole in the set of cooling holes.

[0032] A number (denoted N) as used herein is a number of cooling holes in the set of cooling holes.

[0033] A stator rotor seal radius (denoted SRSR) is a radius of curvature of an upper edge of a stator rotor seal on a blade assembly.

[0034] The term redline exhaust gas temperature (referred to herein as "redline EGT") refers to a maximum permitted takeoff temperature documented in a Federal Aviation Administration ("FAA")-type certificate data sheet. For example, in certain exemplary embodiments, the term redline EGT may refer to a maximum permitted takeoff temperature of an airflow after a first stage stator downstream of an HP turbine of an engine that the engine is rated to withstand. The term redline EGT is sometimes also referred to as an indicated turbine exhaust gas temperature or indicated turbine temperature.

[0035] As used herein, "core speed" (denoted CS) refers to a maximum rotational speed of the turbine engine permitted at takeoff as documented in the FAA-type certificate data sheet. For example, the core speed CS is a maximum rate at which the drive shaft for the turbine engine rotates, which defines the rotational speed of the particular blade within the engine. The term core speed is sometimes also referred to as a redline core speed.

[0036] All measurements referred to herein are taken of the blade assembly prior to use or as a cold component.

[0037] Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a gas turbine engine 10. As a non-limiting example, the gas turbine engine 10 can be used within an aircraft. The gas turbine engine 10 includes an engine core extending along an engine centerline 20 and including, at least, a compressor section 12, a combustor 14, and a turbine section 16 in serial flow arrangement. In some examples, the gas turbine engine 10 includes a fan (not shown) that is driven by the engine core to produce thrust and provide air to the compressor section 12. The gas turbine engine 10 includes a drive shaft 18 that rotationally couples the fan, compressor section 12, and turbine section 16, such that rotation of one affects the rotation of the others and defines a rotational axis along the engine centerline 20 of the gas turbine engine 10.

[0038] In the illustrated example, the compressor section 12 includes a low-pressure (LP) compressor 22 and a high-pressure (HP) compressor 24 serially fluidly coupled to one another. The turbine section 16 includes an HP turbine 26 and an LP turbine 28 serially fluidly coupled to one another. The drive shaft 18 operatively couples the LP compressor 22, the HP compressor 24, the HP turbine 26 and the LP turbine 28 to one another. In some implementations, the drive shaft 18 includes an LP drive shaft (not illustrated) and an HP drive shaft (not illustrated), where the LP drive shaft couples the LP compressor 22 to the LP turbine 28, and the HP drive shaft couples the HP compressor 24 to the HP turbine 26. The HP turbine 26 of the engine 10, which operates at high temperatures and where blade assemblies 30 rotates at high angular velocities, prioritizes design aspects for stress mitigation. Both the extreme temperature environment and the high rotational speeds are primary contributors to the high stress levels in turbine blades. The temperature environment for the engine 10 may be represented by the redline exhaust gas temperature (EGT) and the redline core speed (CS).

[0039] The compressor section 12 includes a plurality of axially spaced stages. Each stage includes a set of circumferentially-spaced rotating blade assemblies and a set of circumferentially-spaced stationary vane assemblies. In one configuration, the compressor blade assemblies for a stage of the compressor section 12 are mounted to a disk, which is mounted to the drive shaft 18. Each set of blade assemblies for a given stage can have its own disk. In one implementation, the vane assemblies of the compressor section 12 are mounted to a casing which extends circumferentially about the gas turbine engine 10. In a counter-rotating turbine engine, the vane assemblies are mounted to a drum, which is similar to the casing, except the drum rotates in a direction opposite the blade assemblies, whereas the casing is stationary. It will be appreciated that the representation of the compressor section 12 is merely schematic. The number of stages can vary.

[0040] Similar to the compressor section 12, the turbine section 16 includes a plurality of axially spaced stages, with each stage having a set of circumferentially-spaced, rotating blade assemblies and a set of circumferentially-spaced, stationary vane assemblies. In one configuration, the turbine blade assemblies for a stage of the turbine section 16 are mounted to a disk which is mounted to the drive shaft 18. Each set of blade assemblies for a given stage can have its own disk. In one implementation, the vane assemblies of the turbine section are mounted to the casing in a circumferential manner. In a counter-rotating turbine engine, the vane assemblies can be mounted to a drum, which is similar to the casing, except the drum rotates in a direction opposite the blade assemblies, whereas the casing is stationary. The number of blade assemblies, vane assemblies and turbine stages can vary.

[0041] The combustor 14 is provided serially between the compressor section 12 and the turbine section 16. The combustor 14 is fluidly coupled to at least a portion of the compressor section 12 and the turbine section 16 such that the combustor 14 at least partially fluidly couples the compressor section 12 to the turbine section 16. As a non-limiting example, the combustor 14 is fluidly coupled to the HP compressor 24 at an upstream end of the combustor 14 and to the HP turbine 26 at a downstream end of the combustor 14.

[0042] During operation of the gas turbine engine 10, ambient or atmospheric air is drawn into the compressor section 12 via the fan, upstream of the compressor section 12, where the air is compressed defining a pressurized air. The pressurized air then flows into the combustor 14 where the pressurized air is mixed with fuel and ignited, thereby generating hot combustion gases. Some work is extracted from these combustion gases by the HP turbine 26, which drives the HP compressor 24. The combustion gases are discharged into the LP turbine 28, which extracts additional work to drive the LP compressor 22, and the exhaust gas is ultimately discharged from the gas turbine engine 10 via an exhaust section (not illustrated) downstream of the turbine section 16. The driving of the LP turbine 28 drives the LP spool to rotate the fan and the LP compressor 22. The pressurized airflow and the combustion gases together define a working airflow that flows through the fan, compressor section 12, combustor 14, and turbine section 16 of the gas turbine engine 10.

[0043] Turning to FIG. 2, a portion of the turbine section 16 is schematically illustrated. The turbine section 16 includes a set of blade assemblies 30 circumferentially mounted to corresponding disks 32. The number of individual blade assemblies of the set of blade assemblies 30 mounted to each disk 32 may vary. While shown schematically in FIG. 2, it should be understood that the turbine section 16 can be a single stage turbine, or can include additional stages as shown.

[0044] Stationary vane assemblies 34 are mounted to a stator ring 36 located distally exterior of each of the disks 32. A nozzle 38 is defined by the space between circumferentially-adjacent pairs of vane assemblies 34. The number of nozzles 38 provided on the stator ring 36 may vary.

[0045] During operation of the gas turbine engine 10, a flow of hot gas or heated fluid flow (denoted "HF") exits the combustor 14 and enters the turbine section 16. The heated fluid flow HF is directed through the nozzles 28 and impinges on the blade assemblies 30, which rotates the blade assemblies 30 circumferentially around the engine centerline 20 and cause rotation of the drive shaft 18.

[0046] FIG. 3A is a perspective view of a single blade assembly 30 for the gas turbine engine 10 (FIG. 1). The blade assembly 30 may correspond to a stage one blade assembly of the HP turbine 26. The blade assembly 30 includes a shank 40, a platform 50, and an airfoil 60 (also referred to as a blade or blade portion) extending outward from the platform 50. The blade assembly 30 can be constructed as a single unitary part or component (e.g., a monolithic structure). In other examples, the shank 40, the platform 50, and/or the airfoil 60 can be constructed as separate parts or components that are coupled together to form the blade assembly 30.

[0047] A directional reference system is illustrated in FIG. 3A. The shank 40 extends between a base 42 and the platform 50. The base 42 of the shank 40 is a flat surface that defines a plane, referred to herein as the base plane (denoted "BP"). A radial direction (denoted "R") of the blade assembly 30 is a direction that is perpendicular to the base plane BP. Further, the shank 40 extends between a shank leading-edge 44 and a shank trailing-edge 46. The shank leading-edge 33 is a flat surface that defines a plane, referred herein as the shank leading-edge plane (denoted "SLEP"). An axial direction (denoted "A") of the blade assembly 30 is a direction that is perpendicular to the shank leading-edge plane SLEP. A tangential direction (denoted "T") is a direction perpendicular to both the radial direction R and the axial direction A.

[0048] The shank 40 is configured, by way of non-limiting example as a dovetail 47, to mount to the disk 32 (FIG. 2) of the engine 10 in order to rotatably drive the blade assembly 30. The shank 40 includes a set of inlet passages 48 for receiving a cooling fluid (denoted "CF") for cooling the blade assembly 30.

[0049] The airfoil 60 extends radially outward from the platform 50 to define a root 61, connected to the platform 50, and a tip 62 opposite the root 61. Additionally, the airfoil 60 includes an outer wall 63 defining an exterior surface 59 defining including a pressure side 64 and a suction side 65 opposite the pressure side 64. The airfoil 60 extends between an airfoil leading-edge 66 and an airfoil trailing-edge 67 downstream from the airfoil leading-edge 66. The airfoil leading-edge 66 and the airfoil trailing-edge 67 separate the pressure side 64 from the suction side 65. A set of cooling conduits (e.g., the cooling conduits 68 of FIGS. 5-7) is formed within the airfoil 60. A set of cooling holes 90 is formed proximate the tip 62a to fluidly couple the set of cooling conduits within airfoil 60 of the blade assembly 30 to an exterior of the blade assembly 30, as further described below in conjunction with FIGS. 4-7. In the illustrated example, the cooling holes 92 are near the airfoil trailing-edge 67 along the pressure side 64. In other examples, the cooling holes 92 can be disposed in other locations. The plurality of cooling conduits 70 can include multiple conduits that extend radially through the airfoil 60. In some examples, one or more of the cooling conduits 70 are fluidly coupled to certain ones of the inlet passages 481, 48m, 48t.

[0050] The platform 50 has a first surface 51, referred to as an upper surface, and a second surface 52, referred to as a lower surface, opposite the upper surface 51. The airfoil 60 extends radially outward from the upper surface 51, and the shank 40 extends radially inward from the lower surface 52 to the base 42.

[0051] The platform 50 extends between a platform leading-edge 53 and a platform trailing-edge 54, opposite the platform leading-edge 53, in the axial direction. The platform 50 further extends between a first slashface 55 and a second slashface 56, opposite the first slashface 55, in the tangential direction. When assembled, consecutive blade assemblies 30 are arranged in the circumferential direction C about the engine centerline 20 (FIG. 1) with sequential slashfaces 55, 56 facing each other.

[0052] During operation of the gas turbine engine 10, the heated fluid flow HF flows along the blade assembly 30. The airfoil leading-edge 66 is defined by a stagnation point with respect to the heated fluid flow HF. The heated fluid flow HF flows generally in the axial direction, from forward to aft, while the local directionality can vary as the heated fluid flow HF is driven or turned within the engine 10. The cooling fluid flow CF is supplied to the plurality of inlet passages 48 and flows into the plurality of cooling conduits 68 of FIGS. 5-7 to cool the airfoil 60. The cooling fluid flow CF is provided throughout the airfoil 60 and exhausted from the plurality of cooling conduits 68 of FIGS. 5-7 via the cooling holes 90 as a cooling film. Multiple blade assemblies 30 are arranged circumferentially such that the platforms 50 of the blade assemblies 30 form a substantially continuous ring. The platform 50 helps to radially contain the heated fluid flow HF to protect the disk 32 (FIG. 2). In particular, the platform 50 acts to seal the space radially inward of the platform 50 between the flow path of the heated fluid flow H and the disk 32. The disk 32 requires significant cooling to ensure the durability of the HP turbine 26 components.

[0053] Materials used to form the blade assembly 30 include, but are not limited to, steel, refractory metals such as titanium, or superalloys based on nickel, cobalt, or iron, ceramic matrix composites, or combinations thereof. The structures can be formed by a variety of methods, including additive manufacturing, casting, electroforming, or direct metal laser melting, in non-limiting examples.

[0054] As shown in FIG. 3A, the platform 50 has a stator rotor seal 57 that extends axially forward from the platform leading-edge 53. The stator rotor seal 57 facilitates sealing of a forward buffer cavity (not shown) defined within the rotor assembly. The stator rotor seal 57 has an upper surface 300, a lower surface 301 opposite the upper surface 300, and a forward surface 302 between the upper surface 300 and the lower surface 301. The stator rotor seal 57 has an upper edge 303 between the upper surface 300 and the forward surface 302. The upper edge 303 is curved or arc- shaped. In particular, the upper edge 303 is curved between a first end point 304 at the first slashface 55 and a second end point 305 at the second slashface 56. The upper edge 303 of stator rotor seal 57 has a center point 306 that forms the peak of the arc. The upper edge 303 of the stator rotor seal 57 has a radius of curvature, referred to herein as a stator rotor seal radius (denoted "SRSR"). The center of the radius of curvature may be the engine centerline 20 (FIG. 1). As shown in FIG. 3B, the SRSR (i.e., the radius of curvature of the upper edge 303 of the stator rotor seal 57) can be calculated using the straight-line distance (S) between the two the end points 304, 305, and the maximum deflection (D), in the radial direction, between the two end points 304, 305 and the center point 306 of the arc. The SRSR can be calculated using SRSR = (D/2) + (S² / (8xD)).

[0055] Turning to FIG. 4, a top view of the tip plenum 58 illustrates a set of cooling holes 90 that are located at the tip plenum 58 of FIG. 3A. The set of cooling holes 90 includes eleven cooling holes with a first cooling hole 81 proximate the leading edge 66 of the airfoil 60. A second cooling hole 82, a third cooling hole 83, a fourth cooling hole 84, a fifth cooling hole 85 and a sixth cooling hole 86 are located proximate the suction side 65 and at an elevated portion 69 of the tip wall 62b. A seventh cooling hole 87, an eighth cooling hole 88, and a ninth cooling hole 89 are located between the elevated portion 69 and the pressure side 64 within the tip wall 62b. A tenth cooling hole 90 and an eleventh cooling hole 91 are located between the pressure side 64 and the suction side 65 proximate the trailing edge 67 of the airfoil 60 within the tip wall 62b. The first, seventh, eighth, and eleventh cooling holes 81, 87, 88, 91 are more specifically formed in recessed portions 59a-59d of the tip wall 62b.

[0056] A greater number of the N cooling holes 90 results in a significant volume of cooling flow proximate the tip 62a, which can increase resistance to field distress, but contribute to creep and fatigue in other areas of the airfoil 60 as more cooling fluid proximate the tip 62a means less cooling fluid in remaining portions of the airfoil 60, such as the trailing edge 67 and/or the leading edge. Likewise, a smaller number of the N cooling holes 90 results in less cooling flow, which can provide resistance to creep and fatigue in the other areas but field distress at the tip 62a can increase without sufficient cooling. The number of cooling holes 90 and the cooling passage lengths L corresponding to the cooling holes 90 affect creep, fatigue, and field distress. Accordingly, not every number of cooling holes 90 and the cooling passage lengths L will result in a suitable structure, as further described below. An example of a cooling passage is further described below in conjunction with FIGS. 5-7.

[0057] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional perspective view of the airfoil 60 taken along line V-V of FIG. 4. The elevated portion 69 can more clearly be seen as defining a surface that is closer to the tip 62a than the tip wall 62b. The second cooling hole 82 includes a second cooling passage 70b that extends from a second inlet 71b to a second outlet 72b corresponding to a second cooling passage length L2. The cooling passage length L2 is defined as the distance from the center of the second inlet 71b to the center of the second outlet 72b. The second inlet 71b is fluidly coupled to the set of cooling conduits 68 and the second outlet 72b is located at the elevated portion 69. The second cooling passage 70b defines a second centerline CL2. The second centerline CL2 forms a second angle θ₂ with the elevated portion 69. The cooling passage length L2 is a distance measured along the second centerline CL2 between the second inlet 71b and the second outlet 72b.

[0058] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional perspective view of the airfoil 60 taken along line VI-VI of FIG. 4. The fifth cooling hole 85 includes a fifth cooling passage 70e that extends from a fifth inlet 71e to a fifth outlet 72e a fifth cooling passage length L5. The cooling passage length L5 is defined as the distance from the center of the fifth inlet 71e to the center of the fifth outlet 72e. The fifth inlet 71e is fluidly coupled to the set of cooling conduits 68 and the fifth outlet 72e is located at the elevated portion 69. The fifth cooling passage 70e defines a fifth centerline CL5. The fifth centerline CL5 forms a fifth angle θ₅ with the elevated portion 69.

[0059] The recessed portion 59 can more clearly be seen as defining a surface that is further from the tip 62a than the tip wall 62b. The eighth cooling hole 88 includes an eighth cooling passage 70h that extends from an eighth inlet 71h to an eighth outlet 72h corresponding to an eighth cooling passage length L8. The eighth inlet 71h is fluidly coupled to the set of cooling conduits 68 and the eighth outlet 72h is located at the recessed portion 59. The eighth cooling passage 70h defines an eighth centerline CL8. The eighth centerline CL8 forms an eighth angle θ₈ with the recessed portion 59.

[0060] FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional perspective view of the airfoil 60 taken along line VII-VII of FIG. 4. The tenth cooling hole 90 includes a tenth cooling passage 70j that extends from a tenth inlet 71j to a tenth outlet 72j corresponding to a tenth cooling passage length L10. The cooling passage length L10 is defined as the distance from the center of the tenth inlet 71j to the center of the tenth outlet 72j. The tenth inlet 71j is fluidly coupled to the set of cooling conduits 68 and the tenth outlet 72j is located at the tip wall 62b. The tenth cooling passage 70j defines a tenth centerline CL10. The tenth centerline CL10 forms a tenth angle θ₁₀ with the tip wall

[0061] The blade assemblies 30 of the HP turbine 26 and, specifically, the stage one blade assemblies 30 have the highest flow path temperature of any blade set in the gas turbine engine 10. These stage one blade assemblies also rotate at extremely high angular velocities. The extreme temperature environment and the high rotational speeds impart large forces on the stage one blade assemblies 30 that can lead to creep and fatigue, especially along the suction side of the airfoil. Creep and fatigue may result in an unexpected or premature part replacement that limits engine Time on Wing (TOW). Therefore, there is a need for a blade assembly with high durability that can withstand these large centrifugal stresses and reduce (e.g., minimize) creep and fatigue.

[0062] The inventors developed multiple designs and determined that the number of cooling holes in the set of cooling holes 90 and/or the average length L of the cooling passages associated with the set of cooling holes 90 have a significant effect on the durability (e.g., creep and fatigues resistance) of the blade assembly 30 for a given redline EGT and/or redline core speed (CS). In particular, the inventors determined that the number of cooling holes N in the set of cooling holes 90 and an average of all the lengths of the cooling passages associated with the set of cooling holes 90 proximate the tip 62a affect cooling and durability. Decreasing the number of cooling holes N and increasing the average cooling passage length L of the set of cooling holes 90 improves cooling proximate the tip 62a which resulted in a reduction of required cooling fluid which leaves more cooling fluid for remaining portions of the blade assembly 30. Balancing the decrease of the number of cooling holes N with an appropriate average cooling passage length L is necessary in order to provide adequate cooling to the entire blade assembly 30 including the tip 62a.

[0063] Therefore, the inventors determined during the course of their blade assembly design that the sizes of cross-sectional areas of interior cooling conduits taken along the planes illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7 and the redline EGT have an effect on the durability of the blade assembly 30.

[0064] As stated above, the inventors created solutions with relatively high blade durability (e.g., reduced creep and fatigue, absence of crack formation or propagation after a number of engine cycles) for a defined engine environment. Table 1 below illustrates eighteen examples (denoted Examples 1-18) of gas turbine engines 10 and blade assemblies 30 developed by the inventors. However, only examples 1-14 yielded desirable solutions to the problem as described above, while examples 15-18 provided results that result in poor performance.

TABLE 1

Parameter Name	Count of Tip Holes	Average bore length of tip hole	EGT (Redlined Engine Exhaust Gas Temperature)	CS (Redline Core Speed)
Parameter Units	n/a	m	°C	Hz
Example 1	13	0.001210	988	353
Example 2	5	0.002030	1120	306
Example 3	7	0.001700	1074	331
Example 4	9	0.001900	991	308
Example 5	13	0.001300	1100	323
Example 6	5	0.001400	990	342
Example 7	9	0.001210	1050	351
Example 8	10	0.002030	1105	327
Example 9	11	0.001800	1043	352
Example 10	12	0.001900	1000	309
Example 11	14	0.00127	988.871	352.713
Example 12	6	0.00203	1115.692	306.756
Example 13	6	0.00133	1002.431	328.291
Example 14	14	0.00187	1030.313	350.732
Example 15	16	0.000762	1088	353
Example 16	17	0.00107	1105	325
Example 17	18	0.00092	1120	320
Example 18	16	0.000868	1089	306

In the above table 1, m is meters, °C is degrees Celsius, and Hz is Hertz. The effect on cooling and durability determined by the inventors is characterized by the below-Expression 1 (EQ). N represents the number of cooling holes in the set of cooling holes 90 proximate the tip 62a of the blade assembly 30. L_avg represents the average of all lengths L of the cooling passages associated with each cooling hole the set of cooling holes 90:

For example, for the above-example of FIG. 4, L_avg is defined as the sum of the lengths L of the cooling passages associated with each of the eleven cooling holes 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 of FIG. 4, including the illustrated second cooling passage length L2 (FIG. 5), fifth cooling passage length L5 and eighth cooling passage length L8 (FIG. 6), and tenth cooling passage length L10 (FIG. 7) along with the cooling passage lengths L associated with the first cooling hole 81, the third cooling hole 83, the fourth cooling hole 84, the sixth cooling hole 86, the seventh cooling hole 87, the ninth cooling hole 89, and the eleventh cooling hole 91:

[0065] The inventors found that blade assembly designs with parameters defined in Examples 1-14 exhibit relatively high structural integrity and durability while remaining within current engine constraints. Conversely, Examples 15-18 have relatively low durability for the particular engine environment.

[0066] The examples of Table 1 developed by the inventors shown in Table 1 can be characterized by an Expression (EQ) and can be used to distinguish those designs in Examples 1-14 and meet the performance (durability) requirements from those designs in Examples 15-18 that do not meet the performance requirements. As such, the designs as reflected in Examples 1-14 provide an improved blade assembly better suited for a particular engine operating environment and taking into account the constraints imposed on blade assembly design with cooling holes used in such a system. Such designs can be characterized by the below Expression 1 (EQ).

[0067] The Expression, referred to herein as "EQ", is defined as Expression (1):

In the above Expression 1, EGT represents the maximum operating temperature for the gas turbine engine 10 measured at a particular location within the gas turbine engine 10. CS represents the redline core speed of the engine and in turn the rotational speed of the blade assembly 30, measured in units of revolutions per minute, for which the N and L values are determined. The redline core speed CS can differ based upon engine design limits and operational parameters such as take-off, climb, and cruise. The blade assembly 30 is to rotate at less than or equal to the CS.

[0068] Values for the Expression (EQ) for each of the examples of Table 1 are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2

Parameter Name	Count of Tip Holes	Average bore length of tip hole	EGT (Redlined Engine Exhaust Gas Temperature)	CS (Redline Core Speed)	EQ Result
Parameter Units	n/a	m	°C	Hz	n/a
Example 1	13	0.001210	988	353	3.220
Example 2	5	0.002030	1120	306	18.370
Example 3	7	0.001700	1074	331	9.741
Example 4	9	0.001900	991	308	8.397
Example 5	13	0.001300	1100	323	4.210
Example 6	5	0.001400	990	342	10.020
Example 7	9	0.001210	1050	351	4.972
Example 8	10	0.002030	1105	327	8.480
Example 9	11	0.001800	1043	352	5.991
Example 10	12	0.001900	1000	309	6.334
Example 11	14	0.00127	988.871	352.713	3.144
Example 12	6	0.00203	1115.692	306.756	15.212
Example 13	6	0.00133	1002.431	328.291	8.367
Example 14	14	0.00187	1030.313	350.732	4.851
Example 15	16	0.000762	1088	353	1.815
Example 16	17	0.00107	1105	325	2.643
Example 17	18	0.00092	1120	320	2.209
Example 18	16	0.000868	1089	306	2.387

[0069] Based on the characteristics of Examples 1-14 in Table 2, it was determined that gas turbine engine and blade assembly designs with an EQ value in the range of 3.144 to 18.370 (i.e., 3.144 ≤ EQ ≤ 18.370) advantageously meet the durability requirements while remaining within desired tolerances and being capable of use in existing engine systems. While narrowing these multiple factors to a region of possibilities saves time, money, and resources, and the largest benefit is at the system level, where improved airfoils enable improved system performance.

[0070] Benefits are realized when the manufactured component including the blade assembly 30 have a geometry where the above Expression 1 falls within the range 3.144 to 18.370. Such benefits include a reduction in field distress at the tip 62a of the airfoil 60, which increases the lifetime of the blade assembly 30 and therefore extends the time between need for replacement parts. This provides for increased durability for the blade assembly 30, which decreases required maintenance and costs, while increasing overall engine reliability.

[0071] Further still, the benefits included herein provide for a blade assembly 30 that fits within existing engines. For example, the values for the above Expression 1 as provided herein take existing engines into consideration, permitting replacement of current blade assemblies with replacement blade assemblies (or new blade assemblies) having the parameters of the blade assembly 30 described herein. Such consideration provides for replacing and improving current engine systems without requiring the creation of new engine parts capable of holding the blade assembly 30. This provides for improving current engine durability without increasing costs to prepare new engines or further adapt existing engines.

[0072] The below-Table 3 illustrates minimum and maximum values for the number of cooling holes N and the average cooling passage length L as described herein, showing minimum and maximum value ranges for the number of cooling holes N and the average cooling length L based on the preset EGT and/or CS values along with a range of values for Expressions (EQ) suited for blade assembly that meets the durability requirements.

TABLE 3

Parameter:	Engine Element:	Minimum:	Maximum:	Units:
N	Number of Cooling Holes	5	14	n/a
Lavg	Average Length	0.00121	0.00203	Meters (m)
EGT	Redline Exhaust Gas Temperature	988	1130.313	Degrees Celsius (°C)
CS	Redline Core Speed	306	353	Hertz (Hz)
EQ	Expression 1	3.144	18.370	n/a

[0073] Additional benefits associated with the blade assembly 30 with the set of cooling holes 90 described herein include a quick assessment of design parameters in terms of blade size and cooling conduit geometry, engine operational conditions, and blade and vane numbers for engine design and particular blade assembly design. Narrowing these multiple factors to a region of possibilities saves time, money, and resources. The blade assembly 30 with the set of cooling holes 90 described herein enables the development and production of high-performance turbine engines and blade assemblies across multiple performance metrics within a given set of constraints.

[0074] As noted above, designs such as Examples 15-18 of Tables 1 and 2, have been found to have relatively low durability for the particular engine environment. This is reflected in associated Expression (EQ) values outside the range of 3.144 to 18.370 (i.e., 3.144 ≤ EQ ≤ 18.370). Lower durability results in less time on wing (TOW) and greater maintenance costs.

[0075] Additionally or alternatively, Examples 15-16 of Tables 1 and 2 (associated with EQ values that fall outside of the range of 3.144 to 18.370) may attempt to increase durability by making sacrifices in terms of weight, aerodynamic performance, and efficiency. For example, the standard practice for solving the problem of improving blade assembly durability has been to utilize stronger material. However, such materials lead to increased costs, system weight, and overall space occupied by the blade assembly. Using a cost-benefit analysis, the overall engine efficiency may be reduced and related components may have to be redesigned to compensate for the stronger materials. In some cases, this result of such a cost-benefit analysis is impractical or impossible. Therefore, a solution for reducing stresses located in airfoils presently used in existing engines is needed, without requiring redesign of related components or without sacrificing overall engine efficiency.

[0076] In other examples, increasing size of the airfoil or related components, utilizing stronger material, and/or providing additional cooling features can combat centrifugal and thermal stresses. However, such increased size, stronger materials, and additional cooling features can lead to increased costs, system weight, overall space occupied by the blade assembly, and performance loss, as well as increased local stresses at the cooling conduits due to increased weight and size relating to the centrifugal forces. Increased cooling features results in a relatively less amount of material utilized, which can result in an increase in local stresses at the cooling conduits. Therefore, a solution for reducing stresses at the cooling conduits is needed without otherwise increasing stresses, weight, size, or decreasing engine efficiency.

[0077] On the contrary, the inventors have found that the Examples 1-14 of Tables 1 and 2 provide successful solutions without the need to increase thickness, weight, strength, or the number of cooling features. The Example 1-14 of Tables 1-2 illustrate that designs achieve increased durability without penalties to size, weight, strength, or stress through the use of additional cooling features. This is reflected in associated Expression (EQ1) values from 3.144 to 18.370 (i.e., 3.144 ≤ EQ1 ≤ 18.370).

[0078] In other words, rather than making areas of the airfoil thicker, or using heavier, stronger materials, or adding additional cooling features, effective stress reduction can be achieved by the Examples 1-14 of Tables 1 and 2.

[0079] To the extent one or more structures provided herein can be known in the art, it should be appreciated that the present disclosure can include combinations of structures not previously known to combine, at least for reasons based in part on conflicting benefits versus losses, desired modes of operation, or other forms of teaching away in the art.

[0080] This written description uses examples to disclose the present disclosure, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the disclosure, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the disclosure is defined by the claims, and can include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they include structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.

[0081] Further aspects of the disclosure are provided by the subject matter of the following clauses:
A turbine engine, comprising an engine core corresponding to an engine centerline, the engine core including a compressor and a combustor to generate hot combustion gases that have an exhaust gas temperature (EGT) downstream of the combustor, wherein the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) ranges from 988°C to 1120°C, and a blade assembly rotatable about the engine centerline, the blade assembly corresponding to a core speed (CS) wherein the core speed (CS) ranges from 306 Hertz (Hz) to 353 Hz, the blade assembly including a platform including a first surface and a second surface, an airfoil attached to the first surface, the airfoil including a root, a tip and a wall, the wall between a leading-edge and a trailing-edge, the wall between the root and the tip, a set of cooling conduits located within the airfoil, a set of cooling holes located proximate the tip of the airfoil, a cooling hole in the set of cooling holes including a cooling passage from an inlet to an outlet, a distance between the inlet and the outlet corresponding to a cooling passage length (L), the inlet fluidly coupled to the set of cooling conduits and the outlet located proximate the tip, the set of cooling holes corresponding to a number of cooling holes (N), the number of cooling holes (N) ranging from 5 to 14, an average cooling passage length (Lavg) based on a sum of the cooling passage length (L) of the cooling passages divided by the number of cooling holes (N), the average cooling passage length (Lavg) ranging from example 0 includes 00121 to example 0 includes 00203 meters, and wherein

18.370.

[0082] The turbine engine of any of the proceeding clauses, further including a shank attached to the second surface, the shank including a set of inlet passages fluidly coupled to the set of cooling conduits.

[0083] The turbine engine of any of the proceeding clauses, wherein the shank is a dovetail.

[0084] The turbine engine of any of the proceeding clauses, wherein the shank includes a plurality of inlet passages fluidly coupled to the plurality of cooling conduits.

[0085] The turbine engine of any of the proceeding clauses, wherein each of the inlet passages is between a base and one or more of the cooling conduits.

[0086] The turbine engine of any of the proceeding clauses, wherein the plurality of inlet passages includes a leading-edge inlet passage, a middle inlet passage, and a trailing-edge inlet passage.

[0087] The turbine engine of any of the proceeding clauses, wherein a first cooling conduit is fluidly coupled to the trailing-edge inlet passage, and a second cooling conduit is fluidly coupled to the middle inlet passage.

[0088] A blade assembly for a turbine engine corresponding to an exhaust gas temperature (EGT) ranging from 988°C to example 1130 includes 313°C, the turbine engine including an engine core corresponding to an engine centerline, the engine core to rotate at less than a core speed (CS) ranging from 306 Hertz (Hz) to 353 Hz, the blade assembly connected to the engine core and rotatable about the engine centerline, the blade assembly comprising a platform including a first surface and a second surface, an airfoil attached to the first surface, the airfoil including a root, a tip, and a wall, the wall between a leading-edge and a trailing-edge, the wall between the root and the tip, a set of cooling conduits located within the airfoil, a set of cooling holes located proximate the tip of the airfoil, a cooling hole in the set of cooling holes including a cooling passage corresponding to a cooling passage length (L) between an inlet to an outlet, the inlet fluidly coupled to the set of cooling conduits and the outlet located proximate the tip, the set of cooling holes corresponding to a number of cooling holes (N), the number of cooling holes (N) ranging from 5 to 14, an average cooling passage length (Lavg) based on a sum of the cooling passage length (L) of the cooling passages divided by the number of cooling holes (N), the average cooling passage length (Lavg) ranging from example 0 includes 00121 to example 0 includes 00203 meters, and wherein

18.370.

[0089] The blade assembly of any of the proceeding clauses, further including a shank attached to the second surface, the shank including a set of inlet passages fluidly coupled to the set of cooling conduits.

[0090] The blade assembly of any of the proceeding clauses, wherein the shank is at a dovetail.

[0091] The blade assembly of any of the proceeding clauses, wherein the shank includes a plurality of inlet passages fluidly coupled to the plurality of cooling conduits.

[0092] The blade assembly of any of the proceeding clauses, wherein each of the inlet passages is between a base and one or more of the cooling conduits.

[0093] The blade assembly of any of the proceeding clauses, wherein the plurality of inlet passages includes a leading-edge inlet passage, a middle inlet passage, and a trailing-edge inlet passage.

[0094] The blade assembly of any of the proceeding clauses, wherein a first cooling conduit is fluidly coupled to the trailing-edge inlet passage, and a second cooling conduit is fluidly coupled to the middle inlet passage.

[0095] A blade assembly comprising an airfoil including a tip, a root, and a wall, the wall between a leading-edge and a trailing-edge, the wall between the root and the tip, a set of cooling conduits located within the airfoil, a set of cooling holes located proximate the tip of the airfoil, a cooling hole in the set of cooling holes including a cooling passage corresponding to a cooling passage length (L) corresponding to a distance from an inlet to an outlet, the inlet fluidly coupled to the set of cooling conduits and the outlet located proximate the tip, the set of cooling holes corresponding to a number of cooling holes (N), the number of cooling holes (N) ranging from 5 to 14, and an average cooling passage length (Lavg) based on a sum of the cooling passage length (L) of the cooling passages divided by the number of cooling holes (N), the average cooling passage length (Lavg) ranging from example 0 includes 00121 to example 0 includes 00203 meters, and wherein 3.144 ≤

.

[0096] The blade assembly of any of the proceeding clauses, further including a platform including a first surface and a second surface, the airfoil attached to the first surface, and a shank attached to the second surface of the platform, the shank including a set of inlet passages fluidly coupled to the set of cooling conduits.

[0097] The blade assembly of any of the proceeding clauses, wherein the shank is a dovetail.

[0098] The blade assembly of any of the proceeding clauses, wherein the shank includes a plurality of inlet passages fluidly coupled to the plurality of cooling conduits.

[0099] The blade assembly of any of the proceeding clauses, wherein each of the inlet passages is between a base and one or more of the cooling conduits.

[0100] The blade assembly of any of the proceeding clauses, wherein the plurality of inlet passages includes a leading-edge inlet passage, a middle inlet passage, and a trailing-edge inlet passage.

Claims

1. A blade assembly for a turbine engine corresponding to an exhaust gas temperature (EGT) ranging from 988°C to 1130.313°C, the turbine engine including an engine core corresponding to an engine centerline, the engine core to rotate at less than a core speed (CS) ranging from 306 Hertz (Hz) to 353 Hz, the blade assembly connected to the engine core and rotatable about the engine centerline, the blade assembly comprising:

a platform including a first surface and a second surface;

an airfoil attached to the first surface, the airfoil including a root, a tip, and a wall, the wall between a leading-edge and a trailing-edge, the wall between the root and the tip;

a set of cooling conduits located within the airfoil;

a set of cooling holes located proximate the tip of the airfoil, a cooling hole in the set of cooling holes including a cooling passage corresponding to a cooling passage length (L) between an inlet to an outlet, the inlet fluidly coupled to the set of cooling conduits and the outlet located proximate the tip, the set of cooling holes corresponding to a number of cooling holes (N), the number of cooling holes (N) ranging from 5 to 14, an average cooling passage length (Lavg) based on a sum of the cooling passage length (L) of the cooling passages divided by the number of cooling holes (N), the average cooling passage length (Lavg) ranging from 0.00121 to 0.00203 meters; and

wherein:

2. The blade assembly of claim 1, further including a shank attached to the second surface, the shank including a set of inlet passages fluidly coupled to the set of cooling conduits.

3. The blade assembly of claim 2, wherein the shank is at a dovetail.

4. The blade assembly of claim 2 or 3, wherein the shank includes a plurality of inlet passages fluidly coupled to the plurality of cooling conduits.

5. The blade assembly of claim 4, wherein each of the inlet passages is between a base and one or more of the cooling conduits.

6. The blade assembly of claim 4 or 5, wherein the plurality of inlet passages includes a leading-edge inlet passage, a middle inlet passage, and a trailing-edge inlet passage.

7. The blade assembly of claim 6, wherein a first cooling conduit is fluidly coupled to the trailing-edge inlet passage, and a second cooling conduit is fluidly coupled to the middle inlet passage.

8. A turbine engine, comprising:
the engine core, the engine core including:

a compressor section;

a combustor; and

a turbine section, the turbine section including the blade assembly of any one of claim 1-7.

Drawing