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(11)

EP 4 817 094 A1

(12)

(43) Date of publication: 07.10.2026 Bulletin 2026/41 (21) Application number: 24898671.3 (22) Date of filing: 26.11.2024

(51) International Patent Classification (IPC):  H01L 23/373(2006.01) H01L 21/02(2006.01) H10D 62/85(2025.01) H01L 23/48(2006.01) (52) Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC): H10P 14/6902; H10P 14/6532; H10P 14/6336; H10W 40/228; H10W 40/254 (86) International application number: PCT/US2024/057546 (87) International publication number: WO 2025/117597 (05.06.2025 Gazette 2025/23)

(84) Designated Contracting States: AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC ME MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR Designated Extension States: BA Designated Validation States: GE KH MA MD TN (30) Priority: 01.12.2023 US 202363605071 P (71) Applicant: The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University Stanford, CA 94305-2038 (US)	(72) Inventors: MALAKOUTIAN, Mohamadali Redwood City, CA 94063 (US) CHOWDHURY, Srabanti San Ramon, CA 94583 (US) KASPEROVICH, Anna Redwood City, CA 94063 (US) (74) Representative: Hancox, Jonathan Christopher et al Venner Shipley LLP Windsor House 6-10 Mount Ephraim Road Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN1 1EE Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN1 1EE (GB)