(19)

(11)

EP 4 824 496 A1

(12)

(43) Date of publication: 21.10.2026 Bulletin 2026/43 (21) Application number: 24833850.1 (22) Date of filing: 13.12.2024

(51) International Patent Classification (IPC):  F28F 3/04(2006.01) F28D 15/04(2006.01) F28D 20/02(2006.01) B33Y 80/00(2015.01) (52) Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC): F28D 20/023; F28D 15/046; F28F 3/048; B33Y 80/00; Y02E 60/14 (86) International application number: PCT/EP2024/086134 (87) International publication number: WO 2025/125531 (19.06.2025 Gazette 2025/25)

(84) Designated Contracting States: AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC ME MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR Designated Extension States: BA Designated Validation States: GE KH MA MD TN (30) Priority: 15.12.2023 EP 23307228 (71) Applicants: Université de Lorraine 54000 Nancy (FR) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 75016 Paris (FR)	(72) Inventors: LOHMULLER, Paul 57000 Metz (FR) KENZARI, Samuel 54200 Andilly (FR) LAHEURTE, Pascal 57600 Forbach (FR) (74) Representative: Office Freylinger  P.O. Box 48 8001 Strassen 8001 Strassen (LU)