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(11)

EP 4 824 869 A1

(12)

(43) Date of publication: 21.10.2026 Bulletin 2026/43 (21) Application number: 24817341.1 (22) Date of filing: 02.12.2024

(51) International Patent Classification (IPC):  H01L 23/367(2006.01) H01L 23/473(2006.01) H01L 23/44(2006.01) H01L 25/065(2023.01) (52) Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC): H10W 40/228; H10W 40/30; H10W 40/47; H10W 20/20; H10W 20/427; H10W 90/00; H10W 90/288; H10W 90/297; H10W 20/481 (86) International application number: PCT/EP2024/084259 (87) International publication number: WO 2025/124958 (19.06.2025 Gazette 2025/25)

(84) Designated Contracting States: AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC ME MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR Designated Extension States: BA Designated Validation States: GE KH MA MD TN (30) Priority: 15.12.2023 US 202318541669 (71) Applicant: International Business Machines Corporation Armonk, New York 10504 (US)	(72) Inventors: CHEN, Qianwen Yorktown Heights, New York 10598 (US) RUBIN, Joshua Albany, New York 12203 (US) XIE, Ruilong Albany, New York 12203 (US) LI, Tao Albany, New York 12203 (US) (74) Representative: IBM Deutschland GmbH  Intellectual Property Law IBM Campus 1 71139 Ehningen 71139 Ehningen (DE)